IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


1.25 


1^  m 


25 


2.2 


1.4 


1.6 


^^ 


/l 


'T 


7^ 


'^ 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STRliT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  872-4503 


.V 


>^. 


% 


xS^ 


CIHM/iCMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHJVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microroproductions 


Institut  Canadian  da  microroproductions  historiquas 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pelliculie 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  ^dographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  otiier  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


[      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  4tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6tA  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


Tl 
tc 


L'instltut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  At*  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicolories,  tacheties  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachies 


I      I    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  inigale  do  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplemp^*  >  /  material/ 
Comprend  du  ma         <  suppl^mentaire 

I      I    Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  tilmies  i  nouveau  de  fa9on  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Tl 

P< 
oi 
fil 


O 
b< 
th 
si 
ot 
fil 
si 

OI 


Tl 
sf 
Tl 
w 

M 
di 
er 
bi 

"1 
re 
m 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


TlM  copy  filmed  hare  has  baan  raproducad  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  off: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  ffilmA  ffut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAnArosit*  da: 

La  bibiiothAque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


Tha  images  appaering  hare  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  mn  ffilmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  imeges  suivantas  ont  AtA  reproduites  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nettetA  de  I'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avac  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmaga. 

Les  exemplairas  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
pepier  est  imprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commencant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustrstion,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autras  exemplairas 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniAre  image  <d9  cheque  microfiche,  selor.  le 
cas:  la  symboia  — »>  signifia  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartas,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fiimAs  A  des  taux  de  r6duction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Ill 


THE    AYOEKS 


or 


IIUBEKT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


in 


THE    WOEKS 


Of 


'imBERT  HOWE  BAXCROFT. 


VOLOIE  XI. 


HISTORY  OF  MEXICO: 

Vol  III.    1COO-1S03. 


SAN  FRAXCISCO : 
A.  L.  B^VXCROFT  &  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS. 

1883. 


ieess 


i 


rnti  red  urcnlin^'  t.i  Act  cf 


('■iii.t;rc.sM  ill  tlic  Yrar  !>'*&:!,  bj 


iiuuEirr  ji.  liAN'cnoFT, 


III  llic  (I'licc  (,f  i1k<  Mil 


riiihiii  iif  CoiiKrcsH,  III  Wusliiugtou. 


All  li'ijlils  Ji'e.iervcd. 


S6dSi 


contj::n^i;s  of  this  toloee. 


C'lIAriTJl  I. 

oi-i:.\iS(;  Of  'iiir.  si:vi;nti;i:.stii  n;.STii;y. 
KJOl-lO-'O. 


IvvoB 


Ciinmc^ter  of  Viceroy  Monterey— ^'iz(.•nino's  Kxploration— Attompte.l  [m- 
tiircmrsc  willi  Jiipau— :M(iiit(SLlaros'  I'irm  lliilu— V.  las^Mj  .\';;iiii 
Made  Viceroy— .Mexico  iimKr  "W  atir— Ihc  Drainagis  Work  ot  Hue- 
Iiiutoca  is  J'-cjjun— A  Oreat  Kiiginceriii','  I'cat,  yet  InelIieieiit-Nej,'ro 
iJovolt— Pro^'ress  of  .Settleiiiciit  iu  Niirva  Vi/raya,  Sinaloa,  ;m,l 
.Soiiora— A  New  Policy  for  Coii.jucst— Uprising  of  tlio  Ac.iMr-i  and 
XlNiincs— Tlio  Tciicliiiaiio  War— Protectivo  Measures  for  Imliaiis— 
Arclibi.>liop  Guerra'd  Ihief  Piiilc  as  A'iceroy— Pompous  Immoral  C'crn- 
monies— Tlio  Tiini,!  Au<li,iieia  and  tlic  Pigs— Spill, er-en  at  A.a- 
link(j— Increase  of  Corruiitiun  under  Viceroy  Guadalciizar 1 


CITAPTini  II. 

QCAIIUKL    OF    THE   VKT.KOY   AND   AUCHr.I.-HoP. 

1021-1024. 

Api.ointnieut  of  Oclvea— Tils  Kucrgetio  and  Extensive  Reforms— Wlii.h 
are  Forced  also  on  the  Clergy— ]I,,stility  of  Oaviria  and  the  Pegi- 
dorcs— Archi)i.-ihop  .Scrna  Kouscd— Moral  Laxity  in  Xew  Spain— Ar- 
rest of  X'araez— 8erna  Interferes— The  Viceroy  is  Excoininiinicateil— 
Attitude  of  the  OidorcH- The  Pai-al  Delegate  Plays  a  Part— More 
Aiialhenias— The  Prelate  Forces  lLin)self  into  tiio  Pre.-^enco  of  tlie 
Amliencia— He  is  i:xiled  an<l  Carried  Away— InipriHonnient  of  Pe- 
pcntaut  (^idores— A  r^Iexican  A  iJecket 


CHAPTER  III. 

ovEUTiiiiow  OF  r.i;Lvi;s. 
10-21. 

T!i.  Tuterdiot  Laiinchod  a^cjainst  tlio  Capital— Ks-citcnient  among  tho 
I'cpulaee-The  Pahhlo  in  Anus— Atta<;k  ou  the  Palace— The  (lov- 
eriiiueut  Declared  Vested  iu  the  Oidores-Tlieir  .Schemes  to  Securo 

(v; 


VI 


COXTUKTS. 


TAiir. 


Toiitn'!  l"li;,'Iit  <if  fidvrs  -Triuiii)>Iiimt  Kntry  of  tlio  Arclil.i  Iiii]i-- 
llf.'ictiniuirv  MiriMiiis  liy  l!ie  Auiliiii(i;i — 'I'lio  \'iri  I'.vy  uiiili  r  lie- 
Btr.'iiiit— Hi  i  N'aiii  .\c;ri'tiatiiiiiH  Inr  Iti  tiiin  t'»  I'dwur — (Jatliciiii'.; 
I'MilriuT — MiaMiiiM  )iy  till!  Kiii...'--(.'<'riii!v(i  St  nt  lis  N'ii'frny — N'oiiii- 
iial  JiL.sloriitiiii  iif  (iil\LS)  ami  Ti  iiiiii|iluuit  I'Jilry  —  rrocci'iliii','^ 
ni.'aiiist  the  lliutcrs— Fall' of  Si  nia  amldtlviH — JSigiiififaiico  of  the 
Oulbivak TjS 


)U-li' 


CHArTKIl  IV. 

Kl.NU     ANI>    cm,  ONV. 

}'iJi-i(i:;!i. 

])( fence!  McasiiivM— Till'  ])iitili  at  Aiajiulco — Corsair  I'j'iils  nlon;.'  (lie 
CoaNt  of  Yiii'ataii — 'I'iif  Ilarlovoiitu  S(niailroii — Koyal  LuaiisHnd  Kx- 
toitioiis— Imuulatiou  o{  Mexico — I'loiiOHed  Ketiiovalof  the  ( 'ajiital  — 
iJelief  Measures  and  Drainage  IVojcetii — Tlie  Itiic  Imetoea  Tunin  1  - 
San  I'eliiie  tlie  I'lotoniartyi' of  Mc\iri> — His  hit  ■rular  Life  and  Hiat- 
ilieatinn — 'ilie  Jliriiiit  Lope/  — \'ieeriiy  1,'adt  reita — 'I'lio  I'li  late  Zu- 
fiigu — I'lie  I'irdl  Creole  Areliljislioj) Ml 


An  r 


CHAPTEll  Y. 

AIl'^^^•IsTI:\TIn^•  oi'  virri:oYS  escai.ov a,  I'Ai.Arox,    and  sai,v\tu,i;i:\. 

]«10-1G-1S. 

\'ie(  rny  l^sealona's  Arri\al — The  I'.ishop  and  Visitailor  Palafox — Quarrels 
aliout  J)()cti-inas— A  Civetous  Ltiler — Fruitless  ComplaintH — Start- 
ling News  from  I'ortU'.'al — Kscalona's  Sympathies — An  Insoli  nt  Ca]>- 
tain — Vieei'oy  Versus  llishop — I'alafox.Made  Aleliijishopandliovernor 
of  >>ew  Spain — Sceret  Preparations — The  Stroke  U!.'ainst  J'^sealona — 
His  N'indieation  in  Spain  —  I'alafox  an  Able  N'iceroy — leonoela.sni  - 
J-^piseopal  Liiliurs  at  I'uehhi— ^'i(•l■roy  Salvatierra  Anives — California 
lixplurations— Salvatierni'a  llule !l>> 


CITAPTF.ll  YT. 

JKsrrr  laiious  and  Muin;s. 
lOOU-1700. 

The  Field  i.f  Jesuit  Laliors— Tlio  First  Disputes  with  tin'  Chureh  of 
I'neMa — Attituih'  of  I'alafox— llelations  Ik  twei'u  the  I'.ishop  ancl  the 
.Jesuits — Open  Hostility — Ajijiointment  of  .ludges — I'alafox  .Sen- 
tenocd — Ho  Uetaliates — His  l-'liudit  from  Fuc  hla — The  VietorioUo  So- 
ciety— The  IJisliop  Iteturns — (ieneral  lte[)riniands  from  .Spain— The 
.TeKuits  Defeated  in  lloine — Kevival  and  Conclusion  of  the  Quar- 
rel— Life  of  FalaTox  in  Sjiain— His  Death — Disputes  vitli  the  Society 
about  Tithes — The  Jesuits  at  the  Close  of  the  Century 1  ID 


CONTr.XTS. 


vil 


TAor. 


ircliliisliop — 
■  iiiidcr  lic- 
— (JatliiTiiuj 
;niy— Xoiiii- 

I'rotTlMlill'^S 

aiii.u  of  the 


I  nhiii'i  flic 
:iiis)iiitl  l'.\. 
It  f'.i]iital  — 
•a  'riliiiii'l  — 
!•  ami  Jlcat- 
I'lclate  Zu- 


,Sil 


M.VATn.i:i;\. 

— Quarrels 

ts  — Stal-t- 
(  111  ( '.i]). 
I<  i'tvcninr 
'.scalnlia  — 
ilioulasiii  — 
L'alifcirnia 


tl.s 


lllirrli    (if 

1  ami  the 
I'ipN  Scd- 
riim.,  >')- 
am  -  'J'liL' 
lie  (Juar- 
(•>Vitii'tv 


ik; 


VICEIMIVS    TOl!l:E.<,    AI.VA,    AM>   Al.lll  lajl  KUlJIE. 

KMS-IOdO. 


VA>lH 


I'.i.sliiiii  TiirrcsfJovcninr  nf  ycwSiiaiii— His  r.rirf  rjiilo— Ki.idi'niii-— P.ov- 
fiiiiiK'iit  (if  llie  Ainliiiiiia — \i(.'i  I'oy  Aha  Ai'i'ivcs  I'i-.  (,>iii»  t  li'iilf — • 
AIIiiir<|iicr(HU!  Ai>|i<iiiit<Ml\'if«T()y — II<!  ( lovrrnx  v  itli  i'liiiU'iuT — And 

ClirckM  Alillsrs — l,(>.-i(if  Jailiaica  IUhI  tli<^    IliflllilUi'  tiii'lt  iif   nil   Ni» 

Spain — Yucatan  Iiifrsttij  liy  I'irati'/i-- Attiiii|it  tn  As>a>.>iiiate  Allnii- 
(|ii('r(|uo — Tin;  Swift  I'miislinn-nt  that  FDlldWud — I'lildir  IItji>iiin;i.s — • 
Vii'cfny  ami  Arcliiiivlmii  lIci-alKil  -'J'lnir  1  Jcj.ai'tmc  anil  Suli.sri|ui'nt 
Cai'cLi' lc'>7 

CJIAiT]:il  VIII. 

Y  I  CATA  N. 
1001-1708. 

All  riKwntfiil  Period — Odod  IIuU'rs—MarsIial  Carlos  do  Lnn.a  y  Arro- 
lliind^ — 'I'lio  (iiivcinnifnt  of  tlio  Towns — 'llie  Munanli  as  ii  Minili- 
(iiil — fJovcrnor  .Juan  ilo  Vc'r;_'as — liis  Malfailniinistiation— The  i.i- 
(Miiti.itt;  Carva  jal  'J'akcs  his  llcsidiliiia — Imliaii  Kcvnlts — Tin-  >UiJ- 
rr.^.siiiii  of  IliiliM's— CaMipcidif  l'"uitili(il  -Siil)cranis  and  ,>hirtiii  I'o 
I'rsiui  Mnri;  Iiisseii.sionH — F-xconinninii'ation  of  Soln'ranis — ( 'oi  • 
niiiiiiu' till' ( '(ni(|iiist  of  till:  It/ i«— ('on<liu.l  of  I'rsua  .lustiliicl,  anci 
ii  s  SiiliMiMjucnt  rroimjlion— Jlis  (j'ltalitiis  as  a  .Soldier  tlu;  ( 'aii.si;  of 
his  I'rL'fornR'nt l."'J 

CHAPTim  IX. 

rivi;    .Mour,    vici;i:oy.s. 

IGOO-IGSO. 

('"lint  dp  Ti.;nos,  the  Twcnty-f liird  Viceroy— A  Xcw  Order  of  Thinfrs — 
Indian  ilivolt  at  Tiliuaiiti'iici; — An  Arliitraiy  lluler — Chaiai-tor 
of  till'  Mall  lie  is  1,'iiilaeeil  by  Anliliishop  ( ).sorio— The  l'r(  late'.s 
lllief  hut  i'.elieliee'it  ( loVeriiliirlit — A  Xalive  of   Mexieo  Made  Areil- 

1.1  lioj) — Arrival  of  Mai<|iiis  Maiiei^ia  —  His  Kllieieiit  Knle  — Cali- 
fornia Kxiiloiations — 'l"he  Cathedral  of  Mexieo — Its*  l)edieation  — 
Maneera'rt  \\'i.se  I'oliey — Kniiitioii  of  l'o]ii>eati(])etl  and  Other  Calaiii- 
ilies — Vera;.'ua3,  Dtseendaiit  ^if  Coliiinhiis,  aa  Viceroy — Ilia  I'n- 
tiiiicly  r)eatli— Aicldiishnp  llilier.i  Siiieeeds — His  (  haraeter  and 
( 1  lod  ( ioverilinent  — He  I)eelilies  XeW  Iloiicii-.s — H  i.S  KitirellHllt  to 
Spidli,  and   Heath 1(14 

CHArTI'll  X. 

Tin:    SA(  K   OF   VI.KA   ClitZ,    AM)    olllljl   I'lIlATllAI.   IIAIHS. 

IGSO-KiSO. 

T'.'' C'lrsaii'sin  Ceiitivd  America  and  X-wSjiain — La'jnna  Ajipointed  A'iee- 
liiy— X'aii  llurii  tije.Seu  Uover— The  I'irates  lle.solve  to  AttacU  Wra 


^i 


viil 


COXTKNTS. 


Ciiiz  Till'  fursMir  Loiom  illo— A  ('kvtT  Slnit.iircm- Vi  in  Cvny. 
Sur|(ri.-ticl  |iy  riiii'oiin<  is- 'I'lio  liili;;liitaiitH  liii|iii.'<(>iiiil  in  llin 
CImiii-Iu'h — Aii'l  K<  |it  fill-  'I'lin-f  I'livM  williimt  Food  or  Wati  r-  'I'lio 
C'ii|ptivr.t 'I'liktii  t'ltlii)  Inliiiiil  of  Niiiriii*  ios — I>i  iu:rtui-ti  of  ilii'Cor- 
Hnirs— iJivi.^ioiiof  tlif  Uooty  — Xi'WHof  tliuiliiid  IJicuivcil  in  .Mfxi<Mi — 
I'liitlicr  ( )iiii;itiiiii.H  of  tliu  I'lctlidoti  "s — Piiiiicii  r  anil  ((tin  is  in  tlir 
Month  .Sua— Kiiil  of  LaLinnu'n  Adinini.-itriitiou 


I    I 


CilAPTKU  XI. 

Tiir,  rii'iviNci;  op  vi:u.v  fui-z. 

Kisii-isca 

Kxtcnt  of  tlio  City  of  Vn-.i  f'ruz — l''ntrri>ot  of  f'uninu  itp — ('lia.'nctir  of 
tlio  rojnilation — rrot<i»iity  of  tlio  I'k'IiIo— Its  Inlmliitants— Iln 
'J'radc— .Scaiiily  of  WuUr — 'J'iic  I'.laLk- vomit- The  I'oit  of  Vir.i 
C'i'n/— 'I'iii!  FortiiHsj  of  San  .linnilo  l'Ii'i;i — Its  (iairi>on— The  \Voii>s 
CoHt  Kiarly  Forty  Jlillions  of  IVsoi — Ci'^wition  of  iJiiccnneuiiui,' 
luiitls--Tliu  Towns  of  Corilul)a,  Julapa,  and  l.)ri/.ali;i 


CIIAPTrn  XII. 

FLOOD,    r.VMISK,    AND   KAT.irsE. 

KisS-lO'J'J. 
Lagnna's  Atlministratii'n — TlisSiu-cesaor,  tlicrondodcOalvc— Thr  I'irati  s 
l)rivcn  from  thcSouthSi'a-  Warwith  !"ranco— I'irattain  th«;  NoiUi 
Sea — The  Ainiad.i  dc  li:irIovi  iito  — I'nion  of  Spanish  and  ICn,i;li>h 
ngain(-t  til'  Friiiih — ]>roiiL.'lit  and  I'lood — Loss  of  Croiis — Kxitsscs 
of  the  Soldiery — Dualliof  Maria  Liiisa — Tiio  llrainayo  System — I'lir- 
lentous  ICvcnts — The  15ak     ■■  Ilifiisu  to  IJukc — llU'urts  of  the  \'ii-i  rov. 


CIIArTER  XIII. 

COr.N    KldT    IN    'llli;    CAl'ITAL. 

Ini  roast'il  Murnnirs — riitninnd  drain  Sjii>onlationa  of  tlic  Vii'orny — An 
Imprudi  ntricailu'r — 'i'lR'Li'inroH — ruliiiu- Simps — Ini't'icifnt  Forns 
at  Comniaud — Awaiting  Opportunity — Afl'air  at  the  (Iranary — Tlie 
ViccroyThrcatineil— Outl.n.ak— Heatiito  theOirKialsl— Tiieralacu 
Set  on  Fire — The  I'laza  Stalls  also  Fired — Uohhei'v  an<l  Murder — 
F\eentiiins — ]>e\dlt  lit  Tlascala — Sale  of  Fuhjne  I'roliihited — lie- 
Luildiii'  of  the  I'id.iee — Aliairs  in  New  Mexico 


CIIAPTER  XIY. 

VICEKOYS    MONl'ASr.Z    AM>    :MONTr.ZrMA. 

i(inii-i7<»i. 

More  Tnsurroetion?  in  the  Capilal^Tlie  llaratillo  Suppressed— Xarrou' 
Fseape  uf  the  Treasure  Fleet — Another  Famine — Montezuma  Sue- 


CONTDNI'S. 


I— Viifi  riuz 
-•(mill  in  11)11 
•  Wati  r-  '1 1.0 
•0  of  till-  Ciir- 
il  ill  Mixii'ip  — 

(Hill  IM    ill  till! 


p\  I 


<'lia,'nctc  r  of 

Illiitallt.S-     llH 

'ort  iif  \'i  r.i 
-Till.'  W.-ils 
liiKt'iiiicei  ill:,' 


I  VI 


•JOS 


it 


rri 'l.H  Montafii"/-  Fair  lit  A'aimico— Olmcqiiics  on  IIh-  l>iatli  i<i 
CarliM  II.  —  l{i  i'liiiii.;*  at  tlir  Aci  r.^.^i'iii  nf  l'"(lii")  \'.  — M  iiitiv.niiiii 
SiH|'eot(«l  I'f  Hiiloyiilty— A  Wurlliv  Uukr  I)ri"'»iil— .li-,uit  l).\i>iili' 
tiuiiM  to  LuH't'i-  Ciilifuniiu '.''•<) 

CHAPTER  XV. 

M.W   SPAIN    AT  Tin;    Ol-KMNIi    III'    llli;   LICII  rUIATII    rKNTIT.V. 

1700  1  :•.".'. 

llnMt.iiii  z  ViriToy  for  a  Sfcmiil  Trim — His  I'lirinnl  Kutry  iiitu  tlio  T'  qii- 
tal  Liisii.f  Tri  a'iiiii;  S|ii|is — 'j'liu  lliiiiiaiiilail  iiml  Ai'iji.lail.i  •  M'lii- 
tafii;/.  Aiipiiintoil  Aiclihi.sliop  of  Mixiio— Alliuriiiiciijiit'a  Ui'igu— 
lli.'i  ('liaractcr  lliii'«trat.''l  -Caiitaiii  Ii,iiii|iiir  Oiuo  Mnri)  in  llic 
Sciiitli  .Srii— A  rrivati'i'i  iii'^  Kxi'i'ijitiiiii  I'lttiil  Out  liy  riristnl  "'.i  r- 
cliaiitH— A  Motify  Caiwil  on  ll.i:ir<l  tlio  Sliips— Tliiir  Voy.igo  i »iiiil 
til''  Worl.l  — Miinn.i  'iiM  I'riilit-i  iif  tlio  laiti'i'iirisi-  — I.inaii's'  Adiiiiiii^- 
livitioii-  I'.artiHia.ilvi',  Faliiilio,  iiiiil  l''liiui|— C  itralialiil  Trading  — 
\',iK '"'s  Uuli!— Attempted  Asaoaoiuatioii—CorsiiiiM  in  ^'iicatan 'J '.3 


— Tlii'T'irnti  s 
ip  tliu  XoiUi 
mill  English 

[IS — Kxi'rs^l'S 

ituiii — I'or- 

tllC  \'ii'( iciV. 


ciiAi'TiTi  xvr. 

M  r.VA   (iAI.H'lA. 

Kioi-isu:]. 

ruiinilarii's  nf  tin-  Tcriifory — Tia  (iuvcniors  — Tin!  Aiiilii^mia  fif  (Jiia'lala- 
j.ira— Ita.hiii.silictiiiiiaii'l  riAvcrs — Lmal  i.lovi'rniiK'iit — (,"()rn-;_'iiiiii  n- 
I'H  ami  Alialilias  Mayures — Cities,  Towns,  Villa;,'cs,  nml  Miiiiii.,' 
l>i.-ilrict.s — Tlie  Ciii)ital — A  City  of  OlIiee-lioMcrH— 'iVea.-ury  iKjmrt- 
jiient — liidiistiial  Progress — Minus — Qiiicksilver  Moiioiioly  aii<I  ils 
Kilieta — Aijriciilturea'.i  I  Stock  raisin;,' — Lalwr,  Coiiiinri-i'o,  ainl  >liiii- 
bailiiiiig  — roimlation  ami  Local  Slutistica 


yx, 


'i.Tl-oy  —An 
■lent  l''orcc.-i 
aiiary — Tim 
-Tiie  Palace 
1  .Munlcr— 
ilulcd— IJe- 


il  -Xarrou' 
■,:uiiui  Sue- 


ciuriEii  XVII. 

Tin:  cuMirEST  or  navakit. 

lTOl-17-:2. 

•  liastRcfngo  of  Iilolatry  in  Xueva  (!alicia~Oeo;n'np!iy  of  N.iyarit  — 
(  liaractcriatics  of  the  Xati\x'.s — Partial Siiecesi  of  Ari.sbal.a  in  KilS — 
'iV  iul)Ic  at  Acaponeta— Massacre  of  l!raca?nontc  aiul  lii-  Part}'  in 
ITill— Kc'volt  at  Colotlan — Tin;  liarefnot  I'riar.s— Mi  xliola  s  Kxpcdi- 
tiiiiianil  tlio  First  Jesuit  Attempt— The  TiiiKiti  Visits  Mexico — Ilia 
'J  reaty  and  his  Fliglit — Preparations  and  Olistaclcs  at  Zacate^  as — 
C.iiiip  at  Peyiitlaii — Flore-i  in  Coiiiniaiid — As'^ualt  on  the  Mi  sa— T'm; 
Xayarit.s  Suhdued  and   Conquest  Achijvcil — Pnyress  of  tlie   Mi.i- 

.'jions ;;io 


C0XTE^-T3. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

rnocr.F.ss  i.\   Nri;va  i.i;i>\,  ask   coniji-k^t  kf  .sif.!it:a  (iouda 

AS  I)    TA.MAII.U'AS. 

1001- 1  so:}. 

(Jipvcniiirs  A'.'ustiii  ilo  Zavalii,  Jiiau  Ruiz,  Martin  ili;  Zavala — Cuii'.'iT- 
^■.\:i — Up^i.sill^;  of  Natives — Ainl  I'lnal  Snliji-ction — I'olitioal  Divis- 
ion— >','(Milari/atii>n  of  Missions — Ami  ('ons(M|tu'nt  (Icncral  Insurfii;- 
tion — ( lovcrnor  liarliailillo — His  I'liKlvnt  Mcasuiis — More  l>iHiiiil- 
tics — I'oiuilatioa  of  I'rovincc — Sierra  (iunla — DuatU  of  Zaraza — 
<  lovcnioi'Josc  lU;  llscaniloii — His  Paoirioaiiou  aiiil  ConiiUf^t  of  Sierra 
(iorda — (.'ondition  of  Taniaiilipas — Kscanilon  is  .VjiiiuintLil  <iovi'r- 
nor — lIo  Founds  Xnevo  Santiinder — Xinneroud  Towns  and  Missiijns 
arc  Founded — Statisties  for  17."i7 — (jenerul  I'rogress  of  the  Colonies. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

'jim:TV-si;vi;.Nrii  to  roi;Tv-Tiii:;D  vickuoy.s. 
ITJl-lTOO. 

r>i-contcnnial  of  Europc.in  Occupation — Viceroy  Casafncrtc — lie'  Encour- 
ages Pulilie  Iniprovunients— Pcacefal  Progress — Deaih  of  the  ^'iee- 
roy — His  Successor  Archbishop  Vizarron — Negro  Insurrection  at 
Ci.rilolia  Its  Suppression  by  the  Military — Ravages  of  JCpideinii' — 
X'iieioy  ('on(|ui»ta'3  llule  —  Kuenelara  Arrives— Coniniodoro  An- 
Min — lie  Captures  the  'Covadonj;.'i' — Spanish  tTealou.«y — Por.sccuiioii 
of  IJijturini — Loss  of  Valuable  Maimscripts— Administration  of  ilr- 
villa  (;igi;do — His  TrallicUing  Propensities — Fauiino,  Disease,  and 
Kartlupiakcs — Fucnclara  llesigns — Viceroy  Annirillas — Ilis  Poverty 
and  Deatii— The  Audiencia  Pides — Short  Adnnnistiation  of  Viceioy 
Cruillas : 


f 


l.il 


ciiapt]:r  XX. 

vici:i;ovtj  i'oi;iv-rofii  to  roiirv-six. 

1  TOO  1770. 

Viceroy  Marr|U('"!  dc  Cruillas — King  Carlos  III.  Proclaimed— '\Vnr  with 

(ireat  P.i  itain— lOxten.sivc  ami  Costly  Preparations  against  Po^sililc 

Attacks — Visitador-gencral  Josd  dc  Oalvez.— His  Eminent  Si  rviccs 

ill  Mexico  and  Spain — Cruillas'  l!i  lirf  and  Harsh  Treatment — A'iee- 


ny  MaiipK's  de  Croix — He  Supports  CJvez — His  Pule  Apjiroved  — 
'rouiotion,  llecall,  and  I'uture  Career — I'lijust  Strictures — Viceroy 


1 


lev 


Anti 


>:\Iii 


ina  liiicare 


lli-C 


d  Ml 


ires  of  his  Lon-'  Pule 


IlisDc; 


cal  C 
llisC 


Career  and  Death. 


I — Temporary  Pule  of  the  Audi 
il  —  lts  .\ets — Arclibishoi)  Franc 


-I'ourtii  J'Acl 


esia.4l- 


Ant. 


ourse  in  .Mexico  aiu 


d  S 


H( 


M;i 


iliio  Jjoien,"ina  — 
a  Cardinal      l"utuie 


COXTKXTS. 


xi 


lEHHA  (in:;l),v 


'avala — Con;.'ro- 
I'lditical  JMvis- 
JiK'ral  Iiisiuici;. 

Ii  of  Zaraza  — 
]i|iu>t  of  Siirra 
["liiitfil  (iovci-. 
■i  and  Mi.svioiis 
't  the  Culuiiifs.   .' 


CIIAPTKll  XXI. 

VICEROYS    FOIiTV-SEVEX    Ti)   KoIMY-NINn. 

1770- ITS- 

K  PA  fin 

pi.  roy  Martin  <lc  Mayorqa— His  Exceptional  Position— War  v,  itli  Cruat 
l^iitain— Warlike-  -M.asiK-cs— Mi.y(.r!;a's  Klati.iit  Itulc— VicLi-y 
M.itiaa  lie  (Jalviz— Ills  .Sjiort  Administration— lie  rroiiiotcs  Iiu- 
j.rov,  incuts— Tin;  Condo  ,\e  Aran.la's  Tlan -Indrjicndi  nt  Kin-dunis 
in  Siani^h  America  to  bo  Krcutod— King  Carlos'  (/Kj.vtious— Tlic 
Audionc-ia  Kulea  a  Few  Months— Viceroy  (.'..nde  (!.•  ( ialvc/.— His 
(.n'at  Services  and  Hank  — Unbounded  'ropulaity— Treasonable 
Schemes  Attributed— His  Illness  and  Death— r.Ksilimnous  l;irth  of 
his  Child— Ma,','niricont  Ceremonials  at  the  Cliristening- Tlic  Fainily 
Liberally  reuaioneil— The  Audiencia  Huks  A-aia ;!s[ 


Y.s. 


^ — He  Enconr- 
h  of  the  \'iee- 
isurrection  at 
>f  I'^piilenui- — 
inmodoru  An- 
— I'er.sci'utioa 
;ration  of  He- 
I'iscasc,  and 
-His  I'overly 
on  (if  \'icerc>y 


!-A\-ar  uith 
inst  l'o«i!ilo 
lent  S(  rxii'es 
nunt  — A'i.'c- 
.\l>])ro\(d  — 
•es — \'ieer.iy 
Lonnj  llule — 
I  Eeelesia.sti- 
Lorenzana  — 
nal    -I'utino 


CIIArXEIl  XXII. 

Biii,rr.\i;Y  .system. 

Kill!- 1808. 

sly  lal' rls  to  rr..vide  Forces— Organi;^ation  r.e,'nin— Diiriculticg  and 
Chan-es  in  Policy- Kcgwlar  Troops-Urban  cJm>iauie.s-rrov;iieial 
l:c:.inienls  and  Pattulions -Presidio  Ctimpanls-Coabt  Cuanis— 
L,:;:etiM  i\  lo'  f.;r  War— Artillery  and  Other  Sujiplics-rerote  as  a 
Deposit— .Sea-coast  Defences— I'ortresses  on  DoUi  Seas-Nuv.d  ;<ta- 
t  i.  ns— Pay  Departmcnt-I'ay  of  Oliicers  and  Men— reunion  , Sy .stem— 
AMiiii.lE.Kpemlituro— Keli-iousDepartment— VicarioCejieral— Ti'n- 
ieiues  Viuarios  Cenerales— Army  ;u;d  Xavy  L...a[.lain.s— Fe.ero  Mill- 
tai-,  and  its  Judiciary  System . 


CIIAPTLPi  XXIII. 

E.\l'l-I..s:.)\   OF  TIIEJK.s!  IT.S. 
17-^VlsIO. 

'^  ■•.  I;m  f.Tesiis  in  Mexico-T.ast  Servhe.-- Moral  Condition— S  auib- 
bl,s  about  Tithes,  and  the  Consoqumr.--  The  Situation  in  .Me.xieo 
...i,l  Hie  Worl.l  in  I7:.0-M.mbcr3,  Houses,  and  Mi.ssions  in  Mexico 
i!  17ii7— Converts  ISlade— Unsnecw^sful  Eenun-iathm  of  Missions— 
« ■loads  Portentous  of  Disaster -PensecutioM  in  i'oriu-,. land  1  Vance— 
CMoijuyand  Pefutation-Expulsiou  from  Spanish  Donn-nions  and 
»'  ii>r  -N  a  thins— Causes  then  for— How  Ellected  in  .Mexi.M)— ,Su!ler- 
in,:s  of  the  J-xiles— Harsh  Treatment-Means  of  Snpnort— P.  vobi- 
tionary  Movements  in  Mexico  Quelled— llelentless  Punishment  of  tho 
Leaders— Papal  ,-  oppression  of  the  Society- Later  .Mo.lrratio!,— The 
('Miur  Pestored  and  Lcadmitted  in  Mexico  to  be  a-ain  Expelled. . 


l-'tJ 


H^ 


1 


xU 


COXTI'NTS. 


CITAPTEll  XXIV. 

jiF.xico  iMH.i;  A  i;ki):i(;amzi;i>  svstf.m. 
170!)-17;)0. 

Sopnratc  Oovorniiiciit  for  tho  Provinri.is  Tntciiin^— Tnti^mlcncias  rif  Prov- 
inics— Cli.'iii^'ci  KIFcc'tud  anil  I'iiial  ]v-i;;ililislnm.'iit — \'iein)y  an. I 
Arcliliishop  AlousoXuuez  dc  lluro — I  [is  IIit,'li  Cliaractoi-aiid  I'rcviDUs 
IIccKnl — l^xtijuip-linaiy  llimm?  Cuiifurrcil  on  Iliin  liy  tlii' Trowii — 
Ilia  Di'ath  anil  lUiiial  -Cilaniitmn  Vi^ituliuin—lliii.luniics  ami 
K:irlli(|Uakcs — Their  KlTuct  (in  tliu  linmant — \'i(.eiciy  .Maaui  1  An- 
tonio Vh'vc/. — His  Previous  Career — War  against  A[iailies — lai.li.-li 
anil  lius-ians  Watched  in  tliePaeilio — (leneral  I'olieyof  tiii.s  Pr.lir — 
Ilet.i;,aiatiiin,  and  Cause  of  It— Sjieual  I'avor  Shown  Him  ly  t!io 
Crown— His  ]>epartiM'o  fur  Spain — ()lj.sei(nie.s  of  and  Mnurnin-;  fur 
C.irlos  111. — llrand  Pruelainatiun  of  (Vuloa  IV.  —  Honors  to  lioy;d 
l'crboua_rfd 


CIIArTEll  XXV. 

Ari.MINISTRATION    OF    YKICUOY    llEVILLA    GIUEDO    TIIF,    YOrXGEn. 

17S9-179t. 

Ancient  ami  Modern  Population  of  Now  Spain  and  the  Caj/ital — Chapaltc- 
pee — Palace  of  Viceroy  (lalvcz — }doral  and  Social  Condition  of  the 
Capit;d— llefurnis  ^lado  by  the  Mccroy — Ajipearanco  of  the  City  in 
1800 — Prominent  Buildings — And  Otlier  Obji'cts  of  Xoto — Xuestr;i 
Sefiora  ile  los  Pirniedios — Arrival  of  Ptcviilii  CJigcdo — Crimes  aiicl 
Quicli  Justice — Military  Pkcfornis — Indian  Hiatarliancca — The  Vice- 
roy's Letterd)0.\ — Formation  of  Ollicial  Archives — Tntendencias — 
Hiicct  of  the  French  llcvoluliou  on  Xew  Spain — liccall  of  tho 
Viccr.iy — Unjust  Persecution — His  Final  Vindication 


«       i.i 


i 


Xe 

of 


CIIAriEIl  XXVI. 

rirTY-TIIHU)   ANU    FU'TY-rol-IiTU    VK'F.r.UVS. 

i7tu-iso:i. 

Vici'roy  P>rancif<irte — Prejuilicc  against  Him — And  Causes  thei-ofif  — P'T- 
seeution  ot  I'reneh  Kesidents — Organization  ol'  the  Militia— Sliann  fid 
Trallic  in  Honors  and  Commissions — A  Hepleted  'I'na^ury — Auto  do 
I'e— IVrseciition  of  the  llnglisii— I'nparaiioiis  for  War— Ileeall  of 
lirancii'orte — Arrival  of  \'ieei-oy  Aza'  /a — Military  Changes — H.Iiets 
of  the  W"ar  with  Fugland — (iirmsof  lle\ohition  in  Mexico— <  luer- 
rero's  (."oii'^piraey — Fate  of  tlie  Malecontents — 'I'lit;  Machete  I'lot  — 
Indian  Aspirations  to  itoyalty — Hisconilituro  of  Xalivo  (,'onspira- 
tors  -Intei'iial  Pi-o;_-ivss — Sioinis  and  ll;irth'pial<es  — i;eeall  cf  the 
Vioei-uy 


:m. 


uliliciasnf  Pn.v- 
it— N'iccroy  juj.l 
:tcrai](l  I'rivii.us 
liy  tliM  Crown — 
I^iiiloiiiicij  ami 
•iiy  .Mamiil  Aii- 
[lachc'S— Kii'.'lisli 
'of  liii.-i  llnl,  r — 
n  Ilim  Ly  the 
l  ^r"uniiiig  fur 
oiiors  lu  Jioyal 


IK    YofXi;i:«. 

ital— Cliap'.ilte- 
audition  of  t!ie 
J  of  tlio  C'iiy  i;i 

N'otO— Xul'^stI■,■l 

' — Crini(j3  and 
•o.s-Thc  \'icc- 
riitcn<k'ui.'ias — 
iiccill   of  tlio 


t!lPfOr,f_pnr. 

ia— Shanii  f;-,l 
iiry— Auto  lie 
ar— Itcoall  of 
ll,:,'<'S— J,';!',.,:;., 
l'xIl'o— <;ikr- 
iclicte  I'lot— 
vo  (Vinspira- 
Ji'i-ill  of  t!ic 


COXTl'.XTS. 
CIIAPTEU    XXVII. 

AnMIMSTUATlVi;  AXIJ  JVIUCIAL  SYSTEMS 

loOO-lSOO. 


Mil 


rAQE 


^,;;li;ir  r\aturt3  of  Spanisli  Coloiiirg—Tlic  Supreme  Autliority— Divis- 
ion  of  the  Indies— rrovincial  IJovcninH  nt— Miini.:ijialiu,,3_L,x:ul 
A.lniii;i.,tration— Indian  Connnunitics— OfUco-liolding,  Itcstrictiona 
uud  Itc.iuisitcs— Salal.lo  Positions— Vanity  iin.l  Precedence— New 
Sj.ain,  Extent  and  Divisions— Oilices  and  Duties  of  tlic  Viceroy- 
romp,  Privileges,  and  Pay-VicisMtudea  and  Jurisdiction  of  the 
Audicncia— Oidorcs'Tiisks  and  Donors— Dillbrent  Instance  Coiiits— 
Costly  Liti-ation-Canses  of  Crime-] 'eculiar  and   Severe  I'unlsh- 

nients— At  the  ScaO'oId - ,  - 

olt 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

WINES   AND   MININO. 

1500-1800. 
lafSc  vitli  tlio  Xativos  of  CenL-al  America-Doings  of  the  Conquerors 
in  tlKit  Quarter— Mineral  Deposits— Sonictliing  of  South  America— 
J:arliest  Discoveries  in  Mexico— Aztco  Alining— Pi,.tcctive  Policy  (,f 
the  Crown— A  Great  Discovery- Distrilnition  an.l  Consumption  (,f 
Quicksilver— Fruitless  lOlIorts  to  Ohtain  It  in  M.  .'aco— fkolo-ical 
A  icw—silver  Ores-Cold  and  Other  Metals-Quarries  and  Salints- 
1."  alien  of  P.icli  Mincs--Attractive  llcgions-Guanajuato,  San  Luis 
I' ■:'..  i,  ami  Zacatecas-Their  Advantage  over  the  Xorth— .Mines near 
tiic  Capital—The  Cuerpo  de  :Mineria-A  (ireat  Mining  Tril)unul— 
-Vw  Laws— Miuiu;j  Sy.stcm-The  Total  Yield  of  Me.xico-Tlie  Siiare 
of  llie  Crown — lii'olio^'raphical --o 


CIIAPTLIl  XXIX. 

ACIilcrLTllU;   AM)    MANi  rA(TrUE3. 


i.vji-isa;?. 

I  A.  tee  Lnnd  System— Spanish  Policy  and  Iiill 


uenco — Cort.' 


!  as  a  Farmer — 


M..izc--Ma,-uey  and   its  Manifold   Use -Cacao  and  Vanilla-Intn 
e  and  Whc.it— IVrtiliiy  of  the  Southern  Pro 


du.t 


ion  of  S 


i;gar-cau 


iiiccs— Plantains— Culture  of  Siik,  V 

it<   Monopoly- Stock-rai.'<in;r— AVoollen,  C 


lue,  ani 


1  Oli 


-ToL, 


tares- Pi'oductioi 


fa 


I  lies  and  Pearls  — Aztecs  as  Arti.sa 


I  of  Spirituous  Lii 


pKir.' 


)tton,  find  Linen  M 
— 3iiinor  Products —I'isli 


and 

lUU- 


Oi.pr 


eat.ier-worl; 


pressive ' 


dl' 


Li.d 


i.'y— Indi 


lograpl  Ileal 


and  .lewciry— 
IS  at  the  Close  of  the  Centnrv— 


C03 


XIV 


CONTICNTS. 


CHAPTER   XXX. 

CO  M  M  i;  11  CE. 

I.jOO-IjiOO. 

Tlio  Selfish  Policy  of  Spain — CDiiimurcial  and  Moral  EfToct  in  Xow 
S|iniii — Civsa  dc  Contriitaciua  ami  Consiilailos — I)cpiO(latif)n9  by 
llo.stilo  Nations  and  (."oisair.s — Early  Trade  witli  Santo  D()niini;o — 
Inltivolonial  Trade  with  tlio  I'liilippincs — Dicadcnce — Conimcrco 
with  IVru— Ni;_',i,'ardly  ]{f;,'iilati()n3— Mexican  lli,::,'hways — Tlic  lload 
from  Vera  (Jru/  tu  tlin  Capital  an<l  Acapidco — Stage  Lines — Intcinal 
Navigation — The  Postal  Service — Abuses — Tlie  Crown  Assumes  the 
Managemcut — Internal  Trade — Fairs  and  Markets — llelaxation  of 
lu'strictions — Insurance  Conijianies — A  lUilddc  l!ank  and  Culled 
fehareliulders — Ex[iausiou  of  Conunerec  under  Free  Trade (JJ 


1 

rols- 

1 

lars- 

1 

tiiic 

1 

( Ion 

1 

lii-s 

1 

Me\ 

1 

.Mm 

1 

ClIAriEIl  XXXI. 

•  UKVENUE    AND    FINANCE. 

1500-1S09. 

Treasury  'Dopartmont  Tlstalilishcd — Tloyal  OfTiccrs — Tlio  Department  na 
Fully  Organized — TJegulations  and  licstrictions — Collection  of  Rev- 
enue— The  King's  Fifth — Smelting^Tribute — Quicksilver — Customs 
Duties^Imports  and  l]xports— The  Manila  Trade — Royal  Monop. 
olies  and  Sale  of  Oltices — Gambling  License — Li<(nor  Ti'allic — Tax- 
ation— Sale  of  Indulgences — Tithes — Cacao  as  Currency — Kstablish- 
inent  c;f  a  Mint — Coinage — Income (l.il 

CHAPTER  XXXII. 

THE    Ki: en. AU   cleuoy. 
1(JOO-1SOO. 

Vicions  Ecclesiastics — Struggle  between  the  Regular  Orders  and  the 
.Si'cular  Clergy — Influence  of  the  IteliLiious  on  the  ^hisses — The 
Jloyal  Prerogative— Privileges  of  the  I'^cclesiastics — Right  of  Sanc- 
tuary— The  Rishoprics  of  New  Spain — Religious  Fraternities — 
(^hurih  Property — Its  Conliscatiou  Ordered— Ciuirch  Revenues — 
The  Inipaibition 081 

CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

i;r.t.ii:iiii-.s  oi;iii:ks, 

Kwi-ison. 

Royal  Consideration  for  Friars —'I'heir  Privileges — AbuTs — Cnllision 
bt'tweeu  the  Chureii  and  the  ()rdeis — ( '.luses —Dissensions  among 
tlie   Orders — (iachuiiin  and  Creole    Friars — Tlieir  Unseemly  (Jiiar- 


COXTENTS. 


XT 


KfTect  in  Xcw 
-'incdations  \,y 
iito  Doniinyo — 
ice — Coiiiincico 
lys— The  lUad 
vines— Iiitfiuiil 
n  AssuiiKs  till) 
llclaxation  of 
k  and  GulW 
atlc 


•'-' 


'cpartniont  na 
■ction  of  Jtov- 
icr — Customs 
oyal  .Mdnop. 
Traflic— Tax- 
•— K.stabli.sli- 


rols-Viec  and  Inuiiorality— Great  Increase  in  Xnnilx'r  of  V.cn- 
l;ir.s-\inincric3  n,id  Xiuis-Missions-Church  .S..cu!aii/ati,,n-i;."„. 
tine  of  Duti.'s  — lV<,-ns3  of  the  Franciscans  — EUoits  in  .Sicia 
Gorda-'J-lio  Aiigiistiiiians— Division  of  their  Provinc  ia-Intcnial 
]»is,scn.sion  — Kl  Tri.:.nio  Foli»-l)i.sturiwnco  in  the  Convent  at 
Mrxico-Arrival  of  I'.ar.foote.l  Au-ustinians-Dominican  Lal.or.s- 
Miuur  Orders — Orders  of  Cliarity -|,., 

CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

POCIEIY. 

1".00-IS00. 

B^..!^tion  of  a  Race— Typical  Characteristics-Statistics  of  Poimlation— 
Proportion  and  Distrii,ution  of  Eaccs-C.inscs  for  iJccroasc  of  Abo- 
ri-mcs-Creole  versus  Spauiard—Jcalousics  and  Impolitic  Measures 
-Immigration,  and  CliaraetcT  of  Arrivals-Status  of  Torei-ncrs— 
Indian  Policy  and  its  J'ircct-Pu.ce  ,Stii:ma~Xegro  Slavcrv-Condi- 
tinn  of  the  .Mixed  iirccls-lJe-'ars  and  Xohles-Xaturc  ami  Extent 
„i  Diseascs-.Matlazahnatl,  Smallpox,  Vomito  Pricto,  and  Famines- 
Doctors  and  Treatment-Hospitals  an.l  Asyh.ms-Mournin-  a.vl 
('.•mctcnes-:\Ioat  and  Drink— Sumptuary  Laws— Xational  Dress— 
Fovc  of  Display-False  Gloss-Women,  M,.rals,  and  Marria-e-Tho 

Home-jroliday  Celebration-Coaches  and  Piders-lJarbaric  Sport— 
(iambliiig— The  Drama— Social  ILcunions -•.! 


irs  and  the 
lasses— Tho 
:ht  of  Sanc- 
aternitics— 
lievcnues — 


— C<illision 
MIS  among 
iidy  guar- 


fill'' 

i 


NEW  SPAIN 

I" I  I h. 

7  .  I  t     <       t  M  I  '  • 

//.    .\f„l,,l.      „,,/.,      I,      „„    ,„,/, 


•/)*'' 


^ 


5* 


h 


I 


I 


f 


Igo 


HISTORY  OF  MEXICO. 


CHAPTER    I. 


OPEXINQ  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 
1001-1020. 

(jj^ARArTEU  OF  ViCEKOY  MoNTEREY — ViZCAINO's  EXPLORATION' — ATTEMPTED 

IsTKitrnrnsE    with    Japan  —  Montes(;laroh'    Firm    Ri'le  —  Velasco 

AiiAiN  Made  Viceroy — Mexico  under  Water — The  Drainage  Work 

<^    01'  IlfEiirETocA  IS  Beous — A  Great  Es(;i\eerin»>  Feat,   yet  In- 

EEKiriEXT  — NeuRO  KeVOI.T  — PROtUJESS  OK  SeHXEMENT  l.V  NfEVA 
ViZCAYA,  1S1NAI.OA,  AND  iSoNORA— A  NeW  I'OLK'Y  FOR  CoNQrEST — Ul'- 
KISISO  OF  THE  ACAXEES  AND  XlXIMES — TlIE  TEPEIirANE  WaR — PRO- 
TECTIVE Measpres  for  Indians— Arciii!I.siu)P  (Uterija's  Brief  Uii.e 
AS  Viceroy— Pompous  Funeral  Ceremonies — liiE  Timid  Audiescia 
AND  THE  Pigs— Si'ilbeiigen  at  Acapulco — Increase  of  Corruption 
UNDER  Viceroy  G  uadalcazar. 

We  linvo  learned  something  of  the  count  of  Moii- 
brey,  of  his  character  and  abiHties  as  a  governor  and 
Jprcsentative  of  royalty;  we  have  noted  his  jioliry 
Vfh]\  regard  to  the  Indians  and  other  afl'airs,  and  have 
seen  how  !,i.>  name  has  been  retained  for  the  ca[)italpi5 
of  two  provinces,  namel}',  those  of  Nuevo  Leon  and 
of  Califuriiia,  to  both  of  which  countries  he  de- 
Bpatclied  expeditions. 

Ijittlo  remains  to  be  said  in  takinjx  leave  of  him. 
We  have  found  him  on  the  whole  a  well-moaninij 
man,  and  ratlbcr  inclined  to  caution.  He  was  deeply 
©pough  impressed  with  the  duties  of  a  ruler,  and 
quite  ready  to  carry  out  reforms.  He  fell  into  few 
ftpi  ious  errors,  and  these  he  was  prepared  to  acknowl- 
""  ^0   and   remedy   so   that   even    the   Indians,    the 


igi 


Vol.  III.    1 


i 


3  orrNiNCi  or  thk  sf.vf.xtkknth  cKNTruY. 

uiMiti  snflri'crs  hv  i-cmsom  <»!'  liis  inistaki-s,  irco<riii/.(  il 
till'  l«'M('v<»lciK'o  of  liis  niotivrs.  Ccrtiiin  iiu!isin«  s 
toward  the  Inst,  ami  tlio  attoiidaiit  vacillations,  sci'imd 
to  iiulit-atc  li'ss  of  tliat  s<tmi(liu'ss  of  jiKlLjiiunt  and 
lirmncss  wliich  wwr  at  tirst  ascrilu-d  to  him.  1'lii> 
verdi<*t  is  sustained  l»y  Ids  Icinoncy  towai'd  those  win* 
hy  their  corniiit  dealinins  eontiihided  t(»  his  (aihires. 
'IMie  al)sen(H>  ol'  severitv,  and  Ihe  iie<'h'(t  to  eidoicf 
other  needed  reloi'nis,  may  have  hoen  dictated  hy  a 
])iU(K'n<ial  I'eLj^ard  tor  powerrnl  Spaniards,  who  had 
shown  themselves  so  readv  to  retaliate'  in  malignant 
letters  to  the  home  ;j;-overnment  whenever  their  inter- 
ests were  assailed.  Nevei'theless,  the  repoits  on  the 
whole  nuist  have  l)een  rather  iavorahle,  for,  the  vjcc- 
I'oyalty  oi'  ]*eru  Ix^eomini;'  vacant  soon  after  the  turn 
of  the  century,  ^[onterey  was  ad\an<'ed  to  this  mon; 
lucrative  place.*  His  departuie  was  ucni'rally  regret- 
ted, and  the  Indians  tilled  tin;  air  with  lamentation. 
One  reason  for  his  popularity  lay  in  a  showy  opeii- 
handedness  which  spared  not  I'ven  the  royal  coll'ers,  as 
we  have  seen.  He  <lid  not  lont^*  survive  the  change, 
for  he  dieil  in  Pei'U  in  ^NFarch,  l<;0(!." 

Of  the  foundation  of  the  capital  of  Nuevo  Leon  I 
have  already  spoken.  California's  capital  was  not 
established  till  nearly  two  centuries  latei',  when  it 
assumed  the  name  of  the  hay  discovei'ed  hy  Sel)astiaii 
Vi/A-aino.  This  navigatt)r,  t<»  whom  the  n(»rth-west 
latitudes  were  already  somewhat  familiar,  had  heeii 
despatched  f 'om  Aoa])ulco  in  May  1()02,  with  three 
vessels  carry  'ig  nearly  two  hundi'ed  men,  having  in- 
structions t  examine  the  coast  of  California  for  a 
suitable  pon    wherein  vessels    i'rom    tlie   Philippinis 

'  Felipe  III.  fixe  the  salary  nt  .SO.OOO  diicits,  due  from  tlio  date  of  settiiis? 
out  for  I'eni.  Moiif'  !(uio/\  Srninriun,  l.")S.  Tliat  of  the  Mexie-iii  vice  roy  w:is 
'20.(M)0.  withiif^mal!  giiiinl  of  iiomu' than  was  j:r.'iiiteil  to  the  Peruvian.  Mem- 
terey  received  8,(t('/t/  ducats  to  aid  hiiu  in  entering  his  new  olliee,  and  10,()(>U 
ho  liorrowed,  i'it'/<\  Mnn.  ij }\<it.,  ."m. 

-After  a  nde  of  a  little  over  two  years.  Viloiicrit,  Tnrt.  Mir.,  I'J;  J/"- 
ren,  (Iran.  Die,  viii.  l.VJ.  lie  was  atliiblu  hut  slow  to  determine.  '.Sino  -c 
huvic'.a  metido  en  estas  C(ingre;;aciones. .  .aviu  bido  de  los  mejorca,  y  mua 
acertados  Govei'nadures. '  Turijmtiiadu,  i.  7-0-7. 


VIZCAIXO'S  VOYAOKS. 


nuasuv  s 
s,  sci'incd 
meiit  ntul 
in.  This 
1|()S(>  wild 

s  I'uilurt's. 
()  oiiforct' 
atfd  liy  ;i 
who  liittl 
iiiiiliuniHit 
\h-'\v  intfi- 
rls  oil  thi' 
•,  the  vic»- 
T  tht'  turn 
»  tills  uioi'i; 
illy  r('t;rrt- 
nicMtation. 

lOSVV    OJH'II- 

1  coil'ris,  as 
ic  fhaugr, 

vo  Loon  I 

il  was  not 
,  when  it 
Scl)astiaii 

Inoith-wost 
had  heeii 
^vith  three 
hiwinijf  iii- 
rnia  loi"  a! 
[^hilippiius 

idiitc  of  sottiiiS! 
I'.'iii  vicci'oy  w:n 
I'llivuiii.  M'lii 
lie;,  an.l  10,0(101 

Uf<x.,  I-*;  M" 
liiue.     'Siiio  n] 
liiK  jorca,  y  niiia 


iiii'^dit  find  sholtiT.  He  was  also  to  crqiloro  j^ciicr- 
allv  and  seek  for  the  flitting'  strait  of  Aiiiaii,  in  whith 
iiitciost  had  liccii  I'oiiscd  anew  l»y  niarim  i>>'  i.il's, 
AVhilf  tilt!  results  of  this  cxiu'ditioii  add  little  to  <  ho 
lii<>\v]c(li;(>  oaiiicd  hv  Cahrillo,  sixtv  vcai's  hcfor.-.  \rt 
tlic  records  of  \'i/eaino'.s  discoveries  fiirnisln<l  for 
iihifc  than  a  century  and  a  half  the  sole  oipde  t<>  tin; 
III 
iiii" 


iiih-west.     They  name  a  nunihei"  of  point-,  i>lands, 
I  inlets,  includim^  the  hay  of  ^lonterey,  and  h  ;i\.! 
tlic  im])ressi()n  that  in  latitude  42^,  l'uO  extreme  point 
iv.iched,  a  i,MTat  river  had  been  discovered  which  stu- 
dents found  little  trouMe  to  identify  with  Anian  Strait." 
\'izcaino  sought  in  vain  to  promote  u  further  ex- 
pl'ii.ition  of  this  reeion,  for  the  interest  therein   had 
Mih>i(led,  hut  an  o[)|)ortunity  presented    itself   in  a 
tliU'erent  direction.      I^'ranciscans  had  reached  ,I;ipaii, 
i\\u\  had  succeeded  after  many  tribulations  in  [)revail- 
iii'4-  on  the  emperor  to  admit  more  missionaries  and  to 
m!h|  envoys  to  Sj)ain  in  order  to  establish  intercoiirso 
uiili  the  Spanish  people.*     They  arrived  at  Mexico 
(In,  MILT  the  rule  of  the  marques  de  Salinas,  and  brought 
cws  also  of  some  islands  ri(.'li  in  ufold  and  silver,  whicli 
il  (lriftin<^  Portuiifueso  vessel  was  said  to  liuvo  f(»und  in 
.iiipan  waters.     Whether  this  report  proved  tin,'  main 
jiiiriiitive  or  not,  the  viceroy  determined  to  respond  to 
llic  advances  inad(\  and  in  1011  Vizcaino  was  sent  as 
Icnihassador^  with  instructions  to  establisb  commer*  ial 
ill  ions  between  the  two  countries,  and  to  spend  a 
\  inter  in  Japan  examining  the  coast  and  harbors,  and 
•lining  information  about  the  rich  isles,  which  v.crc 
lieu  to  1)0  souu'ht  l^or.     He  was  accomnanied  bv  six 
.iiefootod  Franciscans,  three  being  lay  brothers,  and 

'  I'or  a  detailed  necoimtof  the  voyage  see  Ilisf.  Citl.,  ii.  0"  ct  si'<[.,  and  I/i-f. 
|iVii-7i  Ml x.  S/dicn,  i.  1,")3  ft  sc'(|. 

'i'lio  embassy  was  licailed  by  Friar  Alonso  Munoz,  and  appeals  to  liavo 
T' i>  !nd  Now  Spain  in  KilO,  aucoinpaniod  by  a  miniluT  of  Japanese.  I'izrd'oio, 
''..  ill  /'i('7)((o  and  CardcKd.t,  Col.  Doc,  viii.  114. 

'  in  the  mil  lative  I'f  this  voyaiie  Vi/caino  is  teniii'd  tlie  son  of  the  viocroy, 
iil.isto  the  younyer.  I'eriiaps  lie  was  a  hijo  puliilco,  son-in-hiw;  in'  ( crtiiinly 
i.u>t  liave  had  high  connections  as  he  was 'encomendero  dc  los  pmlilns  do 

'loviiicia  de  Av;dos.'  /(/.,  lO'J.  IJurney  wrongly  states  t!iut  Vi-:caiiio  died 
111  liJUO.  Hif<t.  JJUcuv.  Hoiith  Sni,  ii.  2JU. 


'ft 


4  OPi-MNG  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 

the  native  members  of  tlie  embassy  from  Japan,®  audi 
Hct  sail  from  Aoapuleo  on  March  22d  with  one  vessilj 
the  San  Francisco. 

Ho  arrived  in  Japan  three  months  later,  and  was 
i'avorably  received,  whereupon   he  proceeded   to  o.\- 
aiiiine  the  coast  and  in  the  followint^  year  to  seek  fi.rj 
tlio  lich  isles,  though  in  vain.     Meanwhile  jealous 
Hollanders  (obtained  the  imperial  ear  and  denouiiCLi! 
the  8})aniards  as  seeking  to  add  Japan  to  their  ex- 
tensive conquests.     The  result  was  that  Vizcain(/> 
embassy  failed   at   the  chief  court.     Ho    prevaile(l,| 
h(»wever,  upon  another  ruler,  called    Mazamune,  t' 
assist  him  in  fitting  out  a  new  vessel,  to  replace  tin 
damaged  San  Fmnclsco,  and  to  send  therein  an  eui- 
bass}^  to  New  8i)ain.     With  this  he  reached  Zacatula, 
in  January  1G14.     During  the  f\)llowing  years  otluiv 
eftbrts  wei'e    made   to   establish    intercourse,  and   XA 
ol^tain  better  treatment  for  the  persecuted  missiuii-| 
arios,  but  without  avail.'  \ 

While  explorations  in  northern  latitudes  provrds 
fltilures,  or  little  short  of  them,  exj)editions  iVom  Ptvu  ■ 
had  o[(L'ned  a  new  field  for  enterprise  in  the  southern; 
l*acitic,  under  jNEendana  in  1595,  and  more  successfully: 
under  Pedro  Fernandez  Quiros,  the  companion  <'t 
]\Iendana,  who  in  1G05-G  made  important  discoveries 
in  the  Austialasian  groups,  and  concluded  his  voyayij 
in  New  Sitain.*^ 

"Tlioiv  kndcr  was  evidently  a  convert,  to  jiulgc  from  his  name,  Francisco 
do  ^'t■li\s<co.  hniitizcd  at  Mexico  jimliidily.  Tliev  miiiil)cred  "J."}  and  the  cnw 
r>()  (ir  more.     The  names  of  t'nars  and  olKccrs  may  be  found  in  Vizcaino,  Jo  I.. 

"  Vi/eaino's  faihirc  is  also  attributed  to  the  indiscreet  zeal  of  a  friar.  />/ 
1!IS,  etc.  This  apjiears  to  have  l)een  Luis  Sotelo  who  jirocceded  witii  ' 
•lajianeso  convert  to  liome  and  Madrid  and  obtained  more  missionaries,  tw 
of  wliom,  J5arti>lonu''  do  J>uiL;uillos  and  Dieiro  de  Santa  Catarina,  were  ii|i 
jjuinted  envoys  by  ]'"(li[iu  li[.,  and  rcacheil  Japan  in  ItlKi.  The  fecliii.' 
against  Spaniards  iiad  nuauwliiic  yrown  stronp'r  and  the  friars  were  fornil 
to  dejiart  without  e^eeutinu' tlieir  commission.  Japanese  from  a  more  fricmily 
court  accompanied  tlicni,  and  were  favorably  received  at  ^Icxico  in  1(>17,  1 '-' 
do  not  ap'jciir  to  have  accomplished  anything.  }[(iHiia,  Cliroii.  S.  JJ/cjn,  I-l'^- 
fiO.  (.'avo  mentions  an  embassy  in  K!!")  from  Idates,  prolu'.bly  identical  with 
one  of  the  above.  I'ri  .^■  Siijlo-<.  i.  '_'(il ,  '2'>i,  '_'")7-iS.  The  rich  isli'S  long  contiuui .1 
to  be  an  object  of  search  to  I'iiilijipinc  navigators  ami  others. 

•■Whence  he  proceeded  to  .Madrid  witli  his  report-.  /(/.,  j.  2-14.  The  voy- 
age is  fully  related  in  Jjiini<i/';-  IJi^t.  /-VVco*.  SuKt/t  fica,  ii.  'I'i'.l-lil'i, 


TvY. 


Japan, 


«  and 


I  one  vessii. 
;er,  and  wa> 

3tIocl    to    (-X-  j 

r  to  seek  i'l . 
liile  jealou-  : 
[  denounoid; 
to  their  ox-i 
t  Yizcaint^ 
3    prevailed, 
izaniune,  tn 

replaee  tln/| 
prein  an  em- 
led  Zacatula^ 

years  otlui 
u'se,  and  t^ 
ted  mission- 1 

Lidcs  provrdl 
s  from  Peru 
:he  soiithei 
successfullv 
anpanion  > ! 
discoveries 


ARRIVAL  OF  MOXTESCLAROS.  5 

Tlio  successor  of  Viceroy  ^Monterey,  Juan  ^[anuel 
]Iurta<lo  de  Mendoza  y  Luna,  marques  do  Montes- 
( l.uos,"  arrived  in  September  1G03,  accompanied  by 
]:is  w  il'o  Ana  de  Mendoza,  and  was  met  at  Otunil)a  l)y 
till'  condc  de  ]\Ionterey,  who  ]ia<l  there  prepared  tlic 
most  magnificent  reception,  attended  by  people  from 
i;:i' mid  near.  The  festivities  lasted  ciolit  davs,  and 
iiif  said  to  have  cost  Monterev  a  whole  year's  salarv." 

]f  tills  reception  was  intended  to  propitiate  !^[ontes- 
claios,  it  projjably  failed,  for  on  reaching  Mexico  and 
judrlaiining  the  resideneia  ol'his  [U'edecessor  according 
In  instructions,  he  appears  to  have  made  no  attempt 
x>>  shield  him.  JNIontercy  was  condemned  to  pay  the 
luu  hundred  thousand  pesos  wantonly  spent  in  the 
uiitoi'tunate  attempt  to  gather  the  scattered  Indians 
into  settlements.  Although  the  sentence  was  set  aside 
hy  the  king,  the  count  felt  it  deeply  as  a  reproach  on 
liis  administration.  jMontesclaros  showed  himself  pos- 
scs>ed  of  an  indomitable  will  and  an  abilitv  whieh 
uiuler  more  trvinuf  circumstances  mio-ht  have  been  of 
iL^ieat  value  to  his  sovereign.  As  it  was,  nothing 
)  >o  to  disturb  tranquillit}-,  save  tlic  complaints*of 
<;  sceiidants  of  the  conquerors,  whose  clamor'^  for 
dice  he  chose  to  disregard  in  favor  of  really  merito- 


iiidus  applicants.      His  policy  met  with  ajiproval,  and, 
his  voya'aB^''*^'  viceroyalty  of  Peru  becoming  vacant  in  J  GUI!,  ho 
'^  ^Miis  ])roinoted  to  it.^'- 

A  successor  had  not  as  yet  been  selected,  but  soon 


1  name,  Frnneiscci 

l',i  and  the  cnwl 

In  Vizcaino,  /i'''..| 

M  (if  a  friar.  /-' 
Voceeded  with   ' 
jnissioiiariea,  tw'i| 
Itarina,  wire  i 
1().     The  fooliii.'l 
liars  were  fon 
|i  a  more  fricmiiyi 
liieo  ill  Itil",  l''''l 

|.  ,S'.  J)irll<\    l-l'^-l 

identical  witl.f 
i  long  continiu  li 

M4.     The  vox 
-317. 


'■'KniLrlit  of  Santinso  and  t;eiitl(>man  of  the  Ixd-cliaiidicr.     lie  appears  to 

IV. •  liccn   hoi'u  at  SeviUe,  the  postlii'inon.s  son  of  the  seeond  iiiaii|nis,  uii  I 

I'l  the  eo\eU'd  olli.'e  of  ii.'<i>t'  iili  in  liiat  city.    I'mlnri^  i\\n{  Cdrili  ihi--.  <'■,!. 

'■.,  vi.  '27-;  .)/"/•(  /■/,  (•'mil.  J)ii:.,  vii.  :W2.    I'ortriit  and  autograph  in  J,'iii  m, 

\(nJ,.  Mix.,  i.  80. 

'"  Toiqai'iinula,  i.   7-7.     They  entered  Mexico  Oetober  '27th.    Vct'iwfri, 

T,:,'.    ,l/-.l-.,    1-2. 

"  I'"orty  of  them  becniiie  (piitc  tuilmlcnt,  and  flie  niar(|iiis,  already  on  tlie 
1.1}  to  rem,  was  with  ditliciilty  restrained  from  tnvnin.ir  liaek  to  inlHet  chas- 
:  .  iiuiit.  Their  coiiiplaiiits  !;L.'ainst  him  resulted  inertly  in  a,  decree  lavorin.; 
.i-  |ioliey.  C'"Co,  Tiin  .V(i//ii.<,  ii.  '2KI.  Jlis  views  on  these  jioiuts  are  ;.'i\cn  in 
I'!'-  rliiiiii  lilos  ilf  J/o//^  -  ('/(irii.i,  in  fns/riirr',  m.'i  ilc  lirniii'i,  M.S.,  i.  •2.")4. 

'•'  He  was  ])«rmitted  to  i,'oV(rii  till  his  di'])artiire.  and  as  a  niarU  of  distiue- 
;  II  .-in  oidor  aeeoinpanied  him  to  Acapuleo.  Ton^ueiiuida,  i.  7117.  He  died 
OoMerl),  1028.  Monri,  vii.  302. 


!!^ 


!■: 


6       OPEXIXG  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 

jti'tci"  canic  tlie  ai)poIiitment,  for  tlic  second  time,  of 
Luis  de  Velasco,  whose  previous  rule  luul  endeared 
liini  both  to  kini^  and  people.  Weii^iited  hy  years,  In 
liad  shortly  Ijefore  retired  irOiU  the  government  (4 
]  Viu  to  s])end  the  remainder  of  his  life  on  his  eiuu- 
miciida  of  Atzcapotzalco,  near  Mexico.  ]3uty  com- 
Jelled  hin),  perhaps  not  unwillingly,  to  forego  retiiv- 
iiitiit,  and  on  July  2,  1G07,  he  made  his  entry  into 
the  capital,  after  meditating  for  a  week  in  the  Fi'aii- 
ciscan  convent  of  Tlatelulco  over  the  suggestions  iin 
l)arted  l)y  his  predecessor.  This  a|)})ointment  w;^ 
assumed  by  many  to  have  been  heralded  by  a  Ijeautii'iil 
comet  which  in  the  previous  month  a}»peared  to  hov.  r 
al)ove  Atzca[)otzalc().  Besides  the  viceroy's  inauguia- 
tion,  the  year  was  made  memorable  by  the  cerenioiiv 
of  swearing  allegiance  U)  the  })rince  of  Asturias,  th 
later  Feli[)e  IV.,  on  a  scale  of  grandeur  surpassiiij 
any  pi'evious  display  of  the  kind. 

Velasco 's  path  was  smoothed   in  several  respec- 
l)y  the  licentiate  Landei-as  de  Velasco,  late  oidor  ■; 
►Seville,  who  came  as   visitador,  and  proceeded  wi;!.i 
great  strictness  to  investigate    charges    against    tli J 
audiencia  and  dejiartmcnts  in  connection  with  it.    A'?"! 
the  entrance  to  his  house  a  box  was  placed  I'or  th< 
M'lio  wished  to  make  secret  comiilaints  and  memoria 
The  result  was  that  Oidor  jMarcos  (jiuerrero  and  JJ( 
tor  Azoca,  ah-alde  of  the  court,  were  susj)ended  ai 
subsccj^uently  sent  to  Sjiain.     The  visitador's  strii  t 
lu'ss   evoked    hostility  ii.    several    quarters,   but  tlii 
ser\ed  mert.'ly  to  render  him  more  im]KM'ious.     A  s« f 
moil  by  ]\[artiu  ]/*alaez,  I'ector  iA'  the  Jesuit  college  atj 
IMexico,  a])p(^aring  to  reflect  on  his  course,  he  causci 
his  arrest  and  sent  him  otf  toward  Vera  Cruz  in  charu- 
of  two  negroes.     Although  his  (lej)arture  was  sii.- 
]»ended,  in(Hgnities  were  continued  till  the  royal  cediil 
came  with  excuses  for  the  hasty  action  of  Landera^. 
This  ma}"  liave  been  one  cause  for  the  recall  of  lii 

"  Alcirro,  lf!.-t.  Conip.  Jcsik,  i.  412-4,  places  this  occurrcnco  in  the  tai'.j 
pan  ut'   lliU7. 


ii'il 


]ll    til 

t'  iroi 

sMilai-( 

tii.it  t 

f  1!  oil 

iiiuJit 

.I,-.vs  1 

Mwra 

So  , 

Cdlisidi 

tlie  hil 

(Aer  t^ 

]»reven 

iiig,  fa 

"lijecti- 

wliolly 

caiisew 

tiiiishec 

iiig  tlu 

fl'iit  fif  (Ji 
'^Thcf 

a  l.c'ivv  ra 
""'lifoya 

.\ili.  7<i-.S. 

'•Tlak 


RY. 

id  time,  of 
d  on(leai'»<l- 
y  years,  In 
jnnucnt  <.f 
II  his  entn- 5 
Duty  coiii- 
re<T<)  ret  lit- 
entry  into 
1  the  Frail- 
•■estions  im 
itinent   \v;i> 
'  a  l^eauiii'iil 
od  to  1h)v.  I 
's  inaugura- 
e  cerenioiiv 
.sturias,  tin- 
•  surpassing' 

ral  rcspcf 
ito  oidor 
ceeded  wi'C. 
[1  gainst    til'. 
.vith  it.    At 
•d  i'or  tlio-' 
nR'inorial>, 
o  and  l)i>'- 
itfiidi-'d  aim 
lor's  strirt 
•s,   but  till 
us.     A  str- 
t  college  at 
,  he  causii! 
iz  in  cliaru'. 
o  was  sii> 
■oyal  OL'dul: 
Landera^. 
call  ol"  »!i 

luce  in  the  lai: 


LUIS   DE  VELASCO.  7 

Ai-itador,  in  1G09,  to  tlie  relief  of  the  officials,  who 
had  sought  to  hasten  his  i-enioval  l)v  oharo-es  of  bri- 
1h  ly  ami  other  misconduct.  Tor(]uemada  condemns 
his  opponents,  and  lauds  him  liighly  a.s  a  man  of  un- 
iiiipcachablo  rectitude,  a  friend  of  the  Indians,  and 
(111.'  who  returned  poorer  than  he  camo,^* 

In  the  first  year  of  Velasco's  rule  was  })cgun  the 
famous  drainage  work  of  lluehuetoca,  already  pro- 
jr.ted  l)y  Enriquez,  whereby  ]\Iexico  hoped  to  obtain 
idief  I'rom  the  inundations  which  had  caused  such 
nil-repeated  misery.  The  rains  in  the  autumn  of 
liKM  had  Ijeen  so  heavy  as  to  inilict  great  damage,  and 
I  ave  some  parts  of  the  city  under  water  for  a  year. 
ill  th(i  midst  of  tliis  suffering  a  Franciscan  spread 
terror  among  the  people  by  )  reaching  in  tlie  ]>ublic 
sijiiarc  against  the  prevaihng  w  ickedness,  and  declaring 
tliat  the  city  deserved  to  be  destroyed.  Quite  a  panic 
f>  11  on  all  classes,  and  the  churches  were  crowded  all 
night  by  penitents.  No  cataclysm  followed;  but  three 
(lays  later  an  earthquake  was  felt,  which  frightened 
.Several  persons  to  death. ^^ 

So  discouraged  were  the  pcojde  that  they  serW)Usly 
considered  the  expediency  of  removing  the  cajiital  to 
til''  hills  of  Tacubaya;^"  but  property-owners,  who  liad 
o\er  twenty  millions  of  jiesos  at  stake,  succeed(.;d  in 
jiieventing  tlie  mf)venieiit.  ^lontesclaros,  then  rul- 
ing, favored  the  drainage  undertaking,  but  so  mnny 
olijcctions  were  laisiMl  that  he  turne*!  his  attention 
^vllollv  to  rei)airin<j:  the  dike  of  San  Ijazaro  and  the 
causeways  of  San  Antonio  and  ( ']iapulti;})ec,  while  he 
liiiished  thatof  San  Crist6l)al,  in  addition  to  construct- 
ing the  causeway  of  Guadalupe. ''     Notwithstanding 

"  Moiiftrq.  Inr!.,  i.  7'>0.  Tho  p.aiit'ra  of  the  visitii  were  t;ikon  l>y  tlie  \nv<i- 
ill  lit  fif  ( ;ii;icl;iliiJ!iia  inidicnoiii,  .luiiii  \'illi'lii. 

''Till'  startlins;  soiinoii  was  (U'livei'i'd  uii  tho  ovo  of  Santo  'riiunis,  iliiriii;^ 
a  l.iavy  rain,  hy  I'riar  Solaiio,  piianlian  of  tlu'  liiccillccts.    /</.,  7-S. 

''"'Ivoyal  )ioniiissiciu  a|)iu'ar.s  to  liavr  hron  f.'i'aiiti'il  to  this  otlVit.  I'nr  other 
n.isons  .sci>  Irar.lialicta,  Cul.  Doc,  i.  iVKJ-T;  I'lulwro  ami  (-'iir<l<  ii(t!>,  Cv/.  JJoc, 
.\iii.  7i;-H. 

'•  The  latter  occujiyiiig  nearly  2,000  Indians  for  five  months.    Tunjiu  mada, 


OPENIXG  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 


I 


all  these  measures  the  citv  was  ao-ain  submei'ijed  in 
1G07,  and  in  a  council  held  bv  Velasco  draina<;e  was 
agreed  u[)on  as  indispensable. 

The  valley  of  Mexico  lies,  as  is  well  known,  nioro 
than  seven  thousand  feet  above  the  sea-level,  in  a  vast 
l)as>n  enclosed  by  porphyritic  ranges, from  whose  slop<.s 
a  number  of  rivers  unite  to  form  four  groups  of  lakes, 
the  Chalco-Xochimilco,  Tezcuco,  Cristobal,  and  Zuni- 
pango.  The  first  was  a  frcsh-woter  body,  lying  t^^.) 
varas  hifjher  than  the  salt  Tezcuco,  above  whose  levtl 
the  last  two  also  rose  to  the  north  in  their  terrace 
beds  four  and  ten  varas  respectively.  Zumpango  re- 
ceived the  two  largest  streams,  notably  the  Quauhti- 
tlan,  which  contributed  a  larger  vohnne  than  that  of 
all  the  other  valley  rivers  combined.  During  tlie  rainv 
season  the  excess  of  water  overflowed  into  the  Cris- 
tobal lake,  which  again  discharged  into  the  Tezcuco, 
causing  its  waters  to  rise  considerably.  At  certain 
periods,  once  in  twenty -five  years  on  an  average,  this 
overflow  ])rovcd  destructive,  especially  to  the  ca])ital, 
wliose  main  square  lay  barely  four  feet  above  the  laki', 
Taught  by  experience,  the  Aztecs  had  sought  to  stem 
the  waters  with  dikes,  not  only  round  the  city  but 
on  tlie  northern  lakes.  Both  of  these  were,  besides, 
divided  into  two  sections  by  transverse  causeway >. 
Although  strengthened  and  extended  under  Spanish 
rule  the  barriers  proved  ineHective,  as  we  have  seen, 
and  drainage  was  at  last  declared  to  be  the  cmly  means. 

()n(}  natural  outlet  from  tlie  valley  existed  in  the 
small  stream  of  Tequis(|uiac,but  measurements  sinewed 
that  the  cost  of  making  it  available  for  drainage  woulil 
be  too  great,  and  that  the  only  practicable  point  for 
an  outlet  was  near  the  village  of  Huehuetoca,  as 
demonstrated  already  in  laHO  i)y  Licenciado  Obregou 

i.  7'2S-0.  Anion,",'  tlu'  ■wrnks  nttrilmti'd  to  liiin  is  tlio  jvr.m  dc  Oculina.  Initii'K 
<l<  .!/( .v..  MS., ."{.")().  ('(/ifilii.  I!il.,  |(i.islcss<x;ict:  iiiitl  so  is  Iluinlx'lilt. />•.- r/7'..'., 
i.  '2W.  On  tlic  Mc.\ir;il/iii('i)  lii;incli  of  tlio  soutlicrn  causeway  two  ll()o<l-gnfi  s 
vi'it  ,i(lil('(l.  Xovi'l'tliilcss  thi.s  coiistructioii  |)i-ovi'il  incjiidii'iiil  to  Xocliiinilo 
(inil  adjoining,'  town.'.  Jlc  also  lic^an  .i  new  aijin-'duct.  Cava,  Ti\^  tihjluD,  i. 
543-4,  •>04-5;  Bvltnuni,  Mcxiqite,  ii.  yj-2  M. 


'^Kd.iwi 

r.^plii  r  and 

}.-)''llnl.     Ml 

;:''!!>  a  t!-eat 
u  the  a))ov( 
_  '^Vle-ro 
■!n\t'  eoutn 
"  liee|>  the 
iii'vev.s  and 

/'Sauelie 
•'iN.     C'avo 

^"ilie   rt 

!'i-'y  Were 
,i Hirers  rcei 
ii'l  a  ])onn( 
■  nil'  Irmn  d 
"'Ks.  ( 'rpi'i, 
•\eiidper  1( 
'■■.,  Itrl.  h 
"il.  wllde 
■ii.lied.      1 


CAXAL  CONSTRUCTIOX. 


9 


and  ArfinloGCa.     Bv  means  of  a  tunnel  between  the 

!,n)im^  Sincoe  and  Nochistongo  hill  the  ever  llireat- 

ciiiiig'  waters  from  most  elevated  northei-n  lakes  of 

Zunipano'o  could  be  carried  throuijfh  the  I'ula  tribu- 

ta)V  of  liio  Piinuco   to   the  gulf  of  ]\Iexico.     This 

U  iiig  decided  upon,  Enrico  Maj-tinez,  a  Hollander/' 

land  the  Jesuit  Juan   Sanchez^''  submitted  plans  for 

jllic  work,  one  of  which  embraced  also  a  partial  drain- 

auv   of  the    middle    lakes,    while   another   jiroposed 

nit  rely  to  divert  the  waters  of  Rio  Quauhtitlan  from 

the   Citlaltepec    section    of    Zumpango    Lake.     The 

latter  was  adopted  as  the  sjieedier  and  cheaper,  and 

()n  November  28,   1G07,  the  viceroy  broke  tlie  iirst 

bnd  in  presence  of  a  vast  concourse  of  otiieials  and 

jcitizens.     The  work  was  intrusted  to  Martinez,'-'  who 

|ilis|i]ayed  great  energy,  and  set  an  innnense  number 

|(if  Indians   to    the   task,    at   different   j)oints,     The 

|ex[Hiise  was  covered  by  a  tax  of  one  and  a  half  per 

Ifent  on  the  city  property,  and  a  levy  on  wine.-^ 

A  canal  conducted  the  waters  from  the  Citlaltepec 
peotion  of  Zanipango  Lake,  or  rather  from  its  great 
tributary,  Rio  Quauhtitlan,  to  J  luehuetoca,  and  thenc{3 
they  passed  through  a  tunnel  more  than  a  league  iu 
Liigth,  and  four  by  live  varas  in  height  and  width,  ibl- 

'■'*  Ivlucntctl  in  Sjiaiii,  it  scorns.  Ho  cnjoycil  the  title  of  royal  cosmog- 
ipliiT  anil  wrote  /,'( purlnrhi  di'  los  Ti'mpoi  1/  J/inforia  Nalnrnl  dr  Xiierd 
".■yiKit,  ^Icxico,  Ki'.H!;  Antonio,  JJih.  Hist,  ymrt,  iii.  ,")(i4.  lIumlMildt  iiieii- 
i' Ills  a  troatisu  on  tiigouoinctry,  L'sxai  Pol.,  i.  '21 1,  but  it  is  lUoLiabl}'  Laihruceil 
,ii  t!ic  iiliovo. 

'^AIt'i,nc  intinintpg  that  the  plans  arc  due  to  him,  ami  that  he  at  first  liail 
:i>f  cniitnil.  y/i'.-V,  Coiitp.  J(sii.-',  i.  4.'>S-'J.  Spanish  writers  nt'  ediirsc  jnvfer 
I  keep  the  f:ircij^ner  in  the  liarlcrrounil.  Anionu'  othei'.s  ennnei'tcil  with  tho 
iivivs  and  jilans  were  fathers  Mereadu  and  Santos  and  1  >o(jtor  \'ilhi  iiio. 

^'Siinehez,   tho   associate,    soon   (piarrelleil  and   reliivil.    Tvniiii  niniln,    i. 

'■S,     Cavo  places  the  inauirural  day  on   Deeemher  •JSlli.    'I'ri  <  S'ljlm.  i.  217. 

■'The    real    estate,    valued    at    •J(),'_'i)7,.V>r>    pesos,    ylehhil    over    :i()4,(MI!) 

i.'Mis.    Cc/icda,    ltd.,   14.     Wine   was   taxed   SO  jiesos   tor  every   Jiipc.     'I'ho 

^!' I  ,'y  were  not  I'Xcnipt.    'J'ori/noiirtdii,  i.  7">^;  /'■'O/i.  dr  Ind.,  i.  !I|-'J.     'i'ho 

:.i»'i(  IS  leceived  iivc  reals   for  si'veii  days,  an  alniiid  of  niai/e  e\(iy  \\eek, 

liil  a  jiound  of   meat  daily.     A  hospital  was  eiec.teil  tor  their  sick.     Tiuy 

i.iiii'  troni  ditrereiit  jiroviiiees,  to  the  nuinher  of  47i,l"'4,  with  l,()(i4  f^'nialo 

' 'ks.    C('p((ln,  llil.,  IS.      He  adds  that  tlie  actual  money  paid  tlu'iii  lietweell 

M  iiilicr  l(i()7  and  .May  KidS  was  7;!,<d  I  jiesos.     The  aullinritati\<'  \\  liter  of 

•■.,  l!(l.  K.-I(iil.,  •_',  declares  that  .")0,<!llll  natives  lost  their  lives  during  tho 

il.  while  (,'cpeila  and  others  niaiinain  tliat  ijuite  an  insiguiiiiaut  niimher 

ii  lied.     They  had  reasons,  however,  lor  hiding  disagreeahlu  lacis. 


10 


OrENING  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 


.    I 


l(3wccl  l)y  a  canul  to  Rio  Tula."-  On  May  15,  1G08, 
tlie  first  canal  was  con,;)lotccl,  and  on  September  17tli 
water  ])assed  tlirougli  the  tunnel  in  presence  of  tlu 
viceroy,  amidst  the  rejoicings  of  the  colonists  who  luui 
reason  to  be  proud  of  an  engineering  feat  so  rare  at 
that  time.  It  was  not  long,  however,  before  the  in- 
efiiciency  of  the  work  became  apparent,  the  conduit 
being  too  small,  on  too  high  a,  level,  and  so  poorlv 
vaulted  and  faced  as  frequently  to  choke  with  its  own 
debris.  The  efforts  to  remedy  the  latter  defect  proved 
of  no  avail,"^  and  it  was  even  proposed  to  construct 
another  channel,  for  which,  in  IGll,  Alonso  de  Aria^ 
n)ade  survey's.  IMartinez  could  not  well  be  held  ti' 
answer,  for  he  had  submitted  other  more  thoroui;li 
plans  than  the  cheap  and  speedy  one  adopted."*  Three 
years  later  the  celebrated  Dutch  engine'n%  Boot,  re- 
l)orted  in  favor  of  the  ancient  Aztec  dike  system  for 
the  capital,  on  the  ground  that  the  southern  lakes 
were  fully  as  dangerous  as  the  northern.  Martina 
agreed  to  some  of  his  views,  but  insisted  that  it  was 
above  all  necessary  to  maintain  the  tunnel  outlet.'^"' 

'^-Cc'iicda's  figures,  I?tL,  pt.  i.  25,  iii.  21,  arc  9.000  varaa  for  the  tiiinul 
vlicu  lir.it  Cipcned ;  aftciwanl  reduced  by  cxtonuin;^'  it  into  an  open  cut.  linn; 
l)o!dt  is  not  very  exact  in  giving  tlie  tunnel  a  lengt)  of  O.UOO  metres,  a  widta 
of  .').."),  iind  !i  height  of  4.2. 

^^  Uiili;  kill  nuul  li'.irk^  were  soon  rejected  for  Avood  facings,  and  these  fn 
inasoiii  y,  l)iit  instead  of  an  elliptic  arch  a  mere  vault  was  constructed,  restii; 
ou  an  insecure  foundation,  so  that  the  walls  Merc  underniiiied  and  fell  ii, 
'J  ho  extent  of  the  diQ'ereut  facings  some  years  later  is  given  in  Ccjuda,  Ji'L, 
iii.  21  et  Kcq. 

'■"Yit  ficvcral  -writers  seek  to  blame  liini,  and  assume  that  the  rejects 
plans  JKid  Ijccn  made  by  Sanchez.  The  canal  project  in  IGOl  was  cstimatei 
t  J  require  a  length  of  (>  to  I)  leagues;  now  the  length  of  a  perfect  drainage  >• 
tlic  tlueo  lakcj  was  jilaced  at  7»X000  varas,  with  a  depth  of  40.  Ccjtcda,  v.l 
s;ip. ;  OciikIH  Carer't,  lUro,  vi,  122.  I>y  this  time  tlie  expenditure  for  the 
v.\>rl:  according  to  ollicial  accounts  amounted  to  41.3, ;}24  pesos  out  of  510,iW 
collcctt d.  In  Mi\c.,  lt<L  EMad.,  2,  the  cost  is  placed  at  1,14',),000  pesos  up  t 
1G2)!.  Iii.-itrur.  Virniia^,  202.  (ionzalcz  Di'ivila  makes  it  o,!t,")2,4t!4  for  the  liu; 
few  years,  during  whicli  128,030  laborers  had  been  employed.  Tcutro  Kcl 
i.  2. 

"  ^lartincz  prevailed  on  the  authorities  j:o  lot  him  perfect  the  tunnel,  Imt 
lie  failed  to  carry  out  the  agreement,  probably  because  his  estimate  of  10(),'ii*J 
pesos  nppcnrcd  on  closer  inspection  to  be  too  low.  Boot's  reports,  and  the 
discussion  thereon,  are  given  in  Crpi'du,  I'd.,  pt.  ii.  1-17.  His  views  wen 
Blreiigihened  by  troubles  from  tlie  t;outhern  lake  water.  Cavo,  Tirs  Si'j'' 
ii.  2  I'll.  IJoot  appears  to  have  been  retained  as  active  or  consulting  engiiiit 
from  1(J13  until  IGIO,  with  1,200  ducats  pay.  Fonseca,  JJist.  llacknda,  v, 


(in  I 

Ta.l 

(JU<'| 

al.l 

Si>  l| 

Jbui 

kcl  (I 
luuc 

Ii 

o-ror 

yolvc 

town 

near 

.si'K'c 

tljcv 

Tht"ii 

thii't^^ 

actioi 

eiidui 

corts 

but  fi 

for  st 

Ljrowi 

zak'z 

eUie  t 

10  09 

and  a 

■-'■'Th 

l;as  beei 
It  121,  sh 

7.     Ear 

ix.  1K)( 

-'■  In 

fi'i-  Epij 

V'o-.       It 


TURY. 


KEGnO  REVOLT. 


11 


[ay  15,  1G08, 
iteinber  17tli 
esenco  of  tlit 
iiists  who  Lad 
at  so  rare  at 
iclbre  the  in- 
,  the  conduit 
ikI  so  poorly 

with  its  own 
dofoet  provLil 

to  construct 
)nso  do  Arias 
11  be  hold  to 
ore  thorou'^li 
pted."*  Thm 
p'n%  Boot,  re- 
vc  system  for 
)uthern  lakes 
■n.  MartiiKZ 
;d  that  it  ^\  as 
lel  outlct.2^ 

•aa  for  the  tuniid 

0[)0U  cut.     llllll,' 

00  iiiotrcs,  a  wiiita 

int,'9,  ami  these  fi 
istructc<l,  rustii; 
lined  and  fell  iii. 
in  Cvinda,  111 

that  the  rejcctcil 
()0 1  was  est  iiiiati. ■' 
icifect  draiiuigod 
jf  40.  Ccpnla,  vil 
peuditurc  fur  the 
SOS  out  of  510,1  «> 
10,000  pesos  U)!  t 
■>'J,4l)l  for  tiic  lilt; 
ed.   Tcalro  Ech .-. 

:t  the  tunnel,  hnt 
stimateof  10(>,ni«) 

1  reports,  and  t  he 
Ilia  views  wer 

'avo,  Tns  Si<,i'<''' 
lisultiug  eu;;iii'it 
\ist.  JJdckiida,  V, 


The  value  of  either  ])lan  was  disputed  till  Viceroy 
rii!\es,  in  lC}2o,  caused  the  tunnel  to  be  dosed  in 
(iiiKr  to  test  the  eifect  of  the  Quauhtithui  and 
ruchuca  tributaries  on  Zumpaiigo  Lake  and  conse- 
quriitly  on  the  Te7X'Uco.  The  rise  proved  C(jnsider- 
alilc,  and  in  December  came  unexj)ected  rains  which 
so  iucreased  it  that  the  city  was  endangereil,  and  the 
Ilueliuetoca  tunnel  had  ai,^aiii  to  be  o[)ened;-''  and 
WDi'k  was  renewed  upcjii  it  in  accordance  with  a  iieL^- 
l(,cte(l  royal  decree  of  151G,  although  not  ^v•ithout 
uiurli  discussion  and  numerous  reports." 

In  1G09  occurred  a  serious  revolt  among  the  ne- 
groes in  the  Vera  Cruz  district.  Tired  of  their  masters' 
yoke,  a  number  of  slaves  had  escaped  fruin  different 
towns  and  plantations,  to  unite  with  their  free  brethren 
iK'ar  the  present  town  of  Cordoba,  and  ensconce  thein- 
silves  among  the  rugged  hills  in  that  vicinity,  whence 
tlioy  would  pounce  upon  travellers  and  settlements. 
Their  leader  was  an  au'ed  man  named  Yanu'a,  who  for 
till  it  V  vears  had  been  seekino-  to  stir  his  race  to  united 
action  against  the  colonists.-'^  The  raids  had  been 
endured  for  some  cime,  attended  by  tlio  defeat  of  es- 
corts and  improvised  troops, under  cruel  circumstances; 
but  finally  the  insecurity  of  the  road  to  Mexico  called 
for  stringent  measures  against  the  bands,  which  were 
erowinij  both  in  number  and  darmo'.  Pedro  Gon- 
zalez  de  Herrera  of  Puebla  was  commissioned  to  sub- 
due them,  and  set  forth  toward  the  end  of  January 
1()09  with  one  hundred  soldiers,  as  many  volunteer.^, 
and  a  number  of  native  archers,  to  whom  some  two 

''''  The  statement  of  a  December  flood  rests  on  Gcmelli  Carcri,  uln  sup. ,  and 
lias  Ijeou  dispiitcd,  but  it  linds  eoulirniation  in  the  reiiort  of  a  coinniissinu  of 
Ki'Jt,  showing  that  daniacre  was  done  to  the  city  liy  a  sndilcii  ri-o  of  watris. 
(\j'id((,  UiL,  pt.  ii.  1!);  O'rainliUn,  Ttintulios,  MS.,  II;  ll'ii/v/'s  M(X.,  ii.  'J^•_'- 
7.  Early  documents  bearing  on  this  subject  are  to  bo  found  in  l)la\  Uii'n\, 
ix.  14()  et  seq. 

'-'■  In  !()•_'!)  came  disasters  wliii'h  pave  energy  to  operations,  as  we  shall  sco. 

-'Tonpieuiada,  i.  7")!>,  intimates  that  at  ^lexieoalso  a  revolt  was  projected, 
fi'V  Ejiiphauy,  wiicn  a  king  would  be  elected  'y  otros  con  Titulos  do  Duquis,' 
iti .     It  was  quickly  suppre.iibcd. 


12 


orr-xixo  of  the  sevexteentii  cextury. 


i't 


liundrcil  8[)aniards  and  half-breeds  were  added  fruiii 
settleiuciits  on  the  way. 

A  tiresome  nuircli  brouolit  him  near  the  haunts  (  f 
the  insurgents,  thougli  "without  knowing  where  <  r 
how  to  meet  them.  From  this  (hlennua  he  was  i' ■- 
liuved  by  the  arrival  of  a  message  iVoniYanga  and  his 
military  lieuttaiant  jNLatosa,  brought  by  a  ea[)tive,  wh  i 
had  been  deiiantly  instrueted  tt)  guide  tiie  troops  t  ) 
the  loot  of  the  negroes'  stronghold,  so  that  tliey  niiglii: 
measure  arms  with  them,  llerrera  gladly  avaih  1 
himself  of  this  vaunting  ehallenge,  to  which  the  chiel- 
tain's  companions  had  objected,  and  in  the  last  week 
of  Februaiy  he  came  in  sight  of  the  negro  camp,  ou 
the  sununit  of  a  mountain.  liegardless  of  the  mis- 
silos  showered  upon  them,  th.e  S[)aniards  climbed  tho 
rugged  slope,  and  though  many  a  one  was  felled,  now 
b}'  a  (.lart,  now  by  some  thundering  rock  or  beam  whicli 
crushed  everything  in  its  patli,  they  ]iersevercd  an^l 
gained  the  camp,  which  contained  fully  three  score 
houses,  with  church,  public  edifices,  and  newly  planted 
fields.  The  nef>;roes  retired  to  several  strong  points 
around,  with  the  loss  of  quite  a  number,  including' 
several  leaders,  yet  still  defiant.  Their  spirit  failed, 
however,  with  succeeding  reverses,  and,  as  they  saw 
their  I'amilies  falling  captive,  their  houses  burned,  an:l 
their  ellects  seized  or  destroyed,  they  submitted  terms 
of  capitulation  to  the  viceroy.  On  condition  that 
Yanga  and  his  free  companions  be  given  a  site  I'or  a 
new  settlement  in  the  neighborhood,  they  promiseil 
to  surrender  all  fugitive  negroes  in  the  camps,  au'l 
thereal'ter  to  assist,  if  duly  rewarded,  in  the  capture 
of  any  who  took  rel'uixe  in  that  reuion.  This  was 
agreed  to;  and  soon  alter  they  founded  the  village  ot' 
San  Lorenzo,  remaining  thenceforth  comparatively 
faithful.-^ 

In  Ihe  following  year  a  more  extensive  campaign 

"'All  alcnldo  .Tppcars  to  liavo  Ijcen  appoiiitod  from  iunong  thorn,  while  ft 
ni'ighlM)riii<^  curate  uttciulcil  to  their  !<iiiritual  wants.  Ahyrc,  J  J  int.  Cuin/. 
JcHus,  ii.  10-10. 


].:h1 

laligi 

tlilie 

Jilid  I 

wliieli 

the 

tioi.s 

]V\  ea 

aided 

ciiivd 

to  vinv 

tho  no 

claim  t 

Jalisco 

a]i|)lyin 

wliich  f 

Sierra  . 

C'oahui^ 

existing 

iilid  \>Q\ 

("ijiital 

i  valley, 
it'  a  lie 
cnimcnt 

'iKirtolo: 
westwai 
San  Jui 
stiutheri 
<if  San  j 
which  1: 
Guzman 
The  t 

Juan  lis 
1583  uii 

\:m,  w 

^"  The  en 
f  "ith,  anil  t 
^i!i'\a  \'izci 
■  Tlic  Ai 


,Y. 


LABORS  OF  THE  JESUITS. 


IS 


Idc'd  frttm 

luiunts  (  l' 
where  <i' 
10  was  1  - 
^a  and  his 
[)tive,  wli  I 
troops  i) 
licy  itiij;'ht 
ly  avaih  l 
tlic  chict- 
hast  week 
)  camp,  on 
f  the  iiiis- 
hiihed  tho 
felled,  now 
earn  whiei\ 
)vcrcd  and 
hreo  sct)r^! 
/ly  plante;! 
)nL;'  [)oint-; 
includhi'j; 
irit  faileil. 
they  saw 
Lirned,  auil 
ted  terms 
t  u)n   that 
site  for  a 
promlt^eil 
imps,  au'l 
10  eaptuio 
This  was 
villai4'e  dt' 
pavatively 

I  campaign 

thorn,  wliilo  :\ 
J I  id.  L'uiii'. 


;  ,  1  til  1)0  undertaken  ng-ainst  Indian  rebels  in  I)u- 
i,:!i.;i).  This  region  was  frequently  disturbed  by  one 
tijlie  or  another,  abused  as  the  natives  Averc  by  miners, 
iii!'!  favored  by  the  physical  I'eatures  of  their  country, 
vJiieh  on  one  side  ])rescnted  rugged  ranges,  and  on 
the  other  plains  and  deserts.  The  private  explora- 
tiiii.s  of  Francisco  do  Ibarra  in  this  direction  had 
]i ^  laled  vast  agricultural  and  mineral  resources,  and 
allied  by  his  inilucnco  with  the  viceroy  he  had  se- 
cured a  commission  as  governor  and  captain-general 
1(1  conquer  and  rule  the  still  unsubdued  country  to 
the  north.  He  entered  with  a  strong  force,  and  laid 
claim  to  all  the  region  beyond  the  line  now  dividing: 
Jalisco  and  Zacatecas  from  Sinaloa  and  Durango, 
applying  to  it  the  name  of  Nueva  Vizcaya,  a  term 
wliieh  soon  became  confined  to  the  district  east  of  the 
Sierra  Madro  range,  embracing,  for  a  while,  a  part  of 
Coahuila.  In  15G3  he  formally  established  the  still 
(xisting  settlement  of  Nombre  do  Dios  as  a  villa ;^' 
and  beyond,  in  Guadiana  Vallo}',  he  founded  as  his 
capital  Durango,  known  also  by  the  name  of  the 
valley.  In  1G21  this  was  made  a  city  and  the  seat 
cf  a  new  diocc'se  extending  over  all  of  Ibarra's  gov- 
( rnmcnt.^^  He  pursued  his  discoveries  as  far  as  San 
l]artolome  Vallev,  in  southern  Chihuahua,  and  thence 
westward  into  northern  Sinaloa,  where  he  founded 
San  Juan  do  Sinaloa,  laying  claim  also  to  the  two 
southern  districts  of  Culiacan,  with  the  settlement 
(if  San  Miguel,  and  to  Chametla,  with  San  Sebastian, 
which  had  maintained  a  precarious  existence  since 
(iiizman's  time. 

The  tribes  of  Sinaloa  proved  very  hostile,  and  San 
Juan  had  to  be  abandoned.  It  Avas  refounded  in 
1J83  under  the  name  of  San  Felipe,  but  only  after 
139G,   when  it   became  a  presidio,  was  the  perma- 

'"  The  control  of  this  was  long  disputed  by  the  government  immcdiati'ly 
f'.'.th,  anil  then  seized  upon  hy  the  viceroy;  Ijut  in  1(511  it  was  restored  to 
^l'.|■\a  X'izcaya. 

"'  The  Augustinian,  Gonzalo  dc  Hermosilla,  was  the  first  prelate. 


T 


14 


OPENING  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 


|f ;  1 


ncncy  of  this  settlement  socurod.  In  IGIO  tlio  border 
\vas  advanced  to  Ilio  del  Fuerte,  so  Jianied  after 
the  fort  of  Montesclaros  there  erected;  and  now  tliu 
Jesuits  began  the  conversion  of  Mayos  and  Yaqnis. 
Thirty  years  later  San  Juan  Bautista  was  founded  in 
Sonora  Valley,  already  made  known  by  expeditions! 
Vvhich  had  passed  into  the  northern  regions.  All  thisj 
counliy  west  of  the  Sierra  Madro  was  ruled  by  a 
milit;ny  captain  appointed  by  the  viceroy,  but  subjcd 
in  civil  matters  to  the  governor  at  ]Jurango.  ]ii 
Coahuila,  Saltillo  was  formally  founded  in  15S(i, 
and  l\uTas  in  1598,  partly  by  TIascaltecs,  while  in 
Cliiiiuahua  it  was  not  till  1G31  that  a  jircsidio  rose 
at  l*arral  in  the  rich  mining  region,  and  permanent 
missions  in  1G39  among  the  Tarahumaras.^- 

Side  by  side  with  settlers  and  niiners  strode  tlie 
friars,  in  this  region,  notably  the  Jesuits,  whose  aiu) 
was  not  alone  to  convert,  but  to  pacify  and  })repai'e 
the  natives  for  the  yoke  of  Christ  and  the  colonist:^. 
It  was  cheap  and  cft'ective,  this  subjugation  by  the 
cross.  Warfare  against  the  wilder  tribes  of  the  nortli 
proved  quite  dift'erent  from  that  against  the  niore  cul- 
tured and  settled  conmiunities  encountered  by  Cortes. 
Here  the  capture  of  a  capital,  the  treaty  with  a  ruler, 
generally  suiiiced  to  control  the  pec})le ;  but  among  the 
northern  tribes  treaties  availed  little  with  the  })etty, 
irresponsible  chieftains  unless  they  M'erc  specially 
commissioned  by  the  people,  and  to  ravage  their  vil- 
lages was  seldom  eftective.  Hence,  after  many  ami 
costly  military  operations,  Vicero}^  Velasco  had  towar ' 
the  el. -so  of  the  preceding  century  found  it  necessaiv 
to  adtipt  a  difterent  course,  and  stoop  to  what  may  1 
termed  humiliating  concessions.  But  he  stooped  U 
conquer,  for  under  shelter  of  this  purchased  peac 
missionaries  crept  forward  to  fasten  a  gradually  tight 
eiiing  bond,  secured  at  diflerent  points  by  militarv 
colonies.     This  policy  did  not  succeed  in  every  quar- 

'-The  history  of  Niicva  Vizcaya,  based  on  such  stonilaid  .lutliovities  ni 
Iburra,  Iielacloii ;  Durainjn,  Doc.  Ilkt.,  MS.;  Sluuloa,  Mem.  Ili-t.,  MS.;  Al 


ATTITUDE  OF  TITE  NATIVES. 


15 


ti  1'.  nor  was  it  offcctotl  clscwlicro  without  occnslonal 
(.(himmIos.  Tlio  rosoluto  opposition  of  tlic  Siimloa 
riliLS  to  the  oncroachtnents  of  the  Spaniards  served 
()  iiuiniato  also  adjoining  peoples  who  had  already 
JHuhiiiitted  and  found  just  cause  for  discontent  in  the 
o|i])ivssion  and  outrages  practised  by  miners  and 
luilit'rs. 

]ii  IGOl  the  Acaxdos,  who  occupied  the  mountain 

VLiinns  of  Topia  and  San  Andres/'^  rose  to  the  nuin!)c'r 

.f  live  thousand,  with  a  solemn  determination  to  kill 

)V  drive  away  every  Spaniard.     They  swooped  down 

ivitli    unexpected    suddenness   on    the    villages    and 

iiiiiiii'4'  camps,  whose  nund)er  may  be  estimated  from 

he  statement  that  over  I'orty  churches  shared  in  the 

lest  ruction.     The    first   effective    resistance   cncoun- 

i((l  was  at  San  Andres,  where  the  small  garrison 

iiiinnged  to  hold  out  for  a  fortnight,  till  Gt»vcrnor 

liliiiola  learned   of  their   strait  and  came  to    the 

isciu'  with  sixty  men.     The  warriors  now  withdrew 

I)  the  mountain   fastnesses,  and  kept  the  pursuing 

loops  constantly  engaged  in  toilsome  marches  and 

harp  skirmishes,  ever  on  the  alert  to  entraj)  them  into 

iiihiiscades,  though  with  little  success.     What  arms 

ailed  to  achieve  was  accomplished  by  means  of  Urdi- 

Kila's  generous  treatment  of  a  number  of  ca[)tured 

Vcnxee    women.     This   touched   the    hearts   of   the 

ushands,  and  with  the  gentle  persuasion  of  Father 

aiitaren  they  submitted  and  began  to  rebuild  their 

liurches.^*     The  Sabaibos  held  out  for  a  while  lonijfer 

uidcr    the  guidance    of  a   sorcerer  who    prorhiimud 

liiiiself  bishop,  and  even   God,  and  proceeded  with 

1k'  aid  of  associated  apostles  to  carry  on  a  peculiar 

liiiitual  and  political  administration.     His  rule  was 

oi'ii  cut  short,  and  with  h.iin  disappeared   the   last 

lacf  of  the  revolt. 

'"('/•',  l/is(.  Mis.,  ^IS.;  Arlequi,  li'thnx,  Alajre,  Ueaumont,  2Iota-PadiUa,  is 
ull.v  ivlatedin  my  Hittorij  of  the  Xorth  Mixkan  Sfale-i,  this  soiies. 

"'  [''or  piirticnliirs  see  Aalire  liUcci',  i.  (il4. 

"'  I'or  a  <letaik'(l  account  of  the  camiiaigu  with  its  ijitcrestiiig  happenings, 
to  Jli.'if.  North  Mex.  Ulalen,  i.,  this  series. 


^ 


16 


OPKNIXO  OF  THE  SFA'RNTKEXTII  Cl-^TURY. 


:^f 


This  spl)mission  appears  to  liavo  cither  irritated  or 
cmholdeiu'd  the  Xixiiiies,  a  trihc  of  caniiihalisti(^  ten- 
(IciK'ics,  wlio  adjoined  the  Acaxees  on  the  south,  ami 
i-aidvcd  .is  tlicir  bitter  foes.  The  ncifdiborsBoun  hetraii 
to  appeal  for  aid  aijjninst  their  onslauL(hts,  and  with 
intercession  of  friars  they  were  in  1007  inchieed  tn 
reUmt;  but  three  years  later  they  broke  out  in  open 
revolt,  and  an  expedition  of  two  hundred  Spaniards 
and  eleven  hundred  Indians  marched  au^ainst  them. 
Their  two  strongholds  were  quickly  reduced,  aiil 
after  the  execution  of  the  ringleaders  the  excuses  of 
the  remainder  were  accepted  with  a  readiness  that 
served  only  too  often  to  encourage  hostilities,  as  mav 
be  seen  throughout  the  history  of  tills  frontier  rogivi; 
to  the  present  time.  Had  the  same  policy  been  pur- 
sued by  Cortes  and  his  contemporaries,  Spanisli 
domination  might  have  been  deferred  for  years.  This 
temporizing  was  owing  in  part  to  a  change  in  the  char- 
acter of  the  settlers,  and  a  diversion  of  })ublic  interest 
from  the  career  of  conquest,  and  partly  to  actual  weak- 
ness and  indecision;  but  under  the  circumstances  it 
was  dangerous  to  displa}'^  it  so  freely. 

Of  this  an  instance  may  be  found  in  the  more 
serious  outbreak  in  the  same  province,  in  IGIG,  amoiiL! 
the  Tepehuanes,  for  no  outrages  or  other  good  reas(Jii 
appear  to  have  afforded  the  pretext.  This  tribe  cov- 
ered a  wide-spread  area  in  Durango,  extending  int 
southern  Chihuahua  and  bordering  east  and  north  on 
Topia,  and  had  yielded  gocd  fruit  to  the  Jesuit  mis 
sionaries.  Dismaj^ed  by  the  downfall  of  their  inihi 
ence,  the  native  sorcerer,-  strove  hard  to  combat  the 
new  religion;  and  encouraged  by  the  example  of  tin 
Sabaibo  bishop,  one  of  them  proclaimed  himself  a  mos 
siah  divinely  appointed  to  free  his  people  from  tlii 
foreign  yoke.  This  character  he  sustained  by  a  nuiii 
ber  of  cleverly  executed  miracles,  and  by  alluring 
prospects  disseminated  by  active  agents. 

His  plans  succeeded,  and  his  people  rose  almost  fi 
ma.ssc.    At  Atotonile(»  nearly  two  hundred  Spaniards 


RY. 

irritated  orj 
)jilisti(^  ten- 
south,  ninl 
s<K>u  l)C«4an 
H,  and  with 
induced   toj 
out  \n  o})fii 
1  Spaniards 
ainst  tlieiii, 
Induced,  aii'l 
;  excuses  dt' 
idiness   that! 
ties,  as  may 
(ullur  rogi^  u. 
.•y  been  puv-l 
es,    Spanish 
^'cars.     This] 
)  in  the  ch.ar- 
lUic  interest! 
actual  wcak-[ 
imstances  itj 

n  the  more] 
|lGlG,amoii: 
good  reason] 
is  tribe  cov 
ending  intol 
,nd  north  <>ii| 
Jesuit  nii^- 
their  inilu 
combat  tluj 
.mple  of  tliel 
inself  a  mob- 
ile from  tliel 

I  by  a  num- 
by  alluring 

se  almost  m 

II  Spaniardis, 


ATTITUDE  OF  TlIK  GOVKRXMEXT. 


17 


nun,  women,  and  children,  were  massacred;  at  Pa- 
]i;i<([uiaro  a  number  wei-o  hired  to  destruction  by 
tieachery;  at  Zape  ninety  persons  fell,  l^urann'o  city, 
t!ie  seat  of  government,  might  also  have  been  sur- 
prised but  for  the  ]ir(Mnatui'o  outbreak  on  the  pai-t  of 
certain  greedy  chieftains,  wliich  gave  the  alarm,  and 
enabled  measures  to  be  taken  against  the  great  simul- 
taneous attack  on  the  21st  of  Novend)er.  These 
measures  extended  also  to  the  Acaxees,  Xixiines,  and 
(itlu'r  tribes  who  were  prevailed  upon  to  withh(;ld  at 
least  active  cooperation  in  the  revolt. 

Nevertheless  the  outlook  became  so  serious  that 
appeal  for  aid  was  sent  to  the  viceroy,  who  gave 
.n-.I.Ms  upon  tlio  royal  coffers  at  Zacatecas  and  l)u- 
rango  for  funds,  wherewith  to  raise  more  troops.  The 
Tepeliuanes  generally  avoided  an  encounter.  With 
the  spring  of  1017  the  revolt  was  practically  ended. 
Deserted  by  their  messiah,  who  mysteriously  disap- 
peared, the  still  rebellious  bands  took  refuge  in  the 
mountains,  there  to  be  exposed  to  repeated  attacks 
from  different  quarters,  to  which  a  price  upon  their 
heads  gave  incentive.  After  suffering  heavy  losses 
they  were  induced  gradually  to  rejoin  tlieir  submis- 
f^ivc  brethren.  As  it  was,  the  outbreak  had  caused  a 
drain  on  the  royal  treasury  of  several  hundred  thou- 
sand pesos,  besides  losses  in  revenue  and  to  settlers, 
jand  retarded  material  progress  in  the  province  for  a 
number  of  years.*^ 

A  lenient  policy  characterized  more  and  more  the 
[attitude  of  tlie  government  toward  the  natives,  and 
experiments  were  continually  tried  for  promoting 
their  welfare.  In  1G02  came  a  cedula  recommending 
a  system  of  public  hiring  of  Indians,  to  take  the  jilace 
(if  ropartimientos.  A  fair  was  aecordingly  established 
ill  the  principal  squares  at  Mexico^''  under  supervision 
lof  a  judge,  where  employers  might  come  to  engage 

^^For  a  full  account  see  Nist.  North  Mot,  States,  i.,  this  scries. 
'"'On  Suiulaya.  Caro,  Tres  Slijlos,  i.  '237. 
U18T.  Mex..  Vol.  III.    2 


18 


OPENING  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 


U 


\\ 


l^'l 


• 


!  M 


'  i    ! 

Pi 


Ik. 


laborers.  As  usual,  ^'^orruption  crept  in  to  counteract 
tlic  intended  henefits.  Speculators  found  it  lucrative 
to  cni^aii^c,  with  connivance  of  the  jndge,  a  large  num- 
ber of  tlie  Indians,  and  liire  them  to  others  at  liighci' 
rates.  Tliis  abuse  became  so  great  that  the  system 
had  to  be  abandoned.''' 

In  pursuance  of  this  step,  and  with  a  view  to  re- 
move cause  for  revolt,  an  important  decree  appeared 
in  1G09,  connnanding  that  provisions  and  clothing,' 
must  be  sold  to  Indians  at  reasonable  prices,  and  tli.iti 
those  who  attempted  to  defeat  this  measure  shouli[5| 
be  punislied.  In  the  mining  districts  the  Indians 
were  to  be  gatliered  into  villages  and  given  land  to 
cultivate,  and  churches  and  hospitals.  Those  who 
settled  in  these  villages  were  to  be  exempt  for  six 
years  from  the  usual  rcpartiniientos;  but  they  nutst 
not  leave  the  place.  Since  it  was  necessarv  to  en- 
courage  work  and  progress  among  all  classes,  reparli- 
mientos  must  be  maintained  till  the  increase  of  slavus 
and  voluntary  workers  all;»\ved  them  to  be  reduced  ov 
abolished.  Not  more  than  one  seventh  of  a  vill;i!j;e 
population  should  be  called  away  at  a  time,  in  due 
turn,  nor  must  they  be  sent  to  a  very  distant  ])lace  or 
one  differing  greatly  in  temperature  from  tint  to  whirli 
they  were  used.  The  pay  must  be  fair,  and  cover  tlic 
time  for  coini;;:'  and  poing  to  work.  The  time  and 
nature  of  labor  shoukl  not  be  exceeded  or  changed. 
None  could  be  condemned  for  crimes  to  [yersenal  ser- 
vice, nor  could  encomendcx'os  exact  it  in  lieu  of  tributo, 
The  carrying  of  loads  wa^  restricted,  |)artieularly  wht  ro 
beasts  of  burden  could  be  introduced. ^^  Not  long  1 
fore  this  a  law  had  been  issued  exempting  from  en 


mill 

UII>1 

cliui 
to  ai( 
qu('s< 
find  f 
the  t 


4( 


ico- 


■'Thisl 

".l>/r,r 

"  Togotl 

I'i'iisionof  t 

>''i't.'  gi'iint< 

"III    isstlL'd 

Vciir  or  two 
'-'K\-LTci 
L'(i,'l4,  15;  Ordt'iK.i  dc  la  I'oroiid,  MS.,  ii.  l;!i).     This  iiiiiiortant   IcttiT  \,:i<l"''7.     Cillt; 
(latL'd   May  '20,   lOOO.     In  acconlanco  with  its  tenor  Velasco  ivgulatcil  tin  ''Jlisjia 

hours  of  labor  aud  other  aiattcrs.  •^I"'-,  -02. 


^'  '  Clamaron  los  Indies. .  .con  instancia,  bolver  h  lo  pasado.'  Tor'jimyncI' 
i.  7->(]. 

^^  An  earlier  decree  prohibited  even  vnluiitary  carrying  of  good.s,  l>"t  tliis 
could  not  be  obeyed.  Those  in  charjic  of  hord.s  should  not  be  held  respon.'iil  K 
for  lost  stock.  Officials  connected  with  rcpartiniientos  must  be  men  W'l 
known  for  kindness  and  prol>ity;  they  could  accept  fees  only  fioni  the  cm 
jiloycr.     Further  minor  regulations  ai'e  given  in  Moiiirmnynr,  Smidfios,  'Jlil- 


:y. 


KEFORM  MEASURES. 


10 


counteract 
t  lucrative  ' 
argc  niiDi- 
!  at  liigli'i' 

ho  system  | 

lew  to  ro- 

3  appeared 

d  clothiii;^'! 

IS,  and  tliat 

lire  should 

he   Indians 

en  land  to 

rhose   will  ,.  ^ 

npt  for  sixSHl 

they  niu>ty 

sarv  to  en 

>es,  reparli 

se  ol'  sla\  ijri 

f  reduced   'V 

<»f  a  villauv 

linu",  in  dnr 

Knt  place  or 

■it  to  wiruli 

id  covin'  till 

c  time  anil 

)r  chanucd 

crsonal  st  v 

I  of  tri'ouii'. 

|larly  whciv 

ot  lun<i;  !»-■ 

from  cnr>i- 

1.'  Torqucmaifu 

1  goods,  i>"t  tl:i-l 
hicld  iTSjiolisil  ' 
1st  lie  iiu'ii  V' 
Iv  fiom  i\w  H'lJ 
t  Svmario",  "J HI-' 
Itant  letter  n>:i< 
iv^'ulatoil  Uk 


iniondas,  and  from  tribute  for  ton  years,  all  hitherto 
unsubdued  Indians  who  voluntarily  gave  allegiance  to 
cliurch  and  king.^'  It  was  a  measure  well  calculated 
to  aid  the  missionaries  and  to  promote  a  peaceful  con- 
(|U('st.  In  the  settled  regions  on  the  other  hand  we 
tind  a  contrast  in  the  conlirmation  of  eneomiendas  to 
the  third  and  fourth  life. 

The  execution  of  reform  measures  was  h\  no  means 
easy,  but  Velasco  sought  to  do  his  duty,  and  though 
exercising  no  undue  severity  he  brouglit  upon  liim- 
silf  the  hostility  of  a  large  class.  His  friendly 
t'crhng  toward  the  natives  is  displayed  in  several 
iccommendations,  notably  that  of  giving  to  them  all 
the  land  required,  leaving  oidy  the  balance  to  y])an  ■ 
iards,*"  His  zeal  was  not  overlooked,  for  in  IGOt)  he 
received  the  title  of  marques  de  Salinas,  and  two 
years  later  promotion  to  the  presidency  of  the  India 
Council.''^  So  distinguished  a  preferment  could  not 
lie  refused,  and  he  set  sail  for  Spain  June  12,  MM  I,*- 


ving  behind  the  reputation  of  a  wise  and  humane 
iiili'i',  against  whom  the  only  objection  may  be  an 
<  xcessivc  leniency  which  served  well  for  the  time,  but 
li!t  the  seed  of  future  troubles.*'^ 

As  his  entry  into  the  government  had  been  ])re- 
ciilod  by  a  comet,  to  which  his  successful  rule  lent  a 
iavorable  signiticance,  so  his  departure  was  attended 


an  eclipse  of  tl 


ance 
sun 


and  the  terror  which  tliis  ])1)l'- 
ihuiienon  inspired  received  fresh  impulse  two  months 
later  from  an  earthquake  whereby  a  number  of  bnild- 


vr.-i. 

M 
II 

I'l'iisi 

;lr,|l 

ly.jai 
t 

i7ii7. 


This  law  was  issued  on  NovciuIkt  2."),  1007,  ami  cuiifirnicd  in  1(171  and 

Mmitcmoj/or,  Srtnurins,  2. 
Ailv<'rti)iiie/it<)!<,  in  Iu<lnic.  Vlrrct/rn,  'J.IO. 

'J'ogother  witli  20,(100  <lii(jats  'ayuda  de  costa.'     lie  alitady  rixLived  a 
on  of  0,000  at  tlie  eni'         is  funncr  lule  in  Mexico,  and  now  liis  eliildi-fii 

j^'l'anted  additinnal  ;,.'    »vanoes.     Tlie  title  of  niari|iiis  appears  to  liavo 
issued  in  KJOT,  <'<ilii\  Mem.  y  Nut.,  .jo,  tliou^li  \'etiineuit  inliinati's  a 
or  two  later.    Trat.  M<  x.,  V,\. 
I'^xercising  the  [x^vei-  of  viceroy  to  the  day  of  sailing..    'J'o/qm nnuht,  i. 

Calk;  writes  ITth  of  .lime. 
His  paitii'lity  tor  the  Dominicans  is  spoken  of  in  Diivilii,  f'oiifhniacion, 
202.     Already  very  aged,  he  did  nut  long  survive  his  [noiiiotiou. 


20 


OPKXIXG  OF  THE  SEVEXTEENTIT  CENTURY. 


I  J 


1 


lis 


iir 


"I, 

■i 


P  i 


I 


iiijTfs  were  destroyed    in   different    parts,    notably  at 
j\lexi('o,  involvinu'  the  loss  of  several  lives.^* 

Although  Velasco  ruled  until  the  day  of  his  depart- 
ure, the  successor  to  the  viceroyalty  was  already  to  he 
found  at  ]\rexico  in  the  person  of  Archbishop  Garcia 
Guerra,  a  Dominican,  born  about  15G0  at  Fromesta. 
near  Valencia,  of  a  noble  house/''  As  prior  at  Valla- 
<l<>lid  he  managed  to  gain  favor  in  the  eyes  of  Felipi' 
HI.,  aiid  a  first  result  was  his  appointment  to  tlio 
vacancy  cause<l  by  the  death  in  October  IGOG  of  Gar- 
ci'a  de  Santa  Maria  y  Mendoza,  archbishop  of  IMexico. 
Tills  prelate  had  been  prior  of  the  convent  at  tlio 
Kscorial,  general  of  the  Jeronimite  order,  and  a  great 
favorite  of  Philip  II.,  who  named  him  one  of  his  ex- 
ecutors. The  successor  to  the  throne  extendetl  tliis 
i'avor  by  conferring;  on  him  the  archdiocese  in  N(  w 
S[)ain  which  he  administered  in  a  satisfactory  manner, 
living  ever  the  huml)le  life  of  a  friar,  yet  staining  hi- 
niemory  by  the  bigoted  act  of  defacing  native  sculp- 
tures. While  the  destruction  was  not  so  serious  a> 
tliat  caused  by  the  iconoclast  Zanuin-aga,*"  Santa 
Mari'a  deserves  even  cjreater  condenmation  than  tlii> 
earlier  bishop,  whose  vandalism  finds  excuses  to  a  cci- 
tain  extent  in  the  conversion-zeal  of  his  period,  and  in 
its  inferior  enlightenment. 

Guerra  made  his  entrance  into  Mexico  as  prelato 
September  21)tli,  and  by  his  wise  rule  confirmed  tin 
royal  choice  to  such  extent  that  with  the  promotinn 
of  Velasco  came  his  own  appointment  as  twelfth  vice- 

**Thc  eclipse  was  total  and  lasted  till  C  p.m.  .Tunc  10th.  Torqufmct'l'. 
i.  7(i8.  The  eurtlKHUike  occurred  on  August  '2(ith.  En  ocasion  quo  ]'; 
mandado  del  An;ol)i.spo  ViiTcy. .  .sc  corrian  toros.'  Siijiieiiza  y  G6>uji.i'. 
Caiiii,  MS.,  1.");  /(/. ,  J'aru!i/<o  Ocvid.,  24.  There  were  more  than  40  slio.  1,- 
uithin  ;W  hours,  says  Father  Franco.  On  Deccnilier  27th  a  ram  of  ashes  I  ". 
at  Mexico,  Diivila,  Coiitiiiunriuii,  !MS.,  20,3;  and  ^lota-1'adilla,  who  pLn  - 
the  eclipse  on  April  1.'),  describes  a  similar  shower  in  Colima,  caused  by  tin 
eruption  of  the  volcano.  Coikj.  A''.  O'al.,  271.  In  the  sani-;  month  of  the  iil- 
lowing  year  another  earthquake  occurred.   Caro,  Tn n  S/ijInx^  i.  2.")7. 

^'"'((f  the  family  of  De  la  Vega  (Uierra.  His  parents  were  Ardrt''S  do  Ri'i:  • 
and  Maria  (luerra.  He  professed  as  a  Dominiem  in  ir)7S,  at  Valladoli'l. 
where  he  became  preacher  and  prior,  (ionzale/ 1  )ilvila  writes  his  name  Ut 
laiLiuirra.    Toiiro,  i.  44:  Ihinhi,  CuiilhiiKu-'inn,  .MS  ,  11(8-200. 

^^  Ad  Torquenmda,  ill.  208,  regretfully  points  out. 


\vi(lc-sj 
tii'ii.  Ik 
invalid, 
causes, 
rain  lai 
jirevalei 
liliii;  ai 
ah-^''  's,*- 
a;.  •  i''  1 
U't.:)erjl 

solenmit 

Sjiaiii. 

Tl.o  e 

j'llijde  t 

ill  the  cl 

iMiiiIcped 

liiterior  c 

'  t"  the  CO 

:i:iiited  V 

i:iiti'e.     ( 

i;'  iieral,  .■ 

'  tHce    as 

j;i>t<)ral  >! 

'■'■<'>>:  at 

ill  ill   betw 

Forthr 

'■'t  the  ch; 

vliile  tria; 


■  t: 


Ifehadl 
■  'ti  hdco,  I 

"",  -MS. 

'7tii:  an 
initiiig  ne 

I'i'ii'iit  occni- 
'  this  injiiie 
t:ie  2()tii(,f 
'  "f  his  heal 


DEATH  OF  GUERRA. 


21 


jtably  at 

IS  (lopart- 
ady  to  l)e 
ip  Garcia 
^^romesta. 
at  Vnlla- 
of  Folij 

it    to    tllu 
IG  of  Gai 
if  ]\Icxui 
lit  at  tlu 
id  a  great 
of  his  ex 
!iided  till 
io  in  New 
y  iiiannei', 
;aiiiing  hi- 
tivo  seiilji- 
serious  a- 


f^, 


Hi 


Santn 


:han  t\\'\^ 
s  to  a  cer- 
iod,  and  in 


ir 


as  prclat* 
med  til' 
iromoti<  >i 
clftli  viei- 

Torqncma'f'. 
iisidu  que   ]': 
a  y  GdiKji"' 
;ian  40  slioi  'i>' 
in  of  ashes  t'  -I 
a,  wlio  pliH^il 
caused  by  tliel 
nth  of  the  \o\-\ 

'2r)7. 
<iln'a  lie  l\i'i:i'l 
at  Valla.l<.li.i.| 
Ilia  natnc  I'c 


fi'V.  It  Avas  the  second  time  that  the  supreme  political 
and  ecclesiastical  })o\ver  had  beer  vested  in  one  man, 
and,  as  the  henovolenco  and  sagacity  of  Guerra  were 
ivrugnized,  his  inauguration  Juno  I'J,  IGll,  created 
M'ide-spread  joy.*"  This  was  not  to  be  of  long  dur.i- 
tit'ii,  however.  Guerra  had  for  some  time  been  an 
iiivalid,  a  fall  from  Ins  carriage  being  one  of  tlu; 
causes,  and  soon  a  cold  caught  tluriiig  an  exposure  to 
lain  laid  him  low  with  fever.  The  phlelxjtomy  so 
jiivvalent  among  doctoi's  of  the  time  tended  to  weaken 
I)ini;  and  when  an  operation  was  demanded  on  an 
ali.'-'s^  ];^  sank  under  it  Feln-uary  22,  1G12,  at  the 
i\L  ■  "''  i./  two.**^  Manifestations  of  o-rief  were  botli 
•t.:ui'.,l  and  profound,  and  the  obsequies  surpassed  in 
si)lciniiity  any  that  had  so  far  been  conducted  in  New 
Spain.     A  dcscrii)tion  may  prove  interesting. 

The  eiubahned  body,  arrayed  in  pontilical  rol)es  (^if 
jiuijile  taffeta  garnished  with  gold  and  silver,  rested 
in  the  chapel  on  a  catafalque,  covered  with  black  gold- 
iiurdcred  velvet,  and  surrounded  with  candles.  The 
laterior  of  the  chapel  was  dripcd  in  black.  The  head 
if  the  corpse  reclined  on  a  black  velvet  cushion,  orna- 
iiii'iited  with  gold  and  silver,  and  bore  on  the  l)row  a 
i:iiti'e.  Close  to  ii  rose  the  guidon  of  the  captain- 
ui  neral,  a  rank  h-.lu  ly  the  deceased  in  virtue  of  his 
illicit  as  vicercv.  J^t  the  left  shoulder  rested  the 
: -i^t'ii'al  stal}', :  'it'  iii  ino  )'iglit  hand  the  archiepiscojial 
I  loss;  at  the  feet  \\fve  iAvo  royal  maces  of  gilt  silver, 
iaid  between  them  'J.'c  prelate's  hat. 

For  three  days  a  constant  stream  of  vi.^itors  appealed 


the  chaoel  to  i«ive  a  last  look  at  the  beloved  la 


^.llile  friars  and  clergy 


held 


viuiis,  masses,  am 


Icl 


ce. 
lantr- 


ITe  ha<l  Ix-in  stayini,'  at  tlio  cnnvrnt  in  Atlaciiliaya,  ami  cnlcncl  liy 


f'lTlatt  lulio.  uuckr  art'lu'sanil! 


.1st 


!• 


•/,  MS. 
fii;  an 


y,r 


(t'incri 


liiiif 


li;  niuiitmu  no  ni'\ 


il  L.' 


/,  Tnit.  Mr 
,1 


\Vi'i\\.  \io\\\\i,  oil  a  Smic 


Ih, 


v. 


(J 


atcs  hi.-i 


twvv  niiiii 


7ana,  fid'n  .Iinu!   I'Jtli.   C'uiicilius  I'ruv.,   \7>M-(j'>,  -lii, 
lasco'.s  il('\iai'tui'o. 
<i'iir.(il(z  JJdi    (i    '/'((roA'lii.,  ulii  sup.     Cavo  states  that  the  cariiaL'O 


'Mint  ocourrc'< 


I  wU 


'All 


ns  vireioy  was  ins]K'i'tiii,i,'  (eitain  ]uil)lii;  wm 


lis  iniureil  one  ui 


rilis,  (.jiviiil;  I'lSi 


to  tlie  ah: 


.SI'j/o 


1.  •2M< 


■■  tile  "Jilth  of  .laiiuuiy  ii  Bolenm  piocc.?oion  had  beuh  liekl  to  iniploiu  rtstora- 
II  of  his  health. 


I 


«( 


I'  ll'  I 


m 


m 


22  OPENING  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY, 

Jioro  as  well  as  at  other  toinjdes.  The  bells  tolled 
solemnly  all  the  while,  and  nearly  every  j^ersoi^  ex- 
hiliited  some  token  of  mourning,  especially  officials 
and  men  of  means. 

On  the  25th  a  vast  concourse  o-athered  at  the  pal- 
ace to  escort  the  body  to  the  cathedral  tomb.  First 
marched  the  school  children  with  white  lighted  tapers;  P 
tlieii  came  thirtv-eii»ht  brotherhoods,  accordinfj  to  a<>c 
with  standards,  crosses,  and  other  paraphernalia;  tho 
diilerent  ii'^ipastic  orders,  closing  with  the  Domini- 
cniis,  to  wlh  I  '  ngcd  the  deceased,  followed  by  ovtr 
four  hundred  i  bers  of  the  clergy,  the  prebendaries 
of  the  chapter  bemg  last.  Then  came  the  coffin,  haviiiL;' 
at  the  feet  the  prelate's  hat,  and  a  cap  with  white  t;is- 
sel,  the  insiu'nia  of  a  master  of  theologv.  Behind  were 
borne  the  cross  and  guidon,  draped  in  black,  between 
two  kin<;s-at-arms.  On  either  side  of  the  coffin  strode 
the  viceregal  guanl,  while  halberdiers  assisted  in  ke»  ji- 
ing  back  the  crowd.  Following  the  guard  came  tlio 
deacons;  the  commercial  court;  the  university  repre- 
sentation, with  sixtv-four  of  its  oraduated  doctois 
bearing  the  insignia  of  the  faculty;  tho  municipality, 
jireceded  by  their  mace-bearers;  the  audiencia,  with 
three  nephews  of  the  deceased;  the  royal  officers, 
bcarini;  a  black  standard  with  royal  arms  in  goM: 
three  companies  of  infantry  in  lines  of  seven,  wi;li 
arms  reversed,  marching  to  the  sound  of  four  muffltd 
di'unis  antl  two  fifes;  the  maestie  de  sala  of  tin 
\icei'oy,  bearing  aloft  on  a  half-j)ike  the  arms  of  flu 
(U'ceased,  gilded  on  a  black  surface;  the  master  o( 
hoist'  and  chamberlain,  leading  a  steed  in  deep  mouni- 
inu'  with  a  long  train ;  another  o'entleman  of  the  court, 
on  horseback,  bore  the  guidon  of  captain-general,  with 
I'oyal  arms  on  crimson  velvet.  Tlie  processit)n  cJos'  il 
with  the  servants  of  the  palace,  led  by  the  majordonm. 

Iktween  the  palace  and  the  cathedral  live  cata- 
falfjues  had  been  enscted,  to  serve  as  resting-places  jia 
the  coflin  as  it  was  transferred  to  different  beareis. 
The  oidores  bore  it  from  the  chapel  to  the  first  statiou; 


\cv( 


I'  'I'lrniii'iii: 
tlic  liceiitiat 


MAGXIFICEXT   OBSEQUIES. 


23 


ells  tolk-d  .:| 
(orsuii  ox-  ^^ 
y  official 


IS  'I 


t  the  piil- 
ib.     First 
ted  tapers; 
ing  to  njvo,  s;| 
■nalia;  the    " 
J  Domini 
ed  by  (n  •  r 
ebendaries 
!in,  having 

white  tas- 
chind  were 
k,  between 
)tliii  strode 
ed  in  kee]) 
[  caiDC  tlio 
■sity  repiL- 
cd  doctol^ 
mieipality, 

ncia,  with 
lal   office 

s  in  golil; 

even,  wiili 
jiir  nurftlcil 

da    of    tllr 

•ms  of  till' 

I  master  oi 

op  moiini- 
thc  court. 

[leral,  \vitli 
ion  clos<( 

[ajordonin, 
live  cata- 
-places  t'l  iv 
t  bearers, 
st  station; 


tlien  the  cathedral  chapter,  the  municipality,  the  uni- 
vcr.sity  corj)oration,  and  the  connnercial  representa- 
tives carried  it  successivelv,  the  oidores  takinn"  it  from 
till'  last  station  mto  the  cathedral,  where  it  was  placed 
in  a  lofty  position,  amid  a  blaze  of  lights.  As  the 
all'ereces  approached  they  lowered  the  standards,  and 
placed  them  at  the  foot  of  the  coffin.  On  the  \vXi 
rested  (xuerra's  coat  of  arms;  on  the  right  were  the 
cross  and  the  guidon.  After  service  the  coffin  was 
buried  at  a  late  hour  by  the  high  altar,  on  the  evangel 
.side.     It  was  a  grand  and  glcious  casting-forth. 

])urini»'  the  novenarv  each  reiiu'ious  order  came  to 
cliant  masses,  assisted  by  ecclesiastic  and  ci\  il  bodies. 
On  March  7tli  the  mend)jrs  of  the  procession  marched 
in  the  same  order  as  before  to  the  cathedral,  where 
tlio  vit>il  was  chanted,  and  a  funeral  oration  delivered 
in  Latin.  The  following  day  the  funeral  sermon  was 
preached  by  the  dominican  provincial. 


49 


The  government  now  passed  into  the  hands  of  tho 
audiencia,  and  the  senior  oidor,  Pedro  de  Otalora,  a 
]ii()us  man,^'  took  possession  of  the  palace.  Allaii's 
were  by  no  means  such  as  to  require  a  strong  haiul 
at  their  head;  yet  the  loss  of  the  recognized  chief 
seems  to  have  created  an  unsettled  feeling,  and  the 
revelation  of  an  intended  upi'ising  among  the  negi'oes 
so  alarmed  the  ca|)ital  that  on  ^londay  and  "J'hursday 
tlie  customary  religious  processions  of  the  week  did 
hot  take  place.  On  the  evening  of  Thur.sday  a 
tr,iin[)ling  of  feet  w^as  heard,  with  much  grunting  and 
Veiling,  and  the  cry  s[)read  that  the  negroes  weie 
upon  them.  The  panic-stricken  })eo})le  cither  closetl 
tlieir  doors  or  lied  for  protection  toward  the  palace, 
nud  terror  reigned  until  morning,  when  the  cause  of 
the  uproar  appeared  in  a  drove  of  pigs  for  the  Satur- 

'^Dnriht,  Conlhniacion ,  MS.,  20.')-7;  Si>m,  Epinrop.  J\f(\v.,  .')2-4. 

■'"  '  lloiiibrc  ik'sintoi'csiulo  de  las  cosiis  de  I'Sta  Vida,  y  iiiiii  gran  ^Tinistro,* 
is  Tnr((iu'iiiadii'.s  ustimattMif  liim.  i.  T07.  Aiming  his  associates  aro  liiciitiuiicd 
the  Ucuutiiites  Dk'go  Nuucz  do  Mosi^ucho  and  I'cdio  Juiiruz  du  Muliuu. 


24 


OPENING  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 


(lav  slaui>"liter,  winch  had  been  iiii.stalvcn  for  a  iiecfro 
advance.''^ 

This  play  upon  the  joeliiigs  of  people  and  audlencia 
could  not  be  allowed  to  pass  unavenged,  and  thirty- 
three  unfortunate  blacks  were  convicted  on  doubtful 
evidence  and  hanged. ^^  As  during  a  previous  inter- 
regnum, the  government  sought  to  cover  i '  s  weakness 
under  a  mask  of  cruelty.  A  measure  a^  ainst  out- 
breaks on  the  part  of  negroes  was  attempted  by  means 
of  a  decree  ordering  free  persons  of  their  race,  includ- 
ing mestizos,  who  possessed  no  trade,  to  enter  the 
service  of  known  masters  and  take  up  their  abode  with 
them.'^^ 

The  audioncia's  rule  terminated  with  the  entry  intii 
jNfexico,  on  October  28,  10 1'i,  of  the  thirteenth  viceroy, 
""iego  Fei'nandez  do  Cordoba,  marques  de  Guada!- 
ciizar,  and  his  consort  Maria  liieder.^^  His  rule  proved 
exceedingly  quiet,  though  at  one  time  a  cloud  aitpeared 
in  the  form  of  a  freebooter.  The  Dutch  had  for  some 
time  struggled  for  a  foothold  in  the  ]Moluccas,  and  to 
ju'omoie  this  effort  their  East  India  Company  in  1014 
despatched  a  well-equijiped  ileet  of  six  vessels,  under 
J  oris  S[)ilbergen,'''  with  instructions  to  do  what  dam- 
age he  could  to  Spanish  shipjnng  and  interests  on  his 
\\  ay,  notably  to  the  fleet  between  JManila  and  Aca^tulci >. 
He  lei't  Texel  in  August,  touched  at  tlie  Brazilian 
coast,  j)asscd  through  ^lagellan  Strait  in  Ajjril  101.1, 
and  began  a  series  of  petty  and  cautious  raids  on  the 

*' Panes  assumes  tliat  this  false  alaiiii  sorvcd  to  defeat  the  intentions  "t 
the  neirroes  liy  musing  the  ])en])lL'.    Muiiid/inilo^  Dnmiii.  E"}!.,  MS.,  ".it-."). 

"-"i'he  liodies  were  exp(jsed  in  dilleient  parts,  till  imblio  licaltli  deiu.imli  .1 
their  rtiiioval.  J'uur  of  tiie  vietinis  were  women.  Wlaiicrrt,  Tral.  JIc.c,  1.1. 
TonjUemiida  makes  tlic  total  nnnd)er  lid. 

■"■''I'tna  de  di)eiiiitu.s  azotes.'  Deeree  of  the  iuidiencia  April  I'J,  IdlJ. 
J!oiitnti((i/(jr,  SriiKirio.-i,  pt.  ii.  ■!!). 

"' Lorenz.'ina,  writes  Itiedrer.    Cortr.i,  Hist.  X.  Esp.,  21. 

^■'Also  written  (leurg  Spilherg,  von  S[)illieri;en,  Spilliergcr.  The  flag-sliip 
was  the  Zon,  and  tiie  next,  tlie  I  hilrc  Macii,  under  eonnnand  of  dansen.  'Jv." 
of  tlie  vessels  Were  smaller,  and  liuilt  ior  speed.  The  foree  eairied  was  l.-i'ii 
men  liesidi'S  sailors;  so  at  least  declares  Osten,  a  membei' of  the  expedition 
who  escaped  to  New  Spain,  and  w  hose  account  appears  to  have  lieeu  o\'  r 
looked  by  JJurney  and  others.  Sec  Airolai,  Xiirc  viid  WurlKiffic  lid.,  17  !"'■ 
lie,  Purchas,  und  tioilfiied  diU'er  on  sevurul  points,  about  names,  dates,  eto. 


^_  u 


/" 


i'»ly  ha 
shots  w 
"Ihingi 
iihdord, 

SI  1  rep,  ] 
I'lifornK 

JlllDOlxl, 

•  iiiished 


'■"ThcC 
bffure  of  th( 


FREEBOOTERS  AGAIN. 


25 


•r  a  negro 


autliencia  ; 
id  tliirty- 
1  doubt  I  ul 
ions  iiiter- 
1  weakness 
'linst  out- 
l  l>y  means 
,ce,  includ- 

enter  the 
ibode  with 

entry  into 
th  viceroy, 
lo  Guadal- 
'ule  proveil 
d  a])peare(l 
id  t'ur  sonio 
cas,  and  to 
my  in  1014 
sels,  under  f- 
what  daiii- 
•osts  on  his 
Ae;i[)ulf!\ 
Brazilian 
])ril  UW'k 
ids  on  the 


liP  intentions '  t 
LmS.,  <.t4-."«. 

];;ilth  duni.'Uiili  1 
yj'ral.  JA'.i'.,  l:'. 

I  April  1-2,  KJi:. 


Tlie  fliig-sliip 
|)f  .liiuj^cn.  'J'"" 
Irrit-'il  wiis  l.'Ji'i' 
till',  oxiifcliti'  n 
liavu  been  oV'  v 
lll'h-  n<l.,  17-1'^ 
Tiucs,  iliites,  etc, 


Pacific  coast  of  South  America,  In  this  occupation 
lie  was  interrupted  by  a  ileet  of  eight  vessels  under 
]{(){h'igo  do  i^lendoza.  who  had  vowed  to  capture  the 
Hollander.  Fortune  favored  the  latter,  however,  and 
tli(.>  Peruvians  retired  with  a  loss  of  two  vessels,  one 
of  them  under  command  of  the  vice-admiral,  who  pre- 
t'l ri'cd  to  go  down  with  his  ship  rather  than  sunender. 
On  the  10th  of  October  Spilbergen  ap})eared  be- 
fore Acapulco,  sadly  in  want  of  fresh  provisions  and 
anti-scorbutics  for  his  sick  crews.     He  would  prob- 


i'.-N^  ■ -y""^ '■■■''•'■• •"•  :'■ 


^-^,0  =  1" 


]:iv'i  Cliira 

V  /ISOQUEU 


./  t 


''10 


O 


■*        '."V.V,/ : .  ' ■  ■;//!••!•••  "*••-  ■ 


Pout  of  Acapulco. 

nl)ly  have  helped  himself  but  for  some  M'ell-timod 
si K its  which  intimated  that  the  place  was  prepared.'*' 
"llaiHi'incf  out  a  tlau'ij^e  of  peace,  two  Si)aniar([s  came 
;ili(K)id,  and  they  agreed  to  exchange  l*risoiiei's  lor 
Sheep,  Fruits,  and  Prouision,  which  was  accordingly 
jHiiormed.  On  the  15th  Melehior  llernardo  came 
;il)()oid,  to  take  view  of  the  tie(>te,  which  had  van- 
ijuished  the  Kings.     He  was  Nephew  to  the  Viee-Poy 

'"' '  TlicCastlc  had  scuciitio  I'rasse  Pieces,  liaiiing  intelliu'cnec  eiglit  moneths 
bduro  of  their  conmiing.'  I'ttrc/utt),  llis  I'ihjfimcs,  1,  pt.  ii.  64. 


28 


OrEXIXG  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 


i 


fi 


of  New  S[)aiiio,  and  was  kindly  entertained  of  tlio 
Adniirall."  The  squadron  left  Acapulco  on  October 
18th  and  cruised  otf  the  coast  for  sonic  time,  captur- 
ing a  California  pearl-fishing  vessel  with  two  friars. " 
A  consort  vessel,  under  Iturbide,  proved  more  for- 
tunate in  bridging  safe  to  port  a  cargo  of  pearls, 
including  one  valued  at  the  then  high  price  of  four 
thousand  five  liundred  pesos,®^ 

S[)ilbergeii  now  proceeded  to  Salagua,  or  Santiago 
Bay,  where  several  of  his  men,  while  in  quest  of  fresh 
provisions,  were  killed  and  captured  by  an  ambuscaded 
party  which  is  said  to  have  been  commanded  by  the 
navigator  Vizcaino.  The  fleet  passed  on  to  Santiago, 
and  to  Xavidad,  where  a  ca})tured  monk  procurer 
lemons  on  being  promised  his  liberty.  When  the  time 
came  to  fulfil  the  promise,  the  crews  objected  to  lose 
so  valuable  a  prisoner,  and  Spilbergen  had  to  quell  a 
mutiny  to  keep  his  word  with  the  monk. 

Toward  the  end  of  November  sail  was  set  for  Cape 
San  Lucas,  there  to  watch  for  the  Manila  galleon;  but 
the  wind  i)roving  unfavorable  the  prows  were  turiK  d 
for  the  Ladrones  and  Moluccas,  and  after  staying 
here  awhile  Spilbergen  completed  the  circumnaviga- 
tion of  the  globe  with  a  portion  of  his  fleet.  While 
falling  short  of  the  anticipated  results  of  the  voyage, 
he  conlirmed  the  opinion  of  his  ability  as  a  naviga- 
tor."" 

While  disaster  was  averted  from  Acapulco,  it  over- 
took the  opposite  port  of  Vera  Cruz  in  another  guise. 
New  Vera  Cruz,  as  it  was  called,  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  old  town  on  Rio  Antigua,  which  still  liu- 

5"  Canlona,  the  captain,  and  a  portion  of  the  crew  escaped  by  swimming 
nsliorc.  The  aiithoiitics  difl'er  as  tu  whether  the  vessel  was  on  the  way  frmii 
or  to  California.  She  was  incorporated  into  the  fleet  under  the  name  of  tliu 
'  I'earlship,'  says  Osten,  ubl  mipra, 

'"^I'liio/H.i,  Kot.  Cal.,  i.  202-4;  Cardona,  Mem.,  4G;  Mota-Padilla,  Cuinj. 
iV.  G:il.,  i!72-3. 

^^]."'or  an  account  of  the  voyage,  see,  besides  the  authorities  quoted,  Gi'it- 
frlid,  Nfvr  )!'(//,  4.'34  et  serj.;  i'o.s'v,  lichen  drr  Scc-nc/di'ii,  .'W3-402;  AV;;''' 
Col.,  X.  I."i7-S;  Jj(.rLiiijcr,  Col,  Voy.,  1.  202,  2SS-'J3;  Uurncij,  Chron.  litd, 
Voj.,  li.  330-53. 


gercd, 


fri   Fish    S( 

n  uinit."^ 
I'i  Owir 
Cruz  ai 
of  Core 
hills,  oi 
tile  rail: 
I  assured 
and  it 
Xvni  C 
zaha,  to 


peoph 


•'"Cavo, 

Ci'iiiji.  Jesii 
■-'1:7.     A  di 

>. t:,i;ited  f 
i.i-Ml  watcl 

'''  •  Corr 
].'"-fi'.'  Gl 
i  t'li  iKiry  1 

'^-lu'.Ma 
'l.."(iil  inhal 
1  "''i-Si  ilo)' 
.■1  tnll  histo: 
17''i'.i,  iindei 
^;".  Mi  1pp. 
otiii  r  iutert 

'"'  Tljo  01 


r.ULK  OF  GUADALCAZAR. 


27 


3(1    of  tllC 

I  October 
e,  captiir- 
^o  friars. ' 
more  for- 
of  pearls,  I 
30  of  four 

'  Santiao^o  » 
3t  of  frosli  ,1 
iibuscack'ti    ? 
0(1  by  the   :< 
Santiago,  p 
procured  ^ 
n  the  time 
ted  to  lose  * 
to  quell  a  I 


t  for  Cajie 
ill  eon;  but  :  ; 
t're  tuHK  d    ; 

staying 
iimnavinu-  i 

While 
le  voYaiic, 
a  iiavig';i-| 


:o,  it  o ver- 
ier guiso. 
inu'uish  it 
still  lin- 


by  swimming 
the  way  frciii 
ic  uame  of  the 

"adilla,  Coi"j. 

quoted,  G"i'.- 
3-40-2;  AV  /< 
Cliron.  JJi>t. 


ovvcmI,  had  rapidly  risen  from  a  landing-station,  known 
liv  the  name  of  Buitron,  the  chief  settler,  to  receive 
ill  H)15  the  title  of  city.  But  the  buildings  were 
hastily  and  irregularly  constructed,  chielly  of  wood, 
and  when,  in  December  1018,  a  fire  broke  out  in  the 
liarracks,  the  flames  spread  under  a  strong  north  wind, 
and  consumed  the  best  part  of  the  place,  inllicting  a 
l(i>s  of  over  two  million  pesos."''  Prompt  aid  was  given 
tow ;ii(l  rebuilding  on  a  safer  and  more  regular  plan. 

On  Febiuary  13th  the  whole  country  was  startled 
hy  an  eartlKj[Uake  which  lasted  for  a  c[uarter  of  an 
lidui',  and  extended  from  Central  America  far  north- 
ward. "  It  demolished  buildings,  rent  hills  and  moun- 
tains, disclosed  deep  caverns,  and  brought  forth  new 
lakes.  Bivers  flowed  with  black  waters.  At  sea  ter- 
rihlo  sights  were  seen,  and  many  vessels  went  under. 
Fish  souo'ht  refuoe  on  land  from  their  natural  ele- 
inrnt.'"'^ 

Owing  to  the  insecurity  of  the  road  between  Vera 
Cruz  and  Mexico,  infested  by  robber  bands,  the  town 
of  Cordoba  was  in  April  1G18  founded  in  the  foot- 
hills, on  the  more  southern  route  later  followed  by 
the  I'ailroad  to  the  capital.  Its  prosperity  was  soon 
assuivd  by  extensive  sugar  and  tobacco  plantations, 
and  it  received  also  a  share  of  health-seekers  from 
Xr\n  Cruz,*^'  as  did  the  more  important  town  of  Ori- 
zaba, to  the  west,  where  sanitary  facilities  still  attract 
people.*^^     Cordoba  received  its  name  from  the  vice- 

'"  Crti'o,  Trea  Shjlos,  i.  203.  In  the  beginning  of  UUO,  says  Alcgrc,  ffif-t. 
Ciiiiiji.  JenuK,  ii.  Hi").  I'niies,  Vrrarruz,  ^18.,  'J;  Lmlo  t/c  T'jmld,  Ajiiiiitc", 
-117.  A  ckcrue  was  thereupon  issued  ordering  guverniiient  buildings  to  be 
M  li;n;ited  from  other  ecUtices  fully  b")  paces,  and  urging  the  employment  of 
lii.iit  uatelies.  ll'vop.  de.  Iiidias,  ii.  27. 

' '  •  Corriii  quinientas  legnas  dc  xVoite  h.  Sur,  y  mas  de  scscnta  de  ]''ste  ;l 
l.i'istc.'  GonzaUz  Ddv'da,  TecUro,  i.  a'J.  This  author  writes  at  11:30  a.. m.  on 
1  v. I  nary  14th. 

'•-  In  .May  1714,  nn  earthquake  ruined  many  buildings.  In  1S.")0  it  counted 
•I. "'INI  inhabitants.  JJicc.  Ciiic,  ii.  M'J.  Incited  by  the  faulty  accounts  in 
V''''i-Si  lior  y  Sanchez,  Tluatro,  I)r  Rodriguez,  curate  iit  Ciirdolja,  prepareil 
;.  lull  history  and  dcscrij)tion  of  the  town  which  was  pulilished  at  Mexico  in 
ly.'i'.i.  under  the  title  of  CartiVa,  lllxturhti  y  S'li/raila  JJcM-rij'rion  dc  Cordorti, 
■i\'i.  Mil  pj).  lie  gives  the  names  of  the  lir.st  30  settlers,  the  coat  of  arms,  and 
I'tlii  V  iuteiesting  material.     See  also  Cardura,  Hist.  ('oinp.  Jcnu.-<,  17">. 

^"  The  order  of  San  Juan  de  Dies  erected  here  a  liospital  about  this  time. 


88 


OPENING  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 


roy,  wlioso  title  of  Giuulalciizar  was  also  pcrpctuatcil 
in  that  of  a  iiiiiiiiig  town  loundcd  in  1G14  north-east 
of  San  Luis  Potasi.*^'  Anothur  town  rose  about  tliu 
sanio  time,  on  tlie  lake  of  Toluca,  under  the  name  I'f 
Lei'nia,  in  honor  of  tlie  favorite  minister  of  Feliiu; 
]II.'^^  The  same  rule  was  siij-nalized  at  Mexico  hv 
tlie  completion  of  the  new  aqueduct  bej^un  by  tlio 
])revious  viceroy.  It  brought  additional  water  from 
Santa  V6  by  way  of  (Jliapultej)ec,  and  rested  for  ;i 
lon<jf  dihtancc  on  arches,  nine  hundred  in  number.^'* 


i 


■■  m 


'  ij 


After  a  government  of  eight  years  Guadalcazar 
was  promoted  to  the  viceroyalty  of  Peru.  Yet  not 
from  any  merit  as  a  ruler,  f(»r  although  his  reign  had 
proved  peaceful,  cori'uption  had  spread  fast  in  almo>t 
every  department,  U)itil  both  social  and  economic  in- 
terests were  so  seviously  imperilled  as  to  rouse  tlio 
attention  of  the  ci'own.  Guadalcazar,  in  truth,  was  ;i 
mild  man,  easily  imposed  upon,  and  not  much  disposed 
to  sacrifice  his  comfort  and  peace  of  mind  by  inquiriis 
into  matters  with  which  subordinates  and  associates 
were  intrusted.  The  oidores  had  not  been  slow  to 
take  advantage  of  such  neglect  to  extend  their  own 
importance,  and  even  openly  interfered  in  affairs  nut 
pertaining  to  their  jurisdiction,  violating  the  laws  in- 
trusted to  their  watchful  care. 

On  a  small  salary*^'  they  lived  in  the  style  and 
luxury  of  the  great  lords  of  Spain,  surrounded  by 
relatives  and  friends,  to  whom  the  most  desirable 
oiiices  were  given,  and  who  were  protected  by  thcii' 
benel'actors  from  what  should  have  been  the  results 
of  frequent  and  glaring  raalefeasance.  In  the  audicii- 
cia  the  causes  of  the  rich  were  despatched  jiromptly, 
while  the  calendar  was  encumbered  by  the  inuumei- 

«*Co;/e,  Mem.  y  Not,  70. 

•=5  Fuuiulod  in  1013  says  Alcedo,  Die,  ii.  572.  Cavo  places  the  founding 
of  both  in  10-JO. 

"'And  0  varas  in  height.  Tlie  cost  was  fully  IjO.OOO  pesos.  Cavo,  Tr^s 
aijh,-;  i.  -Jl.'W,  204-5. 

"'  At  this  tune  an  oidor  of  Mexico  receives  annually  three  thousand  pesi's. 


s; 


I 


y. 


CONDITION  OF  THE  TEOI'LE. 


20 


I'petuatLi.l 
i()rtli-ca>t 

llboUt    tlh'    f; 

i  name  I't" 

of    Felilx; 

[exic'o  l>y 
11  by^tlio  ^ 
ater  iVoia    ' 
;te(l  for  a 
mber.««       '' 


lad alcazar  ^ 

Yet    IK  it 

roiu'u  lunl 

ill  almost 

:)iioinic  iii- 

I'oiiso  the  ^ 

utli,  was  a 

h  dispose  I 

y  inquirii  s 

associates 

n  slow  to 

their  own 

i'airs  nut 

laws  iu- 

stylc   ami 

iiucU^d  hy 

dcsirahlj 

by  thcii' 

c  results 


le 


auditii- 
iromptly, 
iimumci- 

the  founiling 
s.  Cavo,  7V'd 
ousand  pesus, 


ahli,"  suits  of  the  poor.  For  the  decision  of  a  rase  it 
uas  sufH(!icnt  tliat  an  oidor  should  signify  his  wishes 
in  the  matter,  and  he  was  alhjwed  also  to  sit  in  judg- 
)ii(  lit  of  questions  wherein  he  was  directly  interested. 
As  a  body  they  sent  judges  in  commission  to  districts 
vhcre  onhnary  justifcs  existed,  tliis  having  been 
(■N]iressly  forbidden.*^'*  l^i^'J  went  furtlier  than  this, 
and  released  at  will  even  malefactors  condemned  to 
death  or  to  the  galleys  of  Terrenate.  All  that  seemed 
til  he  lacking  to  them  was  the  investiture  and  title  of 
viceroy.  The  minor  ofllicials  and  the  very  lawyers  of 
the  supreme  tribunal  committed  excesses  with  inso- 
1.  lit  impunity  in  the  assurance  that  their  respective 
patrons  would  shield  them  from  harm.  Imitating  an 
example  so  plainly  set  before  them,  the  minor  tribu- 
nals throughout  New  Spain,  each  in  its  microcosm, 
]ier verted  justice  at  their  wilh 

I'rotected  by  those  in  power,  who  not  infrequently 
veie  partners  in  their  gain,  the  rich  had  monopolized 
the  very  necessaries  of  life,  and  this  during  a  time  of 
great  scarcity,  when  famine  was  raging  in  many  parts 
(if  the  country,"''  so  that  the  poor  had  to  subsist  on 
loots  or  die  of  want.  The  rcgidorcs  of  Mexico  had 
seized  and  divided  among  themselves  the  annual 
subsidy  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  reales 
granted  by  the  crown  in  aid  of  the  public  granary, 
and  they,  in  conjunction  with  a  few  wealthy  men,  had 
I'nieed  the  price  of  maize,  the  staple  food  of  the  lower 
classes,  from  twelve  reales  the  fanega  to  forty-eight. 
Even  at  this  price  the  official  in  charge  of  the  gran- 
ary frequently  turned  away  the  starving  poor,  while 
to  the  servants  of  the  rich  and  powerful  he  gave  a 

"'It  was  again  prohibited  by  the  cddula  of  November  12,  1C21.  Ordcucs 
('■  hi  Corona,  MS.,  ii.  104. 

'" lu  Quel tituro  ' congoxandose  los  Labradores,  y  vezinos  oycndo  las  mucrtos 
do  los  ganados,  y  perdida  dc  las  scmontcras. '  Medina,  Chron.  S.  Dicjo,  .V). 
AliLTc  relates  similar  misery  in  Yucatan,  Hist.  Cornp.  Jexua,  ii.  130.  Si'o 
tiUo  (.V/ivs,  lic'l  Entail.,  \-2;  Mex.  I'd.  Sum.,  1.  There  are  periodic  rccoids 
01  liiiiiines  in  diiTercnt  parts  of  the  country.  In  ICIO,  1010,  1025,  and  10"_'!l, 
tlu V  ixtendcd  over  a  number  of  districts.  Caco,  'fres  Stylos,  i.  254,  201, 
"77;  iJiario,  Mex.,  v.  139. 


80 


OrEXING  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTURY. 


I: 

ill 

li 

pi 

'I 
ji 

■i, 

■y 
ji 

j 

i; 

.ii 

■  M 
'I  bil 


suporabiin<]aiioc  wliicli  was  disposed  of  to  their  own 
advantage.  So,  too,  these  imitators  of  their  masters, 
lying  in  wait  just  witliout  the  city,  forced  the  lud. 
ians  who  sup])Iied  the  general  market  to  give  up,  at  a 
nominal  ])ri('e,  the  scant  produce  of  their  toil  that  llio 
spoilers  might  receive  the  proiit.  Some  of  the  meat 
thus  obtained  was  retailed  at  an  exorbitant  price  in 
a  shop  established  in  the  palace  of  the  archbishop. 

The  crown  was  robbed  or  defrauded  of  its  dues  hy 
the  royal  ofUcials  and  their  friends.     Shii)ments  to. 
Peru  of  prohibited  goods  brought  from  ^lanila  wi'rtj| 
made  openly,  and  were  productive  of  great  gain.     The 
supplies  sent  by  the  king  to  the  l*hili[)pines  wero 
jmirhased  by  his  agents  at  twice  their  market  valiu, ' 
and  complaints  came  from  that  colony  of  their  pour 
(juality,  or  rottenness,  as  well  as  of  scant  measure 
At  the  treasury  it  was  the  custom  to  receive  f^)r  the 5 
payment  of  dues  coin  or  silver  bullion  indifterently; 
the  oidores  and  tlie  treasury  officials,  substituting  thoi 
former  for  the  latter,  divided  amonu"  themselves  a! 
gain  of  three  rcales  in  such  wares.     In  all  the  puebiusj^ 
the  tax-collectors  speculated  with  the   royal  funds 
which  they  withheld  i'rom  the  treasury,  either  with' 
out  a  shadow  of  excuse  or  on  tlie  ground  that  these' 
sums  proceeded  from  partial  payments  of  taxes  whiflil 
were   not  due  to   the  crown    until    those  payments 
should  be  completed.     By  collusion  of  those  in  charge 
of  the  mines  and  the  traders  the  kinc;  was  defrauded 
of  his  hfth. 

Iieligious  ministers  would  not  unfrcqucntly  meddle 
in  these  affairs,  even  when  they  concerned  neither 
their  interests  nor  their  native  proteges.  On  the 
anniversary  of  the  fall  of  Mexico,  IGl  8,  a  Jesuit  spoke 
in  his  sermon  rather  scathingl}'  of  the  conquerors  and 
especially  of  their  descendants,  as  corrupt,  unfit  to 
hold  otHce,  and  tyrannical  toward  the  Indians.  The 
remarks  were  probabh' exaggerated  by  inimical  persons, 
who  caused  such  a  stir  in  the  matter  that  the  areli- 
bishop  was  called  upon  to  arrest  the  preacher.     The 


theinsel' 

I  to  them. 

ti)  a  Iri 

i  Usual  tr 

I  Seel  lied  ] 

J  to  ehure 

,^ralit    tl 

tlri\-eii    1 

.  iissdciuti' 

iiiid  \vhi( 

the  j)rec 

times  to 


1  !ij  pn 
ill  liJ;iM.  Ah 

;(niii  7(i. 

;     ''One  of 

The  viiliiniiii 
lii-''l,  •J.S!)-!) 
iiig_<'irfromt 
'  ■ '  Tenia  ( 


ii 


lY. 


VICE  A?.IONG  THE  PEOPLE. 


81 


their  own 
V  UKistcrs, 

tllU     1.11(1- 

vc  up,  at  a 
il  tliat  tlioj 
:'  the  lucat' 
it  prieo  iir, 
ibisliop. 
ts  duos  l)y 
ipmonts  to] 
unila  wtTu 
n-ain.     Tliej 
)ine8  wci'L'l 
rkot  valiu', 


provincial  naturally  objected  to  so  striiiu'eiit  an  inter- 
rctviicc,  and  caused  testimony  to  bo  taken,  whieli  niodi- 
licil  (ho  expressions  and  induced  the  viceroy  t(^  rdcaso 
the  Jesuit,  only  to  cnd>ittcr  the  already  unfiicndly 
rolutions  between  the  civil  and  ecclesiastic  chiefs,  and 
t(i  lonsc  fresh  leeling  against  the  society.'*^  Ji>oth 
cliffy  and  friars  were  for  tliat  mutter  infected  to  a 
Miv.it  extent  by  tlio  general  disorder,  and  engaged 
witli  anything  but  meekness  in  disi>utes  concerning 
(liM't lines  and  other  affairs,  or  in  frerpient  and  uii- 
.seciiily  Ijickering  concerning  the  election  of  prelates, 
ill  w  liich  respect  the  com])arat  ively  (piiet  Angustinians 
made  themselves  notorious  for  a  time.  Two  oidores 
wnc  accused  by  the  visitador  of  the  order  with  having 


then-  p""i'fei  luuhorcd  mutinous  friars  and  sought  to  influence  him 
measuvc,'^l,v^I,,.eats  and  bribes  to 


t 

live  for  tliu 

liiferently;,, 

ituting  the 

L^mselvos  a 

he  puoblus 


promote  the  election  of  a 

]ii()\  iiicial  favored  by  them.    In  the  report  and  counter 

'it  on  this  sublect  the  leadin<j:  men  of  the  country, 

■ling  the  archbishop,  were  called  on  to  testify.^* 

As  the   natural    consequence  of  all    this   iniquity 

,„<ii'i>'iig  the  rich  and  ])owerlul,  the  lower  classes  gave 

yal   li'iH -^,^';  l|„,,i)f^QlY7Qs  up  to  such  wickedness  as  was  attainable 

her  with-|_||,,  them.     Drunkenness,  ever  prevalent,  had  increased 

that  these  11^,^  j^  frightful    extent,  and   was  accompanied   by  its 

ixes  whiehy,,^^.,!  train  of  M'ant  and  crimes.     The  church  itself 

paymeiit.s|ij.(3(i,,,,.,|  powerless  to  check  infractions  of  the  law  which 

ui  charn'O^fo  <  hurchmen  have  ever  seemed  misdeeds  more  ila- 


defraudcd 


ly  mo'^dle 

ed  neither 

On    the 

suit  spoke 

uerors  and 

untit  to 

The 

al  persons, 

the  arcli- 

her.     The 


'1 
lans. 


'i^iaiit  than  murder.  Led  bj'  vicious  inclination  or 
Idiiveii  by  want,  idle  men  formed  themselv(>s  into 
iiissoeiations  of  bandits  which  infested  tlie  highways, 
and  which  made  life  and  proj)orty  insecMUV!  even  in 
the  })recincts  of  the  viceregal  palace.''-  ]ioused  at 
i, times  to  some  exhibition  of  interference,  Guadalcazar 


'"T!ij  preacher  was  the  learned  and  eloquent  ('ristohal  Odiuc/.  wlii>di((l 
ill  IiI.'kS.  Alcijrc,  Hid.  fomp.  Jt^im,  ii.  lUS,  •JOT;    Mix.  JJi<lHi-hi<>.^,  Ms.,  i. 
[^tiilO  7(j. 

•'One  of  the  oidores  was  the  corrupt  Gaviria,  whom  we  .shall  soon  meet. 

llif  viiluniinous  testimony  in  this  case  is  given  in  Mi.r.  JJi-^inrliiu^:,  MS.,  i. 

;  lii-"'l,  •JtS!M»l.    The  same  order  created  tronlile  ulsoat  Ixmiiiuilpiin  liy  carry- 


from  the  mine  of  Guerrero  a  miraculous  imauo.   /(/. 


-ill). 


'Tenia  el  alma  en  los  dientes.'  GramhUa,  Tt 


'dloa 


82 


OPENING  OF  THE  SEVENTEENTH  CENTUr.Y. 


H!! 


succeeded  only  in  arraj'ing  against  himself  now  the 
church,  now  the  oidores,  or  other  ollicials  whose  power  I 
and  iniiucncc  nay  have  l)een  concerned.  Their  ri])- 
rosentations  to  the  crown  must  liave  had  some  eftlct, 
for  his  promotion  to  Peru  does  not  appear  to  have] 
been  accompanied  by  the  customary  privilege  to 
govern  until  his  departure.  At  any  rate,  the  audi- 
encia  assumed  control.'^ 

"  Tiicenciado  Juan  Paez  do  Vnllccillo  is  named  as  presiding  oidor,  af^sisted 
by  ( ialilos  dc  Valencia  and  (Joniez  Conic  jo,  but  Vcrzara  ( laviiia  pliould  Le 
added.  Mcv.,  Jicl.  Srm.,  1;  Cai-o,  Tres  Sitilos,  i.  2().");  Jtif/cni,  G'jb.  J/f.r.,i, 
108.  It  lins  been  said  tliat  Guadalciizar  loft  Mexico  for  lii';  new  post  ir. 
!Marcli  14,  1G'21,  esco''t.d  by  the  aiidiencia and  other  bodies  I'vfaiicirt,  Tnii. 
Jifix.,  \'.\;  but  several  oUicial  reports  sliow  that  lie  ri-iiiained  till  (Iclvii 
arrived.  GtlrfU,  Ril.  Eslwlo.  1  etc.  '  Virrey  priuiid.aiiientc  retirado,  todoiste 
tienipo  (nearly  a  year),  f'lera  de  Palacio,  en  vna  casa  particular.'  Mex.,  lUl. 
Srni.,  1;  iShjilenza  y  Guwjora,  Parayso  Occid.,  23-0.  lie  ruled  for  seven 
years  in  Peru. 


I 


APPOIXTiT 
WlIK 

AM)   1 

Nkw 
IS  Ex 

(lATK 
SIXF 

Cat:iu 
A  Bk( 

Willi 

ill  Xcw 
(■onvIu('( 

t'n]'  ;i  nu 

liiui  for 
[ircscntt. 

M(.'1kI(JZ 

Tuvara, 

Gl'Ivl'S.^ 

Aragon, 
v.ar.  I 
tilde  an 
jicrsonal 
linuse. 
Lad  dev 
ft'  Ills  a 
juiisdict 

'He  wai 

miiva  de  la 

H 


oidor,  as^iistcd  I 
iii.a  p'.ioulil  Le I 
,  Gob.  Mrx. ,  i. 
i°  new  post  "T. 
'etuiicvrt,  Trill. 
leil  till  Gclvis 
inulo,  todotsto 
ar.'  Mex.,  lUl. 
filled  for  seven 


CHAPTER    II. 

QUARREL  OF  THE  VICEROY  AND  ^YRCHBISHOP. 
1021-1 G-24, 

ApPOINTMKXT    of    GeLVKS  —  IIlS    EXKRrjETIC    AN-D    EXTEXStVF,    REFORMS  — 

Which  ahe  Forced  a r.so  o.v  the  Clercy  —  IIosTn.iTY  of  (Javiuia 
AND  THE  Regiiires — Arciibisiiop  .Serna  Roused — Moral  Laxity  ly 
New  Spain — Arrest  of  Varaez— Serxa  Ixierferes— The  Viceroy 
IS  ExcoMMrNicATKD— Attitude  of  the  Oiuores— The  Tapai,  Dele- 
gate Pr^VY.s  a  I'art- ..More  Anathemas — The  Prelate  Fcrces  Him- 
sr.LF  into  the  Presence  of  the  At;diencia—  He  is  Exiled  and 
Carried  Away — Imprisonment  of  liEPENTANT  Oidores — A  Mexican 
A  Becket. 

While  not  aware  how  wide-spread  was  the  disorder 
ill  New  Spain,  tlie  newly  enthroned  I'ehpe  IV.  felt 
convineed  that  reibrni  was  needed,  and  looked  about 
fni-  a  man  whose  character  and  attainiiients  should  ilt 
liiui  for  the  task  of  restoring  order.  Such  a  one  soon 
jirc^»,nted  himself  in  the  person  of  Diego  CarrlUo  de 
llendoza  y  Pinientel,  second  son  of  the  marquis  of 
Tavara,  himself  conde  de  Priego  and  marques  de 
Gulves.^  For  many  years  the  marquis  had  governed 
Aragon,  and  was  actually  a  member  of  the  council  of 
war.  In  the  discharge  of  these  high  trusts  his  recti- 
tiide  and  love  of  justice  had  been  proven,  wliih- 
])ersonal  valor  was  common  to  those  of  his  princrly 
liniise.  At  the  same  time  the  lonij:  haljit  of  command 
Lad  developed  a  disinclination  to  brook  any  question 
(if  liis  authority,  especially  where  the  extent  of  his 
jiiiisdiction  was   concerned,  and  advancing  age,   for 

'He  was  also  a  knight  of  .Santiago,  holding  the  commandeiy  of  Villa- 
miuva  du  la  Fiiente. 

Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  III.    3  (  33  I    ' 


I 


34 


QUARREL  OF  THE  VICEROY  AND  ARCHBISHOP. 


his  years  were  more  than  sixtv,  had  but  served  t] 
htrengtheii  this  trait. 

The  usual  instructions  were  given  to  Gelves,  May 
11,  1G21,  in  ad(htion  to  certain  special  directions  frmn 
the  kinuf.  Ur<»-ed  to  hasten  his  de|)arture,  he  oni- 
barked  at  Seville  the  3d  of  July,  in  a  vessel  of  tin: 
fleet  commanded  by  Juan  de  Benavides,  attended  liy 
quite  a  slender  following  of  officials  and  dependants. 

After  a  prosperous  voyage  the  fleet  arrived  atVcra 
Cruz  in  August,  and  the  marquis  entered  witli  great 
energy  on  the  discharge  of  his  duties.  I[e  visited 
San  Juan  de  Ulua  and  the  iortilications  of  the  city 
itself,  giving  orders  for  the  repairs  which  he  deemed 
necessary.  Personally  he  inspected  the  king's  slave>, 
informino-  himself  minutelv  of  their  number  and  con- 
dition,  and  ordei'ing  that  they  should  be  eni[)loyed 
only  in  tlie  royal  service,  and  under  no  circumstance-; 
in  that  of  officials,  or  of  private  individuals,  as  liad 
been  customar}'.  Gelves,  having  made  these  and 
other  reforms  at  the  very  threshold  of  tlie  viceroy- 
altv,  went  on  with  the  work  all  along  the  road  to 
Mexico. 

Contrary  to  established  usa'jfo,  he  would  not  allow 
either  Sj^aniards  or  Indians,  at  the  places  where  hahs 
wei'e  made,  to  be  at  the  least  expense  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  himself  and  his  retinue,  peremptorily 
ordering  that  everytliini>"  should  be:  iiaid  for  at  tlio 
highest  current  value.  Nor  would  he  receive  gratu- 
itously gifts  suggested  Ijythe  hospitality  of  the  [;eo[ilo 
or  those  oflered  to  him  by  the  many  anxious  to  cuny 
favor  with  a  new  luler.  In  this  respect  he  made  the 
rule  inilexible  during  his  whole  term  of  office,  for  liis 
servants  as  well  as  for  himself.  The  fame  of  t!ic 
marcjuis  preceded  him,  and  on  his  arrival  at  INIexieo, 
on  the  -Istof  Se])tember,  he  was  received  with  gnat 
pomp. 

His  inauguration  was  made  particularly  brilliant 
by  the  elaborate  ceremonies  and  reioicinifs  which  at- 
tended  the  swearing  of  alle<dance  to  the  new  king,  an 


event 

lle.-tivit 

a  signi 

liiiii.  to: 

r||iahle,_l 

I  1  liiiinilia 

]  freni    t 

I  iiile  of 

I  Charles 

■]  uhn  asc 

■than  hi 
d  jii'uinise 
^tii"  carl 


lielii('r  H 

tn  the  f; 
pursuits 
ineflieier 
descent  I 
The  r 
capital  1 
iiients,  f( 
<  f  Sri  ju^ 
fl'|ii'ehen 

Virrl-oy  .s 

lie  aftairf 
I  vll  was 
lad  thou 
the  Lax  a 
I  \e)y\\h( 

!:!   a    (.'Ong 

'  f  liim  ti 
i'y  I'er  we 
\y  uiust 
••"iisidera 
Jeiirved  1 
f-;iying  th 

•  'J;i  rostfi 

t  ""1-^   I.'IS    <;ill(l 

t''     I'lii-*  1111(1 
Vas  (jiiitTfil  i] 


[or. 
served  tj| 

.vcs,  May 
ions  from  I 
},  lie  em- 
5el  of  the  I 
icncled  l)y 
pendants. 
.m1  utVeral 
^itli  great] 
Ic  visit (j(l 


nULE  OF  G  ELVES.  35 

(event  deferred  till  tlii.s  time,  and  leading  to  j^rolonoed 
ftstivitie.s  throughout  S[)anish  domains.^  There  was 
a  significance  in  it  all  more  than  usual  in  a  corona- 
tinii.  for  Felipe  III.  had  not  only  shown  himself  inca- 
|i;»Mi',  but  under  his  rule  Spain  had  suffered  many 
juuiiiliations,  under  which  she  was  rapidly  descending 
fn iiii  the  high  position  attained  during  the  golden 
rule  t>f  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and  sustained  by 
Clunles  and  Philip.  The  opening  acts  of  Felipe  lY. 
mIio  ascended  the  throne  at  theaue  of  sixteen,  no  less 
•  Mtliiiu  his  generous  and  reflective  disposition,  gave 
t  the  t'lKVHpj.ojiiiye  of  better  things;  but  the  unformed  youth  fell 
le  deemed^  ^^^^^  early  into  the  hands  of  scheming  courtiers  and  his 
iidliler  instincts  were  perverted.  lie  yielded  too  much 
to  the  fascinations  of  literature  and  less  conunendablo 
pursuits,  M'liile  the  administration  was  surrendered  to 

'iiiefiicient  and  corrupt  favorites,  who  accelerated  the 
ill  -lent  of  Spanish  prosperity  and  influence. 

,     The  reform  measures  of  Oelvcs  on  the  way  to  the 

capital  had  there  roused  the  most  conllicting  senti- 
iiuiits,  for,  while  honest  patriotism  hailed  the  <'oniing 
it'  so  just  a  governor,  the  placemen  and  their  allies 
Tipprehended  '^^isaster,  and  they  were  not  wrong.  The 
vlivroy  soon  instituted  an  examination  and  found  ]>ub- 
_.li<'  .ifliurs  in  a  condition  of  shameless  disorder.  The 
ini).oiiU   s,,vi]  ^vas  ofreater  than  either  the  monarch  or  himself 


g's  slaves, 
V  and  con- 
employed 
umstancesj 
Is,  as  had 
these  and 
0  viccrov- 


0  roat 


1  1 


not  allow 
ere  hahs 
le  enter- 


or 


at  th 
ive  grain- 
le  people 
to  cuny 
made  the 
•e,  for  his 
10   of   thf 
!Mexieo. 
■ith  great 

brilliant 

^vhich  at- 

king,  all 


1  ail  thouoht.  Pci'initted  an  abnormal  PTOwth  under 
iiii'  lax  administration  vl  Guadalcazar,  it  had  spread 
I Aeiywhere  in  the  land,  and  its  roots  had  struek  dee]) 
i:!  a  congenial  soil.  ^Vith  the  energy  to  be  ex})eeted 
I !'  liim  the  marquis  undertook  reform.  His  enjsabil- 
i*y  for  work  was  great,  and  he  found  at  the  outsel  that 
If  must  attend  personally  to  many  things  from  the 
I' i!'^i(k'ration  of  which  his  subordinates  should  have 
}iiii\-ed  him.  At  Mexico  it  had  ever  been  a  cunent 
i-;iviii;>'  that  in  keel  dug  the  friars  and  the  Indians  in 

• '  VA  I'osto  (li'l  ano  sp  pnsc'i  on  flistas  no  solo  vn  In  capit.'il,  siiio  tiuiiliioii  vn 
;t"'l;ii  liis  <.iii(liiiU'S  y  viil.is  ik'  iii|ml  mitvo  hiuikIii.'  Caro,  'J'ri y  .^iijIiK.  i,  'Jli.")- 
1'  Tlii-;  nml  soiiK- dUiir  iiutliiiiM  iissiinic  tliat  tii<'  lnii^'  pi'tcoliiig  iiiinniiiiig 
\wi>  I  liicrtil  cluiiiii'  an  inti.'rn'L;nuni  iuuIlt  the  amliciiLiu. 


;iG 


QUAKREL  OF  THE  VICEROY  AND  ARCHBISHOP. 


order  a  viceroy  had  his  liands  full;  Gclves  accoiii- 
j'li.shcd  more  in  a  week  than  otJier.s  in  a  month.  But 
this  very  excess  of  zeal  wrought  his  own  undoiuif, 
Tlie  land  was  indeed  in  wiint  of  cultivation;  was  it 
fir  him  who  put  his  hand  to  the  plough  to  forc:<oe 
tliat  thorns,  not  kindly  fruits,  would  be  the  liarvest: 
In  his  eagerness  the  marquis  did  not  I'ellect  that  tlii 
gr(>at  extent  of  newly  settled  Xew  Spain  was  totally 
unlike  his  compact  little  government  of  Aragon,  and, 
though  he  had  crossed  it,  he  was  unmindful  of  lli. 
hroad  ocean  rolling  between  a  colonial  viceroy  and  tin 
master  whose  strengthening  hand  might  at  any  tiiui 
be  needed.  ]\Iost  of  all  he  forgot,  as  will  be  set n, 
that  sweeping  reforms,  such  as  that  attempted  by  tli^ 
.strong  man  in  the  temple,  not  ini'requently  involve  iii 
conunon  ruin  reformer  and  reformed. 

Xew  Spain  awoke  to  consciousness  of  the  fact  tluit 
she  had  a  ruler  of  ability  and  courage  sufficient  t' 
redress  wrongs  and  punish  evil-doers.     Gelves  visitnl 
the  |)risons,  antl   at  times  sat  ir-   judgment  in    ilii 
courts.     He  caused  delaj-ed  business  to  bedespatcln  i 
prom|)tly,  ordering  that  in  matters  of  justice  no  (li>- 
tinction  should  be  made  between  the  rich  and  tli' 
poor,  and  insisted  that  no  magistrate  sliould  sit  in 
any  case  wherein  he  was  interested.     Ho  was  acco- 
sible  always  to  those  who  had  complaints  to  malu 
and  his  servants  were  bidden  never  to  deny  him  1 
the    weak    and    friendless.     Criminals    who,    thonLil 
under   sentence,    wei"e   at   large,    he    caused    to    li 
ari'osted  and  puni.shed,  while  such  as  were  unjui-tl 
detained  in  jtrison  were  released.     He  ferreted  mal 
I'actors  who  thronufh  official  nei,diwnce  or  will'ul  iijii' 
ranee  had  gone  unsus])ected.     In  some  instance.--  i 
came  out  that  certain  official  ])ersonages  were  shaici 
in  the  fruits  of  robbery.     These,  also,  Avcro  jiunislicl. 
but  in   causing  this  to  be  'done  Gelves  jxamed  tlit 
enmity  of  othei's  high    in    station   who   were    tluir 
patrons.^     He  forbade  the  exercise  of  gubernatoiia! 

'  Among  tlicsu  thu  folloM  iiig  wciv  uiiiong  tlic  most  notcwortliy  iustaiv 


m 


powers 

all  such 

Thr  lie 

>-avf  [)e 

iii'cs  ^\■el 

L;iinil.)lil 

_  of  the 

■"I  (.■oliijiell 

i  to  ]>ay 
iiicii!']-io' 

Tlii>  eiii 
iiy,  and, 

llirllts  O 

:  An 'est  \ 

■j.  highway 

^  (loul)tful 

iiijiiiy  cr 

Id'icl'  adi 

y  iic'llation 

]Lv  CO 

(lores,  an 

lie  put  11 

ayuiitam: 

■;  ;ili\'  in  ci 

'  i|!nr)ng  t 

liiiii  that 

Voted  for 

al.lo  inqi 

indposetl. 

tho  fund;- 

iiuiount  u 

Till'  ;i,<siiyi'r'H 
lui'i  liccu  a:>\ 
'"iiiitci-t'citoi'i 
till  li.  iiiid  co: 

I'llIlK  (I  Jlt  till' 

v.iy  .-it  Mexico 
tli'ivti'oin.  J 
trc.'i-iii-y  otlic 

(Xi  IlillllH  till! 

.'/....  /.',/.  ,S', 
'  •  Los  oai 


CHARACTER  OF  G  ELVES. 


37 


powers  in  the  release  f>f  prisoners,  and  orderrd  that 
all  such  matters  should  be  referred  to  liini  for  deei^^i()U. 
The  license  to  earry  lire-arms  was  ])ro]iibited  to  all 
>avc  [)ersons  of  good  character,  and  stringent  meas- 
ures were  adopted  for  the  suppression  of  drunkenness, 
^iiinltling',  and  other  vices.  The  growing  insolence 
(if  tlie  iree  neijfroes  and  half-bi'eeds  was  checked  1)V 
compelling  them  to  register  in  their  respective  districts, 
to  ]>ay  taxes,  and  to  earn  their  living,  such  as  were 
iiinii'rigiljle  being  banished  or  enrolled  in  the  militia. 
Tills  etlieiont  mounted  force  moved  with  great  celer- 
ity, and,  l)eing  well  informed  by  s[)ies  of  the  move- 
lucnts  of  bandits,  was  able  to  make  its  blows  effe(*tive. 
Ari'est  was  sup})lemented  swiftly  by  punishment,  and 
liighway  robbery  wa-'  c()m})letely  at  an  eiul.  "  It  is 
(l(iul)tful,"  says  Cavo,  "  whether  since  the  concpiest  so 
iiKiny  criminals  had  been  executed"  as  during  this 
l)ri(l'  administrati(^n.*  (jielves  earned  faii'ly  the  a[>- 
jiLJlation  of  ' juez  severo,'  or  inilexible  judge. 

lie  compelled  absentee  alcaldes  may  ores,  corregi- 
(luvs,  and  justicias  to  retnrn  to  their  jurisdictions. 
lit'  put  a  stop  to  the  sale  of  votes  on  the  pai't  of  the 
;i\untami^'ntos,  a  i)ractice  which  obtained  verv  ci'ener- 
ally  in  cities  and  villas  distant  from  the  capital,  re- 
(|uiring  that  lists  of  eligible  persons  should  be  sent  to 
him  that  he  might  select  the  names  of  those  to  be 
Mitod  for— the  selection  being  made  only  after  favor- 
iil'lf  inquiry  concerning  the  character  of  the  pei'sou 
pnposed.  lie  con^j^Ued  those  who  had  embezzled 
ilir  funds  of  the  public  granary*  to  disgorge  a  certain 
uit  ot"  their  plunder,  and  in  the  king's  name  todk 


llinl 


Ti'  .1  -sayi'i-'s  stamp,  iisoil  for  marking  the  weiglit  iiiul  vmIuc  of  burs  cf  sil\rr, 
iui'l  licfii  countiTti'iti'd,  iiikI  tlio  ,'intliui'itiea  witu  unalik'  to  (lisc<i\ir  tin; 
'"iiiiicitriti'i's.  Oolvcs  tiiok  IIk'  matter  in  liaiiil.  anJ  the  guilty  Wfiv  iirn'stcil, 
tiiiil,  and  (.'ondcnuu'd,  )iy  ii  cidnla  dattd  iluno  ]'i,  Ki'J'J,  to  lie  stiiuiLrlid  and 
liiniicdat  tlicHtakc.  Mrr.,  Hd.  ihlEsliid.,  4.  Jict'-iro  (ndvis' arrival  the  ticas- 
wy  at  .Mi.'xii'i)  had  lici'U  I'nti'rcd  t'circilily,  and  si.nio  S.OOO  [lesos  ahstraclud 
til'  iiti-uni.  In  an  arlnlrary  niannt'r  pruL-i'cdin,L,'.s  had  hixn  ln'i^un  ayaiiist  tiii; 
titii^my  (itHcials,  who  (Miiiiiilainod  to  the  xieuioy  o(  the  injustice.  Jiy  iiis 
ixi  itiiins  til''  jjirsons  reallv  guilty  (jI  tlie  eiinie  were  discovered  and  punislu'd. 
i.V'  ■..  A',/.  ,S/'w.,  •_'. 

'°  i^os  caniinoH  du  la  Xueva  Ecspaua  Cbtubau  iiiuudadod  du  sultuadures. ' 
T,;  .<  S,jlo.-<,  i.  -JGU. 


i 


I : 


li 


ItB  t| 


,,: 


I 


! 


^/' 


■>     ► 


3S 


QUARllEL  OF  THE  VICEROY  AND  ARCIimSHOP. 


possession  of  two  other  cloposits  belonging  to  rogidoros 
of  the  capital.  13y  these  means,  and  by  the  expen- 
diture of  ten  thousand  pesos  of  his  own,  wherewith  lio 
made  purehasiv^  in  the  neighboriug  ])rovinces,  he  accu- 
mulatod  a  eonsidei'ablc  stoie  of  graiu.^  He  broke  up 
effectually  the  trade  in  contraband  goods  between  Aca- 
puleo  and  Peru.  While  this  was  a-doing  it  was  found 
that  members  of  the  eonsulado  had  been  coiicerDed. 
some  of  them  openly,  in  these  practices.*^  He  i'emovi'4 
the  roynl  oflicials  having  charge  of  tlio  supplies  for  the 
]*hili[»pines,  putting  clean-handed  men  in  their  places, 
and  in  conserpience  tlie  amount  of  supplies  sent  to  that 
colony  was  greater  than  ever  bel'ore.'^ 

He  checked  innnediately  all  pilfering  of  the  royal 
treasury,  banishing  I'rom  the  mines  the  foreignei's  and 
others  who  had  defrauded  the  revenue,  ordering  that 
all  money  received  for  taxes  should  be  sent  at  once 
to  ]\[exico,  and  putting  an  end  to  other  practices  hy 
which  so  nnich  of  the  king's  n)oney  had  remained  in 
the  hands  of  di.shonest  officials.^  Owin»x  to  thexj 
reforms  in  tlio  management  of  the  treasury  the  vi<r- 
rov  was  enabled  to  send  an  increased  amount  ef 
m(.)ney  to   Spain,  where  at  this  time   it  was  sorely 

*  lie  also  onlcrcil  that  maizo  should  not  be  fed  to  cattle  within  fourtioii 
leagues  of  ilexieo  and  ten  of  I'lielilo,  and  that  thruuLrliout  the  vieeriiyally 
the  I'lice  of  this  staple  should  not  he  more  than  twenty  reales  the  f:iiii  :  a. 
Almni'.anec  soon  broiijtht  llie  priee  (hnvn  to  les.s  t!i:in  this,  anil  it  sold  as  l"V, 
as  ^JAteiii  reales.  Tliis  pnhlic  benefaction  was  acknowlcdj^ed  Ijv  the  eabi'!" 
of  Mexico,  in  a  foinial  niannci-,  tnward  the  close  of  ]()"_*;t.  M(.f.,  IhL  ■!■' 
E.-<tit(l.,  7  8.  The  viceroy  also  ordered  that  Juan  Jaare/,  liseal  of  the  audi'  ii- 
eia,  should  Ije  i)resent  at  the  j,Tanaiy,  at  certain  (Iclcrniiued  hours  daih  .  i  i 
th.c  jiurpdse  of  seeing  that  the  poor  ^^erc  impartially  tieated.  lie  caused  \\k 
laitcl'.cr-sliops  of  the  archiepiscopal  jialaco  to  be  ejiised  and  piohihitcd  the .-.!'' 
iif  all  artii  h  s  of  food  at  the  exorbitant  piices  hitherto  prevailing.  Uraiiil''i. 
Tiu.'iitUi,^,  JIS.,  3. 

'' In  the  prosecutions  prowin,!::  out  of  this  matter  the  viceroy  allowed  no 
njipeal;  this  -was  aftcrMard  qualilied  as  an  act  of  tyranny  by  the  audienci.i  in 
their  answer  of  Fclnuary  8,  Ki'Jl,  to  (jelves'  protest  from  his  cell  in  the  cun- 
Vent  of  San  Francisco.  Mcx.,  ltd.  Srin.,  15. 

"In  HJ'J'J  the  value  of  these  sujiplies  was  nine  hundred  thousand  doll.u?, 
and  in  the  t'ollowing  year  two  thiids  of  that  amount.  jMi'.r. ,  J!(l.  (Id L'dail. .  '<■ 

''Oelves  had  Ijecn  toM  that  it  wouhl  be  impossible  to  rccovermoney  turiml 
into  the  treasury  in  partial  payment  of  taxes.  On  investigation  it  wa^ 
found  that  there  was  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  nulli(m  of  dollars  thus  owIiil:, 
souie  of  it  since  l.Vjy,  and  of  this  amount  about  one  half  was  recovered.  Ali.c, 
I'd.  ddEstml.,  4. 


% 


needed. 
iiiLj'  the 
sent  to 
king  in 
iiig  year 
The  n 
ftd'  the 
sjKdce  pi 
atuain 
aI>M  bcgl 
tii-e  of  r( 
(•"int,  an 
the  iiKju 
ti'is  not 
aMc  to  e: 
li,^ious  oi 
]Hi-iLi()ns. 
( 'onvir 
iaiis   that 
ddftriner* 
infere.sts 
llie  lattei 
lli;!t  in  tl 
.■   them.     I] 
strictly  in 
doiilitodly 
all  er  ward 
While  Iii.s 
iiialdy,  in 
tn  have  fsi 


■'This  was  i 
Ctr.d.lh,  Tut 

"The  abus 
availnl  themsc 
'"  i:.  tielves 
til;  truth  in  Ih 
^u^lll■s^^■s  to  pr 
Hull  were  sho\\ 

!"'nitiidc  at  :^ 

(••I'Uvicts;  but  1 
(M  the  ground 
l^^t-li,  and  liual 


KIGOROUS  REFORM. 


39 


^idorcs 
cxpeii- 
vith  111) 
c  accu- 
x)ke  up 
311  A('a- 
s  ibuial 
icernod, 

OllU)\X'(l 

;  for  the 
•  places, 
,  to  that 


ic 


royal 
lers  a  lit] 
WX  that 
at  oiH't-' 
:tic'cs  hy 
aiucd  in 
;o  tln'Mj 
he  \i<-i'- 
ount  (it 

sorclv 


in  f(Uirtit!i 
viucn\v.'lty 
he   faii-.a. 

tl.c  vn]>iA" 
J,',  I.  <!•' 
llic  au'li'  II- 
■i;  (liiih  .  II 

caused  lliL' 
It.il  Ule^:i^'; 

O'ritiiili  ■'■ 

lalldwed  I'.'' 
liulieiuia  in 
|iii  the  eon- 

llld  d(illai>. 
[//,',-Y(((/..-'. 
Iiiey  tui'iH-il 
Ion  it  Mil-! 
I\ua  owiii^', 
Ired.  i1/c.i'.| 


needed.  After  paying  all  the  expenses  of  administer- 
ing the  viceroyalty  and  meeting  the  cost  of  supplies 
sent  to  IManila,  a  million  of  j)esos  was  sent  to  the 
king  in  1G22,  and  a  million  and  a  half  in  the  follow- 
ing year." 

Tlio  marquis  was  a  religious  man  and  his  respect 
fnr  the  clergy  was  sincere.  To  the  archbishop  he 
siMike  privily,  regretting  the  dissensions  which  rent 
atwain  brethren  who  should  dwell  in  harnn)ny.  lie 
also  begged  the  [irelate  to  cease  the  unseemly  prac- 
tice of  receiving  gilts  from  suitors  in  the  ecclesiastical 
(iiuit,  and  to  reform  other  abuses.-'*'  lie  ix'strained 
the  inquisitors  from  intermeddling  in  temporal  mat- 
ters not  within  their  jurisdiction.  As  far  as  he  was 
alile  to  exercise  control  ho  saw  that  ofiices  in  the  re- 
ligious orders  were  held  by  men  fitted  for  their  several 
jin-itions. 

Convinced  by  the  frequent  conq^laints  of  the  Ind- 
ians that  the  appointment  of  secular  clergymen  as 
(Inctrineros  instead  of  friars  would  bo  detrimental  to 
Interests  of  the  crown  also,  the  viceroy  ordered  that 
till'  latter  should  be  retained  in  the  doctrinas,  and 
that  in  the  future  only  i'riars  should  bo  appointed  to 
ill'  ni.  In  this  matter  the  viceroy  was  certainly  not 
sti  icily  impartial.  Moreover  in  this  action  he  un- 
iloiilitedly  laid  the  foundation  fen'  an  accusation  which 
al'tciward  his  enemies  were  only  too  glad  to  make. 
V\  liile  his  action  in  the  premises  had  its  origin,  unde- 
iiiahly,  in  a  spirit  of  just  kindness  to  tlie  Indians — for 
tn  have  substituted  for  tlio  friars  to  whom  they  were 

''I'lii.s  Wii3  more  than  had  lieen  sent  lieretoforc  in  any  corresponding  poriod. 
Cn  ,:,l,ibu  Tininilfo.%  MS.,  10;  Jh.c,  I'll.  drl  Kafad.,  ,"). 

'i'lie  ahnso  of  tlic  piivihgo  of  nanetiiary  was  notorious,  and  eriniiiiils 
fivaiad  themselves  of  false  witnesses  in  firder  to  pi'ovo  tiiat  they  were  entitled 
\'<  i;.  tiehes  rci|nircd  the  liscal  to  nse  every  diliiienee  in  order  to  arrive  at 
t!i'  truth  in  these  matters.  One  Juan  do  Jiineoii  having  hronght  I'orwaid  1 1 
wiuirsses  to  prove  his  right  to  innnunity,  on  the  testiniouy  of  "J!)  .itliers  these 
iiicu  were  .shown  to  have  forsworn  tluMuselves,  and  \  eie  eond'  '  'd  to  penal 
i-rvitude  at  Jlanila.  They  were  sent  out  of  the  city  together  witii  other 
cum  icts;  hut  notwithstanding  the  opposition  of  the  vieeioy,  the  atidieiieia, 
(.11  the  ground  that  the  sentenee  wa.s  excessive,  caused  them  to  lie  brought 
Wk,  and  iiually  they  went  unwliipped  of  justice.  AUx.,  lid.  Scm.,  "J. 


40 


QUARREL  OF  THE  VICEROY  AND  ARCHBISHOP. 


Avitli  reason  attached  secular  clorgyiiicn  ignorant  of 
tliclr  tonLi'ues  and  customs  alike,  would  have  been 
tantamount  to  cruelty — it  was  nevertheless  ni  conilirt 
with  the  provisions  of  royal  cedulas.  Father  l->ai'- 
tolome  de  IJurguillos,  his  confessor,  was  a  fViar  of 
San  Diego,  and  possibly  his  counsels  had  sufficient 
Weight  witli  the  niar(|uis  to  induce  him  thus  to  slight 
the  wish  of  the  sovereign  frequently  expressed.'^ 

The  course  of  the  marquis  was  connnended  by  tlic 
ujnight,  but  these  were  lar  less  in  inimber  than  tlio 
vicious,  and  the  number  of  his  enemies  increased 
daily.  Those  high  in  ])lace,  accustomed  to  have  their 
own  way  in  matters  of  government,  were  offended  ut 
the  sunmiary  cli|)j)ing  of  their  wings.  In  public  they 
contented  themselves  with  shruc^s  and  with  fmnvrs 
laid  asitU)  the  nose,  while  privately  they  spoke  in 
open  anger,  and  fostered  a  hatred  to  the  all-uncon- 
scious object  thereof  that  merely  bided  its  time  for 
throwing  off  the  mask.  Occasionally,  however,  re- 
sentment overcame  prudence. 

Pedro  de  Vcrgara  Gaviria,  the  senior  oidor,  was  a 
self-willed  man,  who  after  the  brief  taste  of  power 
enjoyed  before  the  arrival  of  Gclves  had  become  un- 
fitted to  play  the  subordinate.  He  had  easily  become 
chief  among  his  fellows,  and  was  not  at  all  inclined 
to  brook  the  restraint  imposed  upon  him  by  the  jnst 
tliough  severe  measures  of  the  viceroy.  Gelve<, 
always  courteous  in  his  treatment  of  members  of  the 
audiencia  and  the  eabildo,  went  further  than  noce-- 
sary  in  useless  attempts  to  make  a  friend  of  this  nuni, 
wlio  on  liis  part  seemed  to  consider  all  the  favors  ef 
tlio  mar(|uis  as  so  many  Tuarks  of  weakness.  Gelvcs 
made  liim  his  ascsor  in  Miatters  relating  to  war,  and 
Gaviria's  incdination  to  absolutism  readily  induced  liiiii 
to  fall  into  the  liabit  of  o'ixinu'  orders  without  haviiii:' 
troubled  lums(df  to  consult  the  viceroy.     To  this  tin.' 


»; 


"  For  tho  provisions  of  iiianj''  difTercnt  ci'mIuIus,  too  numerous  fur  iusciiioii 
licrc,  see  Jitco/i.  ilc  J  ml.,  iu  tho  titled  of  Look  lirst  relating  to  cleriyos,  if 
ligiosos,  doetrinero:j,  and  doctriuas. 


letter  V( 

on  in  tl 
liiinself 
fined  to 
This  u 
On  a  ce 
legidorc!^ 
to  the  c; 
ji.iny  th 
as  an  cx( 
of  ])rece( 
aliseiice, , 
their  atf 
real  or  fa 
appearan 
en(.-ia,  set 
conliiiuec 
oliedienct 

Vdh'ihlo, 

dliieo  hat 
incensed 
heen    o'uij 
j'l'iictised 
iVoiii  oflic 
I'esentmci 

Avliicji  the 
to  light  t 

'-On  a  cert 

('if  viceroy's  ; 
finin  the  hand 
•■iiiil  tore  tlieni 
ulljrc  if  lie  wci 

"In  the  1( 
hl-1.  ill  whicli 
"■^^iTt-il  that( 
t'l  in.'  read  befc 
C'liiiilaining  of 
viii  i(iy.  Mcv., 
iii.  i:!0.  In  ail 
'■■iviria,  and  J) 
luci-siuy  to  re 
l'n--niii(''iit  of  t 

''  'I  hi  iiee,  h 
Ooaiiist  the  luai 


FRIARS  AND  CLERGY. 


41 


•ant  of 

J  bocu 

,'oniliit 

r  Bav- 

riar  of 

fficicut 

>  aVv^ht 
11 

by  tlic 
lan  tlio 
croasc'(l 
•o  tlu/ir 
lulud  ut 
\c  tlu'V 
fiuovr.s 
loko  ill 
-luieoii- 
iiiio  for 
vor,  ro- 

'  was  a 

pOWTl' 

me  im- 
jeconie 
ucrmtil 
he  ju>t 
Gelws 
of  tlw 
iieet - 

is  llKlll, 
L vol's  of 

Gel  Ye- 
ar, aii'l 

.'0(1  liiui 

liaviiii 
his  lliL' 

ir  inscriii'ii 
Icrigos,  K' 


latter  very  properly  objected.^'  But  the  asesor  went 
(HI  ill  this  insul)()r(liiiate  fashion  until  Oelves  f<jund 
liiinself  constrained  to  order  that  he  should  be  cou- 
iiiicd  to  his  own  house." 

This  unruly  si)irit  was  connnon  among  hi^h  oflieials. 
Oil  a  certain  day  of  solemn  observance  some  of  the 
ivL;idores  ordered  that  their  chairs  should  not  be  taken 
to  the  cathedral,  whither  it  was  their  duty  to  accom- 
pany the  viceroy  and  the  other  corporations,  alleginu' 
as  an  excuse  for  their  conduct  some  unsettled  question 
oi'  ])recedcnce  with  the  roval  officials.  Noticini*'  their 
;il)srnce,  and  informed  of  the  cause, the  viceroy  ordered 
tlioir  attendance,  without  prejudice  to  their  rights, 
ival  or  fancied.  Nevertheless  they  did  not  make  their 
appivarancc.  Gelves,  after  consultation  w"ch  the  audi- 
eiicia,  sent  a  corregidor  to  arrest  them  in  case  of  a 
continued  refusal  to  obey.  Persistinof  in  their  dis- 
ol),'(lieiice,  they  were  put  under  arrest  in  the  (yiscm  de 
(■iihildo,  or  city  liall.-^*  The  justices  and  others  in 
ollic(j  had  eaci;  his  grievance.  Some  of  these  were 
iiiicnsed  because  the  peculations  of  which  they  liad 
Ikmr  guilty,  and  which  for  so  long  a  time  thoy  had 
practised  with  impunity,  were  punished  by  dismissal 
iVoni  office.  Othei's  again  gave  themselves  up  to  the 
ivsciitinent  felt  by  little  minds  because  the  crimes 
^vllich  they  had  been  unable  to  discover  were  brought 
to  lioht  throuo'h  the  exertions  of  the  vicerov.      The 

'-On  n,  certain  occasion,  having  rcceivccl  one  of  these  reproofs,  (l:i\  iria,  in 
Wr  \i;Tniy"s  aiite-chaniher  and  iu  the  juvHcnce  of  si'Veral  iicrsons,  simtehcd 
ti  111  tlie  lianil  of  the  secretary  tlio  pajier.s  to  which  olijtictiou  hud  betii  niailo 
iiii't  t'lie  them  in  jiieces,  exelainiinu'  petulantly  that  he  would  not  continue  iu 
iitlpr  if  he  wci'c  not  allowed  In^  way  iu  all  things.   M(  .c,  Hit.  tHrm.,  '2. 

"Ill  the  letter  of  the  cal)ildo  of  Mexico  to  the  kin^',  dated  I'ehruary  10, 
h!'-'i.  ill  which  an  account  was  given  of  the  riot  of  the  precediuL;  UKUitli.  it  is 
ii--i  1  I'd  that  Gaviria'.s  iniprisonuient  was  entirely  owing  to  his  having  allnwi  d 
I'l  i  i  nad  ])cforc  the  andiencia  certain  petitions  of  some  fi  iar  of  La  ^leii.'ed 
('  iiqihiining  of  their  vicar-general.  Fray  Juan  (loinez,  a  gnat  fa\oiite  of  tho 
\'' '  vny.  jl/cr.,  ('(irldn  di'  Id  clniluil  <i  S.  J/.,  in  J>oc.  JII--I.  J/'-.'.,  srrie  ii.  toni. 
i:i.  Kill.  In  another  letterof  tho  same  date,  iu  which  tlic^  cahildo  I'l'diMimeuds 
c  i\i'ia,  and  DrGaldos  de\'alencia,  anothi  r  oidor  whom  delves  had  found  it 
ii  '  .<niy  to  remove  from  oliice,  to  the  royal  <'v>-ov,  it  is  stated  that  the  im- 
1 11     niiicnt  of  the  former  lasted  fur  eighteen  months.   /</.,  171  -'2. 

' '  'I'lu  nee,  however,  they  rallied  at  their  will,  iu  order  to  inveigh  in  publio 
a^aiii.^l  the  marquis.  JAu;.,  L'tl.  del  £v:tud.,  '2. 


42 


QUARREL  OF  THE  VICEROY  AND  ARCTIBISHOP. 


■  fi 


l< 


m 


If! 

t 
t 


i 


if' 


k':. 


friars  to(jk  iiiiihrago  because  of  what  they  considered 
an  unwarranted  nieddlin<jf  of  the  vieerov  in  their 
elections.  Tlie  Jesuits  were  ags^rieved  that  tlieir 
attempt  on  tlie  doetrinas  had  met  witli  signal  failure, 
and  these  restless  intriguers  innnediately  addressed 
themselves  to  the  work  of  undoing  Gelves  as  they 
had  undermined  others." 

By  far  the  most  formidahle  of  the  enemies  of  tlic 
inartjuis  was  the  aix-hbishoj),  .Juan  Perez  do  la  Sernii, 
a  man  who  fi'om  the  position  of  canonino  mauistral 
of  Zamorahad  in  1013  been  appointed  to  succeed  tliu 
deplored  ])relate-viceroy  Guerra  as  head  of  the  church 
in  Xew  S[)ain."'  He  ])roved  zealous  in  extendin;^' 
.spii'itual  administration  through  curacies  and  convents, 
striving  U)  bring  into  greater  veneration  sacred  phuH.s 
and  relics,  and  to  practise  charity^"  in  a  maimer  that 
brought  him  in  contact  with  the  poor  and  assisted  to 
make  him  popular  with  the  masses.  Among  the  rich 
and  the  oiHcials  he  found  less  welcome,  owing  ])artly 
to  his  pei'severing  efforts  for  episcopal  rights/"*  |)artly 
t(j  the  enforcement  of  a  stricter  morality  among  the 
higher  classes.  The  unseemly  strife  between  friars 
and  clergy,  and  the  loose  conduct  of  many  of  them, 
greatly  encouraged  an  irreligious  feeling  among  those 
whose  means  lured  them  from  austerity  antl  strict 
rules  to  a  life  of  case  and  free  indulgence,  and  to  laxity 
even  in  sacred  matters.  Painters,  for  instance,  made 
oftbrts  to  present  church  ceremonials  in  a  ridiculous 

'•■The  vciKim  of  one  of  them  appears  in  a  manuscript  in  my  possession 
copitil  from  the  (^riLjiniil  in  the  collection  of  Giiynngos.  Although  it  is  anony- 
moii.s  tlicre  is  .sullicient  internal  evidence  to  show  that  it  Mas  tlie  woi'k  df  :i 
Jesuit,  lidaciuii  de  uii  etitupKiidoy  iiwndnw  ca.'iO,  in  Mcxicoy  sus  disturbing,  i, 
(i;il-:>7. 

'"  He -was  lion  1  at  Cervei-a,  studied  at  Sigiionza  and  Valladolid,  hecanpa 
professor  at  ])ur,inL'0,  and  in  1597  cancjnigo  magistral  of  tlie  church  atZainnin, 
a  po.-ition  won  from  nine  conijictitors  'grandcs.'  On  January  IS,  Kil.'!,  ho 
was  apiiointedarcldjisliop.  Vttnvrvrt,  Tral.  Mex.,2\;  (Joiizakz  JDuvila,  'fcairo 
EcUk.,  i.  4");  ('vmUiox  Prov.,  ITwa-O."),  21()-17. 

''  All  charities  Ix'ing  given  liy  his  own  hands,  '  ponjue  dezia  sor  mucha  b 
diferencia  (jue  ay,  de  oir  la  miseria  del  pobrc  en  rulacion,  i  verla  por  vista,' 
Oiiiiyd(Z  Jhirild,  Tratro  Echs..  i.  45. 

'"Among  other  troubles  was  the  attempt  hy  officials  to  deprive  him  of  tlio 
proriirdiidji  triliute  given  by  towns  and  villages  visited  by  the  jirelate.  Oa^e 
gives  his  income  at  00,000  ducats  a  year.    I'oij.  (Anist.  17-0),  i.  I'Ol. 


asj)ect,  ( 

hiites  ai 

it.tnts  ol 

jil.ice  cji 

iiicrHtati 

journey 

iii\a]   m; 

I'iages,   ,'1 

ciijoyiiRv 

lliidn-  (h 

l)c>t   to 

licivin  tij 

w.ak  Gn 

The  ze 

at  lii'st  w 

when  ho 

astic  prec 

I'll  I'  tllO  ])1 

juviogjiti' 
I'cach'l^'  d( 
ill  dudg('( 

IVlul'lll   ot 

I'cx'iitmei 
t<  f  uf  doc 
(li-'iiity  of 
Jicrsonal  r 
hi  the  p; 
I  Jacking^ 
Jiothiiig  in 
nii'lui'e,  t 
liouever,  ( 
;  prelate  be; 
J'<'3'  with  n 
•aiisc  of  t 
;  <-|'nii)act  h; 
Tims,  in 
lie  liad  res 
^'-'i'\anee  <i 

".-^cc  his  let 


(ItTod 

thfiv 

tla-ir 
liliir*', 
ressi'(  I 
i  thry 

of  tlic 

Serna, 

j4'isti';il 

Zd  i\u: 

cliurcli 

,oiitliii,'4 

iivuiits, 

[  pllUHS 

Id"  lliat 
istcd  to 

;  ])artly 
^  partly 

iViavs 

tlu'in, 

those 

stvii't 

laxity 

made 

licultius 

possess  i  I'll 
is  fliumy- 
work  oi  ii 
'i.slurbidf,  !■ 


bpcani''  A 
atZunic'i-ii, 
S,  l()i:!.  ho 
Vila,  2\i.i'!'9 

n-  niuchn  l;i 
por  vista,' 

I  him  of  tlie 
late.  Ga-e 
1. 


rOLITIC.^  AND  SOCIETY. 


43 


ns])0''t,  or  tlioy  painted  lowd  persons  with  the  atti'i- 
liiitcs  and  dress  oi'  saints.  JJui'ing  lent  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  capital  usud  to  perform  pilgi'iinage  to  a 
jilace  called  tlie  Iluniilladero,  on  foot  and  in  silent 
inctlitation.  AVhen  Serna  came  he  found  that  this 
jdurney  of  penance  had  hei^ii  transformed  into  a  car- 
iii\al  march,  wherein  the  wealthy  appeared  in  car- 
riages, and  others  in  convivial  gron})s,  all  bent  on 
eiijiiynient.  To  this  the  ])relate  soiiirht  to  ])iit  a  sto]), 
uiulcr  threat  of  excommunication,  and  he  also  did  his 
l)(st  to  clieck  drunkenness  and  other  vices,  though 
luiiin  the  corrupt  and  unfriendly  officials  under  the 
Avtak  Gua(hdcazar  offered  uo  assistance. 

The  zealous  introduction  of  reforms  by  Gelves  had 
at  liist  won  the  admiring  coo[)erati()u  of  Serna/''  but 
when  he  found  them  extending  too  far  within  ecclesi- 
astic  precincts  impatience  turned  into  open  hostility, 
foe  tlie  prelate  was  exceedingly  jealous  concerning  his 
jtrri(»gatives,  and  possessed  of  a  stubbornness  which 
I'ladily  developed  into  unreasonable  zeal.  lie  took 
ill  dudu'eon  the  well  meant  counsels  concerniu'jf  the 
ivturm  of  abuses  in  the  ecclesiastical  court,  and  his 
ic-iiitment  was  increased  by  the  decision  in  the  niat- 
tti'  of  doctrinas.  On  several  occasions  he  forufot  the 
tli^iiity  of  his  station,  and  that  the  viceroy  was  tho 
]iiisonal  representative  of  the  king  whom  both  served. 
In  the  palaces  of  the  great,  tale-bearers  are  never 
laikiiig,  and  reports  of  the  prelatic  outbursts  lost 
iidthing  in  the  recital,  but  Gelves,  desiring  to  avoid  a 
riqiture,  took  no  notice  of  them.  This  moderation, 
li'Avcver,  did  not  produce  the  effect  desired,  ibr  the 
l^vlate  began  not  only  to  censure  the  acts  of  the  vice- 
roy with  unseemly  freedom,  but  to  lean  openly  to  tho 
<ausc  of  those  oj)posed  to  him,  as  though  a  formal 
t-i>ni])nct  had  been  entered  into  between  them. 

Tims,  in  the  short  space  of  two  years  Gelves,  while 
;  lie  had  restored  in  a  signal  manner  the  outward  ob- 
^•ii\aiice  of   the   law,  had   failed   to   establish   order 

"See  his  letters  in  Doc,  Hist.  2Icx.,  sOrie  ii.  tom.  ii.-iii.,  passim. 


44 


QUARREL  OF  THE  VICEROY  AND  ARCHBISHOP. 


M 


ulici'c;  ortlcr  was  most  in'cilcd,  and  at  tlio  close  of 
1(»'23  lie  f()Ui)(l  an'a_vu<l  a^^ainst  liiiu  the  a!<'lil)islio|>  and 
tlu;  IViais,  tlio  uudii'iu-Iu  and  tlio  eabildo  of  ^Mexico. 
The  lower  class  of  tlu!  [)eoj)le  knew  no  will  hut  tliiit 
of  tlie  churcli,  when  that  will  was  sin'nified;  i\\o  upjn  r 
class,  composed  almost  cntirclv  ut'  men  with  hut  a 
sinu'le  interest,  that  of  itlunderiuLj  the  royal  treasury, 
was  manipulated  hy  the  two  <j;reat  corporations. 
Against  such  a  comhination  any  man  j)i'otected  only 
1)}'  an  autocrat  six  thousand  miles  away  must  ha\i.' 
been  ])owerless,  and  it  needed  but  the  most  tri\ial 
circumstance  to  bring  about  an  outbreak.  The  occii- 
bion  Avas  not  h^ni^  wantini;'. 

In  Se])t(Mnher  1(J22,  ]\[anuel  Soto,  a  person  em- 
ployed at  the  public  granary  of  Mexico,  denounced  to 
the  yiceroy  ^Mclchor  IV-rez  de  A  araez,  alcalde  mayor 
of  !\[ete])ec,-"  accusing  him  of  forcing  the  Indians  of 
liis  jurisdiction  to  i)urchase  grain  of  bun  at  an  exor- 
l)itant  jirice,  and  to  sell  to  him  their  cattle  and  produce 
at  merely  nominal  rates,  as  well  as  of  other  opjji'essivc 
acts.  The  viceroy  caused  the  charges  to  be  inyesti- 
gated,  and  the  }>roofs  being  iiivl'utable,  ordered  the 
less  important  to  bo  made  grounds  uf  action  in  Mexico 
while  the  more  grave  ho  referred  to  the  India  couik  il. 
^Meanwhile  Varaez  had  been  under  arrest  in  a  priyato 
house,  and  Gelyes  now  ordered  that,  under  bonds,  ho 
should  be  giyeii  the  freedom  of  the  city.  A'araiz 
demurred  to  this,  alleging  that  bonds  should  not  ho 
exacted  fnmi  him  for  a  cause  so  trivial,  but  the  yico- 
I'oy  pereiuptorily  ordered  compliance,"^  and  referred 

^"Tlio  count  of  La  Cortina  says  that  his  jurisdiction  was  that  of  IxtlahuiiM. 
Jioc.  Jlixt.  J/i.c,  sOrio  ii.  toni.  iii.  (!'2;  Alcaraz,  in  Liceo  M(j\,  ii.  Vl'l,  iii:ik'< 
tho  siinio  mistaken  statement.  Tlie  two  jilaeca  nre  near  to  one  anotinr. 
Varaez  was  a  jjurson  of  some  consequence  and  a  knight  of  Santiai;o.  Si  ■'', 
JCt/iirop.  Me.v.,  00.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  the  powerful  oidores  T(  dio 
de  ^'erf.'ara  Gaviria  and  Gaklos  de  Valencia,  who  through  their  iuliiK  iko 
with  their  associates  in  that  body  had  procured  for  him  an  apixiiutmeui  :» 
corregidor  of  ^Icxico.     Tlie  fiscal  had  claimed  thiit  he  could  not  hold  l«jtli 

ollices.    On  appeal  to  the  India  Council  that  body  decided  tiiat  he  was  ini i- 

petcnt,  and  condemned  the  oidores  to  pay  each  a  line  of  one  hun<lred  (huiiil"-. 
'J'liey  resisted  payment,  but  Oelves,  who  had  arrived  meanwhile,  conqii  ilr.l 
them  to  pay  it.  Mcx.,  lid.  Scm.,  8;  J)oc.  Hid.  Mex.,  si^rie  ii.  toni.  iii.  (i-X 

'' Varaez  alleged  further  that  his  denouncer  was  an  insignilieant  mulatto 


(lie  can 

ros.'" 

Tho 

liuiiior  I 

Ir-,l!  ad 

(•!invnc( 

I'llilTcd 

]>i';icam( 
%  iiioiite  I 
JJaraona 
!\r'tcpec 
jvlrrco 
I'V.iiicisc 
t'l  sit  wi 
to  exact 
juil'^inen 
lie   iiiigh 

.'I  •'•o|iiJ);iI 

liastened 

])oiiiiiig( 

teiiccd  hi 

to  |ici'pet 

SJiortl 

foiitcmpl 

the  door 

^vas  forbi( 

I'ial  shou 

cljiinied  t 

(i"ii  of  tl 


iiiiworthy  of  c 
vi-.r..y  would 
I'c  "liliged  to  1 
M"uM  ('(inie  tf 

■  He  had 
.'111  li'iuest  mar 
yit.  iny  compe 
ill  lui.s  matter, 
f"/'--  ■•nid  AIca 
■  •  Tiiat  the 
7;e.„;„/,.  Snn< 
lii'"  iiiciition( 
^ti"  iii.si  oster 
}  ilaiju  el  lilo  :i 


%\    ■ 


[>,S0     <M 


iOll    ('111- 

[ueccl  to 
!  mavv 

(lians  <it 
m  (!Xtii'- 

pr'cssivc 
iuvcsti- 
Ycd  tlio 
Mexii'o 
council. 

priviilo 
:)ii(ls,  111' 

A'arai'Z 

|l  not  1"' 

lie  viio- 

rofcrred 

llxtlulmiica. 

1-J2,  iiKil;''s 

lie  auotln  r. 

tia;40.  N  "• 

lilorcs  l'(  'li'o 

i\v  illtllirlK'O 

i)iiitiiiLMii  :h 
hold  l"'th 
was  inr"iii- 
\v.d  (liu'iiil"-. 
cdiiijiciK'l 
L.  iii.  •'>-':'■ 
(lUt  iiiuhitto 


QUESTION  OF  SAXCTUARY.  4o 

lite   cause   to   the   oidor  Aloiiso  Vazquez   do   Cisne- 

The  proeecdinp^s  went  (.u  too  slowly  to  suit  the 
liuiimi'  of  the  niar(|uis.  After  consultation  with  his 
1(  ia!  adviser,  Luis  de  ITerrcra,  Imt  Mitliout  the  con- 
ciui'enco  of  the  audiencia,  he  ordered  the  case  to  l)e 
I'ct'cn'ed  to  the  fiscal  of  Panainii,  .luan  de  Alvarado 
Bracanionte,  who  had  just  (^onie  from  AFanila.  ]Jraca- 
uioiite  proceeded  with  activity,  sendin<,»'  Sancho  de 
Baraona,  a  clerk  of  the  audiencia,  to  the  province  of 
!^^l■t('])ec  i'^  collect  additional  evidence.  To  the  new 
)■(  I'lree  Tnraez  ol)jected,  and  the  viceroy  ordered 
]Van(.'isco  ]']nri(}uez  de  Avila,  a  con-e^idor  of  ^lexico, 
tn  sit  with  him.  These  judges  deemed  it  advisahle 
to  exact  from  the  accused  a  bond  to  answer  to  any 
judgment  they  might  render,  and  Varaez,  fearing  lest 
In  iiiiglit  be  again  imprisoned,  swoi'd  in  hand  and 
;i  'iiiiipanied  l)y  dependants,  entered  a  coach  and 
li;i>1('ned  to  cl;,im  sanctuar}'  at  the  convent  of  Santo 
Domingo.  A^imost  simultaneously  the  judges  sen- 
ti.iiced  him  to  pay  a  fine  of  sixty  thousand  pesos,  and 
tn  pi'ipetual  banishment  from  the  Indies. 

Shortl}'  afterward,  Soto  having  alleged  that  Varaez 
cniiti'niplated  lleeing  to  Spain,  guards  were  placed  at 
till'  door  of  his  cell,  and  all  coumuinication  with  him 
vas  forbidden.  He  contrived,  lunvever,  that  a  memo- 
rial should  reach  the  archbishop,  in  which  it  was 
chiiiiied  that  the  presence  of  the  guards  was  in  viola- 
tion of  the  right  of  sanctuary."^     The  ecclesiastical 

niiwortliy  of  credence.  Wliat  he  and  his  friends  felt  the  most  was  tlint  tlio 
vi'  i-iny  would  not  allow  these  to  be  his  juilges,  and  that  midoulitedly  ho  would 
]ir  .Jili'jcd  to  return  to  )iis  jurisdiction.  ]n  this  way  their  trading  operations 
viiiiM  (Minie  to  an  end.  J<1.,  Mcx.  11<I.  Svm.,  4. 

-  Ho  had  arrived  recently  from  Spain,  and  bore  the  reputation  of  beiiii; 
iiii  li'iiiest  man.  For  two  nionths  he  refused  to  accept  the  ehar;_'e.  Ixit  thr 
\W'-\K\  compelled  him  todoso.  Soto  allcfxed  that  Cisneros  was  notimpartiid 
ill  tliis  matter,  .since  he  was  an  intimate  friend  ot  Gaviria  and  his  guest.  i'l>i 
!■"/■.,  iiiul  Alraraz,  in  Llc(o  Mix.,  ii.  ]'_'.'{. 

■  That  the  prelate  hin)self  visited  Varaez,  as  is  stated  by  the  author  of  the 

y;, '/,;,,,(   Snnnrifi,  seems  extremely  improbable.     Still  the  circumstance  is 

'  ih'i'  incntioni'd  1)V  the  conde  <le  la  Cortina:  'y  con  estruendo  y  aparato  y  li- 

Mii'iiisa  ostentacion,  y  visitando  al  retraido,  vulvia  ;l  su  casa  mas  ])icndado, 

y  tladMcl  lilo  a  los  aceros."    The  count  also  states  that  Varaez  objected  to  the 


i 


I 


I 


46 


QUARREL  OF  THE  VICEROY  i:,D  ARCHBISHOP. 


¥ 


l!i; 


judu;e  ordered  that  tlio  guards  should  be  removed 
\vithin  two  days,  a  demand  to  which  the  civil  judges 
refused  to  accede  because  Varaez,  liaviiig  in  eft'ect 
broken  jail,  was  not  entitled  to  sanctuary.  If  tlic 
]K)int  were  not  well  taken  it  was  certainly  debatable; 
but  Ihe  archbishop,  taking  the  case  out  of  the  hands 
of  his  provisor,  excommunicated  Soto,  the  judges,  the 
guards,  and  even  the  counsel  employed  by  them.  Tlie 
])ersons  so  exconununicatcd  innnediately  appealed  to 
the  audiencia,  and  in  accordance  with  the  royal  pro- 
vision governing  such  cases,  sentence  was  susj^ended, 
and  absolution  ad  re  incident  lam  given  at  first  for 
twenty  days  and  then  for  a  further  period  of  fifteen. '* 
A  low  days  afterward  Gelves  called  upon  the  arcli- 
bisliop  to  send  the  notary  to  him  that  he  miglit  lie 
purged  of  contempt.  After  repeated  instances  the 
])relate  reluctantly  consented  to  do  so.  The  notary 
a|)peared  before  the  viceroy  accompanied  by  the  arch- 
bish  )p's  secretary,  whom  the  marquis  immediately 
dismissed,  in  a  very  discourteous  manner,  as  was 
afterward  alleged  b}"  the  prelate.'^'  The  notary  made 
certain  important  statements,  but  these  being  re- 
duced to  writinof  he  refused  to  sitjn  the  deposition 
without  permission  from  his  prelate.  For  this  he 
was  adjudged  guilty  of  contumacy,  and,  being  coii- 
denmed  to  loss  of  j)roperty  and  banishment,  he  was 
taken  to  San  Juan  de  Ulua  that  he  might  be  sent  to 
Spain."*' 


•20 


m 


/ 


gtiin-ds  (inly  because  of  tlic  expense  occasiohcd  to  Lim  ))y  their  presence. 
J>or.  //is!.  Mt'.f.,  fi'rio  ii.  torn.  iii.  iW'y,  Me.v.,  lUI.  Srni.,  5.  In  the  nnittcrnf 
the  riiilit  of  sanctuary  civil  authorities  in  Spaiii  had  issued  a  number  of  "X- 
enii>tiiiiis  which  gn'atly  restricted  the  ])rivih'i,'e, 

'-'  'llie  .•ir<'hl)isiiiip  denianikMl  a  copy  of  certain  orders  from  the  elerk  of  tiio 
audiencia,  v'.  de  Osorio,  and  lieing  denied  he  exeonnnunicated  him. 

'•'M  iilves  was  attemk'd  by  llerrera,  Ihacanioute,  Fatiicr  ]>iir,L,'nillos,  ami 
IJaraoni.  'J'hcse  men,  to;,'etlier  witli  the  vicar  of  La  ^k•rced,  some  su])criiis 
of  thi!  rcli!.ri<ius  ()i-(h'is,  and  a  ft  \v  otliers,  vere  ^hc  viceroy's  trnstt'd  advisi  is, 
Fiuhi  V  Aliiuso  ih'  Villarocl,  a  ]i  'st  wlio  afteiward  ttsstihed  in  support  of  tin.' 
nrchbi^JKip's  sid(i  of  the  controversy,  calls  tlieni:  '  aquellos  malos  cristiai:n3 
de  sus  coiiscjiros  aduladores,  .  .(pie  le  enganaiian  y  lo  adnlaban  y  le  diiM'ii 
por  eonsrjo  dlcii'iidole  ([lie  ( 1  era  lei^ado  del  I'apii,  en  las  Indias  y  rey  en  elins, 
y  asi  piidia  iiacer  en  nonilirc  de  S.  M.  lo  (juc  (juisiese  en  las  In(iias.'  l>')i; 
Hist.  .l/(x'. ,  s('rie  ii.  torn.  ii.  H.")0. 

^"The  cabildo  of  Mexico,  iii  the  letter  to  which  reference  has  been  made, 


This 
flic  aiv 
cuii'od 
caiiii    < 
onlcriiii: 
iiiiuiicat 
(ielvo 
fogctlie 
I'ililit  of 
answer 
a  sccoiK 
luyineii, 
in  tlio  w 
now  i-('ta 
%  liig  him 
J  fiscal  ion 
Tlio  mar 
Toliar  (U 
arclil»i>lu 
not i lied  t 
Cl'oo,  hut 
taken  pa: 

r.ss(>rt.s  tliat 
wliicli,  iit  iniii 

^  nwiiicd  (lilili 
etvcrid  vessel: 
ai'ilil'i>l!(i])  W(. 
I'oiKiiii  ill  (hir 
•■  'I'liis  eck 
tlie  fiict  lliat  i 
tinir.viliiy,  by  i 
e<'iit;niis  a  yen 
t'liniicy  jiiii'l  d; 
tli:it  l.iyiiicn  M 

■n  tiii'iu  til  ajinca 

i  iiiii.  ^  ( )ii  this 

""'Jliiir  Ml.' 
i-'T".     n  in.i 

I'lCVinlls  ti,  tll( 

'(■■^iiiL'  si(jrni  hi 

tilth  i'ltcniiiin 

■'■"111  ilct'en.'s 

iii(::;l..in'd,  ]in 

tai]l.|-C;||.,.j||,)_ 

l"Mu\  i^.'i  iuariie. 
<;tlii.iiti,s.  .Iciiic 
I  eas(.'.   .)/,  iiioncii 


moved 

eft'fct 
If  the 
it  able; 

hands 
•cs,  tlio 
'.  Tho 
filed  to 
al  pro- 
iciided, 
ist  for 
iftecn.'-^* 
le  arcli- 

ces  the 
notary 
10  arch- 
ed iately 
as    \vas 


J  made 
iii<T    ro- 
-)()sitii'U 
his  ho 
](f  coll- 
ie uas 
sent  to 


pVC'Stlli'i'. 

uiiittcr  '-'i 
bur  of  "X- 

ilci-k  of  tho 

nillos,  i!ii<l 
siiiu'ri-rs 
1  iiilviM  IN 
port  vif  till' 
i'i-isti:ii."S 
,■  ki  tliiMii, 
"V  fiu  I'Uas, 
liias.'  J>'": 

^ccn  maiK', 


CHILDISH  PROCEEDINGS. 


47 


This  act  of  the  viceroy  was  inKhubtedly  lej^al,  but 
the  archbishop  immediately  declared  that  he  had  in- 
curred tliO  censures  mentioned  in  the  bull  called  in 
anni  domini.^'  Ho  therefore  excommuicated  him, 
ordcriu!:^  his  name  to  be  placed  in  the  list  of  excom- 
municated persons  affixed  to  the  church  door. 

( I  elves  now  called  tho  oidores  and  the  alcaldes 
together  in  order  to  get  tJicir  opiinon  concerniuLif  the 
right  of  the  archbishop  to  excommunicate  him.  Their 
answer  was  evasive,-^  and  he  submitted  tlie  matter  to 
a  second  assemblage,  composed  ol  ecclesiastics  and 
laymen,  who  decided  that  the  archbisliop  was  clearly 
in  the  wrong. ^^  Fortified  l)y  th's  opinion  the  viceroy 
now  retaliated  on  his  antagonist  by  a  decree  condenm- 
ing  him  to  jiay  a  fine  of  ten  thousand  ducados,  to  con- 
fiscation of  his  temporal  property,  and  to  banishment. 
The  marquis  finally  sent  the  alguazil  mayor,  Luis  do 
Tohar  (jlodinez,  to  execute  the  decree  and  compel  the 
archl»ishop  to  revoke  his  sentence.  The  viceroy  liad 
notified  the  archbishop  three  several  times  of  Ins  de- 
cree, l)ut  on  none  of  these  occasions  had  the  audiencia 
taken  ])art    in    the  action  as  according  to  law  they 

r-rrts  that  this  man  ■was  kept  in  pi'ison  for  two  clays  and  a  niulit,  after 
Miii'li.  iit  iniilniulit,  lie  was  hurried  away  to  the  fortre.«s,  where  lie  seill  re- 
iiiiiiiHil  ilOih  February  10"24),  notwithstanding  *he  faet  that  nieanwhilo 
n  vri;il  ve!-sel.s  liad  sailed  thenec  for  Spain.  It  is  not  at  all  ]irobable  that  tho 
ill-.  hlii>li(ip  woidd  alio.''  the  man,  about  whose  arrest  he  made  sueh  trouble,  to 
)<  iiiiiiii  ill  duraneo  tor  more  than  a  :nontli  after  tho  downfall  of  the  vieeroy. 

•''Ihis  celeljrated  bull  is  of  great  anticjnity,  and  reeeived  its  name  fioni 
till'  fill  t  that  it  was  read  prd)liely  in  the  jiresenec  of  tlic  jiope  on  Maiindy- 
tlnuMl.iy,  by  a  eardinal-di'aeon,  aceonipanied  by  several  other  pre  lates.  It 
I'litiiiiw  a  general  exeomnninieation  of  all  heretics,  aiidof  those  ,','tulty  of  eon- 
tiianHV  and  disoliedier.  -e  to  the  holy  see.  One  of  its  ',\\  paragr.'iplis  provides 
that  iiiynien -who  venture  to  pass  judgment  on  ecelesiastieal  judgis  and  eitu 
tlii'ia  III  .•i])near  bi'fore  tlu'ir  tribunals  shall  incur  tiie  censure  spec  ilicd  in  tho 
1  iill.     On  tliis  paragraph  the  archbishop  ]iroliably  based  his  action. 

•~ 'J  heir  rnswer  was  that  they  had  not  stu(Ue<l  the  iioiiit.  LUu-o,  Tri  -i Shjlox, 
i. -7l>.  It  indicates  what  their  imriiose  was.  At  tliis  time,  as  jit  any  otiier 
li!(\iMii<  to  the  breaking-out  of  tlie  liot,  the  audiencia  might  iiave  caliiieil  the 
JiMiiL'  siciini  had  its  luembei-a  chosen,  I'eace-making,  liowever,  was  far  from 
thi.ii  iiiciulion, 

■'\n  defense  of  tho  decision  of  this  assemblage  Father  T)Urguillos,  already 

iiua;lniiid,  ]inbli:lied  a  iiieniorial,  which  was  printed,  addressed  (o  the  visi- 

i  liiilui- Ciiirillo.     'J'iie  memorial  is  contained  in  'JS  octavo  pages  of  close  )irint, 

foainli^.i  learned  production.     The  Franciscan,  citing  a  host  of  eanonic.d  au- 

thniiti,s,  denies  the  authority  of  any  jirelate  to  excomuiuuicate  in  such  a 

t';»»i-'.  Miiiuorkd,  in  TumuUosik  Me.c.,  07-80. 


48 


QUARREL  OF  THE  VICEROY  AXD  ARCHBISHOP. 


fe 


:«*! 


•should  Lave  clone.  During  this  passage  at  anr.s 
neither  of  the  antagonists  had  conducted  himself  Avith 
the  dignity  to  be  expected  from  persons  of  their  ex- 
alted position.  They  vied  one  with  another  in  selectiiii;' 
untimely  hours  and  unusual  places  for  the  exchange 
of  their  peculiar  courtesies."" 

The  appeal  to  the  audiencia,  however,  was  never 
decided;  for  while  it  was  pending  the  judges  and  other 
pcrso)is  excommunicated,  seeing  the  obstinacy  of  tliu 
archbishop,  on  the  20th  of  December  1G23  appeared 
before  the  papal  delegate  at  Puebla."^  The  delegate 
peremptorily  ordered  the  archbisjiop  to  remove  tlie 
ban,  wjiich  the  prelate  refused  to  do,  on  the  ground 
thnt  because  of  the  appeal  to  the  audiencia  the  tri- 
bunal at  Puebla  had  no  jurisdiction,  alleging  also  tlint 
the  time  for  appeal  on  the  part  of  the  excommunicated 
had  gone  by.  Thereupon,  on  New  Year's  day,  tlio 
delegate  issued  a  compulsory  mandate,  ordering  the 
archbishop  to  absolve  the  excommunicated.  The  exe- 
cution of  this  decree  he  intrusted  to  a  Dominicnii 
friar,  as  his  sub-delegate,  who  personally  removed 
from  the  church  door  the  obnoxious  notices.'^'^ 

From  many  of  the  pulpits  of  the  city  the  conduct 


11 


'"On  the  fonst  of  the  PurisimaConcepcion,  Tobar,  by  order  of  Gelvcs,  noti- 
fied till,  archljishop  of  a  decree  while  lie  stood  in  nil  the  dif^nity  of  his  siuivd 
oliico  at  the  high  ;iltar  of  the  cathedral,  with  the  host  uncovered,  and  in  tho 
midst  of  the  solemnity  of  the  mass.  The  outraged  prelate,  declaring  that  lit 
Mould  not  permit  such  profanation,  nor  that  the  people  shoidd  be  so  scamlil- 
ized,  refused  to  receive  the  notice.  Scrvn,  Hc/ircxi-iilarloii,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mi  y.. 
suiie  ii.  torn.  ii.  IC).  The  cabildo,  in  its  letter  to  the  king,  asserts  that  tlif 
^  ieeroy  ordered  proolamatiou  made  that  none  should  pass  by  the  archiepisco|i;il 
palace  nor  assemble  in  numbers  within  one  block  of  it.  Mex.,  CartaH  de  la  lin- 
iltid  (i  8.  M.,  in  /(/.,  iii.  1.34.  On  the  other  hand  the  archbishop  was  'cit-'o 
por  el  desco  de  la  veuganza  que  el  llamaba  cclo  divino.'  3lo'\i,  JJc.v.  y  .-"H 
J!t  V. ,  iii.  '2-14.  He  also  '  aprestirola  por  iiistrmtes  con  diligen'jia  estraordiiKii  i;i;  | 
maiidaba  liaccr  .^  media  uochc  uotificaeiones  esquisitos.'  Doc.  Hut.  J/'/, 
seiie  ii,  tcm.  iii.  04. 

^'  This  ollice  was  erc.itcd  by  a  ppeeial  bull  of  Orogory  XIII.  for  the  ilrti- 
eion  of  ditlicult  cases  of  this  very  narare.  The  delegate  generally  re?idi<l  a: 
I'uebla. 

^^The  Dominican,  by  order  of  tlio  viceroy,  was  accompanied  by  a  gnnpl 
for  the  imrpose  (.1'  preventing  an,>'  opposition  that  might  be  oil'erod  by  ji.-iiii- 
(sans  of  tiie  archbishop.  Father  Cavo  with  his  usual  bias  asserts  that  tlio 
Buli-ilelcgate  was  a  'pobre  derigo  sacistan  de  moujas,  por  no  liaber  (]Ui  lidn 
niiiguu  wugeto  iVe  cunieter  uueargarso  de  seniejante  coniisiou.'  (Java,  Will 
iSVyi'-S  i-  -71 


lOP. 


MISSION  OF  MARTINEZ. 


49 


at  anv.^ 
nsclf  with 
:  their  cx- 
n  selecting 

excliaugo 

was  never 
sandothrr 
acy  of  tlio 
3  appeared 
le  delegate 
emove  tlie 
the  ground 
3ia  the  tvi- 
K"  also  tliiit 
iimunicat(  d 
-'s  dav,  the 
rderiug  the 
L    Theexe- 
Dominiea.i 
y   removed 

)S.«'^ 

:he  conduet 


|r  of  Gclves,  ii"ti- 

ity  of  liis  siuivl 

j-cred,  ami  in  tlio 

[leclaring  that  lit 

(I  be  so  scaiiilil- 

\lJoc.  JJist.M".. 

asserts  that  the 

learohkpisciiiiiil 

Cartas  (le  la  rni- 

shop  was  'ck;.") 

o-u,  J^Jex.  y  ^"* 

lacstraoriUiiMri.i; 

'oc.   Uul.  M'''i 

II.  for  the  iloci- 
Icrally  resiiU'l  at  | 

[n'.od  liy  a  gii:>il 
ilVercd  hy  I'lnu- 
liissirts  that  the  I 
lio  haljor  (iinvhlol 
loll.'  Cavo,  Tns\ 


of  the  delegate  was  reprehended  in  no  unmeasured 
terir><,  wliile,  on  the  streets,  knots  of  heated  disputants 
took  one  view  or  the  other  of  the  question  as  tlieir 
feehngs  prompted.  On  his  part  the  archhishop,  more 
than  ever  exasperated,  ordered  the  spiritual  outcasts 
to  l)e  excommunicated  anew  with  all  the  dramatic 
arcunipaniments  v'l^  bell,  book,  and  candle,  and  that 
llic  list  be  again  posted  with  the  name  of  the  sub- 
(lili'gate  added  to  the  rest.  On  that  same  night  of 
January  3d,  he  ordered  also  that  all  the  churches 
(if  the  city  should  announce  the  threatened  interdict. 
While  the  ceaseless  clamor  of  the  bells,  rinijinj;  as 
th'iugh  for  this  end  only  had  they  been  cast,  was 
iii>l»iiiiig  in  the  souls  of  the  people  the  shadowy  fear 
(if  some  greater  ill  impending,  came  the  final  notifica- 
tion of  the  delegate  commanding  the  archbishop  to 
i\inove  the  ban.  The  sub-delegate  was  ordered,  in 
(■a>e  of  the  prelate's  refusal  or  neglect,  to  execute  upon 
liiui  the  sentence  of  fine  and  banishment.  The  stub- 
in  nii  archbishop  again  refused  compliance,  and  the 
suti-(h  legate  prepared  to  carry  the  sentence  into  effect. 
He  ivj-iun  removed  the  censures  and  ordered  the  rinir- 
iiii;'  of  the  bells  to  cease,  and  now  the  very  silence 
aroused  new  fears  among  the  terrified  j)eople. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  9th  of  January  the 
anlihishop  sent  Cristobal  Martinez  de  Recalde,  parish 
jirit^st  of  the  cathedral,  accompanied  by  notaries,  to 
tlie  vic(4'egal  palace  with  a  petition  addressed  to  the 
au(ii(iicia.  After  setting  forth  the  facts  of  the  case 
'v\  a  iiKumer  very  favorable  to  his  own  view  of  it,  tho 
anlihishop  demanded  that  the  audiencia  .should  decide 
iiiinicdiately  the  pending  appeal.^''  In  presenting  this 
llietifion  to  the  oidores  Juan  Paez  deVa!lecillo,Juan  de 
I  Uku  ra,  and  Diego  de  Avendano,  Martinez  said  that 

"Ifo  stated  moreover  that  it  was  with  difficulty  he  could  find  a  notary 

|vh(i  .laicd  to  puhlisli  tlie  decree  of  exconimuiiication ;  also  thaf  in  iiotifyiii;' 

ulna  ilnives  the  viceroy  l)uha\ed  'con  nienoa  decoiiciado  lo(|ue  coiivenia,'  ami, 

ItiiiiiUy,  tiiat  the  proceed iiij^a  against  Varaez  were  unwarranteil  hy  law,  and 

jwiir  undertaken  fwlely  for  tlie  purpose  of  causing  delay.  tSiriia,  li'iji.,  in  Do'\ 

\liy.  Mi.c,  st'ric  ii.  toin.  ii.  l.)l-7-. 

UUT.  Mks.,  Vol.  III.    i 


BO 


QUARREL  OF  THE  VICEROY  AND  ARCHBISHOP. 


I 


it  wa8  ill  the  power  of  the  aiidicncia  to  put  an  ond  to 
vl\  disagreements,  thus  preventing  a  possible  breach 
of  tlie  peace.  Vallecillo,  who  was  senior  oidor,  re- 
plied that  they  had  been  ordered  by  the  viceroy  to 
receive  no  petitions  from  the  archbishop  or  any  clergy- 
man, except  through  the  proper  channels.  ^lartiiiez 
objecting  that  such  an  order  took  away  the  prelate!} 
opportunity  of  attempting  to  restore  harmony,  Ibaria 
replied:  "You  know  that  tliis  is  the  ordei  of  our 
president;  what,  then,  would  you  have  us  dof  Alter 
some  further  speech  of  like  import,  and  an  intimation 
of  coming  trouble  from  Martinez,  he  and  his  com- 
panions w  i  thdre  w .  ^' 

Bent  on  carr^'ing  his  point,  and  learning  that  tlio 
sul>-delegate  was  about  to  execute  sentence  upon  him, 
the  archbishop  resolved  upon  a  last  desperate  resort. 
At  an  early  hour  on  the  11th  of  January,  1G24,  he 
caused  himself  to  be  taken  to  the  viceregal  })alace,  in 
a  sedan-chair  borrowed  for  the  purpose,  and  attended 
onlv  bv  two  paires.     That  he  went  in  this  ostenta- 


^y 


tiously  humble  manner,  instead  of  in  his  coach,  with 
crozier  upborne  before  him  and  accompanied  In'  the 
membcj's  of  his  household,  was  of  itself  a  circumstance 
sufficiently  strange  to  create  attention,  and  on  reacli- 
ing  the  palace  he  was  sniTounded  by  a  crowd  of  idler' 


The  startled  oidores  asked  what  he  desired."''    Tiie  H  |], 


"  'Y  cl  tliclio  S.  Lie.  Vallecillo  <lijo,  andail  con  Dios  quo  j-a  cst:i  proviilo 
y  con  csto  los  porti;n)s  lo  dijoron  (|Uo  callasc,  no  oinbarganto  Id  oual  cl  diclio 
Lie.  Martinez  vohio  A  rcpliear.'  Jd.,  ii.  17.">.  Informed  that  the  andieiicia 
vonM  not  receive  tlic  petition,  the  aiehlnsliop  caused  another  to  be  addres«(l 
to  I'edro  do  Arevalo  Scdefio,  fiscal  of  that  body,  calling  upon  him  to  net  at 
thouyh  it  liad  been  received,  and  to  take  immediate  steps  for  the  purpose  •  t 
linventiiig  any  harm  which  nnght  result  from  want  of  action  on  the  part  uf 
the  audiencia.  This  was  ileliveivd  by  Aguilar  to  tho  fi.scal,  together  witli 
copies  of  tho  petition  and  of  tho  documents  in  the  ca.sc  of  Varaez,  and  e\  okv4 
merely  an  evasive  manner.  '8u  merce<l  resjioniUo,  que  yo  cl  notario  diji -i' 
il  S.  Siv.  Illma.  di.'l  arzobispo  ini  sulor,  (pie  le  bcsaliii  loa  manos  y. .  .hard  i<nh 
lo  jioiiible,  y  lo  quedcbc'  Jd.,  ITS. 

^■'In  its  letter  the  cabild'i  asserts  that  the  archbishop  remained  at  the  il"i'r 
of  the  .ludience-chamhcr,  .iskiug  leave  to  CHtcr,  and  that  receiving  no  ansxur, 
he  ventured  within,  and  himself  addressed  tho  oidores,  telling  them  his  err.iiM. 
2f(.r.,  Caifa  d'!  la  Chidud  d  S.  J/'.,  in  /(/. ,  iii.  liiO.  This  letter  is  based,  ii"t 
only  in  this  particular  but  iu  many  others,  on  the  reprciientatiun  of  tho  uuli- 
bishop.  Id.,  183. 


prelate 
would 
roccivec 
which  r 
thus  in 
had  giv' 
him  by 

4/' 

man  dai 
was  not 
he  (lenie 
toction, 
of  (jrod  I 
of  the  c< 
tion,  anc 
threaten 
th'cide  tl 
of  A^arac 
was  dete 
king  in  p 
receive; 
pivhite  il 
placed  th 
•  m  the  ta 
tlio  multi 
There  we 


em    sor 

K  there   mi; 

I  tliat  all  p 

i  cia  shoul 

|hii«h()p,  hi 

ruiiiained. 

The  pr( 

his  palace 

^wliich  mil 

|ivlused  tc 

|hpon  the 

the  was   fi 

m  ,  ""Xo  so  i 

ILiciuse  jiisticii 


PROCEEDINGS  AGAIXST  THE  PRELATE. 


ill 


prelate  replied  that  he  sought  justice,  and  that  ho 
would  not  leave  the  audience-chamher  until  he  had 
recciiv'ed  it.^''  He  then  desired  to  read  a  petition  in 
which  it  was  set  forth:  That  he  was  obliged  to  appear 
thus  in  person  because  the  president  of  the  audiencia 
had  iciven  orders  that  no  communication  brou<jfht  IVoni 
liiiu  by  an  ecclesiastic  would  be  received,  and  no  lay- 
iium  dared  to  aid  him  by  presenting  one.  Since  it 
was  not  just  that  he  alone  in  all  New  Spain  should 
be  denied  the  right  to  appeal  to  the  audiencia  for  i)ro- 
toction,  he  humbly  besought  that  body,  in  the  name 
of  (jod  and  the  church,  to  pity  the  wretched  condition 
of  the  country  as  well  as  of  his  dignity  and  jurisdic- 
tion, and  to  receive  and  hear  this  petition  against  the 
threatened  action  of  the  papal  delegate;  further,  to 
decide  the  appeal  pendinfr  in  the  matter  of  the  guards 
of  Yaraez  without  delay.  Were  this  not  done,  he 
was  determined  to  go  to  Spain,  there  to  appeal  to  the 
king  in  person.  This  petition  the  oidores  refused  to 
receive;  and  sununoned  by  the  viceroy  they  lolt  the 
prelate  in  the  audience-chamber.  He  immediately 
placed  the  petition  and  the  accompanying  documents 
en  the  table  beneath  the  canopy  of  state,  calling  upon 
the  multitude  present  to  bear  witness  that  he  did  so. 
There  were  present  about  one  hundred  persons,  among 
them  some  eight  or  ten  clergymen.  Fearful  lost 
there  might  be  a  disturbance,  the  viceroy  ordered 
that  all  persons  having  no  business  before  the  audiou- 
eia  sliould  depart  at  once,  and  presently  the  aicli- 
hishop,  his  notary  Aguilar,  and  the  two  pages  alone 
remained. 

The  prelate  was  now  formally  required  to  return  to 
his  palace,  there  to  await  the  answer  to  his  petitions, 
v^liieli  nuist  pass  through  the  usual  course.  This  he 
infused  to  do,  insisting  upon  receiving  justice  ami 
upon  the  admission  of  appeals.  For  this  obslmacy 
lie  was  fined  four  thousand   ducados,  and  upon    his 

'''  'Xo  so  iria  dc  all:l  nun  cunndij  lo  hi  jieraii  poilazos,  hasta  i^iio  no  sc  le 
iLiciesi;  justicia.'  Mex;,  I'd,  Svm.,  0. 


QUARREL  OF  THE  VICEROY  AND  ARCHBISHOP. 


t^. 


further  refusal  the  sentence  of  banishment  from  Now 
Spain  Avas  added. ^'  It  was  afternoon  when  Gclvos 
ordered  Lorenzo  do  Terrones,  alcalde  del  crimen  of  the 
audiencia,  to  execute  the  sentence  by  taking  the  rebel- 
lious prelate  to  San  Juan  de  Uli'ia,  there  to  embark 
for  Spain.^^  Accompanied  by  the  alguacil  mayor, 
^lartin  Ruiz  de  Zavala,  his  deputy,  Baltasar  tic 
Perea,  and  others,  Terrones  notified  the  archbishoii 
of  the  instructions  he  had  received.  The  reply  of  tlii- 
j)rclatc  was  that  they  must  remove  him  forcibly,  and 
Terrones  and  Perea,  taking  him  each  by  an  arm,  but 
in  a  respectful  manner,  led  him  down  to  the  court- 
3'ard,  where  a  hired  travelling-carriage  drawn  by  four 
mules  was  in  waiting.  In  this  the  prisoner,  having 
his  crozier  and  the  insignia  of  his  rank  in  the  church, 
and  the  three  officials,  seated  themselves;  some  ten 
or  twelve  mounted  constables  under  Major  Antonio 
de  Campo^''  of  the  palace  guard  surrounded  the  equi- 
])age,  and  the  whole  cortege  departed  by  the  streets 
loading  to  the  causeway  of  Guadalupe. 

So  great  was  the  crowd  in  the  plaza  that  w4th  dif- 
ficulty a  passage  was  made.  On  all  sides  the  sobs  of 
the  women  mingled  with  the  sterner  voices  of  the  men, 
while  they  asked  whither  their  beloved  pastor  was 
being  taken,  or  heaped  imprecations  on  the  head  of  tlie 
author  of  this  outraofe.  Some  divested  themselves  of 
their  mantles  in  order  to  throw  them  in  the  road  ot 
the  carriage.  The  crowd  grew  by  accessions  from  side 
streets  and  from  the  houses  by  the  wayside,  notwith- 

'^  This  sentence  was  hascd  on  more  than  one  royal  decree.  Cm;  oidor  JiJ 
not  take  part  in  this  act,  which  he  cliosc  to  regard  as  executive  matter. 

^^  Tlie  order  was  supplemented  by  anotlier  fuller  and  more  specific  in  itJ 
instructions.  In  tlie  latter,  Terrenes  was  ordered  to  take  the  prelate  directly 
to  San  Juan  de  Ulua,  there  to  endiark  in  the  lirst  sliip  sailing  for  Spain  tliui 
might  suit  him.  For  each  day  of  service,  going  and  coming,  Terrones  wnuld 
receive  twelve  ducados  de  Castilla,  the  notary  four  pesos  do  oro  comun,  invl 
the  guards  their  usual  pay.  All  of  these  expenses,  as  well  as  others  wliicli 
might  be  incurred,  were  to  be  met  by  the  archbisiiop,  and  the  tithe  collect^'.' 
of  the  cathedral  was  obliged  to  pay  2,000  pesos  at  once.  JJoc.  Hist.  J/<-.i'., 
scrie  ii.  torn.  ii.  2.");i-7,  41U-21. 

^^  The  viceroy  had  sent  for  Captain  Diego  de  Armenteros  to  comtnaiii 
the  osc(jrt,  but  the  captain  apparently  having  no  stomach  for  the  duty  ktji 
out  of  the  way. 


stand  in 
than  til 
(ruadal 
iiej^'i'oes 
and  resi 
tliore  s] 
content, 
Tliat 
hy  part: 
action  1 
The  res 

tn  TolTO 

the  ordo 

ddiibted! 

af'cordin 

as  ju'osic 

]iad  beer 

]iir'vious 

runsiden 

I'otuni  A\ 

speedy  ir 

eueia  to  ( 

i,  a^^ain,   ai 

I  four  orde 

I  not  been 

f  archhishc 

i'ornied  oJ 

I  I'oy  order 

::  and  tliat 

ff^liould  be 

inaction  sli( 

tion  by  tl: 

Fcarinc 

5  •liet,  and  \ 

;tn  the  fisc 

;:ind  the  cl 

I'l'iests  not 

'"The  docni 
iBtuod  in  fear  oi 


I 


ACTION  OF  THE  OIDOKES. 


53 


)m  Now 

Gclves 
}n  of  the 
lie  rcbcl- 

cmbark 

mavor, 
;asar    do 
chbislioii 
)ly  of  11  If  I 
ibly,  and 
arm,  but 
10  couit- 
n  by  four 
c,  having 
e  church, 
some  ten 
■  Antonio 
the  cqui- 
10  streets 

with  dif- 
0  sobs  of 
the  men, 
.stor  ^vas 
ladofthe 
[isclves  of 

0  road  of 
from  siilo 

notwith- 

)\\c  oidor  ili'l 

1  matter. 
Isiiecific  in  it; 
Iclato  directly 
Ir  Spain  tk.: 
[;rronc'3  -WdiiU 

comuii,  au'l 
[others  vUi'.ii 
tithe  collt-'i-'tMr 

IJist.  J^f-i'i 

to  comnwnl 
Itho  duty  lii-T'l 


standing  Ocampo's  order  that  none  should  go  further 
than  the  church  of  Santo  Doniincfo,  until  on  reaching 
(ruadalupe,  it  numbered  fully  five  thousand  Indians, 
negroes,  and  half-breeds.  While  the  archbishop  dined 
and  rested,  the  people  by  degrees  returned  to  the  city, 
there  spreading  the  news  and  arousing  general  dis- 
content. 

Tliat  night  the  three  oidores,  whether  influenced 
hy  partisans  of  the  archbishop  or  fearful  that  their 
action  had  been  hastv,  took  counsel  of  one  another. 
The  result  was  that  Ibarra  despatched  a  messenger 
titTerrones  bidding  him  go  slowly,  for  on  the  morrow 
the  order  touching  the  exile  of  the  prelate  would  un- 
f  donbtedly  be  revok'^d.     On  the  morning  of  the  12th, 
I  a''Cordingly,  the  three  met  formally,  with  Valiecillo 
I  as  president,  passed  a  resolution  declaring  that  there 
I  had  been  a  lack  of  accord  in  the  proceedings  of  the 
I  previous  day,  and  ordering  that,  while  this  point  was 
considered,  those  having  the  prelate  in  custody  should 
lutui'ii  with  him  at  once.     Of  this  the  viceroy  had 
speedy  information,  and  ordered  the  clerk  of  the  audi- 
oncia  to  deliver  up  the  document.     The  oidores  met 
a'^ain,   and  passed   another    resolution  revoking  the 
lour  orders  of  the  11th,  on  the  ground  that  they  had 
not  Ijoen  passed  by  a  quorum,  and  ordering  that  the 
archbishop  should  be  brought  back  to  Mexico.*"     In- 
I'ornied  of  this  second  meeting  of  the  oidores  the  vice- 
roy ordered  them  into  confinement  within  the  palace, 
and  that  two  relatorcs  who  had  taken  part  with  them 
^ll(luKi  be  put  in  prison.     He  also  ordered  tliat  no 
action  should  be  taken  in  the  matter  of  the  revoca- 
f  tion  by  the  oidores,  in  which  he  had  had  no  part. 
Fearing  lest  the  archbishop  might  renew  the  inter- 
lict,  and  having  strengthened  his  resolve  l)y  an  appeal 
I  to  the  fiscal,  the  marquis  sent  Tobar  to  the  cathedral 
and  the  churches,  to  notify  the  chapter  and  the  parish 
priests  not  to  obey  any  such  order  on  the  part  of  their 

*"The  document  was  not  properly  authenticated  because  the  deputy  clerk 
liBtuoil  ill  I'tar  of  the  viceroy.  Uoc.  U'lst.  Mex\,  siiric  ii.  toiii.  ii.  247-50. 


I    I 


54 


QUARREL  OF  THE  VICEROY  AND  ARCHBISHOP. 


I 


sujiorior  till  the  delegate  should  have  rendered  liis 
decision.  Tobar  found  the  cathedral  doors  shut,  al- 
though the  building  was  full  of  people,  but  obtained 
admittance  after  some  delay.  Not  -without  opposition 
he  read  the  order  from  the  steps  of  the  high  altar,  and 
was  promised  obedience  by  the  provisor  and  the  chap- 
ter; but  the  parish  priests  replied  that  they  had  no 
power  to  suspend  or  hnpcde  what  their  superior  might 
determine. 

In  order  that  the  archbishop  might  not  attempt  to 
inilnence  in  any  way  the  delegate  at  Puebla,  the  vicu- 
roy  despatched  a  messenger  to  Terrenes,  with  orders  to 
avoid  that  city  and  to  take  another  road."    A  halt  had 
been  made  at  the  town  of  Guadalupe  for  the  puri)()se 
of  allowing   the   archbishop  to  rest,  and  of  this  he 
availed  himself  to  issue  two  additional  decrees.    In  tlie 
first,  after  reciting  his  vis'l  to  the  audiencia,  his  arrest, 
and  his  deportation  to  this  place,  the  j^relate  declared  j 
that  the  president  and  oidores,  as  well  Torrones,  Za- 
vala, Perea,  and  Osorio,  together  with  Ocampo  and 
the  alguaciles  of  the  guard,  had  incurred  the  censui'csl 
mentioned  in  the  canon  dementia  si  qui.s  suadente  di-l 
aJjoIo  and  the  bull  in  cccna  domini^'     This  decree  was! 
made  known  at  once  to  all  the  persons  named  thcrriii, 
except  the  president  and  oidores,  with  an  ofi'er  of  ab- 
solution if  sought  within  six  hours.     The  second  cdidi 
was  addressed  to  the  clergy,  reciting  the  facts  men- 
tioned in  the  first  edict  and  ordering  an  interdict  to  I 
be  established. 

The  archbishoj)  had  wished  to  remain  still  longer 
at  Guadalupe,  but  Terrenes  insisting,  he  consented  at 
leiigtii  to  go  on,  and  the  night  was  passed  at  the 
hermitage  of  Santa  Isabel  On  the  ftdlowinij  even- 
mg  he  reached  San  Juan  de  Teotihuacan.  On  tlie| 
morning  of  the  13tli  Terrenes  entering  the  bed-cham- 
ber of  the  archbishop  found  him  still  abed.     He  de- 

^'  He  should  send  hack  Osorio,  whose  services  were  needed  in  Mexico. 
^'■'Thc  names  of  the  excommunicated  were  ordered  to  be  j^josted  in  the  I 
usual  manner.   /(/.,  lUl-S. 


POSITION  OF  THE  PRELATE. 


0S 


siivd  tho  prelate  to  dress  and  to  enter  the  carriage 
wliicli  wns  in  waiting  at  the  door.  Informed  of  the 
action  of  the  oidores  the  archbishop  pleaded  that  his 
health  would  not  allow  him  to  pursue  the  journey  for 
the  present.  Terrenes  insisting,  he  replied  curtly  that 
a  I'nrnial  order  would  alone  have  weight  with  him." 
It  was  indecent  that  a  person  of  his  quality  should  be 
carried  off  in  this  manner,  when  there  was  nothing  in 
his  c'(jnduct  to  warrant  such  treatment;  and  were  he 
to  go  willingly  he  might  be  accused  of  a  desire  to 
|ii'(i('t'ed  to  Spain  on  an  errand  of  his  own.  Not 
wisliing  to  take  extreme  measures  Terrenes  sent  to 
Mixieo  for  further  orders.  Alarm  at  his  spiritual 
]ili;4lit  may  have  been  one  of  the  reasons  why  Ter- 
loiiL's  consented  to  humor  the  prelate,  but  for  this  he 
was  reprimanded  by  the  viceroy,  who  also  rebuked 
his  neo'liixence  in  allowinsjf  the  issue  of  fresh  excom- 
miinications,'**  intimating  that  a  prompt  execution  of 
orders  would  be  more  pleasing  than  a  waste  of  time 
ill  sf  nding  dcspatclies  and  awaiting  answers.  A  little 
eoiiiprclsion  would  do  no  harm.*" 

The  atHictcd  Terrenes  accordingly  issued  orders  for 
(Icjiaituie.  The  luggage  was  sent  on  before,  the  car- 
nage stood  in  readiness,  but  no  archbishop  appeared. 
At  jirst  the  attendants  of  the  prelate  gave  out  that 
hi'  was  at  his  pi'ayers,  and  then  that  he  had  gone  for 
a  walk;  but,  on  more  special  inquiry,  it  was  found 
tliat  he  was  actually  in  the  church  of  the  Franciscan 


"  'V  110  en  otra  maiu'ra,  y  que  csto  daha  y  ^\h  por  respuesta.'  /'/.,  2."0. 

"  W'liilc  i'X|)ri'ssin^,'  syiiiiiatliy  for  tlu"  illness  of  his  graci',  Gelvcs  intimated 
that  till'  complaint  nii^lit  he  merely  a  pretenee. 

''rorres,  the  me.ssen<,'er,  afterward  testified  that  Gelvcs  hade  him  tell 
Ti'rrones:  'Si  el  dielio  senoi'  arzoliis])o  dificultase  el  proseyuir  en  la  Jornada  y 
];\r,\  esto  se  aeostase,  qne  ordenase  a  Don  Diego  dc  Arnienteros  y  a  las  guardas, 
i|iii'  1  on  lii  misma  cania  se  nietiesc  en  el  coelio  hahiOndole  aju'reihidii  primero 
qui'  M'  visties(!  y  aprestasc. '  Father  Domingo  Navarro  Fortunio,  uho  aecoin- 
]i.iiiiril  the  arehhisiiop  on  the  journey,  testified  that  on  receiving  this  order 
Ti Hones  said,  his  eyes  lilling  with  tears:  'Qne  compadrazgos  tengo  yo  con  el 
srfinr  arzohispo,  ni  (jne  ho  hecho  yo  para  quo  se  mo  tratc  tan  infamemente.' 
/■'.,  4(i.'i,  ■_*()!.  An  order  also  came  that  four  members  of  the  cathedral  chapter, 
M  iiM  liad  eomo  to  San  Juan  Teotihuacan  by  vote  of  the  chapter  for  the  ])urposo 
"f  11.  roiiipanying  the  archbishop  to  Vera  Cruz,  should  travel  one  day's  journey 
at  li.att  in  advance. 


M 


QUARREL  OF  THE  VICEROY  ANJ3  ARCHBISHOP. 


1 

i 

"J 

M 

m 
i'ili 

I 

1b 

H   i 

^'hI 

■  1 

iP 

1   ' 

# 

'M|i|i 

r 

1 

convcn  ^^  Torroncs  followed  him,  accompanied  l)y 
the  alguacil  mayor,  Torres,  and  four  of  the  reluctant 
guard.  On  entering  the  church  they  found  the  i>rcl- 
ate,  in  rochet,  cape,  and  stole,  s;tanding  by  the  hiiiii 
altar,  while  the  ciboriuni  was  open  with  the  host  in 
remonstrance  within.  Terrenes,  weeping,  upbraicKd 
him  for  thus  forcing  extreme  n»easures,  saying  that 
he  had  lost  his  honor,  and  his  life  was  forfeit  to  tlic 
viceroy's  wrath.  To  this  outburst  the  prelate  ro[)li(.d 
calmly  that  he  could  not  continue  the  journey,  for  lie 
was  engaged  in  visiting  officially  the  altar  of  the 
parish.  Saj'ing  this,  he  took  from  the  ciborium  a 
wafer  which  he  placed  on  a  paten,  and  holding  this 
in  his  hands  he  seated  himself  close  to  the  altar. 
But  soon  the  wily  priest  was  carried  away  by  the 
excitement  attendant  on  a  situation  so  dramatic,  or 
possibly  he  determined  purposely  to  heighten  its 
effect.  When  the  alcalde  again  desired  him  to  leave 
those  things  and  to  continue  the  journey,  he  burst 
into  tears,  exclaiming  that  he  hc'.d  not  wished  to  re- 
sort to  this  extremity  in  Mexico,  for  the  land  was 
newly  christianized,  and  he  feared  lest  the  faith  of 
the  Indians  might  be  shaken  by  the  occurrence  of 
events  to  them  inexplicable.  "  Here,  however,"  he 
added,  "all  are  Spaniards;  just  as  I  am  take  nie 
away."*^  Thus  saying,  he  placed  the  paten  upon  the 
altar. 

Terrenes  then  ordered  the  notary  to  instruct  the 
captain  of  the  guard  to  do  as  the  viceroy  htid  ordered. 
As,  in  obedience  to  the  thrice  repeated  order,  Armeii- 
tci'os  and  one  of  the  guards  began  to  ascend  the  stcjis 

*-"  Armcnteros  says  that  the  archbishop  went  to  the  church  in  an  artful 
manner,  without  oven  a  hiit,  and  as  if  for  a  short  stroll.  /(/.,  4'23. 

*'  '  Y  puesto  en  esta  forma,  hablantlo  las  dichns  palabrus,  dijo  le  llcvason 
come  cstaba.'  Id.,  'J(j3.  Tlie  account  of  the  archbishop's  tiiking  refuge  in  the 
church  rests  in  the  main  on  the  sworn  testimony  of  Diego  Torres,  the 
notary,  who  in  his  othcial  capacity  has  full  opportunity  of  knowing  whcnuf 
he  spoke,  and  whose  words  bear  with  them  intrinsic  evidence  of  their  truth. 
He  stated  that  the  aichbishop  accused  Gelves  of  having  forced  the  oidores  to 
pass  the  order  for  his  exile,  adding  that  the  viceroy  was  the  greatest  tyiiiiit 
in  the  world,  and  that  Torres  might  tell  him  so.  Doc.  Hist,  Mex.,  seric  ii. 
tom.  iii.  8. 


CLERICAL  CL'XXINO. 


87 


lied  l)y 

jluctiuit 
10  pi'cl- 

host  ill 
>braicli'd 
ng  that 
:  to  the 
!  roph(.'d 
7,  for  he 

of  the 
oriuiii  a 
ing  this 
10  altar. 

by  the 
iiatic,  or 
litcii  its 
to  leave 

10  burst 

11  to  re- 
md  was 
faith  of 

'CllCO    of 

1  »    1    , 

|vor,  he 
ako  me 
poll  the 

Kict  the 
)rdore(l. 

.I'llK'll- 

[ic  steps 

li  an  artful 

I  le  llcvason 
Ifngo  in  tlie 
rorrcs,  the 
lig  \vhcii.i,>f 
llicir  truth, 
oidores  ti) 
test  tyi;nit 
suiic  ii. 


of  th  J  altar,  the  archbishop  arose,  and  lifting  the 
patoi,  on  high  before  them  he  said:  "Let  us  see  if 
there  be  a  Christian  man  so  dead  to  shame  as  to  lay 
hands  on  Jesus  Christ."  The  intangible  power  of  tho 
church  was  still  paramount.  Serna  successfully  phu'ed 
the  part  of  Becket,  but  to  Armenteros  and  his  men 
tho  s[)irit  of  the  Norman  knights  was  lacking;  burst- 
ing into  tears  they  retired.*^  On  his  part  Terruiies 
exclaimed:  "My  lord,  you  have  wrought  my  un- 
doing!" To  this  Serna  replied:  "Sir  doctor,  I  but 
work  in  the  cause  of  your  worship  and  that  of  these 
poor  fellows."  The  alcalde  took  his  wonted  way  out 
of  (lifFiculties,  and  bade  Torres  ride  with  speed  to 
Mexico  in  order  to  give  an  account  to  the  viceroy  of 
the  turn  matters  had  taken.  The  latter  merely  re- 
jilic'd  that  Torrones  should  be  recalled  and  give  place 
to  a  man  who  would  carry  out  orders  rather  than 
write  despatches.  All  that  night  the  prelate  remained 
at  the  post  he  had  chosen  near  tho  high  altar,  taking 
such  rest  as  he  could  on  its  steps,  regardless  of  the 
cold.  All  night  the  sacrament  remained  exposed  on 
that  altar  while  the  guard  kept  watch  by  turns. 


40 


*^  I  ha  ve  already  had  occasion  to  speak  of  the  faint-heartcdness  of  Armen- 
teros in  this  mutter.  He  lamented  that  he  was  an  unfortunate  man.  'Quo 
no  tiiiia  mas  que  una  vida,  y  csa  la  habia  de  pcrder  por  Dioa  y  su  rey.'  Id., 
ii.  4i.';<. 

^'■'lu  the  morning  the  archbishop,  wishing  to  celebrate  mass,  dosircil  all 
\\\\i>  liiid  come  under  tlio  ban  of  tiio  churcli  to  witlidriiw.  Tliis  rc(iuest  how- 
evii-  w.is  denied,  for  Terroncs  Jield  that  neitlicr  ho  nor  any  of  his  party  were 
cxeoiiiiiiunicated,  since,  as  tlie  prelate  weU  knew,  tliey  were  acting  under 
ciiiii|)i;lsion,  and  the  mass  was  left  unsaid.  Tlic  request  for  continuing  tlio 
jimmey  again  met  with  a  refusal.  The  archbishop  said  he  knew  the  audi- 
eiicia  iiad  issued  an  order  for  his  return  to  Mexico,  but  if  Terroncs  could 
piO(hiLU  one  of  later  date  from  the  same  body,  whereby  he  was  required  to 
iJUitiLie  his  way  to  exile,  he  would  cheerfully  obey  it. 


CHAPTER  III. 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

W  1 

1 

OVERTHROW   OF   GELVES. 

1024. 

The  Inteudtct  Lacnched  against  the  Capital— Excitement  among  the 
rorri,ACE — The  Rabble  in  Aums — Attack  on  the  Palaci: — The 
Government  Declared  Vested  in  the  Oidokes — Theiii  Schemes  to 
Seci're  Control — Flight  of  Gelves — Triumphant  Entry  of  the 
Archihshoi'— Reactionary  Measures  by  the  Audiencia — The  Vice- 
roy uNUEK  Restraint — IIis  Vain  Negotiations  fob  Retukn  to 
Power — Gatherino  Evidence— Measures  by  the  King — Cerrai.vo 
Sent  as  Viceroy — Nominal  Restoration  of  Gelves  and  Trium- 
phant Entry — Proceedings  against  the  Rioters — Fate  of  Serxa 
AND  Gelves— Significance  cr  tub  Outbreak. 

Among  the  oldest  and  most  sacred  spots  of  Andhuac 
was  Teoiiliuacan.  Duri  ig  the  early  Naliua  period 
its  lofty  pyramids  were  famed  throughout  the  land, 
and  under  the  Toltcc  empire  it  remained  the  religious 
centre  to  which  pilgrims  with  rich  offerings  flocked 
from  afar  to  worship  in  the  temples  of  the  sun  and 
moon.  Here  kings  and  priests  were  elected,  ordained, 
and  buried,  and  here  were  fulminated  oracles  which 
overturned  dynasties  and  caused  nations  to  tremble. 
It  was  in  the  village  near  this  spot,  now  a  mass  of 
awe-inspiring  ruins,  that  Archbishop  Serna  had  taken 
a  defiant  stand  within  the  convent  church,  and  like 
his  ancient  forerunners  he  sent  forth  a  decree  which 
should  rouse  a  people  and  overturn  a  ruler.  This 
was  nothing  less  than  a  new  excommunication  of  the 
viceroy,  together  with  an  interdict  upon  the  whole 
cartital.  The  decree  was  intrusted  to  the  priesb  Mar- 
tinez de  Kecalde,  who  set  out  on  horseback  the  even- 
ing it  was  i.ssued,  the  14th  of  January  1G24,  and 
reached  the  city  at  dawn  the  following  day.    At  half 

(68) 


EXCOMMI'XICATIOX. 


50 


past  five  the  name  of  the  viceroy  again  appeared  in 
the  lif^t  of  religious  outcasts,  and  an  hour  hiter  the 
interdict  was  read  from  tlio  cathedr  d  pulpit  to  such 
of  the  faithful  as  were  present  at  matins.  The  chant 
of  the  choir  ceavsed  innnediately,  the  candles  upon  the 
alt;ir  were  extinguished,  the  massive  doors  dosed 
upon  the  devout,  who,  weeping,  spread  throughout 
tlic  city  the  sad  tidings,  crying  that  the  land  was  now 
as  .)ne  possessed  by  Moors,  since  God  had  gone  from 
among  them.  Soon,  too,  tlie  willing  feet  of  priests 
were  hastening  to  bear  the  decree  to  the  other 
diuiches  and  convents  of  the  town.  All  were  closed 
save  the  convent  of  La  Merced,  which  remained  open 
timing  the  morning,  while  from  every  belfry  tolled 
fuitli  the  dread  tidings  to  the  awakening  city. 

The  events  of  the  past  four  days  had  been  at  work 
ill  the  minds  of  the  ignorant.  The  archbishop's 
mania  for  cxcomnumicating,  and  tlie  opposition  of 
the  viceroy  to  one  whom  they  had  been  taught  to 
rci^ard  as  more  than  human,  if  somewhat  less  than 
(lixiiie,  had  formed  the  sole  topic  of  conversation,  and 
all  (lay  long  and  till  late  into  the  night  excited  knots 
of  men  hung  about  the  plaza  and  the  street  corners 
predicting  some  dreadful  catastrophe.  They  were 
faithful  children,  these  poor  Mexicans,  of  a  church 
the  tenets  of  which  to  them  consisted  simply  in  their 
outward  manifestation,  while  they  gratefully  remem- 
bcied  that  its  ministers  had  ever  stood,  or  endeavored 
to  stand,  between  them  and  the  tyranny  and  greed 
of  their  lay  masters.  Of  this  the  partisans  of  the 
prelate  failed  not  to  remind  them.  If  an  occasional 
sk('])tic  hinted  at  episcopal  missteps,  the  faithful  ex- 
])i('ssed  themselves  as  only  too  willing  to  give  their 
all  fur  his  ransom.  They  could  not  bear  to  see  the 
re[)resentative  of  heaven  driven  forth  like  a  criminal. 
To  many  it  seemed  an  overwhelming  calamity,  and 
im|)rt'ssed  by  the  popular  disquietude  others  readily 
(hifted  into  the  current  of  excitement  which  at  any 
moment  might  develop  into  a  storm. 


OVERTHROW  OF  CELVES. 

At  ciijlit  o'clock  on  the  morninof  of  the  loth  tlio 
jjrcat  square  was  {"uU  of  excited  people.  Cristohal  do 
Osorio,  regarded  as  one  of  the  chief  oppressors  of  tlio 
archhishop,  passed  through  it  in  his  carriage  and  was 
recognized  by  some  boys.  Cries  of  "heretic,''  "cx- 
coiiiinunicated  dog,"  and  the  like  came  lustily  from 
their  throats  until  Osorio,  losing  his  temper,  ordered 
his  servants  to  chastise  them.  The  boys  defencK*! 
tliemselves  with  stones,  and  at  length  forced  the 
coachman  to  drive  toward  the  palace  for  protection.' 
The  viceroy,  who  was  still  in  his  bed,  received  a 
probablvexaogerated  account  of  the  attack  and  ordered 
out  the  guarci  to  the  rescue.  Though  roughl}'  handled 
at  first,  the  l)oys  were  soon  reiinforced  by  others  and 
at  length  joined  by  many  of  the  idle  men  who  Hocked 
to  the  spot.  Armed  with  sharp  fragments  of  stoiio 
gathered  from  the  spot  where  the  cathedi'al  was 
a-building,  they  soon  forced  the  guard  to  retire  within 
the  palace  gates,  against  which  the  mob,  which  had 
now  assumed  formidable  proportions,  threw  itseU", 
(jlelv'cs  with  cliaracterisLie  valor  would  have  sallied 
forth  sword  in  hand,  but  from  such  a  rash  proceediii!^' 
h{^  was  dissuaded  by  Admiral  Cevallos  and  others 
\\\\o  Iiappened  to  be  with  him.  He  contented  himself 
therel'oi'e  with  order'inLT  the  o'oneral  call  to  arriis  to  l»o 
sounded  fi'om  tlie  ])alace  roof,  aiui  displaying  iVom  a 
window  tlie  itendant  used  diirini;  the  nejiTo  trouble  in 
K!  1  '1.  The  call  of  the  trumpet  served  first  to  sunnnon 
aid  to  tlie  rabble,  and,  amidst  the  encouraging  cries  nf' 
his  fellows,  one  of  tlu  crowd  mounted  a  lad.  er  and 
tore  down  the  flag,  which  soon  waved  in  trium  di  iVoiii 
one  of  the  cathech-al  towers.  ]]ut  the  rioters  h  <i  little 
time  in  idle  demonstrations.  8(  n:..  li'ded  the  nsel\  s 
in  an  attempt  to  fire  the  palace  ,^ate,  others  sought  to 


'  The  iuithor  >ii  the  Ihlcr'ion  Srmaria  sjiys  tliat  the  lioys  were  iir;^a'(l  on  l^v 
n  piiest.  Mix.,  Hi  I.  Srni.,  H.  This  was  tlio  theory  of  tlie  ciiiisca  of  tlic  tiiiiH, It 
whieli  (ielves  iiliil  his  friends  endeavored  to  hnve  ado|jted,  and  althonuh  l(il<  i' 
ehryynii'ii  witnesses  unanimously  eonlradieted  this,  J)oi:  Jli-^t.  Mix.,  sinne  ii. 
toni.  ii,  '275-;!4."),  tlure  ean  lie  no  doulit  tliat  Mie  see\ihir  clergy  was  '  ■)  u  gn;it 
extent  respuusiljle  fur  the  acts  of  the  mob  ou    his  day. 


a 


free  tlic 
'•\'iva  Ii 
iiifstro 
lierege  c 
jKijiulace 

jiesed, 
UllK'SS  t 

imprison 
lint  only 
tlir  gent 
The  si 
of  arms  ' 
|i;dace,  ai 
peiied  th; 
ill  tlie  pr( 
ji>liop,  w 
lliolis   of 
(irbes  t( 
(iiid"d  l)y 
at  length 
was  still 
The  decr( 
mission  t 
palnee  sli( 
I'aitli  in  tl 
iVei'dom    ■ 
iilease  of 

tllelll.       G 

pi'isnaded 
eiit  the  til 
suad'Al  a 
iaction  in 

Sell'^llt   to 

iters;  anc 

CMiitineme 

This  lu 

Mll!;or  tlui 

■  \iue  lo  h 
"  L'iiviriu  e 


in 


RIOTOUS  PROCEEDINGS. 


61 


tluis 

lisclf 

to   ItO 

om  ;l 

)Ui  ill 

niioii 

CS  lit' 

■    Mini 

IVdlll 

littliJ 

.■l\    S 

lit      IM 

fivi'  flic  prisoners  in  the  jail,  all  slioiitinj^  tlie  \vliile: 
'•\'iva  la  fe  dt  Jesncristo;  viva  la  Iglesia;  viva  el  rey 
iiii'stro  scnor,  y  naiera  el  mal  goMorno  <le  esto  Interano 
111  iv^e  desconiulr,ado!"  The  bravado  of  the  untrained 
jKijiulace  growrt  more  demonstrative  the  less  it  is  op- 
post  d,  and  presently  the  rioters  bei^an  to  cry  that, 
uiilfss  their  pastor"  were  restored  to  his  flock  and  the 
imprisoned  oidorcs  liberated,  they  would  ]ui^  ^m  end 
]i()t  only  to  all  in  the  palace  but  to  the  tribunals  and 
the  Ljentr}'  as  well. 

Tlie  situation  was  becomincr  serious,  for  the  supply 
of  inins  was  small  even  for  the  few  defenders  of  the 
palace,  and  the  tire  at  the  gates  grew  hot.  It  liap- 
pciifd  that  the  oidor  Cisneros,  who  had  not  taken  part 
ill  the  proceed:ings  which  led  to  the  arrest  of  the  arch- 
Mshop,  was  among  the  first  to  obey  the  general  suni- 
iiKnis  of  the  viceroy.  He  now,  kneeling,  besought 
(lebcs  to  recall  the  prelate,  and  in  this  ho  was  sec- 
din  l"d  by  other  prominent  persons.  To  this  Gelves 
nt  Kngth  gave  consent,  albeit  agaiiist  his  will,  for  he 
was  still  inclined  to  ofter  a  stout  resistance  to  rebels. 
The  decree  which  he  simied  was  intrusted  for  trans- 
mission  to  the  senior  inquisitor,  who  as  he  left  the 
lialace  showed  it  to  the  crowd  But  the  mob  had  no 
fairli  in  the  viceroy,  and  notwithstniui'iig  the  general 
frt'((l(Mn  promised  them  they  clamoreci  still  for  tlio 
n  Itase  of  the  oidorcs  and  the  i^-sue  of  the  decree  bv 
thrill.  Gelves  had  to  yield,  and  now  the  m(jb  was 
p(isua<led  by  the  popular  marques  del  Valle  to  |)ut 
nut  the  tire  at  the  gates,  wliile  some  Franciscans  ])er- 
Miatlcd  a  large  number  to  depart  from  the  spot.'*  One 
I'aition  in  movini;  away  amid  exultant  demonstrations, 
nought  to  obtain  the  pendon  de  la  fe  from  the  inquis- 
itors; and  ballaxl  in  this  they  tc.k  Varaez  from  his 
coiitinemeiit  and  carried  him  round  in  triunq)h. 

This  lull  by  no  means  suited  certain  jiarties;  and  a 
niiiior  that  the  archbishop  was  to  be  executed  assisted 

■  '(Juo  lo  lin1)inn  (lostenado  por  (luf^iisor  dc  su  Iglesia.'  /(/.,  .313, 
''Ciuviriii  claims  ciiilit  lor  huviug  aiiluil  in  tliia  dispuiMiou. 


r 


'I'l  ^ 


62 


OVEETPIROW  OF  GELVES. 


to  draw  the  rabble  again  to  the  plaza.  A  number  now 
raised  the  cry  to  break  open  tlio  pri.sohs  in  one  end  of 
the  palace,  partly  with  a  view  to  plunder  the  building'. 
The  lower  jail  was  easily  entered,  but  not  so  the  ujtpir 
and  main  ])orti()n,  whereupon  torches  were  applied.* 
lleentbrc(Ml  with  arms  and  annnunition  the  viceroy 
opened  fire  on  the  assailants,  killing  quite  a  nundxr. 
This  naturally  exasperated  the  crowd,  which,  arnird 
with  anpiebuses,  bi'oke  into  the  archiepiscopal  palace, 
ascended  to  the  roof,  and  be^an  to  return  the  lire  linm 
the  viceregal  palace.  Gelves  now  found  himself  in 
greater  strait  than  ever,  for  the  mob  was  incrcasiiii^' 
l)()th  in  number  and  fury,  and  the  fire  extended  ra])i(lly. 
Finding  it  necessary  to  release  the  prisoners  lest  tiny 
be  burned  alive,  he  opened  tlie  cell-doors  on  condition 
that  the  imnatcs  should  assist  in  quenching  the  llauKs/ 
but  most  of  them  hastened  to  join  the  mob. 

]\[eanwhilc  the  oidores  had  done  nothing  beyond 
issuing  tame  appeals  for  order  and  urging  upon  tlio 
viceroy  not  to  persist  in  opposing  the  people  l)iit 
ratiier  to  retire,"  a  not  very  easy  task,  liad  lie  so 
desired.  In  response  to  their  appeals  the  peojdi; 
shouted  that  they  should  assume  control  and  remain 
in  the  city  hall.'  Only  too  eaijer  to  comply  with  ^ 
flatteihvj;  a  demand,  the  oidores  turned  for  advice  t 
ofHcials  antl  notables  present,  not  omitting  the  clergy, 
whoso  fears  prompted  but  the  one  counsel  of  comiili- 
nuvo;  and  so,  alter  much  pretended  liesitation,  tiny 
yielded,  in  t<dcen  of  which  the  city  standard  wns  un- 
furled at  5  r.  M.  At  the  same  time  Ga\iria  [)roclaini('(l 
hims(df  captain-general,  and  set  forth  to  sununon  citi- 
zens to  join  him  in  suppressing  the  riot,    lie  took  the 

*Tlin  viciToy's  snppnrt:^vs  stiito  tlmt  jiowdcr  .nlonc  wnR  used,  vliilo  o]i]iii- 
nf!)t.s  (li'clnre  Ui;it  iimic  tlian  100  persons  woio  killcil,  ami  Ca\o  in'ccpts  tlie 
liittiT  vi't'sidii.    'J'r(  ,t  S'kj/os,  i.  '211. 

^'J'liis  ai't  lie  (luscribus  ius  prniiipted  piu'elj'  ))v  coinmiacration,  J/i.i'.,  7.''. 
Srw.,   10. 

'^  "Td  Miirn'iulcr  liiiii.'ielf  a  ])risniK'i'  to  tticni.   lit, 

'  '.\  IddoH  Ids  (lidoics  li;diian  dc  atidiar  y  7iiatar,  y  (\\w  lialiiaii  dc  pcii  •  >  r 
ei  dijaliaii  dc  loiii.ir  al  goliicnio.'  Carta  dt  la  Cittdud,  in  JJoc.  Jlist.  M'  •■, 
sOrio  ii.  toiii.  iii.  144. 


SO 
0 


f 


Cf 


divcetlo 
!'(irci'  () 
inti'iidii 
All  t 
tlicii"  o\\ 
(.■lire  on 
Iiall.  G 
trouble,^ 
jiiii'pose 

the    b(.'n 
was  all 
Viiy  and 
lia(dc,  wit 
tliat  it  w 
and   wan 
(iclvos  1 
tlio  garm 
spe('ta(dc.' 
with  the 
t lien  I  aga 
iqiiiii  huri 
Jiinlll  Ixdii 
His  dej 
diiiinK'iit 
rail.  phuK 
y\\'\\  the 
They  also 
viceregal  ; 
;ii4'aiiist  ot 
liaps  agaii 
liiit  (iavii 
\vli(d;ning 
l»ceii  his  1 
ly  coimtei 
iiidaii'^x-r 
tliLivtoiv, 

''^>>\W  of  ti 

^■■'lii..-i-i',la.   ,1/ 
"With  awl 


A  DAY  OF  TURMOIL. 


C3 


)cr  now 
end  (if 
illdiii'^', 
2  ii]i|)('r 
[)]ili((l.* 
vicei'ny 

UUllxT, 

arm  I'd 
palucc, 

VV  I'l'nlU 

iisolf  ill 
ircasiii!,' 
i'aj)l(llv. 
!St  tliry 
)ii(litioii 
llauirs,' 

beyond 
poll  the 
pie  l)ut 
I  lie  so 
peoMo 
■eiiiaiu 
itli  so 
xiee  to 
k'l'uV, 

oniji'' 
\,  thrv 
as  1111- 
iaiuicd 
OH  el 
)ok  ilie 


r('pt.>   the 


(■   pel' 


diroction  of  Tlatclulco,  witli  a  view  to  meet  the  laro-o 
joi'ce  of  Indians  who  were  said  to  be  gathering  there 
iiitiiuhng  to  marcli  to  the  main  square. 

All  this  time  the  rabble  at  the  j)ala(.'e  M'cre  having 
their  own  way,  with  little  or  no  attempt  at  interfer- 
(.1100  on  the  part  of  the  oidorcs  remaining  at  the  city 
liall.  Gelves  even  charges  them  with  ])romoting  the 
trouble,^  and  intimatef^.  that  Gaviria  kept  away  on 
iiui'pose,  so  that  he  might  be  dri\en  to  extremes  for 
tlif  benefit  of  Gaviria's  party.  Part  of  the  palace 
was  already  in  the  hands  of  the  saekers,  and  the  vieo- 
vov  and  his  adherents  were  beaten  further  and  further 
hack,  with  loss  both  in  dead  and  wounded.  ]''iiiding 
that  it  would  not  be  possible  to  hold  out  much  longer, 
and  warned  by  the  insensate  outcry  against  him, 
(alves  resok'!"d  to  seek  safety  in  flight.  He  donned 
the  garments  A  a  servant,^  took  off  his  Avell  known 
siii^etacles,  and  tavored  by  the  darkness  he  mingled 
with  the  mob,  shouting  awhile  as  lustily  as  any  of 
tlieiii  again.st  himself  With  two  servants  he  there- 
upon hurried  to  San  Francisco  convent,  and  hid  in  a 
luDiu  behind  the  refectory. 

His  departure  gave  the  signal  for  a  general  aban- 
diiiiiiK'nt  of  the  palace,  which  the  rioters  now  over- 
ran, })hmdering  and  destroying,  and  respecting  not 
(Veil  the  sacred  vessels  and  imaijes  in  the  clianel. 
They  also  sacked  the  houses  of  Armenteros  ami  the 
viet  regal  ascsor,  and  would  have  extended  their  raid 
against  other  adherents  of  the  op])osite  party,  per- 
liaps  against  any  one  whom  it  might  j)ay  to  ])hmder; 
hill  (Javiria  now  returned  at  the  head  of  an  o\'er- 
\vh(d;iiiiig  force  of  citizens.  Whatevi'r  may  have 
hceii  liis  motives  they  could  no  longer  be  promoted 
hy  ((luntenancing  the  riot,  which  now  threatened  to 
'iidaiigcr  the  cejumon  interest.  It  was  not  long, 
ilieielbre,  eie  he  had  cleared  the  palace  and  its  neigh- 

■'Siiiiir  of  tlit'ir  people  wore  antiuilly  led  against  tlie  viceroy  uiukr  Regidor 
V„1ii„'imm1:i.   Mr.,;,  l!,l.  Srni.,  10. 

"^^'itll  a  white  hand  on  the  liat.  Cavo,  Trcn  Siylun,  i.  '27-1. 


04 


OVERTHROW  OF  GELVES. 


ti:  : 


n-; 


borliood  of  all  dangerous  persons;  the  fire  was  extin- 
guislied,  the  wounded  received  due  care,  and  patrols 
paraded  the  streets  all  night,  keeping  guard  and 
maintaining  l)onfires  at  the  corners. 

Few,  however,  of  those  concerned  in  that  day's  tur- 
moil thought  of  returninix  home,  for  another  excite- 
ment  of  a  more  peaceful  nature  was  in  store.  During 
the  day  the  marques  del  Valle,  and  the  bearers  of  t  lie 
audiencia  order,  had  come  up  with  the  archiepiscojial 
party,  and  urged  upon  the  prelate  to  return  at  once 
and  aid  in  calming  the  peoj)le.  He  set  out  at  3  p.  :\r., 
escorted  by  a  crowd,  which  greatly  swelled  as  lie 
advanced.  At  Guadalupe  he  was  met  by  a  proces- 
sion of  Indians  with  blazing  torches,  the  advance 
guard  of  many  others,  and  the  entry  into  the  capital 
about  midnight  resembled  that  of  a  victorious  mon- 
arch. The  houses  were  illuminated,  the  bells  pealid 
merrily,  and  cheering  crowds  lined  the  street,^''  iiii- 
ju'essed  more  than  ever  by  the  grandeur  and  po\V(  v 
of  the  church.  In  the  morning  the  prelate  removed 
tlie  interdict,  and  then,  borne  aloft  to  the  altar  over 
the  heads  of  the  crowds,  ho  held  mass  and  chanted  tlio 
tc  deum,  the  rest  of  the  day,  a  Tuesday,  being  held 
as  a  feast.  The  dead  rioters  he  buried  free  of  cost, 
showing  them  particular  honor,  but  the  fallen  defend- 
ers of  the  palace  he  disregarded." 

The  same  day  the  audiencia  took  steps  to  plant 
tliemselves  firmly  in  power,  and  rumor  being  brought 
by  their  zealous  henchmen  that  the  people  were  again 
showing  uneasiness  at  the  possible  restoration  of 
(ie]v(>s,  t\\oy  seized  this  as  a  pretext  for  issuing  .1 
])rociamation  to  the  effect  that  they  would  retain  the 
government.  In  this  d<)cunient  were  cited  the  views 
and  wishes  of  judges,  clergymen,  and  citizens  of  dif- 

'"  They  wonld  not  depart  from  the  piilaco  till  he  came  forth  on  the  hnh'oiiy 
to  >iivi' his  l)lossiiiijf.     Crowds  ic'iiliiccil  orowils.     '  Triii;ui  nms  di-  (^uiiii.  iitiij 
lijiLlia.s  oiH'oudidus.'  JJuc.  JJist.  Jh.c.,  serio  ii.  toiii.  ii.  'JS-i-r),  '2[)l,  "J'JIi;  !<' 
ill.  l.")()-l,  etc. 

"  /'/.,  m.     Captain  Volasco  was  a' 


first  declared  a  luTctic,  hut  a  liaiul- 


lime  fee  iiidiieed  llie  eler<^v  to  bury  him. 


.)/. 


j;,/.  s, 


11.     The  oiduas 


received  the  iurniul  tliaaks  of  the  j^)rclato  for  tlieir  action. 


feiviit  ( 
(il'dd'cd 
inaiiitaii 
(oyer,  an 
tiny    jia 

inlliied 

;dry   froi 

Legas])i. 

ei'calcd  1 

hundrod 

duty,  til. 

A    nun 

g"\"iriinK 

iliehida,  a 

He  and  1] 

liaiiiuTs    ■ 

caiTving  f 

lii'nad   fril 

linldcS.         [ 

to  tlioir  1 
^'■i/.ed.  nui 

Ill's  seei'et 

ei  lilt, allied 

t'l  Hii'i'oasc 

:"4''  iio.stili' 

iiH  a.-  iircs  V 

it  l^r   thei 

lieaiiiin-  an 

Meiv  I'ccalj 

stilled    to 

v.'irtliy  offi 

"I  till.'  now 

''n(\;i)'a,,  g 

"I  til,..  arcL 


'  T!,is  Ii'vy  a 

t:i'   v^.,,|  ,,l  llicgt; 
'''■■  !■''.     I'onsee: 

A'-/,  //,„.,,  V. ;{.-) 

"'i'l.  this  en, 1 
llisr.  M 


1'  tT 


PUBLIC  FEELING. 


65 


10 


im- 


plant 
rouu'lit 

ion  of 
uinu:  A 
[tin  the 

of  (lit- 

"Hic  Iwlroiiy 

liuiiii>  utiij 
r-J'J(i;  ^"'m 


feiviit  degrees.     All  the  provinces  were   notified  and 

(Hill  it'd    to  obey  the   new  rulers.     The  demand  for 

iiiaiiitaininiif    order    a|)peared   to   call   for  a   standing 

j'lHvc,  and  since  this  would  strengthen  their  position, 

tin  \    liastened    to   mass  arms    and    enroll   men,  and 

Inn  I  led  several  companies,  including  a  corps  of  cav- 

;ili\    ri'oni  among  the    encoinenderos   under  Captain 

Lr^aspi.     Contador  Juan  de  Cervantes  Casaus  was 

Livati'd  maestro  de  canipo.     Three  companies  of  one 

liu)i(hod  men  each  were  regularly  assigned  for  guard 

duty,  their  pay  being  taken  from  the  drainage  fund." 

A   luunber  of  these  were  detailed  to  protect  the 

l>(»V(iiunent  house  and  enforce  the  behests  of  the  au- 

diiiicia,  and  another  body  attended  Gaviria  as  escort. 

Ur  and  his  associates  moved  about  with  great  pomp; 

liaiiiKis   were  lowered  as  they  passed,   and  besides 

cairxiiKj:  stalls  and  other  insiii'iiia  thev  adopted  the 

liioad   frilled  collar  hitherto  restricted  to  the  higher 

liiililrs.     The  royal  seal  was  brought  fr(.)m  the  palace 

ti)  their  hall,   and  the  papers  of  the   viceroy  were 

sri/((h  many  of  them  being  freely  ventilated,  notably 

liis  srci'et  report  on  the  character  of  the  officials.     It 

(niitaiucd  rctlections  far  from  flattering,  and  served 

til  iiKicase  the  animosity  against  him,  and  to  encour- 

;im'  iiostility.     Indeed  a  number  of  his  most  excellent 

ima.nies  were  annulled,  wherever  the  oidores  thought 

it  ti'i'  their  interest   to  do   so.     The   restriction   on 

I  liwuiiig  arms  was  removed,  persons  exiled  for  crimes 

1  wci'o  recalled,   ])risoners   released,  and  a]iostates   re- 

stdivd   to    their  orders.     Further    than    this,    many 

v.nithv  othcials  had  to  vicld  their  iiosts  to  adherents 

iif  the  new  party,  and  among  them  l^edro  Velez  de 

tiiU'vara,  governor  of  San  Juan  de  Ulun,  who  was 

iv]ilac('d  by  Francisco  ]3ravo  de  la  Serna,  a  iK'))hew 

itf  thu  archbishop.'^     Pedro  de  la  Gorreta,  governor 

'■'Tliis  levy  .inidiintcil  to  04,000  yvsos  a   \x\ir.     Artillery  was  jil/icod  mi 
the  vi  lot  <il  the  govcniURiiit  lioiise  jiiiii  .luiilile  )«ass-woftls  Mere  at  lirst  iv(|iiii'i(l. 
/''.,  I;;,     ronsiia  .states  thai  uicivIn  ;{!),,S."Ci  [)t>sos  were  taki  u  fioiii  the  tiuiil. 
[y/M  lliir.,  V.  .T.!!. 

"Tn  tlii.s  eiiil  lie  Mas  liist  iiiaile  eorregi'lur  of  Xcw  \'era  Cruz,  aiul  as  .soou 
llisr.  ilKx.,  VuL.  III.    S 


m 


m 


i 


5;  I    >:■ 


4  *!( 


n 


'■11 


1  r 


CO 


OVEETIir.OW  OF  GELVES. 


of  Acapulco,  (Iccliiiccl  to  surrcrxlcr  liis  post  to  flic 
relative  v)t  i  *aviiia,  ^vlK)  had  been  appointed  to  roceivo 
it.  Tlio  pui)]ic  feeling  against  the  viceroy  was  main- 
tained ])}•  lil)ell()iis  notices  and  abusive  songs;  and 
although  printei's  were  not  as  a  rule  permitted  tn 
issue  them,  no  restriction  was  placed  on  public  dc- 
liver.y." 

Tliese  proceedings  received  encouragement  fi-om  tlie 
effort  of  the  viceroy  to  keep  secret  his  hiding-plate, 
ev(  u  from  the  oidores.  They  ferreted  it,  howexci', 
and  placed  a  guard  round  the  convent,  ostensibly  tur 
his  j)Votection,  but  really  to  keep  him  ])risoner.  'J'Ikv 
also  took  precautions  to  restrict  visits  by  allow  in;^' 
none  to  enter  save  wilh  their  permission.^''  ]\rany  of 
tiiose  who  came  as  visit()rs  or  servants  were  subji'ck-i! 
to  the  indignity  of  search,  and  the  viceroy's  secr-etai'v 
was  contined  elsewhere  so  as  to  be  unable  to  comiiiu- 
nieate  with  him. 

Notwithstanding  tlio  secrecy  concerning  his  abode 
the  viceroy  had  not  i'ailed  i'rom  the  lii'st  to  let  it  lie 
known  tliat  lie'  was  still  among  the  living.  On  tlio 
\rv\  evening  (.f  his  tlight  he  had  sununoned  ]n(|ui- 
silor  Juan  Gutieinz  Flores^*^  and  Fray  Juan  de  l^nr- 
niendi,  guai'dian  of  Hk;  <"onvent,  and  connnissioim; 
them  to  Iroat  wilh  the  audicncia  for  his  restoration  In 
powi'r,  and  for  a  meeling  between  them.  'Jlicy  naM 
also  secure  his  papers.  Wliilc  considering  tlienis(  Ives 
tirmly  enough  established  to  follow  Hieii-  i/'iit,  iln' 
oidores   nevertheless   thought   it   necessary   i<>  eall  a 


ns  till'  fleet  for  Spain  Iiad  snileil  lie  nssumel  coiniiinii(l.  Guevara  ii* 
I'et'iisi'il  til  yield,  liiit  eertiiiii  ]iroinises  ■,ire\iiilo(l  iqiou  liiiii.  Tlie  iilcalde  ii 
lievc  iiiaiiitaiiu  il  Iniuself  in  his  oliice,  liowcver,  Ijy  cuimiiaiid  df  '/elves.  (^ 
b'tld.   Tiiiiniltv.     .MS.,  17. 

"  J'lvoii  liuys  sang  couplets  on  the  sti-eets,  one  of  which  ran: 

'  Ahora  vivanuis  cii  miCBtrii  Ivy, 
IJue  nil  liiiy  viny.' 

The  nrchhisliop  allowed  an  almsive  attaclc  on  the  viceroy  to  )ic  printi 
one  (  ristolial  lliii/. 

■'•y  que  niatasiai  al  virey,  si  instase  de  licho  (>ii  i-ii  sahda.'  7)(.<-. 
^f| .1..  Serin  ii.  toni.  iii.  !)7.     'I'lio  vieeioy's  detendets  point  out  that  the  ;il 
of  a  lew  g  lardx  at  Varaez'  asyhun  had  laised  a  tenihlo  outcry,  hut  nun 
jected  to  the  ]ileseiit  \  iolatioii. 

''■  Also  ^isitudor  of  I'eru.   Giuinhila,  'J'liinulloH,  MS.,  \o. 


,1  I.) 
// 


niicdng 

filled   IK 

Ml     UllJIO 

1m'  igiiit(. 

estates  o 

t crests  a 

tlif  inarr 

(dijiction 

I'rtaiii  CO 

vailed   ill 

The  nioix 

ScK'es. 

niid  liis  c( 

deposed,  ] 

tiially  adi 

Vu^l'rV    tl 

Viill  (leiiia 
ernnieiit  ■ 
laiglit  con 
visahle  foi 
l';ip<  rs  wa 
iiients  nor 
<  >ii  voov 
;i  \  ie'.v  of 
i'"i'  I'^jiain  !• 
liiaiii   after 

;ils()    lleceS!; 

Viitli  1 1  is  se 
"ider  to  pi 
'i'dh  liiiii. 
'  f  liiiiiself  i 

'        \ie('rov 

'■  Mdeiiciij 

"  iijd  not  b 

'ill'.;,  it  wa? 

I'l    <!l|e    lopi 
I    •;-    eailSL'd 

"'   Ills  own 
'■i.aiiged  thi. 


^r 


rrOCEEDIXGS  OF  THE  VICEROY. 


o  tlio 
oceivi! 
inaiii- 
r,  and 
:,cd  to 
lie  ik- 

•)1T\  tllC 

-place, 
wevcr, 
l.lv  Inr 

Tli.'v 

lowiliu' 
.any  I't 
l)jccti'(! 
cretarv 
?()mia'i- 


s  abode 
et  it  1h' 

On  ill' 
]n(|iii- 

ssioiu'd 
itioii  to 

^y  HUM 
liiisi  'Vi- 
nt, ilii' 
,    ,■,•.11  a 


I'CS.     '" 


nt.a  I'V 
lie  itlariii: 

It   IIOIK'  Ji- 


67 


111' ((in;:,^  of  Icadinj:''  men  to  give  tlioni  support.  Tlicy 
j'aiird  not  to  nian'iiilV  the  danLjer  of  restorinL,^  to  pdwei* 
s(i  iiiijtopular  a  vieoroy.  A  civil  war  Fiiiglit  tliciL'^y 
111'  ignited  wliicli  would  not  only  imperil  the  lives  and 
estates  of  every  Spaniard  in  New  Spain,  but  the  in- 
tL vests  and  authority  of  the  crown  itscdf.  Altliouuli 
the  marque's  del  Valle  among  others  made;  sonu^  Idunt 
(thicctions  to  these  Uianifest  eflbrts  of  the  oidorcs  to 

it 

retain  control,  yet  their  inlluence  and  arguments  prc- 
v.iilrd  in  obtaining  a  very  respectable  endorse'Uient. 
Tlio  more  prudent  refrained  from  committing  tlicm- 
silves.  Thus  strengtliened  in  tlieir  jiosition,  ( !a\iri;i 
and  his  colleagues  replit-d  to  Oelves  that  he  liad  ])eeii 
deposed,  not  by  them  but  by  the  people,  and  liad  vir- 
tiialiy  athnitted  tlie  removal  by  abandoning  his  post. 
Viider  the  circumstances  the  law  and  the  ]»opidar 
will  demanded  that  they  should  administer  the  gov- 
ermiieiit  till  the  king  decided  in  the  mattcM".  Ho 
iiiiulit  confer  with  any  oidor,  but  it  would  not  b(>  ad- 
visaMt,'  for  them  to  meet  him  as  a  body.  His  pri\.ite 
]  1,1 1  His  would  be  surrendered,  but  not  oflicial  doeu- 
iiieiits  ]u)r  his  estate. 

Oil  receiving  this  answer  the  viceroj^,  partly  with 
a  vii  w  of  sounding  his  opponents,  proposed  to  leave 
I'T  Spain  sinoo  it  was  not  projier  that  he  should  re- 
iiiain  after  i>eing  deprived  of  his  jiosition.  It  was 
;ilso  necessary  iiiat  he  should  be  allowed  to  consult 
with  Ids  secretary,  his  coiilV'ssor,  and  otlier  jxM'sons.  in 
"idri-  to  }ir(.'pare  the  report  whicdi  the  king  ixpe<'ted 
ii'uii  Idni.  Moreover  he  need»Ml  fVuKis**  for  th(!  su|)p(irt 
't  Iniiisclf  and  followers.    T"  this  camo  tlie  I't  idvthat 


\i<-eroy  could  not  be  pernuttecJ  t<'»  k'ave  bcf  tii'  h 


IS 


M.I'iK'ia    was 


tal. 


en. 


>ititt. 


roshlcnria   ui    rin^   case 


'U 


d  not  be  taki.'n  excejit   Uy  special  ordci    IVoin   the 


Ml'.:,  it  was  urged,  since  tlu'  otlicc   had  not  been 


lett 


I'l  '''ii'  form,  and  bonds  would  be  given  if  re(|uire.d. 
11'!-  laiised  the  audiencia  to  yitdd  and  offer  a  ve-sd, 
n    expense    howevei'.      Shortly    alter    lliey 
[laid  ut)  attentiuii  to  jiroposals 


'•!iaii'''e( 


OW 

Ith 


eu'  mint 


I  and 


OS 


OVETITIIROW  OF  OELVES. 


.';•  :t 


lu<: 


i'or  liis  (l('pnrtur(\'''  It  was  tlicreupon  ag^rccd  that  d 
i'rw  assistants  would  bo  given  to  proparc  desjiatelKs. 
and  c'l-rtain  nit-aiis  lor  expenses,  but  no  officials  couM 
1)1'  allowed  to  act  tor  him  as  inessenijfors  to  8[)ai!i.'" 
'^IMie  notaries,  ]io\\'over,  and  other  otHcials  neeessiiiv 
lor  tj;ivin<i^  lorinality  to  the  viceregal  documents  Wdv 
either  withheld  or  delayed,  so  that  negotiations  brokr 
off  for  some  days,  and  more  than  one  opportunity  Wiis 
thus  purposely  lost  to  delves  for  sending  reports  tn 
the  cotU't. 

On  Fcbi'uary  7tli  the  viceroy  sent  a  formal  protest 
to  the  audiencia.  He  had  learned  of  their  mniiy 
pi'oclamations  and  ac;ts  tending  to  rouse  the  peoplr. 
and  bring  into  contempt  the  ro3'al  authf)rity  veslcil 
ill  him.  They  had  nsuiped  the  government,  riskcl 
its  subversion,  and  prin'ented  him  fi't)ni  fulfilling  the 
obligations  of  his  oftico.  'J'hej-e  could  be  only  ein 
liead  of  government,  and  he,  as  that  royall}'  ap[)oint(i| 
head,  now  re(|uired  the  oidores  to  obey  him  as  \iii- 
regeiit,  governoi',  captain-general,  and  president,  it- 
store  him  to  office,  and  jtiotect  his  person  with  lln; 
force  enrolled,  under  penalty  of  being  declared  reb(  h, 
together  with  their  supporters,  a  penalty  involving 
death  and  confiscation. 

In  the  expectation  of  such  notices  it  is  not  t" 
be  wondei'ed  at  tliat  visitors  to  the  cc^ivent  wciv 
searched.  The  audiencia  did  not  fail  to  express  dis.i])- 
proval  of  the  extreme  language  used,  and  regret  tliiit 
th(>  In(|uisitor  should  have  undertaken  to  carry  ir, 
This  otHcial  was  henceforth  forbidden  entrance  iiitn 
the  convent.  After  two  days  of  deliberation  tin' 
oidores  replied  in  e((ually  formal  manner,  in  the  kiiiu^ 


i! 


t 


)i 


Wlliell     g 
(■;ill--ed    li 
illg    I'oVa 
\i  litili^  ^ 
I'ultinillg 
iiiid  illtel 
,-ill(l  elsew 
should    ] 
(11(1  he  h; 
lidei'es. 
the   peop 
;iccl;iliiati( 
ti)  assuiiK 
iiiiii.      J  ri 

riti/ellS  gl 

this  ])owe 
lii;!!'(juis  t( 
ruiiistance 
In  desist,  1 
;iiiy  troubl 
iiut'iice. 
audii'iicia.^ 
Without 
r'mild  mere 
that  lie  wo 
\(t  lie  obj 
as  teiidlnn" 
proi'lamati' 
inn'  them  ; 
inaintain  c 
Inval  acts=' 


name,  addressuiix 


Gel 


ves  as  marciuis 


and 


ex-vicei'(iv. 


They   recapitulated  the  different  acts    of  despotic 


111 


w 


'"  '  Toiiioiido  (lisimost.'i  mi  Jornada  y  cml)arcaei(iii,  ia  iiniiidicron  roiiiin  n.i 
vdlitntnd.'    ( Jclves' rc|nvs('iitiiti()n  uf  S[']itciii1)er  1,  1024,  ii:  /he.  IHsf.    "' 
mTii' ii.  tcun.  iii.  1!I7.     Sue  also  /(/.,  '(.Vii.     lie   iiiij.;'lit   <'l!.'nigc   liis  jilih  ■    ■: 
ulmdc  within  Xcw  S]iaiii.    M<.r..  J,'if.  Srm.,  14. 

'"It  was  iTsdlvfd  liy  tliu  oidorua  to  treat  all  inattevs  with  the  vic<  iiiv  ia 
coiiiKJl  and  in  wiitin''. 


ATTITUDE  OF  TITK  AUTHORITIES. 


00 


v.liicli  <T;"avc  rise  to  tlic  popular  ('oiniuotion  tluit 
ciii-H'd  liim  to  abandon  llio  p.-ilace,  siidi  as  disohcv- 
iii^  I'oyal  orders;  witlidiaw  in;.;-  rii;lit  of  a])peal;  prr- 
vtiitin*^  tlio  audioncia  fi'oni  adniinistorinijf  justico  and 
I'liltilling  tlio  duties  of  their  otlic'e;  .sup])n'ssin,L,^  letters 
and  interfering  with  the  fi-et;  use  of  mails  to  the  court 
and  ilsewhere;  proelainiiiig  that  no  will  l>ut  his  own 
^lioiild  prevail,  even  in  spl'itual  n)atteis,  to  M'liieh 
I  lid  he  had  exiled  the  archhislioj)  and  iuiprisoned  the 
(idni'cs.  These  and  other  outrages  had  so  iri'itntcd 
llic  people  as  to  (;oni])(l  tlu'  audiencia,  hy  connnou 
Mtchiniation,  and  hy  eechdas  providing  lor  such  cases, 
til  assume  government  and  save  the  country  I'roni 
mill.  "J'ribiuials,  secular  and  ecclesiastic  bodies,  and 
liti/ciis  generally  had  further  retpiired  them  to  retain 
this  power  for  the  salety  of  all.  The  efforts  of  the 
iii;!i'(|uis  to  resume  his  late  ofHce  were,  under  the  cii-- 
iiiiiistanccs,  dangerous  to  peace,  and  he  was  ordered 
In  desist,  under  penalty  of  being  held  responsible  for 
;iny  trouble  and  disaster  that  might  arise  in  conse- 
i|Urin'e.  lie  was,  uioreover,  commanded  to  olxjy  the 
aildiciicia.^'' 

Without  the  power  to  enforce  his  demands  Gelvcs 
cniild  merely  contiinu^  to  issue  protests  while  declaring 
lliat  lie  wotdd  do  nothing  that  might  cause  disturbance. 
\(t  he  objected  to  certain  measures  of  the  audiencia 
astcn<hng  to  irritate  the  jieople  against  him,  and  sent 
]irni!nmations  to  municijialities  and  citizens  command- 
iiiL;'  tiiem  and  other  similar  bodies  in  New  S])aln  to 
iiialiitain  order  and  op|)ose  the  scandtdous  mid  t\\>- 
Inyal  acts-'^  to  \vhi(;h  the  despotic  and  inimical  conduct 

'■'This  (loi^iiimiit  WMs  si^'iu'd  liy  Liccnciadcj  Paz  <lc  Yallocillo,  soiiinr  fiiilnr 
ami  lu-inii;  iiii'siiUiit,  l)iict(ir  (iuMos  ilo  ^'ilk'llc■ia,  l.icciiciailo  IV'dro  i\c  \i\. 
M^ii'it  tl:i\iiia,  J.ift'iU'iaild  AIoiim)  \'as(|\u'z  ilc  Cisiicros,  ])()ftiir  Dit'j^o  dc  Avcn- 
iliirm,  the  (inly  dou  .iuiuiiLC  tlio  six,  and  Licciifiado  .luan  dc  Uiari'a.  ('(miiti'i- 
sisiind  liy  tliL'  i'suril):uii)  iiiay(j;'  (iodiiicz.  U'lie  ti'.xt  ut'  tliis  and  tlu;  ])roi'C(linL; 
rn'iitcst  aru  liivL'u  in  lull  in  Jh.v.,  J'lJ.  Snn.,  14-IS.  Tho  im^uisitijr  cini-id- 
triil  IIk'  tone  too  stniiiL',  and  doflincd  to  act  as  licaror. 

■"Tliis  evoked  fioni  tlie  local  antlioiities  at  .Mexico  uieivly  a  leclaration  of 
liiyalty  and  of  respect  for  the  'niari|ni.s.'  JJnc  ll'i.tt.  Me.i.,  seiio  ii.  toni.  iii.  1!M  - 
-"■'i.  I  or!c,uidoi  Avilii,  as  a  !lr.--t  c  nisin  to  (lelve.s.  Ma.-i  deha. 'nd  from  taKin.; 
1-at  in  I  lie  cuu.sidt'iatioii  of  tlifsu  and  later  uiuabayub  fioni  liis  kiusnuiu. 


I  r      /lit' 


ll 


.1. 


:o 


OVERTHROW  OF  CERVES, 


(  r  ilic  ;ni(li('n('iii  iiii^lit  </\\v  I'isc,  T\\\s  hody  issued  n 
counter  |)i-()cl;uuati()M  declariii!^  ({ehcs  to  he  iictuadd 
liy  malicious  niotivi's,  an<l  that  his  onlei-  was  intciHli  4 
chielly  to  (h'aw  attention  from  a  det'eatcd  plot  on  Hk 
])art  of  his  nejdiew,  Fraiu'isco  IMmentcl,  to  q'-itlur 
iorces  in  sujiport  of  the  uncle  while  jnvtendinn'  tn 
raise  them  tor  Acapulcc*.  IMmeiitel  had  heeii  arrested, 
and  all  local  authorities  were  (diai'^cd  to  aid  the  ;iu- 
dieiwda  in  su])j)i'essin^^  similar  attempts.-' 

^ieanwhile  cleri^'v,  oidoi'i'S,  and  heal  aulhoritir- 
(d'  ^lexico  had  comhined  to  iiather  e\idenc(i  a"'aiii>r 
the  \  iceroy,  and  in  su[)])ort  of  their  acts,  and  this 
e\  ideiice  together  with  t'xculpatoiy  letters  were  fur- 
warded  hy  the  fleet  under  ()(juendo  which  set  sail 
i'or  Sjtain  shortly  after  the  riot.  The  audiemla 
ajijiointed  for  this  mission  !l)octor  ]  Fernan  (  anlljn 
Altamirano,  legal  adviser  of  that  hody,  who  had  hr- 
coine  tin,' sworn  eneuiy  of  (Jelves  hecause  of  his  inhr- 
lerence  with  certain  of  the  doctor's  irregular  sourcrs 
(d'  income."  The  nuuiici|)ality  of  ]\lexieo  connni>- 
sioned  at  the  same  time;  C'ristobal  dv  ]\r(dina  ^■  l*i>a. 

I.' 

OIK'  of  the  regidoi'es  whom  delves  had  placed  undn 
aricst,  and  provided  him  with  letters  fi'oni  (Hil'eieii! 
sources,  and  tor  the  most  influential  otlicials  in  Spain. - 
In  the  representation  to  the  king  they  depictid 
(leK-es  as  a  tyramiical,  unscrupulous,  self-willed,  aiiil 
A  iideiit  man,  who  had  made  himstdf  so  generally  feared 
and  hated  r>y  all  good  citizens  as  finally  to  eonijiijl 
tliem  to  idse  in  self-deft^nce.'* 


'/-i'..  1S5-93.    Oclvcsi'l;; 


cl  tliat  lu!  liad  received  mnm'  (ifTers  to  iiid  lii 


J/<.r..  I!,  I.  S, 


lis  i)i)sitii)n,  l)ut  he  iirefeiTi 


1 
l.-i. 


imt  to  eiulaiigei-  jmljuc  j 


taken  away 
Ava.s  now  til 


I  ouec  heen  aii'aigned  for  iiuirder.     (Jelves  Iiad  piuiislied  iiiiii  iwA 
(iOO  pesos  of  unlawful  iiieoine  derived  liy  liiiu  frt)ni  Indians,     li' 


]itaiu 


ol  one  o 


f  th 


10  eoiiilianies  raisei 


ceived  lO.lKK)  I'esos  from  the  draiiiDtre  fiiin 


for  ii 


'Cavo  alludes  to  h 


I  liy  tl 
1  journey, 


10  new  rulers,  ami  ii- 


Il>. 


connni.ssioiied   as   procurator  geiu 


the  aUerez  r(.'al.    'J'n"  Si.jln.t,   i.  '27fl.     Hi' 


ll, 


d  carried   letter.s   to  a  iiuni 


leadini;  men,  sueli  a.s  C'ondc  de  Olivares,  juime- 


<  'oiide  de  M 


]irtsident  of  the  eouneil  of  Italy,  to  whose  father  ^Nlolino  had  lieen  seer 


Ollll  II  V, 

etai'V, 


tlie  ex-viceriiy  Monteselan 


:.f  tl 


10  council  of  state,  and  the 


(f  till'  India  council.     Tlie  ditlerent  texts  arc  given  in  l>oc.  Jl'tst.  Mvx. 


tiiiii.  111. 


t. 


'  As  a  judge  ho  had  been  cruel  and  unjust;  lie  luul  removed  and  apnoiiikil 


IlKFOUl';  Till':  COURT  OF  SPAIN. 


Tlio  ,'ir<-lil)isli<)|>  sliowcd  liiiiise'lf  no  loss  oiici'ijfotio 
ill  colk'c'tiiiL,^  iiiid  wonliiiL;  liis  ovideiicc,  in  which  ho 
tiniiit'd  UH  a  iiuutyr  to  ri'linion.  'J'hc  viceroy  had  iii- 
tcifciod  also  in  his  jurisdiction,  and  had  pcrMccutcd 
ell  r'4yincn  and  oidoi'cs  i'or  darinn'  to  cxjiostulate.  in 
sii|i|i(irt  of  his  I'cprcsi'ntation  ho  did  not  lu'sitato  to 
ill!  Iiidu  the  (h'clarations  of  aL,'t'd  ninis,  wlio  professed 
111  lia\e  helield  the  \ieeroy's  adherents  in  i\\v.  form  of 
(1(  iiioiis,  and  to  liavo  lietii'd  a  supei'natuial  voice  de- 
iioiiiice  the  marquis  for  liis  disoheihencu  to  the  pi'cl- 
iitr.  'I'o  another  had  been  revealed  that  those  \vlio 
iti,i(I<ed  the  [lahice  Were  souls  from  purgatory  led  hy 


tli 


riv  •'iiardian  an<ji 


1 


As  for  the  \iceroy,  liis  <locinnents  and  letters  of 
(Id'cuce  wei'e,  after  lon_o'  delay,  given  an  oppoi'tunit.y 
Ini-  transmission  in  the  ti'easure  licet;  but  this  was 
wrecked,  with  the  loss  t)f  two  milhons  of  precious 
iiicfnls,  and  (ielves'  maiordomo,  Juan  do  ]Jae/a,  went 


(liiWl 

cailic 
•  ■\(  r. 


I  with  the  documents  in  his  charge!.-"  Some 
)•  reports  by  him  and  his  adhurcnts  appear,  how- 
to  have  reached  Spain. 


Tlie  court  was  not  a  little  astonished  and  ]ierplexed 
(III  r( ceiving  the  news  from  Mexico.    It  could  not  well 

dlliiiiils  iit  will,  selecting  those  viio  unscrupulously  ciin'ie<l  out  Iiin  orders, 
vviiliiiiit  regiiiil  to  tlieir  litiiess;  Ik^  liail  intert'ercd  with  the  duties  of  tiio 
iiuiliciieia  and  uuinieipidity,  takiuj,' upon  himself  to  decide  in  many  of  their 
iil'i;iis;  he  shocked  the  feelings  of  the  eonnnnnity  liy  his  lack  of  respect  hir 
I'liuiciii,  tlieii'hy  setting  a  dangerous  exannJe  to  evil-disposed  )iersons.  If 
V,:v  iiiunicipality  had  formiily  jirai^ed  the  vicei'oy,  it  was  duo  to  iiitiniida- 
ti"i!;  fur  hv.  had  not  oidy  t'xiled  the  more  independent  regidoi'es,  hut  eanscd 
all  their  leports  to  lie  suhniitted  to  him,  and  to  he  Idled  \\  ith  ]iraise  of  hiui- 
mII'.  As  for  the  rioters,  they  were  thielly  Jndians  and  mestizos  of  feehlo 
ihli  Uiiienee,  actuated  hy  a  loyal  though  misdirected  zeal  for  tlu^  king,  llegi- 
il'iiis  (iaviria  and  \'ah'neia  shouhl  he  rewarded  for  their  gooil  services  in 
nslnriiig  (irder.   //). ,  Lihro  Cn]iiti(lur,  jtt.  xxv.  Sl'-S. 

"The  nun  had  pro])he.sicd  the  riot.  J)or.  Hint.  Mix.,  serio  ii.  toni.  iii. 
-■V-I!l.     Other  testimony  ap]ie     s  on  ]ip.  li,')()-74. 

■'.'/'.(•.,  L'lL  Sriii.,  in.  L'rrutia  names  the  niessongers  Melchor  de  Ciir- 
il'ihii  ami  (!er('ininio  dc  ^'aknzuela,  and  relates  that  the  documents  were 
>:in;juled  into  their  hands  hy  the  aid  of  a  lahorer  at  the  convent  wlierc^  ( ielves 
\»:i-  li\  ing.  They  further  took  the  precaution  oi  leaving  the  city  with  dogs 
iiiiil  f.dcons  as  if  tor  a  hunt.  Once  outside  they  hastened  to  \'era  Cruz  to 
cinhiiik  on  the  ill-fated  lleet  with  which  they  Mere  to  ](erish.  J,'il.,  in  J/(.r. 
?/■'/-  J>is/iirliin>',  ]\hS..  i.  ;{(i3,  497.  This  smuggling  probably  applies  to  an 
Liivht.v  report  sent  by  Gelves. 


'J 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


25 


"~  m 

i.?„ 

'■■  ■—  ill 

2.0 


1.8 


1.25      1.4    1 16 

^ f,"   

» 

^ 


<^ 


/a 


^?. 


(^. 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  872-4S03 


OVERTHROW  OF  OELVES. 


l)c'  (locided  witli  whom  the  blame  shouM  rest,  aUhon^h 
the  «lel'«jnse  of  the  arehbishop  aj)peared  by  no  mejiiis 
satisfaetoiy.  One  thiiif^  was  certain  however,  that 
the  authority  of  the  king  had  been  deried  in  l»isr<')ir(- 
sentative,  and  tliat  an  audieneia  which  had  faih'd  t(t 
support  him  at  a  critical  moment  could  not  be  trusted 
with  su|)reme  control.  It  was  also  the  opinion  of  the 
nobles  that  exemplary  punishment  should  be  metnl 
to  the  ringleaders,  lest  leniency  give  encouragement 
to  greater  disloyalty.  But  to  this  the  mar(]ues  dc 
^lontesclaros  objected,  saying  that  **a  child  could  in 
his  majesty's  name  control  the  whole  vicei'oyalty."-" 
I'ime  had  evidently  left  a  happy  impression  on  tin' 
mind  of  the  ex-viceroy. 

Nevertheless  it  was  decided  to  appoint  a  newrtiler; 
one  possessed  of  iirnmess  to  assume  control  of  i\n 
apparently  disordeied  country  and  with  sagacity  to 
guide  an  investigation  an«l  restore  harmony  by  recon- 
ciling discordant  elements,  for  it  was  not  thought 
either  i)ru(le!«t  or  needful  to  send  troops.  Such  a  man 
it  was  thought  nnght  be  found  in  tli''  :overnor  nt" 
(jialieia,  lioih'igo  Pacheco  y  Osorio,  i  [Ues  de  Cer- 
lalvo,'^'  who  combined  great  physical  ,>trength  with 
trie»l  bravery,  and  while  occasionally  subject  to  pas- 
sionate outbursts  was  reputed  to  be  of  jovial  dispo- 
sition and  agreeable  in  manner,  yet  withal  <levout 
and  addicted  to  study.  These  (jualities  had  however 
('(jiitiibuted  less,  it  is  said,  to  obtain  the  favor  whieli 
he  enjoyed  at  court  than  the  I'ortunate  circumstance 
that  he  once  saved  the  queen  by  carrying  her  away 
from  a  lire.''" 

Owing  to  the  apparent  urgency  of  the  case  Cerrabo 
hasti'ued  on  his  way  accompanied  by  his  marchioness 

"  'I'll  nifio  podia  ntiir  y  sujetar  A  toilo  t'ste  rciuo  al  scrvicio  dc  S.  ^^.  cii 
iin  fonlil  <le  lim.i.'  /</.,  ',i~(). 

■'"Ami  icliitivf  <pf  I'liclii'co,  vit'ci'oy  (if  Catnlufla.  Cortina,  Doc.  Jllsl.  /,'. 
iKiilo  I'lli/K',  iv.  I(H)-1.     I'ortiait  ami  autograph  iu  Iiihcrn,  Ooh.  Mci\,  i.  I  IS. 

^^  Jli!  unci'  iiillcd  a  i'iiir(';iidipr  with  a  da;,'}:i'r  stroko  in  a  just  I'auso.  Oihi- 
every  M<»k  lio  cililiratcil  tlie  (.•unmiiinion.  His  confi'ssor  was  a  I'auiini'  J'lai' 
(if  ^rcat  pii'ty,  nia.st(  i-  of  t\w  collfgc  of  Villayarci'a.  Urrulia,  lid.,  in  J/i  ■.  ;/ 
,«(M  Distaibioa,  M.S.,  i.  3U1-0. 


'   lllCJIllS 

•r,  that 
s  rcjiic- 
iik<l  to 
trusted 

11  of  till' 
I    IMC'tftl 

ijfeiin.'iit 

jUL'S    (li! 

'ouhl  ill 


ARRIVAL  OF  CKRRALVO. 


73 


on  tl 


\v  vulcr; 

)1    of    iUl 

acity  to 
ly  recoil- 
tin  m;jfl  it 
;li  u  man 
crnor  ot' 

(lu  Ct'l- 

th  Nvith 
to  pas- 
l  (lisito- 

(levoiit 
lowevcr 
r  wliifh 
ustauci' 

V  away 

berraUo 
t'liioufss 

S.  M.  «'■" 

jUsf.  /; 

|«r.,  i.  Il>. 
liso.     On.  !• 

llulilH'  t'  Ml' 

ilk  Ml      'J 


jiiid  two  cliiklrcn,^' and  some  eiolity  attendants  and 
oilicers,  four  of  thcni  kniolits.  lie  was  joined  l»y 
(ill lores  appointed  to  replace  certain  members  of  llio 
(|wiil»tful  audiencia,  and  l)y  Martin  de  Carrillo,  iiujuisi- 
tur  (»f  Valladolid,  the  latter  beariiii^  speeial  iiistriic- 
tidiis  to  investi<(ate  the  outhreak  and  see  to  tlu; 
jiiiiiishnient  of  the  guilty.  The  party  sailed  in  the 
l!( .  t  of  General  Chavez  and  reached  Vera  Cruz  in 
St  jitember  1024.^'  On  the  way  to  jSIexico  they  were 
(I.  tallied  at  different  [daces  by  demonstrations,  ad- 
dresses, and  petitions,  and  courted  hy  a  host  of  seekers 
I'oi'  favors  or  clemency,  in  view  of  the  prospec^tive 
letorms  and  punishments  to  be  ordained.  At  Puebhi 
tlie  reception  was  particularly  brilliant  with  triunn>lial 
aiejies,  ))roccssions,  bull-liohts,  and  other  perform- 
aiiees.  The  bishop  here  sought  to  win  the  good 
;jrac(\s  of  the  marchioness  by  presenting  a  casket  with 
]iei i'umes  and  the  like,  all  mounted  in  gold.  The  lady 
k(  pt  the  perfume  alone,  returning  the  rest,  whereat 
till'  prelate  is  said  to  have  felt  deeply  niortilied.''" 

(  \rralvo  entered  Mexico  infonnallv  toward  tluMnd 
of  (  K'tober,  conferred  for  some  time  with  Gelves,^''aiid 
liii|niied  into  the  state  of  affairs.  One  result  was 
that  he  determined  first  to  restore  the  dignity  of  his 
ojlice,  and  to  this  end  ordered  the  removal  of  the 
name  of  Gelves  from  the  excommunication  tablet''* 
;;nd  Ills  reinstallation.  This  was  a  bitter  pill  to  the 
liinlier  otfieials,  notably  the  oidores;  but  the  new 
nil  iiiliers  of  the  audiencia  assisted  to  overrule  objec- 

""Vutancurt  mentions  only  one,  a  (laughtor  who  dicil  at  Mt'xii'o  in  Id.'il. 
T,-it.  M,.c.,  14. 

^'Oii  ii|ipn)iH'liinft  tjiia  place  two  fast  sailers  ii'lvant'oil  to  p:i(lM  r  news,  ami 
iiii't  ri'iiising  oil' tliL  liiirlior  two  vi'ssils  sent  liy  tliu  amlii'iu  ia  toamii  i[.atc  tlio 
11  l»ii(  III'  any  siu-li  arrival  and  wiial  it  niiLrlit  iHiik;.    L'rnifiii,  \ilii  >ii[i. 

"■■ '  I'iiiisci  (|ue  el  (k'spc^io  tan  inipensailo  sirve  il<!  azada  jiaia  alirirle  tn 
liri'vp  la  sciniltiira.'  I'riiitia,  I'd.,  in  Mix.  y  fiiiH  JJi-lm-liius,  MS.,  i.  4^.'{. 
•  ufts  liiiiii  (Javiria  were  also  deolin(<l. 

'M'rnitia  relates  that  (lelvn  made  a  return  visit  to  Clinpidti  |mc  where 
till' Mi.inhiiines.s  rei'tived  iiim  kneeling  and  in  tears.  <iel\e.s  uImi  km  It  and 
M'lt  till  Cerralvo  made  Ixith  rise. 

^'  I'lirtillo,  the  provisor  then  in  ehai'ge  of  the  diocesan  alVairs,  inadi'  iil)jee- 
tii'iis.  hut  Cerralvo  peremptorily  ordirid  olieditiiee,  and  iutin.uted  tliut  ho 
liiiil  piiwtr  to  deal  summurily  even  with  prelutua. 


74 


OVERTHROW  OF  0  ELVES. 


i 


tioiis.  On  tlio  notli  of  October  tlio  nuinieipality,  witli 
tlu'  Ix'st  L;ia('e  jtossiljlc,  issued  ])r()<'laiiiati()ns  in  accoid- 
aiice  with  tlit;  ortler,  deelarinjj^  their  joy  at  the  jnos. 
peetivc  re-entry  <if  their  viceroy  on  the  morrow,  and 
orderinLj  a  |)oinpoiis  celebration  with  salvos  and  fiio 
uorks  to  testily  "  the  a tlectiou  which  the  city  entt  r- 
tained  tor  the  marquis,"*' 

On  the  olst  a  vast  pi'occssion  of  officials,  nobl(N, 
fjfentry,  and  i)roniinent  citizens  ap})cared  at  the  con- 
vent, whence  the  troo|)s  had  been  removed,  and  liat 
in  hand  tin;  oidores  made  their  bow.  Gelves  vaulted 
into  tlie  saddle  and  was  escorted  to  the  palace.  Alon^;' 
the  very  sti'(M>ts  so  lately  trodden  by  him  as  a  deciied 
fnnitive  shielded  by  the  darkness,  he  now  proceeded 
uith  the  ]>om|>  of  a  victor,  beneath  andu^s  and  l<s- 
tooiis.  amid  salvos  an<l  rini^ing  of  bells,^"  beneath 
lloial  showers  IVoiu  fair  hands,  and  amid  the  thundei- 
iniu'  (hi'ers  of  countless  spectators,  who  now  and  tlieii 
made  a  diveision  by  cursing  the  oidores  and  otliir 
enemies  of  their  beloved  viceroy.  At  the  )ialace  eatc 
lie  was  actually  caught  in  the  arms  of  the  lickle  po|iii- 
lace  and  carried  to  where  Cerralvo  stood  to  reciivr 
liim.  In  the  evening  came  festivities  with  illumina- 
tion and  fireworks.  Gelves  did  not,  however,  expect 
to  assume  executive  ]»ower,  for  this  he  regarded  as 
ah'i'ady  vesti'd  in  Cerralvo.  He  merely  came  to 
triumph.  The  next  day  he  left  the  ])alace,  and  I'll- 
lowed  this  time  by  a  sorrow-stricken  crowd  entend 
the  Franciscan  convent  at  Tacuba,  there  to  await  his 
n'sidtiK  ia.^' 

1'lie  ]»o|)ular  demonstrations  at  his  entry  and  dt- 
])arture  were  l)y  no  means  so  insincere  as  at  tiist 
glance  might  a])pear.  An  interval  of  eight  months  Iiail 
calmed  men's  jiassions  considerably,  and  the  I'ule  of 
the  andieneia  had  tended  to  exalt  in  the  eyes  of  nie>t 
citizens  the  salutary  strictness  of  the  overthrown  gev- 

'■•.i/(.,-..  /.''■/.  i:.-<f,i,io,  30. 

^"At  iill  the  tinipliM,  m\c  the  cathedrul,  the  Jesuit  houses,  and  the  C:^- 
niolite  ((invfiit. 

^'  UrnUkt,  1,'el.,  MS.,  i.  441-01. 


'    J 


;|    of  hi. 


pality,  with 
s  in  accoiil- 
t  the  j)ros- 
lorrow,  and 
OS  and  tiio 
city  ont«^i- 

lals,  noble-;, 
at  the  (Mill- 
ed, and  liat 
ves  vaulted 
ace.   Aloii'^' 
as  a  decried 
V  proceeded 
les  and  I'es- 
^^"^    beneath 
he  thundei- 
)\v  and  then 
i  and  other 
palace  eatu 
lickle  ])o|iii- 
1   to  receive 
th  illuniina- 
ver,  exjiect 
»<>'arded  a> 
y    came   t^ 
,ce,  and  I'el- 
•\vd  entered 
o  await  his 

ry  and  dc 

as  at  lii'>t 
nionths  had 
the  rule  et' 
yes  of  ni">t 
:hrown  gov- 

cs,  and  tlic  I  ir- 


INVE>;TIGATI0NS.  73 

niunent.  The  annullini^  of  Oelves'  many  reOjrms,  the 
MttiiiLf  aside  of  pendini^  indictments  and  verdicts,  the 
iieiinission  so  efencrallv  u'iven  to  carrv  arms,  <^reatlv 
eniitiil)uted  to  promote  corru])tion  and  disorder  amon*^ 
all  (litsst's.  Monopolies  aj^ain  apj^eared  in  force  to 
i,ii>e  prices  and  j^nind  the  ])o(>r,  aided  by  dishonest 
ellieials;  rich  and  inHuential  criminals  bought  them- 
selves i'ree,  while  iuunble'r  law-breakei's  lanLruished 
ill  jirison.  Varaez  appeared  on  the  street  with  givat 
o-teiitation,  and  j)roceeded  to  his  alciddia  maycjr  to 
>uliiiiit  to  residencia,  accompanied  by  fifty  hoi'semeii, 
who  were  no  doubt  intended  to  intimidate  honest  wit- 
in  -ses."'  Bandits  ae^ain  began  to  crowd  the  highways 
aiid  eommit  depredations  with  imj)unity,  and  aifaiis 
a^>iiiiied  so  forlorn  an  aspect  that  many  became  loud 
ill  their  desire  for  the  restoration  of  Gelves,"^ 

(Ml  the  Sundav  followiiiLT  the  nominal  reinstallation 
et'  lii>  predecessoi',  Ccrralvo  took  formal  jiossession  of 
etliee  ;is  fifteenth  viceroy,**  and  ])reparedto  extend  the 
iMcded  r^'foi'ms,  yet  in  a  manner  more  conciliatory  an»l 
alKihh  than  that  of  (ielves,  so  as  to  gain  general  good 
will,  lie  showed  also  greater  regard  foi*  some  o'"  the 
eld  uidores  than  had  been  ex[)ected,  Valecillo  being 
reeoiiimended  for  promotion  and  Gaviria  intrusted  with 
f-everal  honorable  conunis«ions.*^ 

The  residencia  of  Gelves  was  proclaimed  with  more 
than  usual  formality,  owing  to  the  peculiar  circum- 
stances of  his  rule.  Fully  two  hundred  witnesses  came 
Ik'Iii  different  parts  to  testify,  the  trial  lasting  fifteen 
nieiiths.     In  connection  with  this  iuipiisition  Carriilo 

■''III-  sriz(>(l  liis  (Icnomicrr  Soto  niid  forood  liim  vitli  tlll•o^t^^  to  dccliiro  lii» 
ti  •itiiui'iiv  talso.  Soto  Jifterwiird  rfiiliiniiutl  liis  s^tatiimiits.  Mi.i\,J,',L  Snu., 
IJ. 

'  \i\  suili  expressions  were  jiroiii])tly  suppi'esseil.  Tin'  (lidori's  ;niil  rcL'i- 
'I'liis  iii.iile  liioiiey  liy  >ii'lliiiLrilioiio|iuly  lieeiises.  (! ruiiihild,  Tiniiiillos,  MS.,  !_'- 
l"i.  No  ( iiei;:etic  clFoits  were  juit  foitii  to  recover  tlie  liooty  taken  from  tlio 
ji.il.ire  ,111(1  otiier  j)liie(  a  duriiiL.'  the  rint,  aUhougli  a  part  was  recovered.  Dor. 
J /•I   M'j:,  siiit'  ii.  torn.  iii.  iCJ-H,  l."il-'J. 

'"Niivcinlier  Ud.  it  a[ipe!irs,  tliotigli  Cavo  and  others  place  this  as  the  duto 
(jf  lii^iuii\al  at  Mexico.    'J'irs  Si'i/nx,  i.  '2'Ct. 

"  A  ii(|ilie\v  of  till'  hitter  was  appointed  asesor  to  the  viceroy.  JItir.,  I'd, 
Z,.^^'  /./,  ;;().     (Jelves  does  not  appear  to  have  been  (juitc  pleased  with  this. 


70 


OVERTHROW  OF  HELVES. 


also  ill  vest  i^ci^ted  tlio  coiuhu't  of  all  conciM'iiod  in  <lie 
riot,  iiifludiug  ecclesiastics  hy  special  assent  <A'  tin; 
pope/-'  yet  with  prudent  leniency,  for  it  was  not 
jiolitie  to  stir  the  more  i)owerful  spirits.  E.\ain[)l(  s 
were  made  amon*^  the  less  formidable.  !Many  of  these 
antici[)ated  events  hy  Hight,  hut  several  otiicials  in- 
cluding two  oitlores  were  removed,  fc^ur  of  those  wlio 
led  in  the  outbreak  were  executed,  and  five  ecclcsi- 
nstics  who  had  hurried  away  to  Spain  were  sent  to 
the  galleys."  In  a  ])roclamation  to  the  peo))le  ( \i- 
ralvo  announced  that  the  trial  had  convinced  the  kiiii^ 
of  their  loyalty.  The  outbreak  was  evidently  caus< d 
by  rancor  against  the  marques  de  Gelvcs  persoiuilly. 
Filled  with  a  desire  to  affirm  their  love  and  remove 
even  the  suspicion  of  disloyalty  among  vnssiils  nf 
Spain,  his  JMnjesty  decreed  that  all  who  were  ar- 
raigned or  in  prison  for  sup|)osed  complicity  in  the 
riot  should  be  released  unconditionallv." 

Arclibishop  Serna  was  among  those  who  had  hur- 
ried out  of  the  way  to  Spain.  The  eft'cct  of  his  con- 
duct in  causing  riot  and  overthrow  of  the  royal  rcinc- 
sentative  must  have  startled  him  when  sober  second 
thought  ju'evailed.  His  position  became  unconilnit- 
able;  he  felt  that  he  must  personally  plead  his  caus(! 
at  couit,  and  in  the  spring  ol"  U)24  he  departetl  fmin 
INIexico.  The  desire  to  anticij)ate  the  disgrace  ol"  a 
recall  may  have  been  an  additional  motive.  Hi-jliiv 
commendatory  letters  were  given  to  him  by  the 
municipality  and  others,  and,  still  warm  in  their  zeal, 

''Urhm,  ri/I.,  Carta.'),  in  TnmiiHo^  <h  Mex.,  MS.,  141. 

*^  J)or.  J  list.  il/(.)'.,  siiio  ii.  toiii.  iii.  l'j;{-4;  Vnvo,  Trot  ShjluK,  \.  '2". 
Clmrgcs  l«'iiig  iiiiidc  tlmt  CVniilvo  liad  iiiiiluly  favored  (iclvi's  find  iiilliuii><cl 
till)  in<niisidiii',  ti'stinioiiy  was  taUvii  with  an  aliiio.st  luiaiiiiiiou.s  niiinuval  nf 
till'  viicioy's  I'ourso.  In  tliis  ducniniiit  iiiijirar  the  fullowinj,'  as  mw  nn  in- 
)>t'i>>  of  aiidioncia;  Oidorus  .Inaii  dt;  Alvai-oz  Si'i-rano,  Don  Antonio  Canscn, 
Mi;;ni'l  Itiiiz  de  la  Toirc,  Juan  do  ^'illavona  (,'ulpiaurr<',  and  lisi-al  Vni^judc 
Ai(4iullt)  y  Cailiajal.  Oidor  Avendafio  lenuiins.  Tlic  oIliciTsof  tlie  \i.sita  ,ire 
also  named.   Crrnih-o,  Inform.,  in  JA.i'.  //  unit  J)islnrlii<iM,  MS.,  ii.  2-1-477. 

**  'I'liis  did  not  exemiit  tiiose  already  alluded  to  from  |iunislnnent  a.s  ti^iit- 
cirs  iiiul  loliliers.  Text  of  iiroclaniation  datt-d  UeeembefJ"),  Ki'J.'t,  in  /><)'■.  //'>/. 
J/r.i'.,  8eii(!  ii.  torn.  iii.  '.lo'.l-l'J;  Tniiinl/dK  (If  Mix.,  .MS.,  1H7-S.  lUfore  liin 
ileparturo  Carrillo  ordered  eity  otiieials  to  give  resideneia.  'I'iiey  jiiote.siiil 
ond  Were  exen'pted  from  a  ri:view  of  oliurges  alrcai'y  pusfjd  \>y.  Cidulnrio 
A«c'fc),  i.  3iJ0;  Libiv  Ca/>iliikti;  pt.  xxvi.  2od, 


ARCHBISHOP  SERNA. 


77 


mod  ill  tlio 
lent  of  till.! 
t  M'as    Hot 

Kxain|>l<  s 
ny  ot  tli(  so 
(•iiicials  in- 

thoso  will) 
ive  coclrsi- 
ero  Kont  to 
K'Oj)lo  (  Vi- 
ed tlu!  klii^' 
ntly  taustd 
personally. 
anil  ii'iMovc 

vassals  ot' 
o  were  nr- 
icity  in  the 

lo  had  hiir- 
of  his  eoii- 
I'oyal  re[)it'- 
)l)er  second 
uneonil'tnt- 
d  liis  eauso 
tai'ted  iVoiii 
s'jfraoe  of  a 
le.  Ili.'^lily 
ni  hy  tlio 
li  their  zeal, 


ill.  j)e()|)le  contributed  a  hundred  thousand  pesos  for 
hi-  ji»urney."  A  prelate  whoso  obstinacy  had  been 
tin  chief  cause  for  brin«jfin<^  into  contempt  a  royal 
ri|ircsenta^ivc,  and  into  peril  the  authority  of  the 
(Ti'wn,  so  as  to  require  costly  and  radical  measures, 
such  a  man  could  not  expect  a  welcome.  He  was 
(citainly  treated  coldly;  but  the  pope  felt  pleased 
with  so  firm  a  champion  of  the  church,  and  recom- 
)iirii(lc<l  his  cause  to  the  kin<^.  Other  influences  were 
hidiiifht  to  bear;  so  that  Serna  was  partially  restored 
to  favor  and  granted  the  important  see  of  Zamora. 
lie  (lied  in  1031,  with  the  reputation  of  an  able  bishop 
;iii(l  a  lienevolent  man.'"'  His  successor  at  Mexico, 
;i]i|M»iiited  in  1028,  was  Francisco  Manzo  y  Ziini^a, 
(iiic  wlio  as  member  of  the  India  Council,  and  in  other 
jMilitical  positions,  had  been  trained  not  to  imperil 
idval  interests  for  ecclesiastic  prerogatives.  So  at 
Icist  it  was  supposed. 

(selves  came  off  with  honor  from  the  residencia,  as 
a  lii^^hteous  judge,  zealous  for  the  administration  of 
justice,  for  the  public  good,  and  the  service  of  the 
kiiii,'.*'  After  the  conclusion  of  the  trial  he  left  for 
Spaiii/^  and  was  well  received.  His  delay  in  coming 
liiid  jillowed  time  to  soften  the  remembrance  of  his 
unfortunate  mishaps,  for  success  is  above  all  expected 
from  the  agent;  and  now  his  family  influence*'^  could 
he  wielded  to  greater  advantage. 

*•'^f^'X.,  lid.  Srm.,  1.3.  In  their  letter  the  cabiMo  prny  the  king  to  send 
liiin  back  with  greater  power.  JJoc.  JHhI.  Me.r.,  sOrio  ii.  toni.  iii.  lt!!)-70. 
( iiv'i  Kav3  that  ho  was  recalled  to  sutler  huniiliatiou  for  some  time.  Trc8  -shj. 
lo:  i.  •.'77. 

" Conwilcz  Diivila  attributes  to  him  Carrillo'a  appointment  as  visitador. 
T'lHi-n  K'h-x.,  i.  45.  Loreu/aua  assumes  continual  tavor  for  him  witii  tiio 
liin.'.  i'Diiiiinta  Mvx.,  1  .Vi.'Mio,  "IM.  lint  tills  So.sa  dues  not  admit,  althouu'i 
li<il,,(.s  nut  agree  M'ith  ( 'avo.  L'/iinc.  Atex.,  6ii.  The  vi'prcscntations  of  the 
l"'!''  in  l<i"J.">,  in  his  In-lialf,  indicate  that  lie  did  remain  awhile  under  a  cloud. 
♦'"'-,  in  TiimiiltoH  tlr  Mi'.r.,  MS.,  i;iy-40.  But  Lacunza's  allusion  to  deep 
ili>L'iiii"(>  is  not  borne  out.  Dixc.  //int.,  401. 

•' "Scntencia,  la  dio  el  Visitador..  .en  14  do  Abril  do  1G27.'  Mex.,  I'el. 

'">rvt'i-al  writers,  followed  by  Zamacois,  state  that  ho  left  in  1024,  but  bo 
liiiMMii  di'chiivs  that  he  remained  in  the  convent  fully  a  year  after  Orralvo's 
iiiiiii::uration.  He  appears  to  have  sent  a  letter  from  Mexico  on  January  29, 
lOJt;.  /./.,:to. 

"lie  was  related  to  the  powerful  coude  duque  dc  Olivares. 


78  OVERTHROW  OF  GELVES. 

The  monarch  had  good  reason  to  be  dissatisfi.il 
with  the  leading  personages  in  this  outhreaiv,  witli 
the  viceroy  for  being  so  exacting  and  unyielding,  aii<l 
uith  the  prelate  for  his  excess  of  zeal,  when,  as  one 
who  professed  to  set  an  example  in  humility,  lie 
should  have  contented  himself  with  a  protest  ami 
.'ipjuud  to  the  sovereign,  especially  in  view  of  the  iii- 
signilicance  of  the  point  involved  and  the  well  knowji 
temper  of  the  marquis.  The  ecclesiastics,  on  whom 
the  crown  above  all  relied  for  supporting  its  aii- 
thority,  since  troops  were  not  kept,  had  bern  tiie 
chief  promoters  of  the  riot,  wherein  they  ])rovt(l 
themselves  possessed  of  a  power  greater  than  that  of 
the  state.  This  inllucnce  had  been  strenijthened  l»v 
the  triumphant  return  of  the  archbishoj),  and  «\- 
tended  not  alone  over  Indians  and  mestizos,  but  ov.r 
the  Creoles.  The  Avila-Cortes  conspiracy,  a  hall- 
century  before,  had  been  an  outburst  on  the  part  of 
landed  proprietors,  with  little  lu^ld  on  the  [jcop't  : 
here  on  the  other  hand  can»e  in  action  a  wide-sjin  .irl 
feeling  rooted  among  the  very  sinews  of  the  roloni>t-; 
and  directed  against  the  more  favored  children  of 
Si)ain,  those  of  Iberian  birth  who  had  come  acro>.s 
the  sea  to  fdl  the  best  and  largest  number  of  ofii<t  >, 
with  the  intention  merely  of  enriching  theinselvcs  in 
New  Spain  and  then  turning  their  back  upon  tlie 
country.  It  is  not  strange  that  those  born  on  tlio 
S(jil,  and  bound  to  it  by  every  tic,  should  look  with 
disfavor  on  these  interlopers  who  not  only  encroadu  <1 
on  their  rights  and  possessions,  but  treated  them  witli 
contempt."^     The  revelation  of  this  antipathy,  whii  li 

'"TIic  importance  of  tlic  Golves  outbreak,  and  the  wide-siiread  iiitcres't  uf- 
foctfd  tlicrt'lty,  called  forth  a  mass  »f  ducuments.  and  accounts  aa  we  l;;ive 
already  seen.  Among  the  most  val.ia.du  arc  those  given  in  Jjonunt  nton  /■■•n 
Id  /lixlona  (le  Mfxiro,  serio  ii.  ton  .  ii.-  'ii.,  27  in  niunher,  collected  l>y  tlie 
kni^'lit  Koheverriii  y  Veitia,  and  including  ordcre,  petitions,  and  reprem-nta- 
tioiis  from  dillcrent  sources,  yet  for  the  greater  part  in  support  of  the  an  h- 
liibliop,  and  most  of  the  reniaind.'r  in  favor  of  the  audiencia  and  cahiUlo.  lite 
only  ini]xjrtant  paper  on  Gelvcs'side  had  already  apiwared  in  j>iint.  Tliis 
l)artiality  induced  the  hi»toria'.i  Jose  V.  Ramirez  to  collect  a  complementary 
net  of  documents  Viearing  on  the  other  side.  This  exists  in  two4to  volunii  -■!' 
close  manuscript  under  the  title  of  Mt.eko  y  vus  Uinturbiug,  obtained  In  lui: 


DOCUMENTS  IN  EVIDENCE.  79 

oniiM  not  fail  to  extend  in  a  certain  ile^rrce  also  to 
the  homo  government,  naturally  alanncd  the  king, 
aii<l  was  a  main  reason  for  the  elemcmv  »>l)serve<l;  but 
1(  w  well  directed  steps  were  taken  to  ]>n>fit  l»y  the 
K<s«»n  in  conciliating  the  ereoles,  and  their  nundjer 
and  feeling  grew  apace  till  they  became  irresistible. 

fpiii  Ii.iinin-z'  library,  whereof  the  firHt  contains  several  impfirtant  relationa 
l.y  rmitiii.  (mrtly  in  condi-naid  form;  aixl  \lio  sccuiul,  u  lengthy  rtixirt  l>y 
tlV' wci-i'tary  (if  (JcIvch,  Toliar  (Jwlinez,  and  oiio  in  favor  of  St-nui.  iioin  an 
chilly  raro  jmlilieation  iilsu  in  my  (MiHscsHion,  A  tliinl  voliinur  f<>lii>,  Tiimulinit 
ii'  J/.  j-i'M,  oolli'ftctl  l>v  tlio  sumo  geiitlcmnn,  ccntuiimoridnul  »l'K.-iinn-iita«iiiil 
t;irly  co|>ii'n  iK-urin);;  ciiietly  on  tlio  invoHti>,'atio  i,  its  r<siilt»j  iiij<I  i-iil>.-«-<|ii«-nt 
acts.  iir<(inh'dit,  Tumiilloa  dc  Mex:,  in  an  ori^'ini'l  folio  niiiuus«-ri|>t  in  ilefenee 
i>t  <<<'lvi't>;  another,  Ihincion  <le  Tumiilion,  o|i)Hi8e8  him.  Anion;;  tiie  iiiio 
a-  counts  piintfil  at  this  tiniu  arc:  A/fX'ico,  I'lktcim  S'lniir!'!,  di-awn  for  IJcl- 
\i  *  l.y  liKiiiisitor  Flores  and  Friar  Lcirmondi;  i'.  Inriuit  //</  E-iiulo  m  tjiif.  . . 
h'lU,,  h,A  /,'i  iiiiiiK,  also  jireparod  l>y  him;  Mi  morinl  If  /•»  Sn-rnlit/ti,  in  favor  of 
N  ni:i;  iSiiiijiiiUoi',  AltinurinI,  jiara.  .  A'urilln,  by  (Si'Ivch'  conftiteor;  <»V(r:».<  </« 
J'-rh  I'l,  Kii  III  J)einuiiita,  licaring  on  the  fiunctnar^  i»rivil«7.'e.  From  one  or 
iiioro  of  tho.-<o  sonrci'8  have  Insen  ))rc)>arc'd  a  numlier  (f  aoconnt.s  witli  more  or 
l<-.-s  i!n]iaitiality,  yet  none  of  thcin  complete  or  reliaiile,  events  Kult.s<-<|uent  to 
t!i"'  iiitual  riot  being  ulniost  wiiolly  i<.'norcd.  C'avo  for  in>ti»ii<.e.s  elainn  to 
Lave  used  hve  aceounts,  tlireo  of  them  in  favor  of  (.jel  -(s,  y<-t  his  tkrical  bias 
is  ti"i  e\id<Mt.  Mnch  fairer  is  Somii,  L'/'ixc.  Mix.,  .W-ti:?,  /.'■'V.vf,  f,V».  M'X., 
i.  Ii:{-IT.  and  Alcarttz,  in  Liiro  Mix.,  ii.  I'Jl  ct  seq.  }>icr.  I'lih:,  \.  (i,V{-(jiJ, 
j;i\'.-»('ortina'8  im|ierfect  version.  Mora  is  very  faulty.  Mu-.  ;/  »»/<  /!<  r.,  iv. 
piippl.  •_'  4.'{.  Comimratively  brief  or  iinini|)ortant  are  t'le  necotints  in  I'rtmi- 
rrr',  Tfiit.  Mfx.,  13;  LoienzaiKi,  in  Cuucilio  I'ruv.,  I  Vm-(;.">,  •_'ir,;  i'ortu, 
Jli't.  y.  A'"/).,  21-2;  Sli/iiriizn  y  Ooiii/ora,  PurHijHO  Orri  I.,  124,  44>;  Ali-ure, 
llift.  ('■'iiti>.  Ji-KiiH,  ii.  140-51;  Croiiica  del  Cornfn,  vi.  7.">7;  (»",'/''.  I'";/.,  i. 
'iiV4.'»;  Mrdiiin,  Crdn.  iSf.  Dieyo,  l.>l-2;  Vilasro,  Exalt,  ^tiiina,  '.V.^-AA;  tin- 
JiiUu,  Vroii.  S.  AiiUKt.,  110  et  seq. ;  Ileviita  Mex.,  i.  81  et  scq.;  Ffhrg  Xnt. 
il>i>!..  i.  24!l-.">4;  Mayer'*  Mex.  AzOc,  i.  18»-94;  Mullrr,  lliis^H,  u.  52-07; 
Lwuiizti,  Disc,  lluit.,  488-91;  Dtutamante,  Voy.,  No.  10. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

KING     AND     COLONY. 

1C24-1630. 

Defence  Measitres — The  Dutch  at  Acapulco — Corsair  Raibs  alono  tiie 
Coast  of  Yucatan — The  Barlovenio  Squadron — Royal  Loans  and 
ExioKTioNs — Inundation  of  Mexico — Pkoposed  Removal  of  the  ( '.vf- 
ITAL— Relief  Measures  and  Drainage  Projects — The  IIueiiiethcv 
Tunnel— San  Felipe  the  Protomartyr  of  Mexico — IIis  Irreoii.ak 
Life  and  Beatification — The  Hermit  Lopez — Viceroy  Cadereita— 
The  Prelate  ZCniua — The  First  Creole  Arcubisiiop. 


In  order  to  guard  somewhat  against  the  recurrence 
of  such  happenings  as  the  Gelves  outbreak,  greater 
jirecautions  were  observed  by  the  home  government, 
as  we  have  seen,  in  selecting  the  heads  for  political 
and  ecclesiastical  affairs;  additional  instructions  wore 
issued  to  guide  them  in  their  relation  to  others,  and  a 
certain  limitation  of  power  was  for  a  time  at  least 
imposed ;  the  king  for  instance  taking  upon  himself  to 
appoint  the  commandants  and  magistrates  of  leading 
])orts,  strongholds,  and  towns,*  who  had  hitherto  been 
commissioned  by  the  viceroy.  Corral vo  retained  for 
some  time  the  enlisted  troops  and  erected  suitaMo 
barracks,"  while  the  enrolment  list  of  volunteers  was 
jireserved  for  cases  of  need. 

These  volunteers  really  constituted  a  part  of  tlio 
general  system  of  militia,  formed  already  by  Cortds,  in 
connection  with  encomiendas,  and  extended  over  sct- 

•  In  Calle  a  number  of  these  appointmenta  are  enumerated.  Mem.  y  Not. ,  MS, 
'■'111  lO'iS  the  city  asked  for  their  disbandmcnt  for  'no  quedan  ceniai  lUl 
succso  del  15  do  Knero  do  1G'J4,'  but  this  request  was  not  granted  till  two 
jeara  later.  Cediilnrio  Xiievo,  i.  H5l.  The  cost  of  maintaining  them  appi^rs 
to  have  heeu  wholly  borne  by  the  desapUe  fund,  which  was  thus  drained  of 
8'J,8o3  pesos,  foimvcu,  JJist.  J  lac.,  v.  30!i-!>. 

(80) 


A  DUTCH  KLKKT  AT  ACArUI.CO. 


•1 


ll(  iiicnts  ii)  all  (lircctions.  TluMdily  i>i'rinaik'iit  staiul- 
iii'4  I'liicfs  wx'ic  tlioM!  on  tlu^  Iroiitior,  i'iii^a^c'<l  partly 
ill  loiivi  villi,'  trains  ol'iiRrcliaiidiso,  jiartiy  in  f^'anison 
duty  at  tin'  |)U•^itIios,  ami  tliofso  at  the  Iwuiiii;^  t'oast 
jKttts,  n.s  \vni  Cruz  aiul  Aca|)ulco.  Altof^'ctiicr  thoy 
(•(instituted  but  a  small  body,  and  more  were  not  con- 
sidered necessary,  as  tiie  citizens  were  always  avail- 
able, and  etK<'ient  oven  aj^^'ainst  I'oreij^ni  invaders,  who 
alter  all  could  do  little  bevond  rava<'in<r  lor  a  tew 
KaiT'ies  alonpf  certain  parts  ol*  the  coast.'*  Still  there 
wi  IV  points  which  absolutely  recjuired  i)rotection,  such 
as  \'t  ra  Cruz  and  Acapuleo,  the  ports  Ibr  the  rich 
tleets  ;md  the  storaj^e  jdaco  for  valuable  cargoes,  and 
ill  vii'W  of  the  increasing  number  of  S[)ain's  enemies 
("iiralvo  took  steps  to  strengthen  the  fortifications 
tli'i"'. 

Tlie  chief  reason  for  the  latter  measure  was  the 
ai rival  at  Acapuleo  of  a  large  Dutch  lleet.  Engaged 
in  thiir  struggle  for  independence,  the  Hollanders 
wi  IV  eager  not  only  to  distract  the  attention  of  the 
Sitaiiianis  by  carrying  the  war  to  the  enemy's  coasts, 
hut  to  injure  them  while  enriching  themselv(\«.  With 
tills  object  several  fleets  were  despatchetl  to  prey  on 
Si!ani>h  trade  and  colonies,  antl  among  them  one  of 
tlcveii  vessels  with  over  sixteen  hundred  men,  under 
Admiral  Jacob  I'lieremite.  It  was  known,  however, 
;is  the  Nassau  fleet,  from  the  prince  under  whose 
auspices  it  was  chiefly  fitted  out.*  It  left  Hollan»l  in 
Ki'j:')  with  the  chief  object  of  ravaging  the  rich  shores 
ot'J^■Iu.  This  plan  ])roved  a  failure  so  lamentable  as 
t(t  Iia^ten  the  death  of  rHeremito.  The  fleet  there- 
upon jiroceeded  nortliward  under  Admiral  Schapen- 
liaiii  and  entered  Acajmlco  on  the  'J8th  of  October 
Kl-l.  The  Philippine  galleons  had  not  yet  arrived, 
Jiiid  the  place  contained  little  worth  fighting  for,  espe- 
ciallv  as  the  inhabitants  had  had  time  to  retire  with 


V.  ;ii), 


'Zainacois  and  others  hastily  intimate  that  no  troops  existed.  1114.  Mi  J., 


'Tlii;)  has  led  most  Spanish  writers  to  suppose  that  this  prince  commanded  it. 
U18T.  Mex.,  Vol.  III.    C 


83 


KIXO  AND  COLONY. 


tlicir  valuaMcs.  The  coninuiinlant  bad  cntronrlKd 
himsc'ir  witli  liis  fool)le  j^anisoii  in  a  stion^diold,  and 
tlu'iKv  rt'f'iiHi'*!  tilt'  oveituivs  <»('  ScliaiKiiliam  lor  an 
ex<lian«^'o  of  liostagos,  Mhilu  tlio  latter  endeavored  to 
(»l>taiii  some  I'resh  provisions.''  The  Hollander's  main 
intention  wastoaseeitain  wlien  the  Manila  fleet  slioiild 
arrive.  He  now  eontented  himself  with  a  few  attempts 
to  pioeuro  water  an<l  iVuit,  ma;^nitied  by  modern  Mt  x- 
lean  writers  into  an  invasion  of  the  town.  This  (  x- 
treme  caution  of  the  enemy  encouraged  the  Sjianiaids 
on  one  occasion  to  heat  hack  his  men  with  k>ss.  i\tiir 
desjiatching  part  of  his  fleet  Schapenham  set  sail  v.  ilh 
the  remainder  Novendx-r  8th,  aiul  tired  ol'  waiting  l'<»r 
the  galleons  he  steered  for  the  Kast  Indies.® 

AVarned  of  tlie  visit,  Cerralvo  had  hastened  to  sri;d 
ti'oops  to  relieve  the  town,  but  their  march  was  toiin- 
ti'rmanded  on  learning  of  the  enemy's  de]>Mrtiiii'. 
Knergetic  efibrts  were  made,  however,  to  roust  met 
defences^  both  here  and  at  A'era  Cruz,  for  in  tlif  gulf 
of  Mexico  foieign  cruisers  could  frequently  be  sci  n. 
In  lGl25  the  treasure  fleet  for  Spain  under  Cad«  i(  ita, 
later  viceroy  of  New  Sj)ain,  narrowly  escaped  tlnir 
clutches,**  but  the  fleet  -  f  1028,  carrying  bullion  .nid 
other  effects  to  the  val  .e  of  over  twelve  millions  (if 
j)csos,  was  suipri.ed  in  the  IJahama  Chamiel  by  t!io 
famous  Dutch  admiral  Pieter  lleyno,  who  for  siiiic 

*  It  was  proposed  to  give  captured  Peruvians  in  return  for  hostages  unJ 
provisions. 

''  'I'lic  licst  account  f)f  tliis  voyage  is  tlic  DUirvuf  rntl  IlixUirhche  BrKrhftf 
liiiiiij  ilir  Xii»sairi»rfirii  J'hi'lcv,  liy  Pecker,  w  iio  served  on  one  of  Uie  vi  >tU, 
UH  lie  states.  Strasliurj,',  lti_!(.  It  appeared  in  an  earlier  shorter  fcuii  at 
JiiHi-iinil  rail  tie  AniisaiiK' /if  Vioot,  issued  at  Anisterthtni  in  l(i'_'(i  i)y<ieiiiu, 
and  has  heen  widely  copied  in  I'e  15i'y"s  IH4.  Ainir.,  xiii.;  Gutf/i-inl,  Si't 
W'l  It,  ,">(»,"(  ct  8e(|.,  and  others.  It  is  well  Avrittcn,  yet  not  so  full  and  camli'l  as 
niijilit  he  desired. 

'  lujj;hteen  largo  pieces  of  artillery  were  hrouglit  from  Manila  at  a  e^st  of 
7,411  jK-sos.  Gran,  Mniiihi,  in  J'nrhiro  and  Conhiia*,  Vol.  l>i<r.,  vi.  IIV). 
Travellers  mention  hron/e  cannon  there  marked  l(i'28.  In  the  followin;;  Mar, 
says  Cavo,  another  Dutch  tieet  entered  to  seek  provisions  without  doin.;  :uiy 
damage.    Tra*  Siijltw,  i.  'J77. 

*  For  this  an  annual  thanksgiving  was  ordered  on  the  2r>th  of  Noveiiil'tr. 
What  with  corsairs,  storms,  and  carelessness  these  ileets  had  to  nicest  \m'-'-'< 
misfortunes.  In  l(il4  seven  vessels  were  driven  on  shore  near  Cape  (.'ii,.<lie 
with  heavy  loss,  though  t!u  governor  took  steps  to  recover  a  portion.  ';«''• 
Inlo,  Hint,  Yucathan,  47--3. 


riitAxrs  ox  the  east  coast. 


for  hostagis  ;uid 


tiiiit>  lia«l  l)ocn  succossfiiUy  opcratini^  ofT  PortuL,^! 
iiikI  aij^aiiiHt  transatlantic  vcsscIh.  The  S|>aiiiar<l.>4 
foii^lit  hmvoly  and  .sovorol  ^(^ssels  wore  sunk  lu'loro 
tilt'  t!a<j^-shi[)  suiTt'iKlered.  ''ho  1)1<)W  jn'oved  no  loss 
MVtie  to  tlio  niorolmnts  of  J^o  /  Spain  than  to  the 
kill,',  ^^llf'  sorely  needed  the  treasure." 

This  success  lured  a  nunihor  of  other  raiders  who 
fur  want  ()f  better  points  along  the  gulf  n)ade  Yuo'tan 
siill'ir.  In  10.32  six  vessels  threatened  Caniii'^lK*, 
hilt  timely  succor  made  them  retreat.  In  August  "l" 
the  following  year  the  town  was  again  visited,  thir« 
tiiiio  hy  ten  vessels  under  a  leader  known  to  tlio 
SjKiniards  as  V'i6  do  Palo.  Guided  by  a  reneg.  c,  ho 
iiilvaiK'od  against  the  entrenclwnent  behind  which 
(';i|ttain  Gal,  d:  Romero  had  retired,  but  a  ^m11 
(lii<itc<l  fire  kille<l  several  of  his  men,  and  caused  tlio 
rest  to  >\'aver.  It  would  not  answer  to  lose  many 
lives  lor  so  poor  a  place,  and  so  a  ruse  was  resorted 
to.  The  corsairs  turned  in  pretended  flight.  The 
111  it -lioaded  Spaniards  at  once  came  forth  in  j»ursuit, 
(iiily  to  be  trapped  and  killed.  Those  who  es(  apod 
lu.iilt'  a  stand  in  the  i)laza,  whence  they  were  quickly 
driven,  and  thereupon  the  sacking  parties  overran  the 
tdwii.^"  Seven  years  later  Sisal  was  visited  by  a  fleet 
ot'deven  vessels  and  partly  burned  after  yielding  but 
little  to  the  raiders.^* 

One  result  of  these  ravages  was  an  order  for  tho 
formation  of  a  squadron,  under  the  name  of  ]>arlo- 
vciito,'-  to  protect  the  gulf  of  Mexico  and  tho  West 
Iiulia  waters.     It  was  to  consist  of  twelve  i^ailoons 


•In  Vazquez,  Chrdn.  Gvat.,  2;"),  is  relatwl  a  siinilar  surprise  by  a  French 
fiio,  fiMtnc  yt'nrs  Inter.  Fourteen  friars  perished,  but  eiglit  otliers  wiru  pickuil 
up  •md  fnnviirdeil  to  Ciidiz. 

'  "'llie  corsuir  tU'iiiaiideil  40.000  pesos  to  spare  the  town  from  dchtr  otion, 
liiit  tho  litizi-ns  refused  to  intei'fere.  Tlie  renegade  puide,  Diego tii<'  mulatto, 
felt  (ki']My  nioved  at  tiie  deatli  of  Itoniero,  who  liad  l>een  !  .  i  {iotltallu  r,  liut 
aj.',iiiist  siverid  otlier  persons  be  entertained  a  profound  hatred  horu  cil  li>r!iier 
inuliKiitnient.  Co<j'>llrilo,  llht.  Yiicut/iuii,  oUli-.S;  C<i.st,ll<i,  ])\c.  Yiic,  'JO!*  70. 

"  111  \l':\'  the  opportune  appearand'  of  troops  had  sjived  the  town  fiom 
►iKii.i  fate.  III.,  OOl',  G:«»-40.  I'it5  do  Palo  was  repented  to  be  waiting  for 
tliu  ll.    t  of  I0;i8,  and  it  turned  back.  Cuvo,  Ti-ex  Si;/''o:<,  ii.  10. 

''  \\  indward,  iu  allusion  to  this  other  name  for  the  .tVntillca. 


84 


KIXG  AND  COLONY. 


and  two  smaller  vessels,  and  the  estimated  cost  of 
maintenance,  six  hundi-ed  thousand  ducats,  should  ]•.(' 
levied  on  the  islands  and  mainland  from  Pannuiu 
northward.  jNIexieo  oftcred  to  contribute  two  liuii- 
dred  thousand  pesos  by  means  of  an  excise  tax  of  two 
per  cent."  Merida  placed  herself  on  the  list  with 
seven  thousand  pesos  for  fifteen  yi^ars,  and  otliur 
towns  came  forward  with  different  amounts.  One 
duty  of  the  fleet  was  to  prevent  smugnlini^,  from 
vliich  the  treasury  suftered  greatly,  and  while  t!ie 
chii'f  station  must  be  Vera  Cruz,  other  ports  were  to 
be  frequented.  To  this  end  surveys  should  be  niaik', 
partly  with  a  view  to  future  shipyards." 

The  declaration  of  war  by  France  in  1033  added 
another  to  the  many  enemies  arrayed  against  S[);iiu 
through  the  unfortunate  policy  of  Feli[)e  IV.,"  am! 
the  colonies  had  to  share  her  misfortunes  not  alonu  in 
the  form  of  pirate  raids,  but  in  being  subjected  t^ 
forced  loans  and  pressing  appeals  for  voluntar}'  am! 
tax  imposts.  Already  by  cedula  of  ])ecendjer  4,  l('rJ4. 
the  king  had  intimatt'd  to  his  subjects  that  they  ouglit 
to  assist  him  in  his  dire  need  by  voluntary  gifts,  am! 
New  Spain  was  told  that  000,000  ducats  would  lir 
exj)ected  by  the  following  year  from  her  rich  colo- 
nists. They  sent  432,000  pesos,  and  this  liberal  iv- 
s[)onsc  caused  the  donativo,  or  gift,  fund  to  bcconir  ;i 
fixed  source  of  revenue.^"     The  appeal  for  this  fiiiii! 

'^  In  aililition  to  four  per  cent  already  existinjr,  two  reals  were  also  K-vW 
en  canl.s.  Tins  dtler  \v;is  Jicceiited  liy  couneil  of  Octolter  1!),  Ki.SS,  deihuti'iii 
Iiavinii  to  lie  made  when  no  lleet  came.  1'lie  contudor  of  the  liind  was  up- 
jiohiUil  by  the  kinj;.    Vvtmirrrt,   Tnil.  J/V.c.,  .^O. 

"The'tirst  order  for  the  ]5arlovento  fleet,  dated  in  May  103."),  ^^as  followu! 
J)y  other>(  Ix'arin;^  ejiietly  on  funds  for  it.  Tlie  two  per  iiiille  eolU'cted  I'V  X\k 
consulado  was  ap]ilied  to  it,  and  other  taxes.  Fmincca,  Jli.tf.  J/iir.,  ii.  I'J-'.IJ; 
i'oij'illrilii,  11 1st.  Yiirnthoii,  iV)!).  Santa  !Marfa  ile  la  Vitoria,  in  Tahasen,  \\:,f 
one  of  the  jilaces,  fortitied  with  artilleiy,  and  in  war  Ijnie  witii  a  lar;:i-  g.'f- 
risim.  ('((//«',  Mim.  y  Not.,  >S7.  In  \{>'M  I'hilippine  traders  fitted  out  two 
vessels  of  their  own  to  watch  for  eor.siirs. 

'■'An  enil)argo  was  ordered  placetl  on  the  property  of  all  French  .Kalijict^ 
in  New  Spain,  as  elsewhere,  but  timely  warning  came  from  Spain  and  iiiaiiy 
saved  tlieniselves. 

'"  liy  Ki.'W  Mexico  city  pave  l,100,nOO  pesos  toward  it.  The  revenue  froiii 
the  Tiiliii/on  y  lltdl  Srrririo  fund  auioiinted  in  the  decade  of  Ki.'il  10  t' 
'J. .■!!»(),•_'(»().  an  increase  of  4()().fl(M)  over  the  ])revious  term.  Foiistra,  Hint.  II'K- 
i.  -ir.O,  V.  1311-41;  (JoHudi.:.  DuvHu,  Tiuttv,  i.  1-0. 


TAXATION. 


85 


w;'-^  onjoiiicd  on  bishops  niul  other  onkiiils;  aiul  (hfl\  r- 
,  111  cilices,  sucli  as caiionries  and  prehendaryships.wcio 
^ranted  to  those  M'ho  displayetl  hberahty.  Otlieials 
had  to  submit  to  lari^o  deductions  of  pay  under  tlio 
t(  nil  of  media  amita^^  and  mesa  da, ^"^  the  latter  a]i]»ly- 
ii!.;'  to  ecclesiastics.  In  addition  to  these  exactions 
Inaiis  M'ere  demanded,  or  forci!)ly  taken  when  not 
utliei'wisc  obtainable,^"  and  certain  taxes  were  sold  to 
specidators  for  a  large  sum  })ayable  in  cash.'-^" 

I'lcqucnt  ])rayers  rose  from  all  churches  thi'ouoh- 
oiit  Sj)anish  domains  for  divine  aid  toward  tlK^ellicacy 
nt"  tliese  measures,  and  witli  a  view  to  incline  wor- 
^liijijiers  to  o})en  their  purses  as  freely  as  their  hea)'ts. 
Tin  re  was  need  in  truth  to  jn-omote  Christian  ff.ibc.ir- 
aiirc  among  the  oppressed  subjects,  for,  at  the  very 
time  they  were  asked  to  bear  the  burden  of  wars 
liioiinht  upon  them  oi'ten  by  mere  caprice,  they  re- 
i(iv((l  m^gent  a])peals  to  contribute  large  amounts 
toward  the  rebuilding  of  royal  palaces.-' 

Tlie  most  grievously  taxed  colonists  of  Xcw  Spain 
at  tliis  time  were  probably  those  at  Mexico.  ]ie[)Uted 
ti>  l)e  among  the  richest  in  the  wealthy  colonies,  they 
v,i  IV  expected  to  meet  liberall}'  every  demand  for  aid 
ly  tlie  crown,  no  matter  how  sorel}'  rulers,  <jr  pii-ates, 
•  '!•  famine  miirht  harass  them.  And  now  another 
laislditune  was  at  hand.  In  IG'27  heavy  rains  caused 
the  liio  Quauhtitlan  to  break  the  dams  conlinin^-  its 

'"It  Wiis  established  in  Id.'U  and  exacted  half  tiie  income  of  the  lirst  year 
fifiii  eacli  olliec,  as  the  teiMn  ini]ilie«.  Tliiy  k  vy  was  im  leased  at  times.  I'ur 
r,;!(-i  ii'.'aidint;  tlie  tax  see  J,'(io/i.  tie  IiKlicis,  ii.  i)i2  et  seq. 

'  riiisileiluitiuii  of  'monthly'  incomes,  as  the  tirm  implies,  was  estublislied 
sti!!  ciiiiiii-.     l"(ir  (leriei's  eonci'iiiiuLr  it  see  ./</.,  i.  l."i'_'  et  sen. 

'■lu  lii'J.")  C'ei-ralvo  re|).iid  4(l,(Hi()  jiesos  Knt  by  the  municipality,  and  on 
till-  stiriit.'tli  of  tlie  good-will  crcati'd  by  thi;-  jn'omptness  lie  shortly  attei'  de- 
iiiaiidcil  a  larger  loan.  Cnlntani)  J\'/«'ro,  i.  ,S(i,  ;j-_'(i.  I'art  of  tin;  inillion  arriv- 
ing in  Spr'n  was  seized  and  the  owners  were  compelled  to  accej.t  instiad 
li;MiH\  lit  interior  intrinsic  vahie. 

•"Jlnjilirs  ol  land  w  ith  dnulitfiil  titles  were  made  to  pay  'enmpi'omise' 
fics,  (iillcition  ollices  were  extended  to  new  regions,  and  otiicr  means  taken 
t"  ii!4:iiii  increased  levenne.  See  also  (.'«;/(',  /'r.//.,  i.  'Jdl.  Mncli  of  this  wa.s 
"lit  (iiicit  to  Florida,  tlie  West  Indies,  and  other  parts,  which  were  also 
fciiljilii  d  witli  )iowd<r  and  othir  •. "tides,   /tudji.  (/<•  liiilitia,  ii.  57-,  u'J--3. 

'" luiiHiju,  ll'ttit,  Uac,  V.  4-il;  CcUuluriu  2s'iicro,  i.  441. 


86 


KING  AND  COLONY. 


Maters,  and  overflow  into  the  lower  lakes,  so  that  sc  v- 
eral  parts  of  Mexico  were  laid  eighteen  inches  undtr 
water.  The  alarmed  citizens  at  once  bestirred  thcm- 
selves;  causeways  were  raised  according  to  the  plans 
of  the  engineer  Boot;  a  new  dam  was  construct td 
near  Tizayuca;  another  to  divert  the  Rio  Pachuca, 
and  work  on  the  drainage  tumiel  received  fresh  iia- 
})u]se.^' 

The  decrease  of  moisture  in  the  following  year 
calmed  the  ardor  of  both  workers  and  taxpayers,  and 
many  useful  projects  were  set  aside  as  needless.  In 
H]'2\)  the  rains  began  early  with  the  prospect  of  a  wvi 
season.  Dams  broke  at  several  points,  and  already 
on  the  5th  of  September  canoes  floated  in  sevtial 
parts  of  the  city,  and  thousands  prepared  to  depart. 
On  the  21st,  St  Matthew's  day,  eamo  the  heaviot 
rainfall  so  far  known  in  the  valley;  and  it  continued 
for  thirty-six  hours,  till  the  whole  city  lay  under  water 
to  a  depth  of  fully  two  varas  in  most  parts."''  The 
confusion  and  miser}^  tlcfy  description.  All  seoiued 
one  vast  lake  dotted  with  thousands  of  isolated  houses. 
ItooFs  and  windows  were  crowded  with  men,  women, 
and  children,  drenched  and  suflering  from  hunger  and 
exposure.  From  every  direction  rose  lamentatitm. 
mingled  with  the  agonized  cries  of  drowning  pen-sons 
and  noise  of  crumbling  walls.  While  some  buildini^s 
were  undermined  with  the  melting  of  the  adobe  brick, 
or  the  washing  away  of  the  foundation,  others  weiv 
carried  wholly  away.  The  costly  goods  in  shops  and 
warehouses  were  ruined,  and   broken  furniture  and 


"'-Cavd,  followed  l)y  modern  writers,  i>lacca  some  of  these  measures  ii 
KVJd,  and  states  that  the  flood  of  IG'JT  gave  rise  merely  to  useless  coiisulta- 
tidiis,  Troi  Siiilds,  i.  '278;  but  Alegre,  lliit.  Comp.  Jcmts,  ii.  178,  conlirius  tin- 
more  natural  supposition  that  the  flood  gave  impulse  to  dams  and  ntliir 
Works.  The  dam  near  Tizayuca,  called  I'resa  del  Hey,  was  made  or  cuiu- 
plett'd  in  10"J8.    Iiivii(la<io)iig,  in  Col.  de  J)i(irios,  3.")(i. 

•u  '  Jjlpg(3  (I  tener  dos  barcns  do  alto  el  agua  por  doncL  menos.'  Ccprda,  /.'' ' . 
pt.  ii.  "27.  '  Subia  mas  do  media  vara  en  la  parta  mas  alta.'  Aleijir,  Ii"'. 
i'mii/i.  JciKs,  ii.  ISO;  I'anei^,  Vini/ci,  MS.,  l)t)-7.  Vetancurt  writes  tli;it  t!i'' 
main  .Kijuaro  with  cathedral,  palace,  and  plazuela  de  Volailor,  and  all  Siiiitiiiv' 
remained  above  water,  Chroii.,  1'21;  but  this  nmst  be  a  mistake,  for  tin; 
eipuire  lay  less  than  two  varas  above  the  surface  of  the  lake. 


INUXDATIOX. 


87 


Ml,   WOllU'll, 


other  household  effects  floated  about  the  streets.  No 
OIK'  could  leave  his  dwelling  save  in  canoes;  and  these 
(lid  not  suffice  for  all,  so  that  intercourse  was  difficult. 
]*ul)lic  affairs  came  to  a  standstill;  divine  service  was 
.suspended,  and  bells  were  rung  only  for  prayer. 

Tlie  vicero}'^  and  archliisliop  set  an  example  to  offi- 
ciiils  and  wealthy  persons  by  extending  succor  to  the 
iiidie  needy  quarters.  The  city  was  divided  into  dis- 
tiicts,  and  canoes  were  sent  round  with  provisions;  the 
sick  and  helpless  were  taken  to  better  quarters,  the 
piilace  itself  being  converted  into  a  hospital  and  house 
ut"  lefuge,  where  for  six  months  the  viceroy  dispensed 
oliaiity.  No  less  noble  were  the  efforts  of  other 
prdiiiincnt  persons,  the  jnvlato  establishing  hah'  a 
(lozni  hospitals,  and  seeking  also  to  encourage  the 
sui'l'i  rers  with  religious  consolation  b}'  going  around 
daily  to  hold  masses  at  altars  inq)rovi«ed  on  roofs  and 
lialconies.  The  flood  sliowing  no  signs  of  abatement, 
111'  proceeded  to  the  Guadalupe  shrine  on  the  main- 
land, and  brought  tlience,  for  tl'e  flrst  time  since  its 
liuiiidation,  the  image  of  the  virgin,'^'*  in  the  ho[)e  that 
s(t  sacred  a  i)resence  might  cause  the  water  to  retire; 
liiit  no  speedy  relief  was  experienced. 

I'nder  this  gloomy  prosj)ect  the  agitation  for  a  re- 
nins al  of  the  city  was  renewed,  and  many  began  to 
ci'cct  houses  in  dilferent  [)arts  along  the  maiidand 
shore.  Petitions  were  addressed  to  the  kinij:  to  j>rant 
Lis  sanction,  and  in  a  cedula  of  May  11),  IGo'J,  the 
til  vated  plain  between  Tacul)a  and  Tacubaya  was 
assigned  for  the  new  site,  if  a  representative  ci)uneil 
sliniild  ihid  the  change  necessary.''''' 

l)y  this  time  property-holders  were  well  aware  that 

•'  llnm^lit  over  on  September  27tli  Riiys  Moilin.a,  who  juMs  tlie  pious  SnUc- 
hood  tliiit  tlio  waters  at  oiu'c  began  to  letire.  Cfiniii.  S.  JHciin,  )•_';[.  ,\lc;.'i(', 
Im'.  cit.,  gives  tlie  'J4tli  and  leaves  the  inliiuation  that  nof^'noil  i  lliet  followed. 
Fl''i-ii,rit(,  Ktifnlla  dti  Korf<',  l.SO.  Davila  ujiiiolds  the  etlieiicy  of  tiie  iniaj,'e, 
ami  11. Ms  that  an  iinaye  of  St  l)oniinio  assisted  iu  lowering,'  the  waters;  so 
11. lull  .-^1)  that 'a  fines  de  Julio  dil  afio  de  llJ.'lO.  .  .reeiliieron  por  ratnm  • 
alioL'.nloa  Siiiito  l)oniin^,'o.'  C'liiiliiiiiarinn,  MS.,  M)^;  I'ltmt,  I'in  i/is,  MS.,  !t()-7. 

■'Thissite  wason  the.Sanetoruni  grantje.  Ctirn,  V'/vs iS' '';//"«,  ii.  'J-.S.  Thosu 
mIi.i  liu.l  creutod  hou.ses  elsewhere  must  not  oeeujiy  tliiin.  This  and  sup- 
l>l'.nKiitary  decrees  are  reproduced  iu  Cijicda,  ltd.,  pt.  iii.  7  ct  seip 


88 


KING  AND  COLONY. 


such  a  change  would  work  their  ruin,  and  loud  remon- 
strances found  their  way  even  to  the  court.  The  city 
])roperty,  now  valued  at  fully  fifty  millions,  would  ho 
lost,  includijig  a  largo  number  of  sumptuous  temj)l(s, 
fifteen  convents,  eight  hospitals,  six  colleges,  and  other 
])nblic  buildings  and  works.  With  the  growing  scarcit}- 
of  available  Indians  the  cost  of  rebuilding  would  ho 
innnenso,  and  thousands  would  be  reduced  to  beggary 
by  the  transfer.  Besides,  how  could  all  the  convents 
and  temples  be  restored,  and  how  could  the  inmates 
be  supported  when  present  rentals  were  lost?^"  Tliosc 
who  assisted  at  the  councils  for  considering  the  ques- 
tion were  most  of  them  too  deeply  interested  in  the 
city  property  to  permit  a  change,  and  so  the  i)roj(Lt 
dropped.  They  sturdily  continued  to  occupy  their 
houses,  although  for  over  four  years  the  city  remained 
practically  flooded.  The  higher  parts  did  come  abi)ve 
the  surface,  but  heavy  rains  on  two  occasions  assisted 
to  keep  the  waters  above  the  lower  lying  districts.-' 

jMeanwhile  a  larj^^e  number  of  families  mii'rated  to 
Puebla  and  other  towns,  and  a  still  larger  pro[)orti(iii 
perished  during  the  floods  and  from  the  exposiuo, 
want,  and  diseases  which  followed,  particularly  in  tlio 
poorer  and  Indian  sections.^^  E)iergetic  measures  weio 
taken  to  improve  communication  and  other  facilities 


'"'The  most  interesting  representations  on  tins  subject  are  given  inCepida. 
It  is  also  referred  to  in  Foimica,  IIIM.  Hue,  v.  300;  in  Cuvo;  CaUi ,  Mi  m.  y 
Xol.,  4'.);  Mciliiiii,  (.'liruii.,  S.  JJicjo,  li.'{4;  Ganzah'z  Dt'tviln,  Tuttro  Z,''7i>.,i. 
IS.  Tlie  number  of  houses  is  given  at  7,700.  The  oidores  who  tignn 'l  at 
the  time  and  assisted  in  deciding  tiie  (juestion,  were  Licenciado  FnincisiMj  del 
{.'astillo,  Doetijr  Juan  do  Canseco,  licenciates  Alonso  do  Uria  y 'J'oluir,  I'laii- 
ci-^ci)  dc  Ilerrera  Campuzano,  Antonio  C'ucUo  do  Portugal,  Jiian  de  N'ilhil'niia 
Zuliiauni,  and  liscalcs  Juan  tiouzalez  de  riiiafiel  antl  Juan  de  Miianihi  (iiii- 
dcjiRJii.   Cviwilii,  ltiL,i.'l'.),Ti. 

'■''  Vetinicurt,  Chrun.,  \'1\,  extends  the  flood  over  five  years.  Velnsco,  K.rnlt. 
r>iv.,  4r)-(i,  siiys  four.  Alegre  specilies  till  .'spring  of  Ki.SS  and  states  lluit  the 
rains  of  lOliO  nearly  gave  rise  to  a  liot.  J/int.  t'omp.  Jr.siis,  ii.  l.Si*-;i.  Snuie 
tloeuments  imply  tliat  the  water  practically  rece<lcd  between  1(!.'?1  iiud  UK) 
and  linally  in  1(};>4,  llinnhohll,  Ek-iu'i  I'nl.,  i.  '215,  while  Lorenziina  assuiiic* 
tluit  rains  in  Iti'M  and  l(j.S4  raised  the  decreasing  waters.  CorUi.t,  I/i^l.  X 
/,■•</..,  -J'-'. 

-"Archbishop  Zuniga  cxnggerated  the  loss  to  ,10,000  Indiiins,  and  states 
that  of  'Jl),000  Spanish  families  ('!)  only  400  remained  a  month  after  the  l  iviit 
inundation.  Letter  of  October  l(i,  KJi'J.  doirjilez  JJdvilu,  Teali-j  L'ehs,,]. 
(iO;  Medina,  VlirOn,  iS.  L)k<jo,  1'21;  Graiubilu,  Tuimdlos,  ii. 


PLANS  SUBMITTED. 


89 


so  as  to  decrease  the  suffering  and  induce  people  to 
rrturn.  Raised  sidewalks  or  causeways  WL-re  con- 
i^tnicted  along  the  houses,  canoe  traffic  was  increased, 
and  medical  aid  provided.  In  103-4  came  a  scries  of 
e;irtli({uake  shocks  which  rent  the  valley  in  different 
(linclions,  and  assisted  greatly  to  draw  off  the  water. 
Tills  was  claimed  by  the  native  and  Creole  po])ulation 
a>  a  miracle  performed  by  their  favorite,  the  virgin  of 
Guadalupe,  while  the  Spaniards  stoutly  attributed  it 
to  their  patron,  she  of  liemcdios,  intimating  that  the 
iiiLdiation  of  the  other  imago  had  so  for  etfected  no 
o( .( )(!.  The  dispute  between  the  votaries  became  quite 
hot,''  though  they  might  more  reasonably  have  cursed 
the  agenc}'  which,  having  it  within  its  power  to  deliver 
till  HI,  had  kept  them  in  misery  so  long.  With  this 
(Kcuirence  the  city  saw  herself  once  more  i'ree  from 
tlic  lake;  and  now  haste  was  made  to  clean  the  streets 
and  dredge  the  canals,  for  to  the  obstructions  in  these 
channels  was  partly  attributed  slow  drainage.^'^ 

])aring  the  excitement  consequent  upon  the  first 
flood,  enemies  of  the  Jesuits  sought  to  direct  popular 
i'ci  ling  against  them  as  having  bn^ken  the  dams.  In- 
vest i'-ation  revealed  that  Martinez,  the  en<>'ineer  of 
the  (liainago  tunnel,  had  closed  this  outlet  on  behold- 
in;^'  the  vast  flow  of  water,  confident  that  its  force  and 
accompanying  debris  would  merely  destroy  his  works, 
Vshihj  tlie  latter  would  be  inade(|uate  under  the  cir- 
ciuiistances  to  aid  in  saving  Mexico.  The  Jesuits 
veil'  cleared,  but  jVfartinez  had  te  languish  for  a  time 
in  ]iiison  for  ac   .  g  without  permission."^ 

The  importance  of  drainage  and  diversion  of  tribu- 
tary waters  became  now  more  generally  admitted,  and 

"As  Bi'trani,  ^f(•r.,  ii.  (57-8,  cagoly  points  out. 

'"'J'liu  m\v  viceroy  Ciiilcrcita  pive  iiii)iiilsc  to  tlicse  oporntions.  Cavo 
pill  s  tin' cost  iit  14,0(10  pesos,  which  must  lie  a  misprint.  ('ciMchi  mentions 
lU.dOil  t'nr  certain  work,  and  Vctancurt,  C/irdii.,  I'Jl.  states  tiiat  the  I'rancis- 
can^ar,'oni)ili.slicil,withIniliiinui(l,  for!K>,(]0(»  wliatotlicrs  estinititeil  at  I  lO.OUO. 
Aljatc  sp  aks  (if  relics  of  this  period,  found  in  the  heginning  of  this  century, 
uiiilir  the  raised  cauheways.  <ltirit(i,  ii.  l'J4-.'>. 

■"  He  was  also  ill  provided  with  funds  for  work  on  thi'  tunnel.  Ci/iiiht, 
I!''.,  pt.  ii.  'J(i.  It  was  charged  that  he  hiid  closed  the  tunnel  on  purpose  to 
r;a.ic  the  estinuitiou  of  ita  value.  Jiuinboldl,  L'ssui  Pol.,  i.  -14. 


00 


KING  AND  COLONY. 


a  number  of  projects  to  this  end  were  submitted,  all 
(jf  whicli  received  due  attention,  the  viceroy  joinill^f 
})er.s(>nally  in  examination  of  ground.  Several  pio- 
])(^sed  a  drain  from  Lake  San  Cristobal  through  II io 
Tequi^quiac  into  the  Panuco,  and  Simon  Mendez  even 
uigc'd  the  extension  of  the  drain  to  Tezcuco  Lake. 
lie  was  allowed  to  begin  the  task,  but  its  infeasibility 
must  so(jn  have  beconie  a{)parent,  for  it  did  not  pi^- 
gross  far.^-  Another  suggested  that  the  underground 
])as.sage  into  which  the  Teotihuacan  rivulet  disap- 
j^earcd  might  serve  for  outlet,  and  finally  the  Jesuit 
i'athtsr  Calderon  revived  the  tradition  of  a  natural 
sink  in  the  bottom  of  Tezcuco  Lake,  between  two 
rocks  near  Pantitlan.  This  received  more  attention 
than  might  be  expected,  and  quite  extensive  exami- 
nations were  made  under  the  alluring  offer  of  a  hun- 
dred thousand  pesos  for  its  discovery.** 

None  of  the  i)lans  appearing  to  jjossess  the  merits 
of  the  Iluehuetoca  channel  for  efficac}'  and  cheapnoss, 
a  contract  was  made  with  Martinez  for  200,000  jxsos 
to  put  the  tunnel  in  condition  for  carrying  off  tlic 
tributary  waters  of  Zumpango  and  Citlaltei)ec  lakes.'* 
The  ]»lan  was  deemed  insufhcient^^  and  work  draumd 
slowly  along  both  on  the  outlet,  now'  destined  to  Itu- 
come  an  open  cut,  and  on  adjacent  structures.  The 
dam  of  San  Cristobal,  protecting  the  Tezcuco  from 
northern  waters,  was  restored  in  a  substantial  manner; 
a  tributary  of  Chalco  Lake  from  the  volcano  ranuu 
was    diverted,    and    several   minor   dams   were   con- 


^-'  Kiich  of  these  plans  was  cstitnntcd  to  cost  from  three  to  nine  milliniiii. 

"■' lliiuiholilt  conmieiits  unfavorably  on  the  supposition  that  the  poiniis 
nniy,t,'ilaloiil  of  the  valley  could  present  any  apertures.  Eii»ii  Pol.,  i.  'JK!. 
For  a  list  of  the  diffircnt  projects  with  details  of  the  principal,  sec  CejK'hr, 
J.'iL,  ](!,  ])t.  ii.  y7-40,  pt.  iii.  5-0,  17  et  scq.;  I'cfancvrf,  Chron.,  123— 1;  La 
Vnr.,  i.  ."142-5. 

^*  Tlii.s  task  was  to  he  finished  in  21  months  beginning  early  in  1030.  Mex- 
ico sent  300  Indians  to  work,  and  orders  came  in  October  'quelaobra  coniira 
liasta  liis  bocas  de  S.  Gregorio.'  Curo,  Tim  SiijIoK,  ii.  2. 

'"''riie  advt'rso  report  of  Gidor  Cubiaurrii  on  the  work  in  lC32ha.«teneil  the 
death  uf  Martinez.  ( 'ubiaurn^  succeeded  him  as  superintendent  for  a  sliort 
time,  hi  1(!37  the  Franciscan  coniisario  general  Flores  took  eliarirc  ;ii;il 
hi.s  onler  retained  control  for  many  years.  Iiiiiiulucioiics,  in  Cot.  de  JJkirioi, 
MS.,  3o0-8. 


A  NATIONAL  SAINT. 


91 


.ttiru'ted  or  rcjiairotl."'"  In  order  to  relieve  tlie  eity, 
tlir  funds  for  these  openitions  were  obtained  cliielly 
liv  means  of  a  tax  on  imported  wines.^^  By  1(507  the 
iNliendituro  on  the  drainage  works  had  risen  to  nearly 
tliice  millions  During  the  following  deeade  only 
till*  e  hundred  and  thirty-eight  thousand  pesos  were 
expended,  and  after  that  still  smaller  anujunts,  till 
17('S-77,  when  they  rose  to  somewhat  over  half  u 


luillion 


Si 


^[('xieo  was  not  very  successful  in  her  appeals  to 
tlic  virgin  patrons,  as  we  have  seen,  and  her  religious 
joititude  received  a  further  shock  from  the  circum- 
staiice  that,  just  before  her  greatest  misfortune,  she 
li.nl  celebrated  the  canonization  of  the  protomartyr 
S.iii  Felipe  and  enrolled  him  as  one  of  her  guardians. 
Aiiicng  a  population  so  largely  composed  of  Creoles, 
uiili  an  inmiense  Indian  support,  all  looking  on  Xew 
Spain  as  their  native  country,  and  regarding  Span- 
iards from  the  peninsula  with  more  or  less  antago 
iii>iii — among  such  a  peo])le,  deeply  imbued  with  re- 
liuious  feeling,  the  possession  of  a  national  saint  must 
have  been  ardently  desired.  This  longing  was  finally 
satisfied  in  the  person  of  Felipe  do  Jesus,  the  eldest 
(if  ten  children  born  at  Mexico  to  Alonso  do  las 
Casas"'"  and  his  wife  Antonia  Martinez.  Casas  had 
j^iuwii  rich  as  a  trader  in  the  capital,  and  eager  for 
the  redemption  of  his  soul,  he  designated  three  of  his 
six  sons  for  the  service  of  God.  One,  Juan,  became 
an  Augustinian,  and  found  martyrdom  at  the  !^[oluc- 
eas  ill  1G07;  another,  Francisco  l)y  name,  labored 
aetivcl}'  in  the  same  order  as  a  priest  till  lGoO;*°  and 

'"'liy  Father  Garibixy  of  Mcxicaltzinco.    Vdmirrrf,  Chrrin.,  121. 

•''01  2.')  pesos  on  the  Itavrel,  half  goiiii^  towiird  tlie  f(ji-tilic;itions  at  Vera 
Cm/.  'J'liis  tax  continued  to  he  levied,  thon^'h  in  later  yeai's  Imt  a  fiactiuu 
v.is  .ipiilicd  to  the  drainage.  Foiisira,  Hint.  Jla<\,  v.  .'JOS-!!. 

'"  I '(tails  of  cost  and  amount  of  dilTerent  work  are  given  in  the  full  offieial 
rcjioit  (if  Cepeda,  I'ikirioii,  pt.  iii.  '21,  ete. ;  also  in  Iimlnir.  Virri/x,  I'd.'}. 
Fill:  ii:i  speeilies  I ,r>()4,ri.'il  as  expended  during  lU'J8-37,  and  1,404,883  pre- 
vi(iu-',y.   nisi.  J/ac,  v.  M'J. 

"'■'Widimly  called  Canales  liy  several  writers. 

'Named  l-'ruiicisou  uud  dying  ou  Hum  I'runcisco';:>  day,  lio  must  have  had 


02 


KING  AND  COLONY. 


tho  tliird,  Ftlipo,  lioni  on  !Miiy  1,  If)""),  and  ((lucatt  il 
at  tlie  .Jesuit  t'ollrge,  joined  the  liarctootod  Fi!in«i" 
('an«  at  l*ucl)la,  but  it'll  IVoin  liis  vows  and  was  \»v  tL'- 
juiyry  parents  sent  to  the  Phili[)]»ines,  there  t<»  seik 
his  fortune.*'  The  lartio  sum  of  nionev  whi<-li  li..- 
brought  as  a  means  for  advancement  was  soon  di— i- 
jijited  In  riot,  hut  tho  consequences  hastened  rejient- 
ance,  and  in  1594  ho  became  again  a  barefooted  Fran- 
ciscan, displaying  this  time  such  devout  Z"al  as  to 
gain  general  admii'ation.  After  two  years  of  i)enanco 
he  left  for  homo. 

Tho  vessel  touched  at  Japan,"*^  and  there  ho  with 
several  brother  friars  was  seized  to  iu)der<ro  maitvr- 
dom.*^  Proceedin!j[s  were  instituted  for  the  canoniza- 
tion  of  tho  victims,  Archbishoj)  Serna  himself  njaking 
in(]uiries  on  behalf  of  Felipe,  and  by  bull  of  Septem- 
ber 14,  1027,  thirty  years  after  his  death,  the  repent- 
ant son  of  tho  merchant  was  admitted  a  .>aint,  as  tho 
pr.>toniartyr  of  ISIexico.  Two  years  later,  on  the  aimi- 
vorsary  of  his  martyrdom,  February  5th,  the  city 
celebrated  the  beatification  with  imposing  ceremonies, 
and  received  San  Felipe  do  Jesus  as  one  of  the 
jnitrons.  The  viceroy  and  archbishop  led  in  the  jn-o- 
cession,  and  tho  mother  of  tho  saint  was  able  to  p;ir- 
ticipate;  but  tho  excitement  and  joy  carried  her  to  the 
grave  a  few  days  later." 

About  tho  same  time  efforts  were  made  f«jr  tho 
beatification   of   a   revered   hermit  named  Gregorio 

aoine  spiritual  relations  with  this  saint,  observes  Mcdinn,  Chrdn.  S.  iJi-io, 
114. 

"  As  a  soldier,  says  ^Medina,  yet  he  allows  him  to  take  large  amount^  <•! 
money  wherewith  to  sp'jculate.  Otliers  intimate  tliat  he  intcn<ied  to  |)iii-;ie 
the  trade  of  a  silversmith,  in  which  lie  had  already  engaged  nt  Mixi".-"».  .V't 
Jli(ri(t,  Cliron.  Si  Jostjih,  ii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  x.;  liibudettiyra,  IJiit.  Arih.,  lil>. 
vi.  ea]).  iv. ;  Comp.  ilc  Ji'siix,  JJc/ciisd,  5. 

*'-()n  a  mission,  it  is  said,  yet  Medina  declares  that  Zaies  drove  it  tli'-re 
for  refuge.  During  the  voyage  suigular  plienomena  gave  indication  of  tlie 
saint  on  Ijoard. 

^^  The  bodies  of  tlie  victims  appear  all  to  have  been  recovered  and  t^ken 
to  Manila.     Felipe  was  crucitied  and  lanced  after  losing  his  left  cjir. 

"  Al('(i>r,  Hint.  Comp.  Jmiin,  ii.  177-8.  I'ueblo  city  also  voweil  toolistive 
the  day  of  San  Felipe,  who  first  assumed  the  I'ohc  there.  Mulina,  Chrun.  S. 
JJkijo,  33-4,  Ili-'iO;  Monumentos  Domin.  Eiip.,  MS.,  DO,  303. 


RETir.KMFXT  OF  CERRALVO. 


03 


Lmjk'Z,  wlio  liad  (lied  in  loOGat  tin*  iv^e  «>f  fifty-four. 
Ill  early  years  lie  served  as  i>:ige  t«»  Pliili|>  II.,  yet 
it  <!  an  austere  aiul  contemplative  life,  ami  was  said  to 
1m  of  royal  blood.  In  1502  he  came  to  New  Spain 
iunl  retired  as  a  hermit  ainonj^  tin-  wild  Indians  near 
Atemayac,  preaehin^-,  praetisinj,'  charity,  and  writin;^,' 
linnks.  Several  of  these  were-  printed  and  two  at- 
tained more  than  one  edition."  Archhishop  Serra 
tiaiisferred  his  body  to  the  cathedral  at  Mexico  and 
jn'mcd  in  the  efforts  for  his  enr<»hnent  among  the 
siiiils.  This  was  urij^ed  as  late  as  17a*J,  but  in  vain.*" 
^fore  persistent  and  successful  were  the  efforts  for 
tln'  canonization  of  l\.\ng  Ferdinand  of  S[»ain,  toward 
\\h\rh  laro'o  sums  were  at  this  time  collected  in  New 
S|Miii.'*'^  In  1G29  also  imj^osing  ceremonies  were  held 
ill  honor  of  Cortes  the  conqueror,  on  the  occasion  of 
tin  funeral  of  his  last  male  descendant.  The  body 
was  then  transferred  from  Tezcuco  to  the  Franciscan 
(lunch  at  Mexico,  the  viceroy,  leadini^  corporations, 
(liiicials,  and  citizens  joining  in  solemn  procession.*"* 

rViralvo  had  twice  asked  to  bo  relieved  of  office, 
(>\\\n\f  to  ill-health  and  to  family  affairs  which  de- 
iiiaiided  his  presence  in  Spain.  This  was  granted  in 
KI;];"),  with  appointment  to  the  councils  of  war  and  the 
Indies  and  a  rental  of  3,000  ducados  for  two  lives.*'' 
llv  certainl}'  deserved  recognition  from  the  sovereign, 


''As  Dedamrlon  del  AppocnVipni  of  which  I  liave  a  manuscript  copj-; 
Ti'drii  lie  JleiHrbiax,  Mexico,  1073,  liighly  BiMjkr'ii  of  by  I'imlo,  Ejiitotm ,  ii. 
8fV.l,  and  otliers,  also  in  my  possession;  Omtonn  Pun iii<iU<,  M<-x.,  lUOO,  and 
CJi'.rtio  Opuxculonim,  Koine,  1T-V2.  A  jwrpetual calendar,  a  universal  clu'on- 
oki^'v,  iiiid  otlier  pieces  remain  in  manuscript. 

^"'Diu!  reason  may  have  been  tlie  char^'<' of  heiTsy  made  .ipainst  iiini  on 
fii>t  arriving  at  Mexico,  thot'gh  not  sustained.  For  details  of  his  life,  sec 
-I'W'":,  \"ala  11  E>ti-rito>i. .  .Loptz,'^\ad.,  1(J78,  \-\'2\;  />'.«>,  V'uhuli I  S'i< n;^.  .  . 
J-''l"-.  Madrid,  17-'7,  1-44-J;  Somoza,  JJicr.  Xot.,  I'nebla,  1S.X»,  l-.'U,  and 
ks>  lull  accounts  in  Mexican  histories,  sucli  as   !'» ■'«•<'••«,  Hi'nt.  MIL  IUk., 

lN.>>-il(i. 

''  liisiiop  Prado  alone  paid  6,000  pesos.    Gonzaltz  Ddvila,  Teatro  KcJia., 

i.  \y<.  WW. 

'Fur  documents  on  the  subject  see  Alaman,  Diiurt.,  ii.  52—4,  and  app. 
Sosa  ri'pidduces  many  details  of  tlie  ceremonies.  Epi«:  Mcj-.,  GS-9.  Pedro 
Cult,  s  died  .Januarj'  'M,  liJ'JH,  and  on  February  '24th  the  funeral  took  jihui. 

''■•Ou  Indians  in  New  Spain,  granted  May  "27,  1033.  Calk,  item,  y  Sol.,o\j, 


M 


KING  AND  COLONY. 


for  lio  ]\!i(l  proved  an  al>1c'  and  cnorgotic  rulor,  dis. 
jicnsinLf  justice  ^vitll  imunptncss  and  impartiality,  Ins- 
torint^  trade  and  industries,  practising  charity,  .'ind 
look ini,^  zealously  to  the  welfare  of  the  j)ooplo.  Jle 
lei';,  a  power  of  attorney  to  answer  at  his  residenei.i'" 
and  hastened  away,  carrying  a  considerable  amount 
of  treasure,  it  was  said. 

Jiel'ore  his  «le[)arture  the  installation  took  j)lace,  on 
Sejttcmher  10th,  of  the  sixteenth  viceroy,  Lope  Ditz 
de  Arniendariz,  marques  de  Cadereita,  a  man  of  ImiLf 
and  varied  exper\.nce  in  the  royal  service.  In  KiUiJ 
and  IflOS  he  figured  as  admiral  and  general  of  ilects; 
in  which  position  he  showed  himself  quite  fortunate, 
iiotahly  in  1025,  when  he  caused  wide-spread  rejnic- 
ings  hy  escaping  with  a  most  valuable  treasure.'''  lie 
afterward  became  majordomo  to  the  king  and  mem- 
ber of  the  royal  council." 

His  reception  created  less  attention  than  usual  on 
such  occasions  owing  to  the  restrictions  placed  by  the 
king  on  costl}'  pageantry."''  Little  of  note  occuiivd 
during  his  rule;  affairs  progressed  to  the  geneinl 
satisfaction.  The  Indians  received  protection,  and 
settlements  were  extended  northward,  one  in  Nutvu 
Leon  beiuLj  named  Cailereita  in  his  honor.  Yet  his 
relations  with  the  audiencia  do  not  appear  to  luivo 
been  (juite  satisfactory,"  and  at  his  residencia  some 

'"Till'  only  notaliln  clmrgo  wns  l\v  the  religions  orders  for  his  iiilerfcrc  nee 
in  tlicir  appointments  and  other  acts  tending  to  lower  their  induenoc  \(  itli 
Iniliatu  and  others.  Altliongh  tliis  was  not  sustained  at  the  time,  a  reviv.il  uf 
tlie  ic-iidcucia  took  place  live  years  later,  without  any  unfavorable  results  to 
Ceiralvo,  it  apjiears.  AruKnnon,  in  TuviiiUok  de.  Mcx.,  1-1."?;  ('irralro,  Ain- 
tiiirioii.  in  Virri/cn  tie  Mrx.  Instruc.,  pt.  1(>-17;  Samnnteijo,  lieL,  98-0;  Poldj'u; 
LI  Viii.  S'  nor,  ;{.     iJoctor  Quiroga  y  Moya  was  the  judge. 

^'  An  niinuMl  thanksgiving  was  ordc-reil  held  in  consequence.  Certain  ac- 
counts place  liis  licet  at  eight  galleons  and  that  of  the  enemy  at  lOD  vcsmIs. 
Aijiiiliir,  X'iiilirii  SaiTU,  2;  Pap.  Tt/r.,  i.  pt.  i.;  Papelea  FrancUcauos,  .MS., 
sOrio  i.  loin.  ii.  i. 

^■^  1  le  was  accompanied  by  his  wife,  hut  liis  daughter  remained  in  Spain.  IC- 
tmicvrl,  I'ldt.  Mir.,  14;  Jhivila,  t'oiitliiiicrion,  ^IS.,  '201;  Fiijiieniri,  Vitiili''"!^, 
MS.,  ri.'i.    His  tippointnient  bore  date  April  11),  1(>;}J.  Cedidurio  Auevu,  i.  1)44. 

^^  Oiih  III  Ii  (l(>  III  Coioiia,  MS.,  i.  14. 

**  A  ci'cluja  of  l(i:J'.)  reprimands  the  oidores  for  giving  him  Ijad  advice.  /'/., 
ii.  IK!);  vii.  .')-7.  The  names  of  tlio  leading  otiicials  at  the  time  may  he  pith- 
ered  from  C'jieila,  ltd.,  pt.  i.  2;  L'ertif.  de  Mcrctdi-s,  MS.,  124;  Gruitwlos, 
Taide-',  385-0. 


SIXTEENTH  VICEROY. 


OS 


'OSlUOIK'lll' 


Tuiilicc  was  exhibited,  chiefly  from  liis  rjuarrcl  witli 
tlic  archbishop.  The  real  nature  of  this  trouble  is 
Hot  dear,  though  it  arose  i'roni  the  interference  df 
each  dignitary  with  what  the  other  considered  his 
s|i( cial  i»rivileges  and  duties.^'  While  the  crown  was 
lint  seriously  aianued,  a  similar  quarrel  in  IGlM  pioba- 
lily  induced  it  to  remove  one  of  them. 

Tiie  prelate,  Doctor  Fiancisco  ^fanso  y  Zuiiiga,"' 
had  on  Aj)ril  12,  1G28,'''  been  appointed  to  succeed 
till'  troublesome  Serna.  lie  possessed  many  (jualiti- 
oiitions  lor  his  office  whereby  he  gained  not  only  i'uI>lio 
a|>iiroval  but  the  confidence  of  the  king.  Kdm-ated 
ill  S;damanca,  he  took  orders  in  1G08,  became  rector 
(•fA'alladolid  university,  vicar-general  (jf  Aloa,  abbot 
(i|'sc\eral  prominent  establishments,  oidorof  Cranadji 
ill  1GI2,  and  finally  member  of  the  India  Council;  so 
that  with  high  learning  and  ecclesiastic  exi)erii'nce  ho 
CKiubined  the  training  of  judge  and  political  coun- 
selor;*^ yet  we  find  him  embroiling  himself  so  far 
Mith  the  viceroy  as  to  lead  to  his  recall  in  1G05.''' 
Otherwise  his  administration  proved  satisfactory,  and 
riiiioiiL''  the  peo[)le  his  memory  was  revered  lor  the 
kiii(hiess  and  charity  displayed  in  particular  during 
the  great  inundation,  and  in  aiding  religious  edifices."' 
Thi'  king  indeed  was  not  displeased,  for  he  presented 
liiiii  to  the  sec  of  Cartagena  and  afterward  to  the 
ai<li(iiocesc  of  Bdriros.  In  1G50  Ziini<;a  entered  the 
Indian  Council  with  the  title  of  conde  de  Ervias.*'^ 


'■  ( lonzulpz  Dilvil.i,  vlio  v.Totc  abmit  this  time,  merely  saya,  'Tx'vo  cneucn- 
tins  cMii  tl  Virrey  on  deftiisji  tlu  la  iuniunidad  do  hi  Igle.sia.'  Tciitni  JM(<.,  i. 
<Jl.    'Ilio  iiianhiiincss  was  actually  to  he  jireveuted  fiuiii  viaiting  miiineries. 

■"  I'aiica  adds  Mendo/a.    Virrfi/CK,    MS.,  IK). 

'■''  •  ii'iizalez  Diivila  writes  l(i:Jl);  Imt  Ziiuijia  was  a';  Mexico  already  in  Feb- 
ruary  cf  iUis  year,  andanived  jirohably  at  tlie  close  oi  Ui'lS. 

""He  was  horn  at  C'afias  ahout  loiSL*,  and  studied  also  at  Valladoli<l. 

"'('.ivo  erroneously  writes  1031).    V'/vs  jS'/V//o.v,  ii.  II. 

•""(i.inzalez  l):ivila  speaks  also  of  his  libe-al  expenditures  at  the  funeral  of 
tlic  iui.intc  archhi.shop  of  Toledo,  Teutro,  CI,  yet  this  act  savors  rather  of  oh- 
seiiiunus  calculation. 

"  And  viscondc  dc  Ncguerucla.  Sona,  Epinc.  Mex.,  72.  At  his  de.-th,  six 
years  hitei-,  he  left  treasures  to  the  value  of  600,000  pesos,  which  were  placed 
inii'iti  cnd>argo.  Ouijo,  iJiario,  in  Doc.  Jliat.  Mex.,  siSrio  ii.  torn.  i.  Sol).  Yet 
tliu  -rcater  part  no  doubt  reached  his  heirs. 


on 


KIXO  AND  COLONY. 


Fmiicist'o  AVrdn^o,  ](m<jf  oonnectod  with  tlio  iiw|ui. 
sition,  .'111(1  siiu'o  1(»'J;5  l)ish<>]»  of  (Juaiiiaiii^a  in  l*riii, 
VU8  a|>|)<>IiitL'(l  lii.s  HiU'(!css()r  at  Mexico,  l>iit  dii'd  in 
Au'nist  \(\'.](\,  Ix'f'oiv  the  hulls  ri'ached  hiiii.''^  Mem- 
uliile  tlie  airhdiocese  was  adininistered  hy  l^octnr 
Fernandez  dc  IiuMiza,  an  intimate  of  /uniij^a,  \\\u) 
jirohahly  assisted  in  ])roeiuin^  foi-  him  the  hishopiie 
of  Yucatan;  hut  death  overtook  Ipt'uza  heforc  consc 
cration.*^  The  next  appointee  to  the  prelacy  of 
!Mexico  was  a  Creole,  Feliciano  de  la  Vcj^a,  horn  at 


Lima  and  there  educated.     Hi? 


gr 


ea 


t   1 


eariun<r  and 


hrilliant  talents  procured  prompt  recoi,qiition,  and  !iu 
heeanic  successively  governor  of  the  Lima  arclidioccso 
and  hishop  of  Pojiayau  and  of  La  l^az.  Tlie  latti  r 
ai)pointment  was  conferred  in  IGo'J  and  ii.'  the  sai.io 
year  came  his  promotion  to  Mexico.  On  arrivinj^  at 
Aca[)ulco  early  in  ])ecendj'r  1(140  he  was  seized  with 
fever  from  Avhicli  he  died  within  a  few  days,"^  to  tlio 
regret  of  the  crcolo  population  at  least,  who  wci(j 
naturally  eager  to  sec  installed  as  leading  prelate  onu 
of  their  own  class,  thou^di  born  in  a  distant  land. 


/;•.' 

/  ' 

tolll. 

II.. 

mi;/' 

'". 

•;t  i; 

:   ,1 

i;>,i 

i\  1 

1  \ 

1 

-1, 

'II, 

J>r. 

1 

1.  I'l 

-11 

li.  7 

M: 

•;7I; 

II 

(■/,,, 

,N|-;; 

.  i; 

!■'.  ,1 

('■" 

\m 

Mil, 

'  1  < 

"'-  At  the  ago  of  7i>,  it  seems,  though  r.on;;.ilc7,  D;lvHa  says  80.  lie  li.ul 
Jwen  professor  at  Seville,  iiiquisiilorut  J..iniafnini  lOOl-'JH,  ami  liailrcpcatiiily 
<lcclitii;(l  jmiiiiotion  to  Spani«h  sees.  Ho  lUspeuscil  all  his  iiicoino  in  alius  ami 
died  deeply  re<,'i'ettcd.    J'enlro  Edfi.,  1.  02. 

"'Tho  appointment  Mas  dated  Oetober  (5,  1043. 

"' The  body  •was  afterward  removed  from  Mazatlan  to  Mexico  cathedral. 
lie  left  a  fortune  of  800, (KIO  pesos,  hut  no  will  whereby  to  embalm  hi.s  nieiiiniy 
ill  charities,  observes  Gonzalez  Davila,  yet  he  adds:  'Fue  vno  do  los  vmm 
feli/.es  ing^nios  quo  tuuo  el  Keyno  le  I'iru.'  Tcitlro,  i.  CJ-o.  Of  4,000  ik'- 
ei.sions  nu  'o  by  him  as  ruler  of  the  Lima  see  none  was  revoked.  The  fortune 
above  refi    'ed  to  gave  rise  to  strange  complications  as  will  be  seen. 


preceding 
lii.  l>(i!)-77, 
1"20,  passin. 
ITS-!';  ('<']>' 
l>s,  4'J-Ol,  < 


Herew  I  give  broader  references  to  some  authorities  consulted  for  the 
npters:  Torquemada,  i.  300-11,  57-',  OUS-1!),  071,  G!)0-3,  7•.2t>-ti^; 
Jlr-I,  Cullc,  Mem.  y  Not.,  A?>  Qt»c(i.;  JJdrilii,  Coulinuacioii,  M>, 
Alri/re,  J  Jut.  Comp.  Jesus,  i.  3(i,  3y3^4'2;  ii.  10-42,  ll.">,  I. Hi, 
I,  lUlacioH,  i.  4,  passim;  Ooiiudiz  Ddvila,  Teatro  L'ck's.,  i.  J, 
-G,  122-31,  182-<t7,  200-.3!);  Medhm,  Chrtin.  S.  JJici/o,  11,  li.i  t, 
44-0,  113-;"  ,  234,  240;  Coijollcdo,  J  list.  Yucathan,  2;!2-!>,  401),  passim;  //■'■ 
rn-(i,  dec.  i.  lib.  ix.  cap.  viii.;  Ttimullos  de.  Mer.,  MS.,  IT)  ct  seq.;  Vvlain'-il, 
Chrim.  Sun.  Evamj.,  1.3-23,  120-7;  Id.,  TnU.  Mix.,  11-14,  .30-9;  Oraw'-'", 
Tiimidtos,  MS.,  1-19;  Biinjoa,  Oeoij.  l)i'.icrii).  Urijnm,  ii.  ,30')-(),  340-2;  /'., 
J'(d,.4ra  J/ht.,  1.39-48,  193-200;  lurnumlz,  lliM.  Erlrs.,  .3.-)-0,  .'iO,  110;  ■  w- 
rii'do,  L'xliidios  Hist.,  114;  Yaziiiiiz,  Chron.  de  Clrat.,  '1m;  Ccrlijicarloii  d'  I'l-i 
Jill tn lies,  MS.,  124;  Col.  JJoc.  Iind.,  xxi.  447-00;  Conciiio's  Prur.,  .M>., 
loiij  y  do,  210-17;  Vn(i'ius,de  la.  Corona,  MS.,  ii.  14u-S0;  vii.  1-7;  litau-ul, 


FL'UTinni  AL'THOllITIKS. 


07 


iltcd  for  tlic 


//^^  rhwipn,  TIS;  p,'i,.hA  rr'nii':,,>f,io',  MS..  2  .';  Dr.r.  //;  r.  .V,.i-.,  ,s('n'o  ii. 


tolil.  II..  l>it-siiii; 


/'/. 


Hi'no  II.  tniii.  111.,   |ias!4iin 


M, 


J.'i  I. 


>ri,l. 


■/,'   '/•/«. 


/.7'.i.S  I   it  Miij.;  Siijiniiin   1/  Uuii'j'  I'll,  Cd-lii,  M.S.,  I,");  Ji/.,  I'aitij.o  Oi'iUl., 

','1  I-,;  .iA..''o  )/  >'M  hi^hhiii,,,,,  .M,-;.,  i.  ii;-,"ii,  •.'s!)-!»i.  ;t(;i-i.".i;"ii.  i  iitO; 

I'lifhi'^:  I  iiiiil  Cdrdiiiii'i,  Vol.  l>or.,  \\.  ;{N0;  Miiltnitamii  nio  di-  J,iiliiiii,  MS., 
I  >;  ( Vi(7  ",  ///^^  *V.  /,'i//.,  IS-'JJ;  Iintruc.  l'ir<i/iM,  •_'(;;(;  l!<'-v)K  '/'■  //(i/.,  i. 
^'1,  piisMiin;  ii.  '27,    pjisiiin      '"  -     -- 


Moiil, 


line 


I  'iiiil. 


in'ii/"i',  tSciii'inoi, 


.VW»,   isl.  •_'|i;-l7;  /■■, 


MS.,  o.">  T.'t;  Mitniti,  h'luii  Xnvi  Vrhin,  :i-t.'t,  :t.'i.');  J) 


J>.,  .  lii~t.,  M 


II,)- 


M'-rkn,   111  I.    ihl    l.sl.liln 


liii:i.Mlll  ;    (  ''II 


pi;  II' iniiiiDiif,  I'niii.  Mirh.,  .MS.,  '_''!."i;  I'lir'/i'in,  ll'n  I'il 


il'llll'  !<, 


IIIIDHIO, 

i.   SI; 


II.  7)1;  L'lit,  Am.  J)',iir;,,.,  -JXi-U,  •J.jl -;tlO;  lliimliulill,  l^isiti  l\,l.,  i.  'JOl-.Tt, 


M7;  //..  .V< 


'"  S.mi 


!>!)-■'    In:)  .-,.  /,/.,  V,r.^ii,h,  ii.  .S7-I-S;  Siii,iu.<, 


fli 


•.m- 


I. 


ii.   •»:!.'i-l.".,   4.")H-()I;  4i;i-7.'t,   r.S'J-!)();  Ai'liiiii',,  I' 


itp  /.(I 


i:!S   II,  -JliJ-l,  .•Jill;  Mmi' 


M. 


A'Jii',  i.  IK),  10;t.  I7t)-i)i 


Ahi 


,1,1 


/: 


;(ii.'.;  JH- 


i.  i;!!»,  :t.'s.  ;UJ;  ii.  -.mj  vx 


Ijlll 


-'CO. 


.tTS-!).  .-.i7-!);  iii.  .1IM>;  iv.  4H!)  'jm  v.  •J.".0-I;  vi 


7til-'J;  vii.   •IS.".-() 


i.\. 


:i(i-i; 


.'()i)-i,  :j:i;;-l  ."icii,  ."ks7-.s,  t>i).>,  yao;  .\.  :ji,'j-7<",  ^''M-vx 


CVl-'"t,  7<;i,  «•-••-•,   '.•_'S-!t;  A.jnilnr,  X' 


!■_':  .S'i'i(  S'iii<iiii,  L'Ai 


IS; 


y.'i'iili  ,<,  /list.  Ml    ,/.,  \'.\'t;  (ioiizuli'n,  (  ul.  \,  Ldiii,  U-llJ;  ./r'nuv*,  KMmHiin, 


i7;i  J-l,  4(il-.ju:);   7c 


//,•.v^  (/ 


\)-i 


:u] 


''.,  171 


Mo 


/:, 


Mv 


iii.  •j;!7-.'>l!;  iv.  '1-\'M  Allm 


Ml 


Cnl'J. 


ill.  X, 


H'e/L  47--."s  r)lX)-.S;    /'i((m»/«'<(    Qiiislioii, 


.")-(!;    M iilili:iii'j'iii'il,  I 


i.  :i-.i  ;); 

Airilluijn, 


I'll,   ii.  •J.")4-(i3;    /VoV.s   y/;.7.   ,l/< 


l.'ls  4.1;  A'l n-\t  ('(jl.   Villi.,  X.  I.">7-S;  C'ornnl.  Voij.  (I'arised. ),  i.  1;  Jlillnnni 

Ml   .,  ii.  GJ-7S;    Saniniiiiiiii,  lti:l.,  !)S-".);    I'ri'Hro/l'.i  Mcr.,  ii.   )0.')-7;    f/r"/'' 

|j       I'.//.  lAiii.tcnlam  (..!.  )7i:o),  i.  (IS-I  Itl,  -J.);!--.''.';  /(/.  (I'mis  t  .1.  li;i:,.).  i-  --•J-'l." 


M'i'l  r,  r.iiaiii  en  Mix.,  ii.  iV2-(i7;  iii.   lS,'>-()0;  Arri 


-.';  /'/.,  //»V.  u  C 


ior>-7 


tii'olui 


,l('til.,  s\)A)\\  Oif, II, !!'.■<  Am.,  -Jt.'.;  /.'-Vy.-n/,  (!i>',.M. 


irniij.  Mi.i:,  l.".9-(iJ 
;<<  W It  rial  ill  I',  ;iU.'»;    {«/•(«« 


/•/';<  //;s/.   )', 


!'■ 


17l>,  '-'-M;  Ciiitill'i,  l>h:  llist.,C>i\  '2(;;)-7-';  I'.ir^lniuniiti', 


hr. 


\W  I, 


-(;;  Li 


'ii,  i.  M-Vl;  AI:MU',iiiLiititii,  n.  Vl\-o\  Llnuiad  is. 


-ik-^A, 


•il'i  re,  Mr.i:<l  iliiat.  (raris  cd.  184;i>,   )."!);  Sli' inii'd'a 


J.'iiiil  if  ilie  A:tc^,  '.t~~'J;  Vario.i  Iinii,i>nns,  nos.  iii.  vi.-vii.;  rum-iai  i/  I'mit'iii, 
i:,'d  ilni-niila,  ii.    \1-12,  •JU3-:J:i7:  iv.  Al'd-M;  v.   3dJ-Ul;  Ciiiir'jidL'.i  CoK 


■it-,  VIII,   ,1) 


0:  /.', 


r//%  y/;.s/.  J/ 


ii.   100;  Som,  Kin-^ 


M- 


H-7I| 


]\'iirii!\  Hint.  Ml' I'.,  ii.  'l^'l;  Tf'rnaii.c-<  'oniimiin,  Col,  I'ui/,,  si'rio  ii.  tuin.  v. 
".'J;  /■<,!  lii'Diii,   ll'tst.  Mij.,  iv.  41,  Kit);  v.  "240,  passim;  Hal'iiiiwi,  (Inuidcui 


}U 


1-140;  A/V'',-)  JA.-\,  ii.  5-0,  40-2, 


SO-3,  ll'J-:i;!.   114-7,  KM- 


A' 


//'.I  iil''i'ov.  Siiulh   Sill',  ii.  273  et  bfq. ;    Mc.i'ko,   l!d.  do  Ocirc,  jias-s 


111)  I 


II  n  III' 


VkI.  V 


"J 


S;i-!)3;   L'xintiai'iia  de  J,  siis,  ])■/•' 


Fulii  !•'.<  Xiiliuiad  Mit'j.,  i.   •JI!)-.")4;    Moiaii'o  Mr.r. 

tuiiq.  X.  G'./.,"J71;  lli'ii'iMro  Yucalico,  i.  l'J4-S;  Vdasru,  Exult.  JJici 

H(i  4  I;  Ti rra.iovii  //  Muntidiom',  A',<j«/>(C(o»,  21-03;  Suiwyi,  Una'  .\ 


]'■ 


20!);    Mi.t'i-l'iidilh, 
Miati:, 

x,it.,-2-:n; 


i;,.i! 


■1,111 


Ciii'ta  I  I'm!.,  2-0,  o.j-oO;  Sue.  Mex.  C'loi/.,  Boli'thi,  ii. 


11>. 


V.  WVJ-Z^l;  viii.    h'.o;  I'uliij'ox  y  Mi'iidoza,  VeiicriUc  Sii'wr,  r)-7;  J.'ivcn 


lli.i'.  J,iliij,ii.  i.   77-01;  J/i riiuiidi-z,  L'tlitd.   M'j.,  2S-'.);  L' 


^i.^riir-iijS 


II 


■cxiv.  4S0-.')12;  .4/<i 


By.);  Moiiuiiieiitos  iJomiii.  Enp.,  M8.,  13,  yasuun. 


i/'/'-vW.,  ii.  50-77,  230-0;  iii.  l'J-28,  173, 


UiBT.  M£X.,  Vol.  III.    7 


CHAPTER  Y. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  VICEROYS  ESCALONA,   PALAFOX, 
AND  SALVATIERRA. 

1G40-1G48. 

Viceroy  EpjCalona's  Arrival— The  Bishop  and  Visitador  rALvrox— 

QlTARKELS    ADOlT    DoCTRIXAS — A    CuVETOrS    RULKU— FRCITLE.SS    ('(j.M- 

PLAINTS  —  Startling  News  from  Portcoal  —  Escalona's  Symia- 
TniKS — An  Is.solent  Captain — Viceroy  versus  liisnop— Pai.akix 
Made  Arciirlshop  and  Governor  of  New  Spain — Secret  Precaha- 
TI0N9— The  Stroke  against  Escalona — His  Vindication  in  Spain— 
Palafox  an  Able  Viceroy  —  Iconuclasm  —  L.'-'-pal  Labors  at 
PuEBLA  —  Viceroy  Salvatieura  Arrives  —  California  Exploua- 
TiONS — Salvatierra's  Rdle. 

Satisfactory  as  tlie  rule  of  Viceroy  Catlereita  liad 
been,  the  crown  had,  as  it  seems,  some  motive  for  liis 
removal,^  and  the  appointment  of  a  successor  was  re- 
solved upon.  Diego  Lopez  Pacheco  Cabrera  y  B(il)a- 
dilla,  duque  do  Escalona  and  marques  de  Villena,  a 
grraidee  ^.f  Spain,^  was  the  personage  selected  as  seven- 
teenth viceroy.  He  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz  the  24th  (»t' 
June  1040,  though  festivities  in  that  citv  and  at  sov- 
eral  points  on  tlic-rviad-  tWlay-t'd  his  entry  into  the 
capital  until  the  28th  of  August.^  In  tlie  same  IKvt 
came  the  new  bishop  of  Puebia  and  visitador  gencial 
for  New  Spain,  Juan  de  Palafox  y  jSIendoza,  with  a 

'  Troubles  with  Arclilii.shop  Maiiso  y  Zi'iiiiga  iiiaj' liavo  Iwcn  tlic  <au>c. 
The  repiiiiiaiid  of  the  audieiicia  would  al.-o  imlicate  grounds  for  coiiiplaint. 

'•'  JIo  was  the  hrst  grauileo  tliat  ever  hehl  the  vicuroyalty  of  New  S|i.iiu. 
C'allc,  Mem.  y  Nut.,  50.     Escalona  was  a  rehitive  to  the  dukes  of  ]jrayaii/a  in 
Portugal. 

'  Vituncvrt,  Trnt.  Mix.,  14,  followed  by  Cnvo,  TnH  Sli/hs,  ii.  \'2;  /,•/••"• 
tniin,  I/!st.  X.  l>/>.,  '2-2-:\.  Mayer,  M,.r.  Azt'C,  i.  11»8,  and  llihera,  Jl'< 
Jaliijia,  i.  01,  state  that  his  entry  into  ^Mexico  was  made  four  days  altn'  i'is 
arrival  at  ^'el■a  Cruz. 

(M) 


THE  CALIFORNIA  COAST. 


90 


fipecinl  commission  to  take  the  rosidcncias  of  tlio 
jniiner  viceroys,  Cerralvo  and  Cadereita,  and  to  in- 
votigate  the  commercial  relations  with  Peru  and  the 
riiihppine  Islands. 

The  new  viceroy  was  a  man  of  fair  speech,  and  for  a 
time  won  for  himself  the  sympathies  of  the  people, 
mIio  expected  from  him  a  change  for  the  better  in  the 
toiidition  of  affairs.  At  this  period  commerce  and 
iiiining  industries  were  depressed,*  and  the  common 
necessaries  of  life  could  be  purchased  only  at  exorbi- 
tiiiit  rates.  Moreover  the  cliurch  was  in  a  demoralized 
ruiidition,  and  the  religious  brotherhoods  ever  at 
strife;  tlie  higlicst  ecclesiastical  dignity  in  New  Spain 
bring  rei)resented  only  by  a  deputy. 

The  beoimiing  of  Escalona's  rule  showed  some 
activity.  He  had  been  ordered  bv  the  kinii"  to  make 
explorations  (»n  the  coast  of  California,  and  soon  after 
liis  accession  a  commission  was  issued  for  that  pur- 
jiDso  to  the  governor  of  Sinaloa.  Certain  Jesuits 
accompanied  the  expedition;  but  the  only  puri)Ose 
whicli  it  served  wac  to  ascertain  that  the  coast  was 
ricli  in  j)earls,  and,  though  cheerless  and  barren,  in- 
habited by  peaceful  tri'tes.  In  the  mean  time  the 
viceroy  aided  effectually  in  carrying  out  the  orders 
which  had  been  given  him  for  the  reformation  of  the 
tlicti'iiias,  the  execution  of  which  rested  with  the 
vi^itador-bi.shop  Palafox,  an  able,  energetic  man, 
wliiise  name  became  intiniatuly  linked  with  that  of 
Escalona,  and  with  the  greatest  ecclesiastical  strife 
niiicli  occurred  during  the  seventeenth  century. 

.)uan  do  Palafox  y  ^Mcndoza  was  l)orn  in  Fitcro, 
Xa\arrc,  on  the  24th  of  June  UiOO,  and  was  of  noble 
tlcscrnt.  thouii'h  a  natural  s(,n.  When  tvu  years  old  he 
was  legitimized  by  his  father,  Jaime de  Palafox  y  Men- 


iIm/.;!.  man 


pi 


es  (le 


•iza. 


Hi 


ivniLr  rec 


o 


ioivetl 


an  ediiea- 


'Tlii'  losses  s\istaineil  l)y  sliipwiccks  aiul  [liiiitcs  <liiriiig  tlic  ]iii'ci'iliii;,'  Ua 
Viars  Wire  estimiitod  at  :!Oi(H)(),()(K)  ]ios()s.   Pa'n/o.';  Kl  \',,i.  ,S<  I'mr,  ■[-:>. 

'Till'  lattin-  titlu  lias  pruliuhly  iiiisktl  scvi'ial  autlun's,  luiion;^  tluiu  N'ltaii- 
<iii';  iiiul  (iiiii/alf/,  Diivila,  wlio  give  Aiizji  in  Aiayuii  us  his  IjiilliiiliiLC  'J'nU. 
Mu.,  ,VJ;   Tcuti-u  Edo.,  i.  US. 


,100 


ESCALOXA,  PALAFOX,  AXD  SALVATIERRA. 


tioii  in  kccpiMj^  with  Lis  rank,  lie  intenJctl  to  cnttr 
the  army,  l)iit  boinix  dissuaded  I)V  liis  father,  he  studied 
law  and  theology  at  Alcala  and  Salan^anca,  where  liis 
talents  won  the  adniiralion  of  his  teaehers  and  iellow- 
stud(,'nts.  His  fame  soon  reached  the  ears  of  the  \iU)'j;, 
who  sununoned  him  to  court,  and  ho  was  appoiutL.l 
in  (juick  succession  to  several  important  offices  in  tlio 
council  of  the  Indies,  and  of  war.  Durino-  this  time 
he  hrst  entertained  the  idea  of  changing  his  worldly 
lii'e  for  a  more  sacred  calling,"  and  a  few  ^-ears  latLi' 
was  ordained  a  ]n-iest,  heing  appointed,  in  1G29,  chap- 
lain and  chief-almoner  to  the  empress,  whom  he  ac- 
companied to  Germany,''  where  ho  remained  fjr 
several  years.  On  the  27th  of  December  1G39  he  was 
consecrated  at  Madrid,  and  on  his  arrival  in  X^w 
S[)ain,  in  Juno  1G40,  immediately  entered  upon  liis 
duties.  His  zeal  and  charity  soon  gained  for  him  Iho 
Ljve  and  obedience  of  his  flock,  while  as  visitador  lie 
knew  so  well  how  to  temper  justice  with  moderation 
that  litigants  highly  res[)ected  his  decisions.  The 
only  matter  in  which  he  displayed  unwonted  ligor  was 
the  removal  of  friars  from  doctrinas,  and  in  this  ho 
Avas  seconded  by  the  viceroy. 

For  yeai's  great  irregularities  had  prevailed  in  the 
a]>[)()intments  to  doctrinas,  or  neophyte  coiigregatinns, 
a,  great  number  of  which  the  religious  brotherhoods  luul 
hehl  in  their  gift  since  the  time  of  the  coiujuest.  Friars 
were  instalh'd  and  removed  at  will  by  their  superini,-, 
regardless  of  royal  and  pontifical  decrees  to  the  cou- 
trary,  and  of  instructions  directing  candidates  to  bo 
examined  and  apprt)ved  by  the  bishop.  Little  or  no  at- 
tention was  paid  to  the  manner  in  which  the  doctrinas 


"Several  inirnctilons  escapes  from  danger  had  already  predisposed  liiin  to 
tlii-;  change,  ami  the  death  (if  t\\  o  proinineiit  courtiers  liastened  his  rcsDlnioii. 
His  imither,  who  had  become  a  recluse,  encouraged  him.  Palaj'ojc,  OIjiv-,  \ni. 
10.  I. ".-47. 

'  lloliclil  also  for  fjonio  time  the  oHiccs  of  a  treasurer  of  tho  chuvrh  it 
T.irMsiiua  and  tif  an  alihot  of  Cintra.  Wfiunrrt,  Trtit.  Mc.r.,  o'J;  (mk/v''"- 
J)<ii-i'ti,  'J'i'itro  L'rlc.-i.,  i.  !);S.  j.orenzana,  in  Vnncilio^  J'ror.,  iJJJ-OJ,  -'>\, 
uu'iiliuns  I'iilalox  also  ua  visitador  of  the  royal  convent  of  barefooted  niuibvl 
Madrid. 


CURRENT  MEASURES. 


101 


111  the 

L!"atinll>. 


wore  administered,  the  only  object  seeming  to  be  tlio 
arcuniultition  of  wealth  at  the  ex[)ense  of  others.  The 
bisliop  at  once  resolved  to  correct  this  abuse,  and 
mooting  with  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  friars, 
prooecued  to  deprive  the  orders  of  their  missions.  In 
a  short  time  he  had  estal)lished  thirty-seven  new 
curacies,  which  formerly  had  belonged  to  the  Fran- 
ciscans, Dominicans,  and  Aiigustinians.  It  must  bo 
admitted  that  in  some  instances  ho  went  too  far, 
making  a  parish  out  of  every  district  containing  a 
small  church  or  hermitage,  if  the  ecclesiastics  failed 
to  appear  before  him  during  the  short  term  granted 
for  examination.^  Finally,  when  the  religious  orders 
realized  their  inability  to  battle  successfully  with  the 
imitod  powers  of  the  bishop  and  the  viceroy,  they 
suhinitted  under  protest  to  the  India  Council,  a  meas- 
ure which  was  of  no  avail  to  them,  however,  as  the 
conduct  of  the  bisliop  was  approved.  The  general 
fooling  of  the  population  had  doubtless  been  with  the 
bishop,  and  they  considered  the  great  number  of  friars 
as  a  burden  to  the  country,  and  one  of  little  benelit; 
for  a  few  years  later  petitions  were  addressed  to  Spain, 
iir'fin2f  that  no  more  friars  be  sent  to  Mexico,  and 
that  no  licenses  be  issued  for  new  convents. 

Although  an  intimate  friendship  seemed  to  exist 
between  Escalona  and  Palafox,  which  found  expression 
ill  the  frequent  visits  they  paid  each  other,  the  former 
]im\  not  been  deaf  to  the  complaints  of  the  friars  merely 
for  the  sake  of  the  bishop's  good-will.  ]Ie  required 
a  more  tangible  compensation,  which  was  nothing  less 
tiiau  the  assistance,  or  at  least  the  non-interference,  of 
tlie  powerful  visitador.  Pleasure,  and  the  acquisition 
of  \\(>altli,  were  dear  to  the  heart  of  the  viceroy.  The 
duties  of  his  office  were  a  sore  burden  to  him,  and  ho 

'"riiG  Franciscans  as  tlio  moat  numerous  soom  to  liavo  sufTorcd  ino^t, 
juduiiiu'  from  tlic  long  complaint  of  VctaiKniit,  who  says  that  his  order  hail 
to  sillier  niany  gi'icvancos.  Only  one  Franciscan,  of  Atlixco,  snlimittcil  t<» 
the  liisiiop's  demand,  and  haviii!.'  been  approved,  was  left  in  undiHturhed  jxis- 
spssiiiii  of  his  doctrina.  Vilutivrrt,  i'hnni.  Sftn  Kruiiij.,  14-l(i;  ilur.ali-.  J)d. 
'••'k.  Titiini  J-Ji'li'f.,  i,  yy.  See  also  C(( CO,  Tia  Stylus,  ii.  I'.i;  Alamaii,  Llistit., 
iii.  aj,p.  L>8. 


102 


ESCALOXA,  PALAFOX,  AXD  SALVATIERRA. 


^villinpfly  transferred  tlicm  to  his  friends  and  courticis, 
if  tliey  would  only  offer  him  opportunity  for  amusi!- 
nient,  and  liis  due  share  of  the  official  perquisitts. 
The  best  offices  were  thus  given  to  the  partisans  of 
tlie  (hdcc,  and  by  them  resold  to  the  highest  bidder. 
Amoiig  other  measures  he  was  induced  to  order  a 
census  to  be  taken  of  all  the  mulattocs,  negroes,  and 
mestizos,  but  for  what  purpose  does  not  appear,  save 
that  of  swelling  his  own  coffers,  and  those  of  his  fa- 
vorites. One  of  his  attendants  was  put  in  charge  i)t'» 
the  granary,  the  stores  of  which  were  sold  at  exci>- 
sivc  rates  to  the  public;  another  was  made  judge  of 
police  and  given  charge  of  the  public  water  works.' 
A  third  was  appointed  ^^^2  de  ])utqi(cs  under  the  })rL'- 
text  of  onforcinLj  the  laws  ai>-ainst  the  sale  of  intoxi- 
eating  liquors,  and  made  fifty  thousand  pesos  a  year 
by  his  office.  The  sale  of  cacao  was  also  monopolized, 
and  its  price  was  so  extravagant  that  only  rich  jm  r- 
sons  could  afford  to  buy  it.^" 

The  people  were  loud  in  their  complaints,  but  no 
whisper  reached  the  ears  of  the  viceroy,"  for  his  friends 
did  their  utmost  to  prevent  him  from  learning  li<i\v 
gi'cat  was  the  dissatisfaction  his  measures  had  creatLil. 
]^epresentations  were  made  to  the  bishoj)-visitad(ir, 
who  aru'ued  with  Escalona,  suggesting  that  if  the 
offices  were  sold  the  proceeds  ought  to  be  turiud 
over  to  the  royal  treasury.  His  counsel  was  di>iv- 
gnrded  by  the  duhc,  who  was  piqued  by  it,  and  after- 
ward enileavorcd  to  keep  aloof  from  hini.^'^ 

The  viceroy  still  wanted  money  to  redeem  his  tn- 
cumbered  estates,  and  a  new  scheme  was  devised  I'V 
his  ingenious  financiers.     A  list  of  wealthy  perseiis 

"  Even  till!  salinoiis  water  sold  at  two  luul  three  reals  a  loutl,  anil  iti  n>o 
I'jiUMil  (lis('a.si's  aiiioni,'  the  population. 

'"  'If  tlms  the  vealtliiir  classes  were  unable  to  obtain  it,  how  could  it  !«' 
with  those  who  had  no  nieaus,  y  con  solo  estc  desayuno  ayunuban  los  dlll^  y 
h\x  ikilIii'-;. '   J'lild/ij.r,  El  Vni.  ,Sciioi\  ti. 

"  llis  rooms,  in  the  interior  of  the  palace,  were  quite  distant  from  tli.it 
part  of  the  building  where  the  ollices  were  situated,  and  to  which  the  |juI/1.i: 
liad  access. 

'- '  rareciendole  ipie  en  no  oyendo  culpurse  no  Buria  culpado.'  Pahtj'o.,  LI 
Vvii.  Si  I'nir,  7. 


AKCIlCISHOr  AND  VICEROY. 


103 


m;;s  j.'iadc,  and  all  were  in  turn  invited  to  the  palace 
\>\  the  viceroy,  who  flattered  tlicni,  feasted  them,  ]iro- 
iiiotou  some  of  them  to  office,  and  finally  did  them 
t!io  honor  of  borrowing  their  money,  the  repayment 
(if  which  in  all  probability  was  to  be  made  ad  (invcas 
cokndas.  To  refuse  or  to  concede  Mas  alike  danger- 
ous, and  many  preferred  the  latter.  So  well  worked 
the  contrivance,  that  within  a  short  time  several  liun- 
(h'cd  thousand  pesos  were  obtained. ^^  Occasionally  ap- 
]iid|)riations  were  also  made  from  the  royal  treasury 
aiitl  liom  the  monopoly  of  quicksilver,  the  latter  prov- 
ing so  injurious  that  the  product  of  the  mines  was 
hugely  reduced." 

Cool  as  were  the  relations  between  Escalona  and 
ralnfoXjan  open  rupture  had  always  been  avoided  by 
the  latter,  perhaps  njore  from  policy  than  from  any 
other  motive.  Even  the  viceroy's  misconduct  with 
regu'd  to  the  armada  de  Barlovento,  and  the  despatch 
of  the  fleet  of  1G41,  did  not  })roduce  any  visible  effect 
on  the  visitador,  though  it  evidenced  the  breach 
ah-eadv  existing.  Orders  had  been  given  to  the  duke 
tn  })i()ceed  with  the  organization  of  this  armament  for 
tlie  [)rotection  of  the  coasts  and  the  escort  of  mer- 
(Iiaiit  vessels.  These  instructions  were  carried  out  in 
the  most  careless  manner;  a  large  amount  of  money 
vas  drawn  from  the  royal  treasury  and  spent  on  ves- 
sels scarcelv  seaworthy  and  altoijfether  too  small.^''  In 
adihtion,  the  despatch  of  the  fleet  was  unnecessarily 
delayed  until  the  end  of  July.  In  vain  the  visitador 
liad  remonstrated;  but  though  his  advice  was  disre- 
iiai'ded  the  result  jU'oved  how  correct  it  had  been,  for 
a  storm  destroved  the  whole  flota,  and  caused  the 
down  a  loss  of  about  eight  millions  of  pesos. ■^'^ 

"  Authorities  differ  aa  to  tlic  ox.ict  fij.'urc,  statinj;  it  from  .WO.OflOtn  400,000 
pewis.     (Jii(>  Alvnro  do  Lorcii/aiiii  nloiio  is  isaid  to  liave  loaiUMl  riU,()(l()  jicsoh. 

"ft  is  iisscrti'd  that  nut  uiio  mark  of  silver  entered  the  royal  treasury 
iiiiilrv  I'lstalona's  rule. 

'The  aiiioiint  is  estimated  at  800,000  pesos.    Pnla/ox,  El  Vrn.  Snlnr,  S. 

''' I'aiafoN  made  of  tiie  viceroy's  jiroieedinijsaeharue  of  liail)oriiiLr  seditious 
1)1:111-:  hilt  tiiis  fell  to  the  jrinuiid:  for  at  llahana  the  tleet  was  idaee<l  umler 
till  ( niiiiiiaud  of  an  oiheei'  ijuite  independent  of  Escalona.  Escalona,  Defunm, 
iii  l'(/',  htdriK.,  MS.,  serie  i.,  no.  I,  lo-14. 


I 


m 


104 


ESCALONA,  PALAFOX,  AND  SALVATIERRA. 


7  >.*'■;; 


ft./* 


During  this  same  year  the  viceroy's  covotousnoss 
was  again  a  cause  of  offence  to  Palaf'ox.  Tlie  late 
archbishop  elect,  Feliciano  dc  Vega,  had  died  intes- 
tate, soon  after  his  arrival  at  Acapulco,  leaving  proj)- 
crty  valued  at  eight  hundred  thousand  ])esos,  and  a 
controversy  arose  as  to  M'honi  belonged  the  adminis- 
tration. The  bishop  claimed  it  in  virtue  of  his  oftif-o 
as  visitador,  and  commissioned  his  vicar-general,  I>ar- 
tolome  de  Nogales,  to  make  an  inventory.  J^nt  tlie 
property,  or  at  least  the  greater  part,  had  already 
been  seized  and  placed  in  safe-keeping  by  the  oidor, 
Melchor  dc  Torreblanca,  by  order  of  the  viceroy;  and 
when  Nogales  proceeded  to  comply  with  his  instruc- 
tions, he  was  strongly  rebuked  by  Escalona,  and  a]>o 
by  Palafox,  who  yet  strove  to  remain  on  good  terms 
with  the  duke.  Nogales  returned  in  disufust  to 
opain;^'  and  the  bishop,  also  annoyed,  abandoned  his 
claim  and  retired  to  Puebla.^* 

During  the  first  days  of  April  1041  news  reached 
Mexico  that  Portugal  and  Catalonia  liad  ris(;u  in 
revolt,  and  were  at  war  with  Spain  in  lefencc  of  their 
proclaimed  independence.  The  people  of  Mexico  be- 
came alarmed,  for  the  viceroy  was  a  near  ndative  to 
the  chief  of  the  Portuguese  insurgents,  tlie  duke  ef 
Braganza,  and  there  was  a  large  numl)er  of  tliat 
nationality  in  the  country.  Many  of  them  weio 
wealthy  and  influential,  and  had  always  been  treatcl 
by  Escalona  with  marked  favor.  Peai's  were  enter- 
tained that  the  insurrection  miglit  spread  to  the  Xew 
World,  and  the  duke's  beliavior  a]iparently  justiiied 
this   apprehension.     Cedulas   had    been  sent  to   the 

"  '  Dicicnilo  no  queria  cstar  en  ticrra  donclc  tanto  ntalta  las  inaiios  ii  la  jus- 
ticia  la  coutcniplaciuu  dc  los  seuorcs  vircj-LM. '  PaJufox,  El  Vui.  S<  nur,  it. 

'*  Tlio  nioiicy  ilisaiipeareil  luystoiiously;  'iiiurioioii  (tlic  S(K>,()00  ihsos) 
conio  hii  (Uu'fii)  limy  npriossa.'  Gii)i::itUz  l>(irilii,  Tcairo  I-.'cl'i'.,  i.  (m.  Tuiiu- 
l)laiicii  was  later  susiit'iiiled  from  otiice  and  l)aiiihlioil  to  Taunlia,  for  tlio  liiiii 
of  live  years.  In  lOoO  tlie  eouneil  of  the  Indie.s  jHoiiouneud  a  severe  .seiiti  lae 
againt<t  iiiiii-  perpetual  I'enioval  from  olliee,  eNiie  Irom  the  New  World,  l^i' 
ten  years  from  the  eoiirt,  and  a  line  of  lo.dOO  diieats.  <<'itijo,  Jjinriu,  in  l>'"'. 
J/isf.  Ml.!.,  Istser.,  i.  107.  All  this  implies  that  fiauds  were  eomiiiicted  iu 
the  adminidtrutiun  of  the  estate. 


WAR  WITH  PORTUGAL. 


109 


viceroy  to  serve  as  a  guide  for  his  conduct  toward  tlio 
Portuguese,  but  they  were  kept  secret,  and  neither 
tlio  audiencia  nor  the  visitador  learned  their  con- 
tents. The  distinctions  bestowed  on  the  Portuguese 
Wire  remembered;  how  one  had  been  made  castellan 
of  San  Juan  de  Uliia;  how  another,  even  after  the 
arrival  of  tlie  news,  had  been  placed  in  charge  of  a 
portion  of  the  troops,  and  received  the  rank  of  niaes- 
tre  de  campo;  while  a  tliird  was  appointed  comisario 
general.^"  It  was  also  asserted  that,  on  the  very  day 
wlien  the  intelligence  was  received,  Escalona,  instead 
of  expressing  sorrow,  dressed  himself  in  gala  costume 
and  invited  his  friends  to  a  banquet. 

One  circumstance,  however,  although  a  trivial  one, 
was  brought  forward  as  clearly  proving  the  duke's 
disloyalty.  It  was  alleged  that,  when  offered  the 
choice  of  two  horses,  one  belonging  to  Pedro  de  Cas- 
tilla,  and  the  other  to  Cristobal  de  Portugal,  he  ex- 
claimed, after  trying  them:  "The  Portuguese  is  the 
iH.'tter."'^''  This  remark  did  not  escape  the  strained 
cars  of  his  enemies;  and  trifling  as  it  was,  it  was 
afterward  so  construed  as  to  form  one  of  the  heaviest 
cliar'>'es  against  him.'^^  The  loss  of  one  of  the  mail- 
villus,  despatched  in  the  beginning  of  the  year,  also 
caused  great  excitement,  and  without  resjard  to  in- 
consistency  of  dates  was  by  some  persons  interpreted 
as  a  premeditated  step  of  the  viceroy  to  aid  his  rebel 
cou'^iii  in  Portugal. 

The  feeling  of  the  Spaniards  against  the  Portu- 

'"  It  scpins  that  the  first  instrnctions  from  Spain  did  not  oinIcv  the  dis- 
missal of  l'()rtui,'iicsc  olficials,  wln»  wcro  cousidcred  trustworthy,  1)ut  only  cu- 
jiiiiii'd  strict  vi:,'ilance.  The  diiko  retaini'd  thum  in  ollico  as  thero  were  no 
bulliiiciit  reasons  for  their  removal. 

■'  'Mi'jor  es  el  de  Portugal.'  i'cfdiia-rf,  Trn(.  J/V.r.,  14;  Cam,  Ti-i>'<  Si'iln<, 
ii.  l"i;  ]5iistamantc  in  Patd/o.r,  Kl  Wn.  Setlor,  7'J.  The  two  last  authorities 
say  till'  hoi'ses  had  been  given  to  the  duke.  Palafox,  Hciiiiiiit  i,  in  I'nlnj'n.c, 
El  V'li.  Si't'ior,  57,  gives  to  the  horses  the  names  of  Castilla  and  Portugal, 
ami  (•!riii;;e.s  the  viceroy's  cxelamation  to  'Dejo  il  Castilla  por  Portugal.' 

•'  <  iiiicspondence  with  Portuguese  nohlemen,  oliservations  apiirovin/  the 
(liiki  of  lliaganza's  treachery,  and  even  the  project  of  u  Portuguese  invasion 
Mile  , I Ui>  on  the  list  of  accusations  against  Ivscalona,  but  prcofa  were  never 
furni'slicd.  and  it  is  not  at  all  improbalile  that  the  bishop  had  a  good  deal  to 
ilij  vm:1i  the  circulation  of  such  rumors,  if  not  with  their  creutiou. 


106 


ESCALOXA,  PALAFOX,  AND  SALVATIERRA. 


guese  rcacliGcl  its  climax  on  the  13tli  of  AiiLjnst  1G41, 
the  day  of  St  Hippolytus.  When  the  usual  i)roc(s- 
sion  of  the  banner  met  a  body  of  soldiers  with  their 
Portuguese  captain,  the  customary  salut<;  of  lowering' 
the  flag-  was  refused  on  the  ground  of  the  duki's 
absence.'^^  The  Spaniards,  though  greatly  incenstd, 
merely  changed  their  route,  and  marie  no  atteuipt  to 
punish  their  insolent  neighbors.  Palafox,  who  soon 
afterward  returned  to  Mexico,  represented  to  the 
viceroy  the  necessity  of  punishing  the  captain  and  <if 
adopting  energetic  measures  to  prevent  an  outbreak 
of  the  Portuguese,  ^ho  became  more  hau'ditv  from 
day  to  day.  Escalona  agreed  with  the  bishop,  but 
could  not  bo  induced  to  take  any  active  steps, 
although  the  representations  were  repeatud.^' 

While  the  viceroy  and  Palafox  were  yet  quarrelling', 
information  reached  Mexico  that  the  Portuguese  in 
Brazil  had  rebelled,  and  that  a  mutinv  had  occurred 
in  Cartagena,  Ncw^  Granada.'^*  The  zealous  vi.sitadnr 
immediately  held  consultations  with  the  muinhfiN 
of  the  audiencia,  the  inquisition,  and  a  number  nf 
prominent  persons,  and  all  urged  him  to  reason  with 
the  duke,  and  call  his  attention  to  the  inipendini,' 
danger.  The  dismissal  of  the  Portuguese  captain 
and  those  of  his  countrymen  who  held  otiiee  under  t!io 
crown,  and  the  disbanding  of  the  companies  (jf  Portu- 
guese soldiers,  were  deemed  necessary.  An  attempt 
to  obtain  an  interview  with  the  viceroy  failed,  owini,' 
to  the  latter's  discourtesy;  and  when  the  bishop  ex- 
jilained  his  views  in  a  letter,'"*'  the  duke's  answer  was, 

'^  No  reason  is  assignod  why  the  viceroy  failed  to  assist.  '  Kl  fiortiK'ucs 
dijo:  que  no  liulhiudose  en  (5l  (tlic  processionj,  S.  K,  a  niugun  otr-j  alxtiiifi  sit 
haiiih?-n.'  I'alnfox,  El  rcii.  Scnor,  10-11. 

'-•'  I'alafox,  in  liis  letter  io  the  king,  mentions  the  disrespectful  lani:;iage 
of  tlie  viceroy,  saying  that  tlio  latter,  on  one  occasion,  tol  I  the  lji.<lioj»"rf  'hap- 
huu:  '  jior  alii  dicen  (luc  uie  alzo  con  esto,  si  eso  fiiese  asi,  yo  seria  rev,  y  mi 
oliispo  papa.'  Palafox,  El  Vca.  Seilor,  00.  Tliere  is  no  doubt  that,  as  \v«  I!  "D 
tliis  as  on  other  occasions,  the  viceroy  made  merry  with  the  serious  remarks 
of  tlic  bishop,  wlio  really  suspected  a  conspiracy. 

■-'Cartagena  de  la.'j  Indias,  as  it  was  then  called,  to  distinguiidi  it  from 
that  of  old  Spain. 

'■'•'  'Con  maraviUosas  razones  y  profunda  reverencia  le  proponia  larefonna- 
ciou  del  capitun  portugues,  y  todos  los  denias  puntas  conveuientes.' 


SUSPICIONS  OF  DISLOYALTY. 


107 


"Tlic  learned  always  err."  Xovertlitless  a  mcctiii<2f 
was  convoked,  consistinj^  <>f  lawyers,  friars,  and  other 
jicrsonagos  with  little  or  no  judgment  on  political 
iitlliiis.  Moreover  disputes  about  etiquette  prevented 
any  definite  action. 

Comprehending  at  last  the  danger  of  greater  delay, 
the  viceroy  issued  a  proclamation,  ordering  the  Portu- 
ouoo  iidiabitants  to  deliver  up  their  fire-arms  under 
pain  of  death.  The  Portuguese  captain  was  dismissed, 
and  Palafox,  in  order  to  manifest  his  conciliatory  dis- 
])()sition,  went  to  the  palace  to  congratulate  Escalona, 
iiiit  was  discourtcouslv  treated  hv  the  viceroy.  The 
ill-will  of  the  latter  increased  when  his  recjuest  to  the 
vi>itador  to  pardon  a  certain  prisoner  was  denied,  and 
the  liisliop  in  some  skilful  manner  contrived  to  secure 
the  people's  sympath}^  for  his  conduct.  The  duke  re- 
taliatt'd,  vexing  the  bishop  by  petty  annoyances  and  a 
lack  of  courtesy;  he  persecuted  his  friends,  and  forbade 
him  to  interfere  with  the  <lespatch  of  the  Philippine 
vcssl'Is,  a  matter  which  belonged  to  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  visitador.  Toward  the  end  of  1G41  Palafox 
was  desirous  of  returning  to  his  diocese,  but  was  ])ro- 
vnkcd  by  the  sneering  remarks  of  the  duke^*^to  remain, 
only  to  experience  new  offence  in  the  following  year, 
when  the  corregidor  of  Vera  Cruz  impriscjned  a  Car- 
indite  friar  on  whose  person  were  found  letters  which 
causi'd  him  to  be  suspected  of  being  an  emissary  of 
the  liisliop,  and  the  hitter's  efforts  in  his  behalf  seemed 
to  ((infirm  it.  Having  failed  to  obtain  from  the  vice- 
r<iy  tlu!  punishment  of  the  corregidor,  and  the  resi- 
(kiicia  of  Cadereita  being  concluded,  in  February  1042 
the  bi.sli()p  retired  to  Puebla  to  attend  to  his  duties, 
find  to  await  the  result  of  his  reports  to  the  king, 
^\hlllll  as  a  loyal  subject  and  in  duty  ])ound  he  had 
inr( iinied  of  the  suspicious  behavior  of  the  duke. 

His  jiutience  was  not  put  to  a  severe  test.  The 
kii)'-!'  iiad  always  been  aware  of  the  viceroy's  intimate 
I'ulation  with  the  Portuojuese  rebel,  who  had  wrested 

'*'Edculuua  suiJ  publicly  he  had  ordered  the  bishop  to  return  to  Tiiebla. 


108 


ESCALONA,  PALAFOX,  AND  SALVATIERRA. 


from  the  Spanish  sovereign  an  important  provinro; 
the  critical  circumstances  of  the  epoch  and  the  ahuscs 
wrought  by  the  viceroy's  attendants,  magnified  as 
they  were  by  the  bishop,  effectually  undermined  tlio 
king's  confidence.  Previous  orders  to  exercise  a  win  ijc- 
some  surveillance  were  now  amplified,  and  the  visi- 
tador  was  ordered  to  take  possession  of  the  govern- 
ment. Simultaneously  his  services  were  recognized 
by  offering  him  the  archbishopric  of  INIexico,  vacant 
since  the  death  of  Feliciano  deVega.'^^ 

Tliese  cedulas  arrived  toward  the  end  of  May  1042,-^ 
and  Palafox  was  not  loath  to  assume  the  viceroyalty, 
which  office  so  well  suited  his  ambition.  He  declined, 
however,  the  archiepiscopal  see.-"  The  latter  was  in 
consequence  given  to  Juan  de  Manosca  y  Zamora,  tlio 
late  president  of  the  chancilleria  of  New  Granada."' 
He  was  consecrated  by  Palafox  on  the  24th  of  Feb- 
ruary 1G45.  Keeping  secret  his  appointment,  tlio 
bishop  proceeded  on  the  Gth  of  June  1G42  toMexicd, 
where  his  exaltation  to  the  highest  ecclesiastical  diL,'- 
nity  had  filled  with  joy  the  whole  population,  save  the 
viceroy,  who  congratulated  him  with  such  scant  cour- 
tesy''^ as  to  rouse  the  ire  of  the  bishop,  who  occupied 
himself  during  the  two  following  days  with  sending' 
letters  to  Pucbla,  Vera  Cruz,  and  other  places,  makiii;,' 
known  his  appointment  almost  sinmltaneously.  On 
the  eve  of  Saturday  the  9th  of  June,  the  final  prcpa- 


"  T>icgo  (1c  Gucvfira,  arcli1)ishop-clect  of  Santo  Domingo,  had  takrn  pos- 
session of  the  see  in  the  name  of  Vega,  anil  ruled  until  hia  death.  Goirjdtz 
JJur'da,  Tcatro  Echs.,  i.  CI. 

^"Tho  contemporary  narrator,  in  Pahifnr,  El  V<n.  Sdloi;  IS,  pays  Miircli 
23d,  which  is  likely  to  he  a  misprint,  or  iueorrcct  reading  of  the  original  iiimii- 
useript.  The  time  given  in  the  text  is  supported  hy  the  personal  stateimiitj 
of  Palafox,  and  intimated  by  Cavo,  Tnn  iSi'jIox,  ii.  14. 

'*  Gonzalez  I'aviia  asserts  because  he  had  vowed  not  to  Jieccpt  any  (jthur 
Bce  hut  tliat  of  Puehla. 

^^  A  native  of  Marquina  in  Biscay.  He  was  educated  in  Mexico,  stinlicl 
in  Salamanca,  and  held  later,  among  other  olhccs,  that  of  inqnisitor  at  Cii  t;i- 
gena  and  Lima.  Vtfanrrrf,  Tral.  Me.i:,  '2'}.  Some  call  him  Manosca,  otlit-is 
Zamora;  tho  first,  his  maternal  name,  was  with  prefercnee  adopted  by  liiiii. 
Panes  mentions  him  as  Juan  Saenz  dc  Mayorca  y  Zamora.  Virci/en,  in  Man- 
nieiitoK,  Dom.  E^p.,  MS.,  !)!>. 

^'  It  is  also  said  that  Escalona  circulated  reports  that  Palafox  owed  liis 
elevutiou  to  his  iiillueuce. 


THE  INEVITABLE  BLOW. 


100 


rations  for  llic  stroke  were  iiuulc  in  tliu  city  of  Mexico, 
as  the  viceroy  intended  to  retire  to  Cliapultepec.  At 
a  lite  hour  of  the  night,  after  })revioLi!5ly  inforniin;^ 
thi  members  of  the  incjuibition,  and  ordering,''  them  to 
!)(•  ready  for  action,  the  niend)er.s  of  the  aiidiencia  were 
suniinoned  to  his  house  and  sliown  the  royal  cechdas, 
v>hi<h  thev  obeyed,  recoiiiiizinL''  Palafjx  as  vicerov. 
Sul'MfjUently  the  city  council,  municipal  and  royal 
otlirials,  and  a  number  of  prominent  citizens,  who  had 
been  assembled,  were  likewise  acquainted  with  the 
kiii'j's  will,  and  all  declared  their  wiilin<»iiess  to  obey. 

l)uiiMg  the  same  night,  by  order  of  Palafox,  the 
niatstre  de  campo,  Antonio  Urrutia  de  Vergara,^'  with 
tliirty  resolute  men  took  possession  of  and  guarded 
the  iiitranccs  to  the  viceregal  palace,  allowing  all  who 
>i>  doired  to  leave  it,  but  none  to  enter.  This  done, 
v.t'iil  was  sent  to  the  new  viceroy,  together  with  the 
iiiiniination,  that  everything  within  the  palace  was 
(luict  and  that  there  Nvas  not  the  least  suspicion. 
Others  had  secured  the  prison,  the  mint,  the  house 
where  the  royal  seal  was  kept,  and  several  public 
huil(Hngs. 

Coiilident  as  was  the  bishop  that  his  conduct  could 
not  lail  to  meet  with  the  aj)[)roval  of  the  people,  ho 
still  deemed  it  but  prudent  to  have  an  eye  to  his  own 
sairtv.  At  five  o'clock  the  next  morning  everything 
A\ as  ]\'ad\',  and  the  oidor  Andres  de  Pardo  de  Lagos,''' 
ac(t»iii[>anled  by  two  alcaldes,  the  fiscal,  and  a  secretary, 
jUiMi'cded  to  the  palace  to  notify  to  the  duke  hio  down- 
fall;" 

J]sr;dona  was  asleep  when  Lagos  and  his  comi)an- 
ioiis  entered,  and  awoke  to  find  the  party  on  bended 
kiu'c,  as  they  apprised  him  of  the  king's  latest  reso- 
lution.    The  secretary  handed  him  the  cedula,  but  he 

'-lie  is  sometimes  only  called  Vcrgara,  in  other  instances  Urrutia. 

'■'  III  soiiK'  iilacoH  ho  is  calleil  Lu},'i  <ir  Lugo. 

^'CavD,  Tri ■■<  Siiilox,  ii.  14-1"),  exprt'ssos  liis  astonishment  that  they  could 
entt;'  liiu  pulaio  witiiont  encounteiiiig  oi.i)i)Siitioii.  lie  loi'uets evidently  liiat 
tilt'  L'Kiid,  altiiough  only  biibjfft  to  tliu  inniicdiate  orders  of  tlio  vieen.y, 
viiiil  I  not  hid  to  ol)ey  tiitise  of  the  maestro  do  canipo,  the  second  coninuudur, 
\vli>^,  a.-3  hus  been  shown,  sided  with  the  bishop. 


no 


ESCALOXA,  PALAFOX,  AND  SALVATIERRA. 


II 


roturnod  it.  \\.\t\\  tlio  request  tluit  it  1)0  reml  to  liliii. 
Tliis  was  (loiu!,  nud  n\\s'u\if  liimself  on  liis  slioiildi'i-  In; 
listonod,  .sp(>ef'lilo.sa  with  siirpiisi%  to  the  words  of  Iiis 
sovereiufii,  wlio,  under  pretext  of  bestowing'  on  liiiu 
jU^reatei'  favors,  hade  liini  deliver  up  the  reins  of  jjowrr 
to  the  ai'elihishop  and  return  to  Spain.  "T!iis  is  a 
hard  hlow,  but  tjje  oi'ders  of  the  kiniLf  must  ho  oheyed," 
was  liis  answer.  Informed  that  iiis  successor  liinl 
ahnvidv  assumed  ofHee  and  <lemanded  liis  earlv  dc- 
parture  from  ]\I(^xico,  lie  left  the  ea[)ital  between  se\t!i 
and  eight  o'clock,  poorly  iMpii[)ped  and  with  a  scanty 
retinue,''"  and  I'etired  to  the  convent  of  the  banfontnl 
Franciscans  at  C'hurubusco,  a  few  miles  distant. 
When  the  inhabitants  awoke,  they  learned  with 
amazement  how  close  to  the  verge  of  rclu'llion  IIk; 
province  had  been,  and  that  hut  for  the  prudence  ;iii(l 
energv  f»f  the  new  vicerov  the  stain  of  se(htion  had 
been  branded  on  the  most  noble  and  loyal  city  of  New 
Spain.  Such  was  at  least  the  manner  in  which  the 
frien<ls  of  the  lushop  justified  his  conduct,  and  though 
the  ]ieo[)le  believed  it  for  a  while,  they  were  soon  un- 
deceived. 

On  the  10th  of  Juno^'  Palafox  inaucfuratod  his 
riue,  and  his  first  measure  Avas  to  place  under  em- 
bargo all  the  property  and  papers  belonging  to  liis 
predecessor,'''  whose  residencia  he  immediately  bi'gan 
to  take.  The  cu^nluct  of  Escah)na  and  of  certain  nf 
his  friends  and  ;dtcndants  who  were  in  prison,  was 
closely  scrutiiii.cd:  but  all  efforts  failed  to  secure 
evidence  of  iiie  suspected  conspiracy.  The  peoiil", 
always  inclined  to  sympathize  with  the  unfortunatr, 

'^ '  En  un  cochc  dc  doa  niulas,  mal  aliiliula  la  persona  y  con  un  solo  piigc' 
Pttln/d.r,  El  I'l-?).  Senor,  21. 

^'^Thc  son  of  Escalona  in  his  complaint  to  the  king  says  cn-oncously  that 
the  hisliop  took  these  measures  on  the  night  of  a  Sunday,  whicli  would  luivu 
hcpu  June  lOtli.  Escalona,  Defenfa  in  Vir.  fii.t/nic,  MS.,  Istser.,  )io.  1.  I-- 
Lorcnzana,  referring  to  the  Libro  de  Cabildo,  says  I'alafox  entered  into  k4\m 
on  the  Otli.   JJlst.  .V.  Enp.,  2.'?. 

•"Cavo,  Tnx  Sii/lon,  ii.  !i,  followed  liy  Zamacois,  Hiff.  M(j.,  v.  ,'>;)0, 
makes  the  improbable  assertion,  thai  the  duko'.s  property  was  sold  at  auc- 
tion. 


rJCFORMS  IXSTITUUED. 


Ill 


I'll'  \n\yj;  pitii'd  t\w  duko  on  acroiiiit  of  tlic  now  vico- 
I'liv's  liiirsli  pi'oc'cuding,  rx[>l{iinin;^  his  allt'Lfcd  niJilcfcji- 
sain't'  as  the  cahunniations  of  liis  fneniics,  and  Ills 
mistakes  in  tho  goveninient  as  ori<^inato<l  l>y  the  l)ad 
I'uiiiiscl  of  his  advisers.  Later  events  seemed  to  jns- 
tilV  this  opinion,  and  luiving  remained  in  the  ('(jnvent 
of  ( 'linrnhnsco  till  the  end  of  1G42  Escalona  removed 
to  the  small  town  of  San  Martin,  ahout  sixteen 
li'aunies  from  ^fexieo,  and  three  months  later  retnrned 
to  Sjiain.'''*  Here  he  vindicated  his  eoiuhiet  so  satis- 
factorily that  the  king  intended  to  reinstall  him  in 
otlii'f.  hut  afterward  bestowed  on  him  the  vieeroyalty 
of  Sirily  and  a  j^rant  of  six  thousand  pesos  of  rental. 
]!is  opinion  w.as  also  consulted  ab(ait  the  government 
of  Now  Spain,  and  among  other  suggestions  he  made 
was  that  of  resuming  the  expeditions  to  California. 
Tlirir  is  no  douht  that  he  became  a  victim  to  the 
vi>ita(l<)r's  and)ition  or  scruples,  and  that  on  account 
of  his  innate  indolence  his  friends  and  attendants 
\\v\v  allowed  too  much  influence  in  the  control  of  af- 
fairs, l)itt  no  evidence  has  been  produced  strong  enough 
to  (•ou\ict  him  of  disloyalty.^" 

Whatever  the  reasons  which  controlled  the  conduct 
of  Palafox  in  all  aftairs  where  Escalona  was  concerned, 
oiiro  in   charge  of  the  highest  magistracy  of  New 

'''With  Iiim  he  took  written  testitnony  of  the  city  council,  other  corpo- 
ratiniis,  iiiiil  iiKiiiy  prominent  jicrsons,  giving  evidence  of  liis  innoeeiioe. 

^■' LI  l'(  iii.ikIiIc  Sciior  Jhiii  Jiuin  de  I'(tla/o.c  j/  Mcin/ir.a.  .  .jict{i!c<ii/o  en  el 
Triliii mil  1.1c  Id  liitznii,  Mexico,  1831,  pp.  79,  piihlislad  liy  Carlos  Maria  di;  l>ii.s- 
t;iiiiai\t<',  Tiii.H  work  forms  part  of  tiie  Voz  dc  la  Patrin,  and  contair,^  docii- 
iiii  Ills  hrariiig  on  the  altercations  between  E.scalona  and  I'alalox.  Tlie  tirst 
i-*  a  rrlatii.i).  Mrittcn  by  a  contemporary,  apparently  si  fricml  of  the  bisimp, 
hut  t'nd  fif  valuable  information  and  less  liiassed  than  might  have  l)i-:n  cx- 
juTtcd.  'Die  second  is  a  iivniorial  to  tjic  king  by  the  son  of  the  ex-viceroy, 
iissi  itiii;,'  tiie  duke's  innocence  and  severely  accusing  I'alafox.  Another, 
ii|i|i;n(  ■!:!;'  coetaneous  cojiy  exists  in  my  m.annscript  collection  under  tlio 
ti;l('  Esi-dlnud,  Di'j'fii.-'a.  Tlie  last  document  is  the  liisliop's  reply  to  tlie  king 
ci'iKiviiiiig  tlie  charges  preferred  against  him.  lioth  tlie  memorial  ami  the 
nply,  |),nti'il  as  tiuir  origin  necessarily  stamps  them,  add  few  historical  facts 
ti)  the  tirst  ilniunient,  but  arc  valuable  because  they  reveal  occasionally  the 
I'lJisins  which  guided  the  two  antagonists.  Of  later  writers,  most  have 
iiiliilitcd  the  version  tliat  the  removal  of  Kscalona  was  an  act  of  nmiocessary 
ciiutiiiii  in  view  of  the  slight  reasons  a<^uinst  liim;  others,  like  Alauiuu  auil 


112 


ESCA.LONA,  PALAFOX,  AND  SaLVATIERRA. 


Spain  lie  proved  liiinself  well  fitted  for  the  position. 
The  iibuscs  which  liis  [)redece.ssor  had  permitted  in 
the  ii^inagenieut  of  the  public  water-works  and  tlio 
p^rariiiy  were  corrected;  crime  was  severely  pun- 
ished; and  frequent  public  sessions  were  held,  often 
presided  over  by  the  viceroy  himself'*''  The  aftairs 
of  the  ro^'al  treasuiy,  of  late  a  mine  of  wealth  fir 
unscrupulous  officials,  were  reorganized,  but  Palafox 
himself  did  not  draw  any  of  the  salar}'  due  him  as 
visitador  and  viceroy. 

Vera  Cruz  and  Acapulco  were  fortified  accord incj 
to  orders  from  Spain,  the  duties  of  maestro  do  canipo 
more  clearly  defined,  and  twelve  new  companies  of 
militia  organized  for  purposes  of  defence.  The  vice- 
roy then  directed  his  attention  to  the  improvement  of 
ecclesiastical  and  educational  matters.  He  made  re- 
forms in  the  aftairs  of  the  church,  visited  the  convents, 
framed  statutes  for  the  universit}',  and,  though  a  pro- 
tector of  the  Indians,  was  sometimes  severe  in  his 
endeavor  to  outroot  such  superstitions  as  still  lingiMed 
in  their  minds.  To  that  end  a  number  of  ancient 
statues  and  idols,  kept  by  preceding  viceroys  as  tokens 
of  victorv,  were  demolished.'*^ 

In  the  mean  time  a  new  viceroy  had  been  appointed 
by  the  cro7.'^\.  -ind  to  him  Palafox  delivered  the  reins 
of  power,  after  a  rule  of  five  months,^-  during  wl;icli 
bi'ief  term  he  gave  unquestionable  proof  of  abilit}'  and 
disinterestedness.  By  e:der  of  the  king,  he  gave  to 
his  successor  a  collection  of  '  instructions'  to  uuide 


Jiini  m 
tioii  to 
cat!  led) 
the  uiid 
tlie  vici 
obtainii 
to  ir)(),( 
The  I 
ir,4l).  a 
Mexico 
Mure  t 
I  firn)ed;^ 
I'ounded 
the  ln>s 
hVhod; 
moiiv  tu 


i 


Ribci-n,  confine  themselves  to  .a  mere  statement  of  the  facts,  ■without  express- 
iny  their  oiiinioua.  In  suhlition  to  tlie  authorities  ah'eaily  quoted  I  refer  the 
I'eader  for  more  details  to  ]<lancvrt,  Tmt.  Jlcx.,  1-1;  Caro,  VVcs  Siijl"-',  ii. 
H-l.");  Alei/re,  Hist,  t'omp.  Jesus,  ii.  237-8;  Alonmn,  Digvrt.,  iii.  app.  -S-l); 
Jiivtrii,  (kihcniar.fes,  i.  13'2-41. 

■'"  '  jlicj  audieneia. .  .en  que  hahhiban  en  doa  dias  cuautos  no  hahian  iiuiliJo 
haldar  ;i  S.  E.  en  dos  alios.    PaUiJ'ux,  i-l  Veil.  Si-fivr,  '2:\. 

<'  Thi.s  iconoehisiii  has  been  severely  censured,  and  justly  so,  heeaiipc  a 
nui'dx'i'  of  cui'ious  and  doubtless  valuable  relics  have  thus  disappeareil.  If 
lie  had  sinqily  put  tlieiu  among  other  olijects  of  idol-worship,  the  liislmp 
would  also  liave  attained  his  purpose  and  remained  exempt  from  the  just 
eharjri  of  intuleranee  and  fanaticism. 

^-  'J'ounm  is  in  error  when  ho  states  that  Palafox  ruled  three  years  as  vice- 
roy.   /Jit^l.  (icii.  ximcvitiue,  vii.  301. 


NINETEENTH  VICEROY. 


113 


diner 


)inteJ 

lo  iviiis 

Avhioli 

ty  and 

:avo  to 

uuiJe 


IIIU  l' 


jilklo 


1)t'0iuise  a 
)cnn'<t.  If 
llie  l.i-li'T 
1  the  just 

U's  as  vii'O- 


liim  in  tho  govcrrnicnt/^  and  tlien  turned  his  attoii- 
tioii  to  Ills  duties  as  bishop  and  visitador."  The 
ratlu'dral  of  Piiobla,  which  liad  been  commenced  in 
the  middle  of  the  preceding  century,  was  completed/' 
the  viceroy  making  a  donation  of  15,000  pesos,  and 
obtaining  within  four  years  subscriptions  amounting 
to  1  50,000  pesos."" 

The  building  was  consecrated  on  the  18tli  of  April 
1G41),  and  until  the  completion  of  tlie  cathedral  in 
^[e.Kico  was  the  finest  church  edifice  in  Xew  Spain.*^ 
^l(»ie  than  a  hundred  thousand  persons  were  con- 
firn)e(l:'^'  the  college  of  San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo  was 
founded,  with  a  library  of  some  six  thousand  volumes; 
the  hospital  de  la  Concepcion  for  orphans  was  cstab- 
libhed;  and  man}'  other  charitable  acts"'  gave  testi- 
mony to  the  zeal  of  this  worthy  prelate. 

In  October  1G42   the  nineteenth  viceroy  of  New 

''  Tlie'c  IiiMrficcioiicx,  !ia  they  were  gcnci-ally  termed,  sIiouKl  hy  order  uf 
t!ic  cniwn  lio  j:iven  liy  every  vacating  viceroy  to  liis  .sucre.ssor,  and  were  l:i'u- 
ira'.ly  rather  iiiusumu  of  the  coiulition  of  the  country,  with  suiricestioiis  for 
tiie  hcst /j'lxeninieiit,  tl...'\  what  the  title  inijilied.  Tho.sc  of  I'alufox  lo  Sal- 
viitii'iiii,  contained  in  Morji,  Co!.  J>or,,  MS.,  7-41),  reveal  a  very  thorciu'rh 
iiudcrslaniliii^  of  the  social  and  political  statu  of  afl'airs  in  Xew  .Spnin  at  tiiat 
tiiiu'.  and  ehiliraco  nearly  all  the  iii.iiortaiit  points  which  tlien  niigiit  ciniie 
uiiikr  consiih ration.  The  character  of  their  author  readily  accijuuts  for  ler- 
tuia  .strcs.-i  laid  ou  ecclesiastical  eoiiperation. 

"llii  icsideniia  was  not  taken  until  IGoi,  and  though  lie  had  created 
nuiiiy  mcniics  no  charges  verc  made.  'Xo  resuH't.  .  .eai'go,  ni  culpa  al  rima 
...ui  hauo  i^einanda,  (.Jiierclla,  id  t'apitulo.'  The  council  of  the  Indici  )iul)- 
li-lied  the  f:eu'LCiice  on  Au.'^ust  S,  l(i,")"J.  liu'ltiari::  cl  M'-hiorid.  .'>1-"J;  I'nln- 
j'jj-,  Ohm",  xii.  41)5-7;  xiii.  lOti-14;  Guijo,  Diario,  in  J)uc.  ]Ji<t.  Mt  ■.,  Ist 
scr.,  i.  'JI.VK;. 

' '  A  ri:y;d  cedula  of  January  10,  KUO,  had  directed  him  to  hasten  the  cnui- 
lik'tiou  of  the  l)uilding. 

^"llosende,  in  Palafo.r,  Ohrux,  xiii.  .')7-(10,  f(jllowed  hy  Touron,  ///>'.  Gun. 

A,i)'''-i(]iii;  vii.  ■SJ(i-7,  places  the  anionut  at  400.000  jicsos;  hut  the  foruier";! 

sti'.tcineut  prohahly  originated  in    the  desire  fif  extolling    the   glory  ni'  his 

pair  u,     (Uni/.ale/  D;ivi!a,  \'elancurt,  and  L'alle  give  the  stateuient.s  adnplcd 

ill  the  text.   'A'tfro  JJclr.^.,  i.  W;   Tml.    Mr.r.,  :,-2;   ¥<  in.  i/  Xi^f.,  itCt.     C.irciii 

i-:iys  tlitit  altogether  i)',]'.^  UV,]  pesos  1    real   11   granos  were  spent.   Sac.  Jli.r. 

('■',/.,  J:>l.,  viii.  17.' 

J,         *' A  i!c.-.'rii]tion  cif  in<\  fathedi'al,  which  contained  many  costly  p:iiuting3 

»     and  .-cnljiturcs,  and  is  said  then  to  have  lieen  ei|Uai,  if  not  suiierior,  to  th^'  iiiuMt 

I     ill  ^piiiu,  is  given  ]>y  llosonde  in  J'a/nju.c,  Olini<,  xiii.  oo-(Jl;  also  in  Vitcn- 

Cfi.  Ti-it'.  .Vi.r..  4S-9. 

"•  \'<timrr/,  Trai.  .V,'j:,  i)'2.  Clonwdcz  IVivila  savs  00,000  from  I'M!)  to 
KU.'i.   yVf,.'/v)  ;>•/(.<.,  i,  [)i). 

'"'I  he  hisliop  alio  est;d)iished  ."  inuincry,  aidcil  in  the  repairing'  i.f  men.. 
tliiUi  .J.)  chtinhcs  iMid  linsiiitals,  au'l  in  the  euuslruclion  of  cuiivents. 
L'li.  Mtx.,  Vol.  HI.    U 


114 


ESCALONA,  TALAFOX,  AND  SALVATIERRA. 


S|):iin,  Garcia  Sarinionto  do  iZotoinajor,  coiitlo  do 
Sal"aticrra  and  marques  do  Sabroso,"*'  arrived  at  Yuia 
Cruz,  and  in  the  following  iiiontli  took  charge  of  tlic 
government.^^  During  Jiis  administration  an  ex])0(]i- 
tion  was  despatched  to  the  coast  of  Lower  California, 
in  c] large  of  Pedro  Porter  y  Casanate.  Troops  were 
enlisted,  and  a  large  number  of  persons  made  ready  to 
embark  on  board  the  fleet;  for  it  was  said  that  the 
pearl  tisherics  of  that  region  M'cre  second  only  to  those 
(Hscovered  b^'"  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa.  When  all  was 
in  readiness  the  vessels  were  destroyed  by  fire.  A 
second  expedition  was  fitted  out  and  set  sail  a  few 
years  later,  but  resulted  in  failure.  In  1048  Casanate 
returned  to  report  to  the  viceroy  that  he  had  failed 
even  to  discover  any  spot  suitable  for  a  settlement. 

During  this  year  Salvatierra  was  appointed  to  tlie 
vicero^-alty  of  Peru.'"'-  His  conduct  meets  with  the 
approval  <,)f  the  chroniclers  of  his  period,  altliougli 
the  condition  of  aifairs  durinij  his  re<;imo  was  far  fnuii 
prospcrous.^^  Spain  was  engaged  in  external  wai>; 
and  the  suppression  of  internal  revolts;  the  attention 
of  her  sovereign  was  concentrated  almost  exclusivt:ly 
on  European  atiairs,  and  though  cedula  followed  cedilla 
in  quick  succession  thej'  contained  little  save  denuunls 
for  money.     Throughout  the  provinces  commerce  and 

'"'Sonio  authors  say  Sobroso;  Zamacois  styles  him  niarquds  do  Sonora, 
UK  Mr).,  V.  ;i:}4. 

^'  N'ttauciu't,  'J'raf.  Jfi  x.,  14,  and  Cavo,  Tren  Siijlo"',  ii.  IG,  say  it  was  i  ii 
the  'J.'?d  f)f  November.  F,orenzaiia,  y/(V.  K.  E<]\,  '-'3,  and  Ouijo,  /)i<iri'>,  in 
Ihr.  llkf.  Mex.,  seric  i.  (t,  iesi)ectively  place  it  on  the  l.Sth  and  l,")t!i. 

''-'('(i^'-olhulo,  lll\t.  Yiu\,  701 -'J,  says  S:dvatieir:i  was  suniewhat  lehictant 
in  (k'livcf  up  the  government;  ])ut  tliis  is  not  probable,  as  the  viceroy.ilty  "t 
iVru  was  generally  held  in  higher  esteem  than  that  of  New  Spain.  O'l  tlio 
l"2t!i  of  .lune,  1(148,  his  resideneia  was  beLjiin,  and  tliougli  later  discontiimn'. 
by  order  of  the  king,  was  resumed  in  July  lO.vJ.  (Ui'ijo,  Diario,  in  JJo<\  IHfi. 
Mix.,  1st  aeries,  i,  10,  1,"),  '22'.i.  In  June  lOUO  news  arrived  at  Mexico  llwt 
Sahatieira,  after  serving  his  term  as  viceroy  of  I'eru,  became  temj)oraiiiy  in- 
sane,  and  died  shortly  after  his  recovery.  Onljo,  in  Id.,  443.  Vet.uncurt  .a}i 
he  died  at  Cartagena  when  on  his  way  to  Spain. 

'■''riio  only  serious  charge  brought  against  him  was  that  he  cnusid  t!ie 
Indiana  to  servo  as  slaves  to  the  friars  and  to  pay  their  trib.ite  in  kind.  Tin' 
kinu'  disapproved  of  the  nii'asure,  an<l  in  Kit!  forbade  it.  Indians  wxic  tolm 
exunpted  from  all  ini[)i)sts,  and  from  servitude,  unless  they  were  paid  iiii! 
vohuiteered  to  do  the  woik.  Strict  cunipliancc  with  previous  cedui.is  l^a. 
ing  on  the  subject  was  enjoined.  MullratumiciUo  dc  Indiof,  MS.,  no.  o,  1  -:!. 


SOCIAL  AND  PHYSICAL  DISASTER. 


115 


imliistrics  languished,  and  a  crowd  of  quarrelsome 
ecclesiastics  and  indolent  officials  gathered  in  the 
Avcalth  of  the  community.  Flood  and  earthquake 
^v(jrc  among  the  causes  that  made  the  term  of  Salva- 
ticiia's  administration  memorable  as  one  fraught  with 
disaster  to  the  people  of  Mexico.''* 

'*  A  town  named  after  the  viceroy  was  founclcd  in  Guannjiiato,  and  in  the 
fullowiiig  year  declared  a  city.  (Juiiituiia,  ia  .S'oc.  Mcr.  ileo<i.,  JJoL,  '2da  ep. 
i.  ,"!•.  Tlio  ground,  an  immense  tract  of  land,  had  been  gi  veu  by  a  certain 
AM'Tcte  under  condition  that  iv  yearly  rent  of  2,000  pesos  be  paid  to  him  and 
Ills  (le^jLeiulants  ia  honor  of  the  donation.  Romero,  Not.  Mirh.,'2'2^5.  8ulva- 
*iin;i  was  a  man  of  simple  manners,  and  much  avcr.sc  to  the  burdensome 
e'l'.ii  to  connected  with  his  position.  lie  fref|uently  gave  cause  of  ofTence 
t(t  i'  I  doivH  by  his  unccreniouious  conduct,  and  Boiuetuuea  iucurred  severe 
ivln, .      .  nni  the  crowu. 


3  do  Si  mora. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


JESUIT  LABORS  AND  STRIFES. 
lCOO-1700. 

The  Field  of  jEsrii  Labors — The  First  Disputes  with  the  CiiURcn  of 
ruEBLA — Attitude  of  Palafox — Relations  between  the  Uisiiop 
AND  the  Jesuits— Open  Hostility — Appointment  of  Juduks— 
Palafox  Sentenced — He  Retaliates — His  Flight  from  PuEr.i.A— 
The  Victorious  Society — The  Bishop  Returns — General  Repri- 
mands from  Spain — The  Jesuits  Dkfeated  in  Rome — Revival  and 
Conclusion  of  the  Quarrel — Life  of  Pau^fox  in  Spain— His 
Death — Disputes  nvith  the  Society  about  Tithes — The  Jesuits  at 
the  Close  of  the  Century. 

During  tlie  rule  of  Viceroy  Salvaticrra  there  oc- 
curred a  bitter  dispute  between  the  regular  and  secu- 
lar clergy,  and  one  which  though  carried  on  only  in 
Mexico  and  Puebla  agitated  almost  all  New  Spain, 
absorbed  the  attention  of  the  governments  at  Mexico 
and  Madrid,  and  became  a  frequent  subject  for  dis- 
cussion and  consultation  to  the  holy  see  itself.  On 
one  side  was  the  able,  energetic,  and  strong-minded 
bishop  of  Puebla,  Juan  de  Palafox  y  IMendoza,  tem- 
porary viceroy,  archbishop  elect  of  Mexico,  and  visi- 
tador  general  of  New  Spain.  His  adversaries  wore 
the  Jesuits,  who  were  not  second  to  him  in  ability, 
whose  ranks  were  thoroughly  organized,  wlo  ]i;ul 
the  connnand  of  wealth  wherewith  to  secure  friends. 
and  whose  influence  over  the  peojdo  was  fully  eiiual 
to  that  of  the  prelate.  The  c^arly  labors  of  Palalex 
have  already  been  related;  and  in  order  that  the 
means  at  the  disposal  of  his  antagonists  may  be  1  ut- 
ter understood,  I  shall  give  a  brief  sketch  of  the  Held 

(lie  I 


JESUIT  TERRITORY, 


117 


wovlvcd  by  the  Jesuits  since  the  beginning  of  the 
seventeenth  century. 

The  operations  of  the  society  extended  not  only  to 
the  capital  and  its  neighborhood,  but  to  northern 
regions.  They  partly  hold  possession  of  Durango, 
Sonora,  and  Sinahm,  and  from  those  jDoints  extended 
their  missions  into  the  unknown  territory  of  California. 
Occasionally  efforts  were  made  in  some  districts  l)y 
other  orders,  and  by  the  secular  clergy,  to  deprive 
them  of  their  predominati  '<x  influence;  but  by  ably 
conducted  intrigues,  or  even  open  resistance  against 
episcopal  orders  whicli  they  regarded  as  encroaching 
upon  their  privileges,  they  contrived  to  maintain  their 
claims.  With  equal  success  they  always  regained  the 
ground  temporarily  lost  by  revolts  of  the  natives,  and 
at  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century  were  steadily 
extending  their  dominion  toward  the  north.^ 

At  the  same  time,  wliile  their  efforts  wore  chiefly 
ill  th;it  direction,  thoy  lost  no  opportunity  to  establish 
houses  and  cctllc^gcs  in  other  provinces,  well  aware  that 
it'tlie  exlncation  of  the  young  could  be  brought  under 
their  control  their  influence  would  be  greatly  extended. 
Thus  arose  their  establishment  at  Zacatecas,  and  later 
the  one  at  Guadalajara,"  both  of  which  became  among 
the  most  prominent  in  the  country.  In  the  adjoining 
province  of  San  Luis  Potosi,  there  had  been  but  two 
t'athrrs  during  the  early  part  of  the  century;  never- 
thihss  tlu'ii-  work  was  so  successful  that  in  1023  a 
cullcu'e  was  founded,''  and  notwithstanding  some  tem- 
pHi'ary  ojiposition  it  prospered.  A  markrd  trium})h 
was  moreover  secured  by  the  order  in  Guanajuato, 
when  the  city,  in  IGIG,  chose  San  Ignaeio  do  Loj'ola 

'For  a  (Ict.'iilcfl  account  of  tlio  Jesuit  labors  iiitlio  unknown  region,  I  refer 
the  rcii(l(  r  to  7//.S/.  Xorfh  Mix.  S/afcfi,  i.,  iiassim,  this  series. 

'■'Ijdtli  were  creeteil  with  iimney  mainly  derived  from  donations;  that  of 
/.iciitic  as  was  heu'un  in  Kiill;  the  otiier  of  ( luiuhilajara  was  eommeneed  in 
lii.'i!).  l,;it  the  founihition  did  not  take  place  till  alxjut  40  years  later.  A/nin , 
Jli^l.roiiip.  Jcvi.i,  ii.  «!-•_',  41(1;  iii.  ()4-!t,  Ol-'i;  Jalivo,  X<,/<i.^,  Ki-IT,  171. 

^S'niiiliKi,  Mem.  Jli.-it..  MS.,  !is;i-!)l.  Volimtary  ;,'ifts  of  eonsjderahle 
aiiinuiit  \\<'re  at  first  otl'ered;  later  the  inhahitauts  made  a  dnnalion  of  a  her- 
liiitii:,'!' wliieh  had  been  t'ournhd  under  the  uauiu  of  Sunla  Wraeruz,  or  Saa 
Hijustiaii.  Ah<j,<,\\.  14I--J,  l.V_'-3. 


118 


JESUIT  LABORS  AND  STRIFES. 


as  its  patron  saint.  At  about  the  same  time  pre- 
liminary stops  were  taken  for  the  cstabhshmont  of  a 
college  in  Querutaro,  but  it  was  not  founded  till  some 
years  later.* 

On  a  more  extensive  scale  were  the  Jesuit  labors 
in  Michoacan.  In  their  colleges  at  Patzcuaro  and 
Valladolid  new  converts  were  oducal  >d  and  made 
familiar  with  the  native  tongues  of  that  region.  Thus 
practically  all  the  religious  work  of  the  bishopric  was 
in  the  hands  of  the  society.  This  success  was  due  as 
well  to  their  zeal  as  to  the  veneration  in  which  some 
of  tho  fathers  were  held,  among  them  Francisco 
Ramirez  and  Juan  Ferro.® 

While  thus  the  society  was  gaining  ground  in  the 
central  and  northern  regions,  it  was  less  successful  in 
the  south-east.  In  Oajaca  the  missions  of  the  Jesuits 
were  in  a  poor  condition,"  and  in  Yucatan  where  a 
college  had  been  founded  under  the  most  promisin.,' 
auspices,''  they  could  never  attain  the  same  iuliuenee 
as  elsewhere. 

This  faih'.^-e,  however,  was  more  than  compensated 
for  in  Mexico  and  its  neighborhood,  where  their  estah- 
lishments  were  more  flourishing  than  over  before; 
and  costly  structures,  the  number  of  which  was  con- 
stantly increasing,  gave  evidence  of  their  wide-spread 
intiuence.  In  1003  was  consecrated  the  church  of 
the  Colegio  Milximo  in  Mexico,^  at  that  time  not  sur- 
passed in  magnificence  by  any  church  edifice  in  New 
Spain.  The  highest  dignitaries  often  officiated  there; 
among  others  Archbishop  Garcia  Guerra,  who  liild 

*  Pedro  de  Egiirrola  is  mentioned  as  the  first  rector.  Alcf/re,  If  int.  Comp. 
Jems,  ii.  205.  The  same  author  gives  many,  though  uninteresting,  iktaila 
connected  with  the  foundation. 

^  Tlie  former  lahoi'ed  for  GO  years  among  the  Tarascos,  and  at  tlie  ciilloiros 
of  Patzcuaro  and  Valladolid.  Ferro  was  famous  as  an  excellent  lini'iiist, 
having  confessed  persons  in  five  or  six  diflcrent  languages. 

"The  Dominicans,  who  predominated  in  this  province,  though  othtrwi^c 
stanch  friends  of  the  Jesuits,  labored  energetically  to  maintain  their  own 
superiority. 

'  On  May  19, 1018.  Later  the  privileges  of  a  university  were  also  gnintol 
CogoUndo,  'lllM.  Yuc,  215-1(5,  44'J. 

"'El  mas  suntuoso  cpie  Imbia  entoncos  en  MiJxico.'  AJf<jre,  Hint.  Comp. 
.Jesun,  i.  408. 


CIIURCnES  AND  COLLEGES. 


119 


services  (luring  lent  of  1G08,  the  bishops  of  Oajaea 
aiul  Michoacan  acting  as  his  assistants.  The  crown 
also  favored  the  society  at  this  time.  Since  1582  the 
college  of  San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo,  established  orig- 
inally by  the  first  provincial,  had  suffered  many 
vicissitudes,  and  when  abandoned  by  the  Jesuits  in 
consequence  of  the  pretentious  behavior  of  its  patrons, 
fell  into  decay.  By  a  cedula  of  May  2S),  1012,  the 
management  was  again  placed  in  the  hands  of  tlic 
order,  and  the  Jesuits  took  formal  possession  in  Jan- 
uary 1618,  after  which  it  was  incor[)orated  with  the 
college  of  San  Ildefonso,  although  under  the  royal 
patronage.* 

Another  establishment  of  similar  character  and 
under  the  same  name  was  founded  some  years  later 
in  Puebla,  when  Ildefonso  de  la  Mota,  bishop  of  that 
see,  transferred  to  the  society  a  church  and  several 
houses  for  the  foundation  of  a  college,^"  with  chairs 
for  theology  and  philosophy.  Viceroy  Cerralvo  later 
endowed  it  wdtli  the  privilege  of  bestowing  university 
desfrees." 

Since  1G18  the  Jesuits  had  also  been  presented  with 
the  curacy  of  Tcpotzotlan,  where  they  had  a  house  for 
novices,  and  labored  gratuitously  as  the  natives  could 
not  maintain  a  regular  parish  priest.*^  Occasionally 
disputes  arose,  apparently  originated  by  claims  for 
greater  independence  from  episcopal  jurisdiction;  but 
llnorable  reports  of  the  ruling  viceroys  caused  the 
society  to  remain  in  undisturbed  possession  for  many 
Years. 

Stimulated  by  the  success  of  their  labors,  as  well 


^ Florcnrin,  Hist.  Prov.  Jesiis,  174-80;  liecop.  ImL,  i.  21'2.  At  the  same 
time  the  statutes  for  its  government  were  issued.  Aliijrc,  ii.  90-10.3. 

'"  For  some  unknown  reason  tlic  Ijishop  abandoned  Ids  oiiginal  proji'ct  to 
cstahhsh  a  hospital  for  natives.  Ale(/re,  llist.  Comp.  Jimis,  ii.  ld,j-7. 

"  The  bishopdied  before  the  chairs  were  established;  and  tlien  tlic  ehin-eh 
fif  Tiicbla  claimed  that  the  donation  was  null  on  tlio  ground  that  it  had  been 
iiiaili;  liy  the  deceased  after  receiving  the  last  sacraments,  and  therefore  un- 
lau  tally,  a  statement  which  is  refuted  by  Alegrc.  JHnt.  Comp.  Jeniis,  ii.  lii't- 
8,  l!i;{-4.     Later  a  compromiso  settled  the  dispute. 

'-'  liibas,  Jliat.  Trlumphos,  731-2,  saya  it  was  the  only  curacy  that  the 
society  hclj. 


120 


JESUIT  LABORS  AND  STRIFES. 


among  Spaniards  as  natives,  the  Jesuits  contiuui  d 
to  amass  wealth,  though  under  the  guise  of  poveitv; 
and  well  aware  of  the  sympathy  bestowed  on  tlani 
hy  rich  and  poor,  they  were  not  afraid  of  adversaries. 
This  appeared  when,  in  1G30,  troubles  began  be- 
tween the  Jesuits  and  the  chapter  of  the  cathedral  of 
PuL'bla  about  a  donation  made  to  the  society  by  the 
]ire!iendary,  Hernando  do  la  Serna."  Thu  dis[)ute  arose 
concerning  a,  farm  valued  at  sixty  thousand  pesos,  and 
intended  for  the  establishment  of  a  Jesuit  college  at 
Vera  Cruz.  Notwithstanding  an  order  of  the  ecclt- 
siastical  cabildo,  forbidding  Serna  to  make  the  con- 
veyancc,  except  to  a  party  subject  to  the  payment  nf 
tithes,  the  transfer  was  made  to  the  societv.  Tin; 
vicar-general  of  the  diocese  in  consequence  attached 
the  remainder  of  Scrna's  property,"  to  guarantee  the 
jiayment  of  the  tithes,  and  demanded  that  the  dona- 
tion be  annulled  under  threat  of  severe  ecclesiastical 
censure,  Serna  protested  against  the  legality  of  sucli 
])roceeding  and  of  course  received  support  fnjm  the 
Jesuits,  who  also  disputed  the  authority  of  the  vicar- 
general.^^ 

Such  was  the  state  of  affairs  when  Palafux  arrived 
in  Xew  Spain.  As  he  had  always  been  a  friend  fif 
tlic  society,  and  had  given  repeated  proofs  of  such 
friendship,  an  immediate  and  favorable  deci.->ion  was 
expected.  At  first  his  rule  was  promising  for  tlie 
Jesuits;  the  embargo  on  the  prebendar^-'s  property 
and  income  was  modified  so  as  to  comprise  only  tli<' 
amount  of  the  tithes  involved,  and  a  free  disposal 
(dlowed  of  the  remainder.     The  bishop  refused  a  mure 


"  liustamante,  in  C«ro,  Trcn  Siglof,  ii.  20,  followed  by  Rivera,  Oofjernn nf' ', 
i.  144,  calls  him  Herniciicgikhj  do  la  Soriia.  Alegre  says  i'eniaudo  and  lit  i- 
iiando;  I'alafox,  in  his  diH'erciit  works,  gives  Hernando. 

-*  As  an  additional  reason  it  was  said  that  two  sisters  of  the  donor  owned 
r.  certain  part  of  the  farm,  and  li'/imj;  nuns  of  tlie  cijnvint  dc  la  Concepcin!,, 
r.iidcr  the  jurisdiction  of  the  see  of  L'uehla,  tlieir  shares  could  not  liealienali  d 
>^iihiiut  episcopal  consent.  l'al<(j'o.i\  Curia  (hi  ]'c/i.,  lUj--!.  Alegre,  JJi->. 
i'oi!)]i.  Jcaii.'i,  ii.  '2lJ;?-4,  asserts  that  the  donation  was  made  hy  Seruu  and  his 
niotlicr,  and  the  deed  signed  I'Vlj.  22,  Kili!). 

'^.Megre,  220,  carefully  avoids  mentioning  why  the  cathedral  demaudeJ 
the  revocation  of  the  gift. 


WAR  OX  r.VLAFOX. 


121 


pronounced  use  of  his  authority,  eonvinccJ  that  tlic 
r('(|uest  of  the  cabildo  wa.s  founded  on  justice.  He 
therefore  advised  the  Jesuits  either  quietly  to  await 
the  result  of  the  law-suit  then  pendinj:^  concerning 
the  j)roperty,  or  to  compromise,  recommending  the 
latter  course.'"  But  this  counsel  was  not  accepted. 
To  eompromisc  nmv,  would  seem  to  render  their  pre- 
tensions unfounded.  Applications  were  once  more 
luado  to  the  bishop,  usually  couched  in  respectful 
phrase,  but  occasionally  im})erative  in  tone.  No  fa- 
V()ral)le  answer  was  received,  and  thus  gradually  a 
(.•elder  feeling  was  created  between  the  prelate  and 
tlie  society. 

Thus  matters  continued  till  1043,  when  a  council 
of  the  Jesuit  order,^''  where  Andres  Perez  de  Ribas 
and  Juan  do  Sangiiesa  were  elected  as  proctors, 
liroiiipted  the  bishop  to  issue  a  document  in  defense 
<if  his  church.  This  was  despatched  to  Spain  by  the 
same  fleet  in  which  the  proctors  took  "'heir  departure. 
The  emissaries  of  the  society  obtained  nothinix  in 
Spain,  and,  when  this  became  known  in  Mexico,  the 
}irovincial,  Francisco  Calderon,  published  a  pamphlet 
agahist  the  bishop's  polic}-.  Palafox  had  meanwhile 
heen  exposed  to  many  annoyances  on  the  part  of  his 
former  friends.  Sermons  were  preached  against  him 
by  tlie  Jesuit  priests,  especially  by  Father  Juan  do 
Sau  ^liguel.  During  his  illness  in  the  beginning  of 
l(i47,  when  a  great  festivity  was  held  in  one  of  their 
churches,  he  was  treated  with  ft[)en  discourtesy,  and 
inueli  ill-feeling  was  manifested  when  the  society  lost 
another  law-suit  about  an  inheritance,'^  as  they  sup- 
jioscd  tlirou'^h  the  bishop's  intluence.     All  this  con- 

'''  'Qnn  era  mejor  componcr  csto  pleito. .  .y  con  soltar  los  diez,  Ingrahan 
!■  8  )m  hca  los  cionto.'  Pdlafoi-,  (\irl(i  <li  I  Vm',  VIO.  The  want  of  tlio  loj-ul 
liifiisc  tor  tliu  pi-ojucted  foundation  was  another  reason  wliy  Pahifox  refusuj 
to  difidc  iinjainst  tlic  catliodral. 

''  'J'lio  xisuid  time  was  Xovenilier,  Lut  in  order  that  proctors  might  be  sent 
to  Spniu  it  was  convoked  in  Fohruary. 

''liny  attempted  to  appropriate  one  lialf  of  a  legacy  of  50,000  pesos,  the 
ailmiiii-itration  of  wliieli  liad  been  intrusted  to  the  society  as  executors  of  the 
will.  l\d((j\,x,  Carta  dd  I'cii.,  I'JS. 


122 


JESUIT  LABORS  AND  STRIFES. 


tributccl  to  bring  about  a  rupture,  which  was  to  l)o 
felt  throughout  Now  Spain." 

Palafox  rctahatcd,  prohibiting  Father  Juan  do  San 
Miguel  from  preaching,  and  complaining  to  the  general 
of  the  order.  The  main  issue  was  taken,  however,  on 
ash-Wednesday,  the  Gth  of  March,  1G47,  when  liis 
provisor  and  vicar-general,  Juan  do  Merlo,  suspendid 
the  licenses  of  the  Jesuit  fathers  to  preach  and  to 
confess,  until  recognized  and  ratified  by  the  bisho]). 
A  term  of  twenty-four  hours  was  granted  to  obtain 
the  confirmation.  The  members  of  the  order  were  no 
less  provoked  than  surprised  at  this  edict,  and  re- 
garded it  as  an  inroad  on  their  privileges.  True  th(.y 
had  not  the  exequatur  of  the  India  Council,'^  but  tiny 
were,  or  at  least  thought  themselves,  protected  liy 
their  office  from  the  wrath  of  the  prelate,  who,  niore- 
over,  as  visitador  and  viceroy  had  rendered  them  all 
possible  assistance.  The  pending  dispute  about  the 
payment  of  tithes  became  now  a  secondary  matter; 
the  great  question  was  whether  they  should  comply 
with  the  edict  of  the  vicar-general.  Two  priests  wwq 
sent  to  the  bishop  to  inform  him  of  the  society's  ex- 
emption from  procuring  or  exhibiting  licenses  and 
privileges;  but  this  measure  made  no  impression  on 
J?alafox,wlio  as  a  former  member  of  the  India  Council, 
and  one  well  acquainted  with  the  entire  system  of 
colonial  legislation,  enjoined  the  Jesuits  either  to  prove 
their  rights  by  presentation  of  the  alleged  documents, 
or  obtain  the  necessary  licenses  after  previous  exam- 
ination as  to  their  ability.-^  Having  thus  failed,  they 
strove  to  gain  time,  claiming  that  they  were  subject 

"  Temporarily  a  reconciliation  had  been  effected  through  the  intercossinn 
of  the  Jesuit  visitador  Juiin  do  liueras,  hut  after  iiis  death  the  hishop  wiij 
again  persecuted.  Jn  Carta  del  Vci.,  138-41,  Palafox  makes  the  hunlly 
credildc  assertions  that  toward  the  end  of  1G4G  the  Jesuits  attempted  tn  cil)- 
tain  from  the  viceroy  his  Lauishnicnt  from  Kcw  Spain,  and,  failing  in  tliut, 
even  suggested  murder ! 

'■"•Such  is  the  assertion  of  Palafox,  wliich  finds  a  tacit  confirmation  in  the 
reticence  of  Alegrc  alx)ut  so  necessary  a  formality. 

*'  The  bishop  was  doubtless  right,  but  it  seems  as  if  the  laws  on  the  sub- 
ject had  not  been  rigidly  enforced  of  late.  Palafox,  ObrciK,  xii.  17,  50,  iiiuiu- 
tuins  that  iu  three  years  only  one  Jesuit  priest  had  applied  for  a  liceuau. 


FATHER  LEGASrrS  SERMON. 


123 


to  tlic  proviiifiiil  in  Mexico,  to  whom,  they  said,  the 
affair  hud  boon  Huhniittcd.  A  request  to  obtain  in 
the  interim  permission  to  preach  and  to  confess  was 
(Unied.  Notwithstanding  areiterated  injunction,  liow- 
e\  er,  on  the  8th  of  March  Father  Luis  Legaspi  de- 
livered a  sermon,  which  had  been  announced  for 
several  days.  The  bishop,  now  thoroughly  roused, 
ordered  a  decree  to  be  published,  imposing  the  greater 
excommunication  and  ecclesiastical  censures  on  the 
Jesuits,  who  were  described  as  transijressors  of  the 
tridentinc  council.  At  the  same  time  the  inhabitants 
were  warned  ajjainst  attending  their  sacrilegious  min- 

o  o  o 

istrations." 

The  Jesuits  obeyed  the  episcopal  orders,  and  during 
tin?  remainder  of  lent  neither  confessed  nor  preached; 
Ijiit  meanwhile  they  made  active  preparations  in  Mex- 
ico, to  vindicate  their  cause.  At  a  meeting  convoked 
Inr  that  purpose  l)y  the  provincial,  Pedro  de  Velasco, 
tlic  appointment  oi'jucccs  conservadores'^''^  \\vl9,  resolved 
upon.  The  difficulty  in  finding  persons  willing  to  ac- 
cept such  an  office,  wliich  necessarily  would  arouse 
tlu.'  wrath  of  the  visitador  and  bishop,  was  solved  by 
the  eagerness  of  the  Dominicans,  who  somewhat  reck- 
lessly offered  their  services.'**  Two  prominent  mem- 
btis  of  their  order,  Juan  do  Paredes  and  Agustin 
(iddines,  were  elected  ;'^^  a  memorial  in  defense  of  such 
jiiilicy  was  published,  and,  if  we  may  credit  the  Jesuit 
cliniiiiclers,  was  received  with  general  approbation  by 
tliL-  most    influential  religious  orders.""     The  bishop 

•- An  orilcr  tliat  the  decree  bo  fixed  on  the  church  doors  was  not  i'.'d 
out,  pi'rliiips  from  fear  of  scandal,  the  people  being  already  wildly  ::  i..!'  .1, 
Ali'iri-,  ii.  •JS."!;  but  printed  copies  were  distributed  all  over  the  coaniiy. 
Till'  full  text  of  tlie  decree  is  given  in  Puhifoi;  Obras,  xii.  '20-47. 

■-'  This  iiaiiic  was  given  to  judges  appointed  to  defend  the  rights  and  privi- 
lou'cs  of  a  convent,  ciiurch,  or  religious  corporation  against  any  violent  acts 
h'diri  -without. 

-'  'Dcsdc  lucgo  ofroeian  hasta  los  cdhces  de  su  iglesia. .  .para  el  socorro  y 
g;istos  (le  la  defensa.'  A/cf/re,  ii.  28G. 

- '  Bribed  by  a  gift  of  4, COO  pesos,  says  Palafox. 

^''So  say.s  Alegrc,  followed  by  a  number  of  writers  ;  he  also  gives  extracts 
of  tlie  testimony  obtained  in  favor  of  his  society.  IIM.  dmip.  Jc.'!ii<,  ii. 
S^ii-Ol.  Guijo,  however,  a  contemporary  and  probably  more  impartial  author, 
says  that  opinions  were  divided  as  to  M'hether  the  appointment  was  a  pru- 
dLUt  step.     Uiurio,  in  Doc.  Hid.  Mex.,  1st  ser.,  i.  11. 


124 


JESUIT  LABORS  AND  STIIIFES. 


J)rotcHtecl  tlirouj,^h  liis  atlornoys,  tlio  fiscal  Pedro 
yEclian  and  tlio  inaestru  do  Camix)  Antt)iii<)  i]o  Ver- 
j^ara  y  Urrutia,  but  was  ovorrulcd  by  the  vicemy 
8alvatiorra,  who,  advised  by  his  asesor,  excluded  tlio 
audiencia  iVoni  jurisihctiou  in  the  matter,"''  and  declared 
the  ap|)()intuient  to  be  valid.  The  arcliLishop  of  Mex- 
ico, Manosca,  having  given  a  sinnlar  de-cision,  the 
Jesuit  provincial  boldly  demanded  the  nullification 
of  the  bishop's  decree,  and  that  the  fathers  at  Puebla 
be  restt)red  to  their  former  ministries. 

This  request  was  but  too  easily  granted  by  the 
judges,  who  on  April  2,  1G47,  pronounced  a  decision 
connnanding  the  bishop  to  revoke  within  six  days  the 
jjenalties  im})osed,  grant  provisional  absolution  to  the 
persons  concerned,  reinstall  the  fathers  in  the  offices 
of  which  they  had  been  deprived,  and  rev(»ke  wlint- 
ever  had  been  printed  during  the  contr  'jrsy.  The 
bishop  and  his  vicar-general  were  to  b  e  liable  to 

the  greater  cxcoumiunicatlon  and  to  ^  .,y  lines  in 
ease  of  non-ccnipliance,  and  to  more  severe  penalties, 
as  general  interdict,  for  contiiuied  disobedience.-^ 
Through  the  influence  of  the  comisario  general  of  the 
Franciscans,  Palafox  obtained  a  temporary  delay  from 
the  viceroy,  but  Jesuit  intrigues  were  brought  to  bear 
on  the  latter  and  his  asesor,  and  the  order  lemaineil 
in  force. 

About  the  same  time  a  libel  was  published,  defend- 
ing the  policy  of  the  society.  The  state  of  affairs 
now  became  exciting.  The  bishop  and  his  provisor 
excommunicated  several  teachers  in  the  Jesuit  collego. 
In  return  the  judges  imposed  upon  them  the  same  pciii- 
alty  for  their  disobedience.  The  inhabitants  of  Puebla 
were  in  a  serious  dilemma,  as  on  the  one  hand  they 

'•''On  tlic  gronnil  that  the  oiJorea  were  suhject  to  the  Mshop  r.s  visitailor. 
This  was  true,  but  the  law  provuletl  for  such  cases,  ami  the  vieoioy  ooiilil 
never  concciitrato  in  his  own  person  the  entire  jurisdictiDn.  Salvtitierra  was 
in  fact  reprinKUulecl  by  the  king  for  his  illegal  eonJuct. 

'•'^Gnijo  adds  that  liie  bishop's  property  at  Pncbla  was  scqucr-iterod  by  tho 
nlcaklo  mayor,  Agiistin  de  ValdOs,  and  that  he  was  suspended  uj  visitador. 
The  t",'xt  of  the  sentence  is  given  in  Aleijre,  Hist.  Oonii>.  Jt'sii^,  ii.  '2'M-~,  and 
iu  Pala/ox,  Obntd,  xii.  113-lG. 


TUMULT  IX  rUEBLA. 


125 


tend- 
Tair.s 
visor 


they 

jitailor. 

could 

n-a.  was 

,  1>y  tlio 
iitailor. 
-7,  anil 


wwo  unw\]V\\vj;  to  forsake  their  helovod  l)ishop,  while 
(111  th(>  other  they  .saw  arrayed  against  him  not  only 
tlie  Jesuits,  whom  they  equally  esteemed,  but  also 
the  viceroy,  the  archbishop,  and  the  religious  orders. 
Each  party  forbade,  under  severe  penalti(^s,  that  tl'O 
decrees  of  the  other  should  be  read  or  [)ublished.  An 
essential  matter  had,  however,  not  yet  been  dispos<'(l 
of — the  notificati(jn  of  the  sentence  to  the  bishop 
and  his  vicar-gencral.  The  curate  of  the  church 
of  ^Fexico,  Cristobal  Gutierrez  de  ^ledina,  together 
witli  ^[iguel  Ibarra,  being  commissioned  to  proceed 
to  Pnebia,  for  this  purpose  repaired  to  the  Au- 
•nistinian  convent  and  there  published  the  verdict. 
Simultaneously  by  order  of  the  inquisition  several 
persons  were  arrested  and  sent  to  Mexico  with  a 
view  to  maintain  peace. 

Aware  of  his  great  influence  among  the  people, 
ralafox  now  proceeded  to  extreme  measures.  A  trib- 
une draped  in  black  was  erected  in  the  cathedral;  the 
liells  were  tolled  during  a  whole  nifjlit:  and  the  next 
iiioniiiig,  accompanied  by  the  greater  part  of  the  chap- 
tei-,  the  bishop  ])ronounced,  according  to  the  solemn 
ritual  of  the  church,  an  anathema  against  the  judges, 
the  jiroctor,  and  several  of  the  teachers  of  the  society. 
At  the  same  time  Palafox  himself  delivered  a  stirrinuf 
discourse  (m  the  lamentable  fate  of  the  excommuni- 
lated.  The  excitement  became  intense;  and  had  it 
not  been  for  some  of  the  more  prudent,  who  kept 
watt'li,  the  Jesuit  colleges  would  have  been  burned 
that  night  by  fanatics  assembled  in  the  streets  of 
Puebla. 

Ill  order  to  secure  the  approval  of  the  pope,  on  the 
2Jth  of  May,  1G47,  Palafox  wrote  a  long  rejiort  to 
Innocent  X.,  in  which  he  complains  bitterly  of  his 
ofteiided  diufnitv,  and  tells  his  suiFerimjs  of  late  sus- 
t'Uiied  at  the  hands  of  the  Jesuits,  who  not  only  strove 
to  make  themselves  masters  of  the  entire  wealth  of 
Xew  Spain,  but  to  undermine  the  authority  of  the 
church.     He  also  defends  his  own  policy  and  rec[uests 


I! 


128 


JESUIT  LABORS  AXD  SIRIFES. 


that  effectual  measures  be  taken  to  solve  existing  difli- 
eulties."'' 

As  soon  as  the  tumult  in  Puebla  became  known 
in  Mexico  it  was  resolved  that  the  judges  themselves 
sliould  proceed  thither.  The  bishop  remonstrated, 
hijiting  at  serious  disturbances  which  might  arise,  aiul 
showed  a  desire  for  a  reconcilation;  whereupon  a 
lengthy  correspondence  ensued,  the  iiscal,  Viceroy  Sal- 
vatierra,  and  the  municipal  authorities  ol'  PucbLi  o\)yjn- 
ing  negotiations  with  the  prelate  for  a  settlement  of 
the  dispui-e.^'^  The  preliminaries  were  airanged;  a 
meeting  was  convoked  by  the  viceroy  i'or  the  1 5th  of 
June,  and  all  were  hopeful  tliat  at  length  matters 
would  be  adjusted,W' hen  an  untoward  incident  occurred. 
The  bishop  suddenly  disappeared  from  Puebla,  and 
none  knew  of  his  whereabouts.  Whatever  may  have 
been  the  reason  which  prompted  his  flight,  distrust  in 
the  sincerity  of  the  proposed  reconciliation  seems  to 
have  been  the  principal  motivc.^^  It  was  aitcrward 
known  that  he  had  retired  to  Tepeaca,  nine  leagues 
distant,  leaving  the  affairs  of  the  church  in  charge  of 
Alonso  de  Salazar  Varaona,  Nicolas  Gomez,  and  Juuu 
d(^  ^[erlo,  and  advising  them  not  to  yield  to  the  pre- 
tensions of  the  Jesuits  and  their  allies."^ 

The  rule  of  the  bishop's  delegates  was  very  brief. 
As  soon  as  the  fliijfht  of  Palafox  became  i^nown  in 


"Tlie  full  text  of  the  report  is  given  iu  Pala/ox;  Carta,  i-38,  and  /(/., 
Ohrmt,  xi.  -JT-GO. 

^"  Ju  the  beginning  of  ^lay,  the  ticcalof  tho  inquisition  hail  ji'-eseiitcd  :i  pe- 
tition to  till."  iiivhtiisliop  for  that  purpooi.,  !>ut  wasiiliscu'irteously  ri  jeivi'tl  ami 
oriliToil  from  his  preseiice  when  ho  repeated  his  re(|Ui;st.  Giiijo.  Diarki,  iu 
iJuc.  Hist.  JIr.v.,  1st  scr.  i.  l'J-13. 

"  (Jnijo  aH>;i'rts  tliat  the  partial  adndnistration  of  jiistice.  av.d  the  want  of 
a  eoiiipeti'iit  tribunal  in  New  Spain  to  wIulIi  to  appeal,  induw'd  the  bishop 
to  ileu.  In  a  K'tter  to  the  pope  of  Jan.  8,  1040,  he  .savH  that  his  flij:;ht  was 
cau.sed  by  menaces  to  imprison,  exile,  and  even  to  kill  him,  and  tlwit  ho 
also  wislit'd  to  evade  the  bloodshed  which  otherwise  had  become  inevit.ilili', 
as  his  friends  at  I'uebia  would  have  made  armed  resistance.  This  ass;"lioii, 
OS  well  as  a,  similar  one  iu  the  report  to  the  king,  is  certainly  exaggerauJ. 
J'al.i/o.r,  Ohrax,  xi.  (18-71,  xii.  'J04-18. 

^-Tlie  foriLial  appointments  weio  i:iade  in  a  lettiT  from  Tepeaca,  and  inn- 
flrmeil  tnijother  with  instructions  by  several  others  from  the  same  iiLue, 
written  during  his  residence  there.  Palaj'oj-,  Otimn,  xii.  '21S-J2;  tSaliKjacioih 
al  J/i  ntorlal,  i)5-(i. 


S^i 


PARTIAL  RECONX'ILIATIOX. 


127 


!^^^^xico,  Captain  Dieg(.  Orcc,n)n  wa:s  dcspatclietl  to 
Piuhla  to  nuiintain  order,  acco'.npaniod  by  the  jueces 
('(iiisLTvadores,  and  soon  after  the  Jesuit  provincial, 
]\(b'o  do  Yelasco,  arrived.  Thcv  ^vere  received  with 
ringing  of  bells  and  demonstrations  of  joy  on  the  part 
dt'  the  people,  who  were  somewhat  disgusted  witli  the 
coiiduct  of  Palafox.  The  Jesuits  had  now  the  victor^', 
and  know  how  to  use  it.  Only  two  of  the  appointed 
]ir(»\isors  were  there,  and  it  was  not  very  difficult  to 
(il)]ige  them  to  resign,  and  to  appease  the  faint  pro- 
tests of  the  other  members  of  the  chapter.^' 

The  sec  of  Puebla  was  declared  vacant  and  its  con- 
trol assumed  by  the  cabildo,  the  members  of  which 
submitted,  or  at  least  a  majority  of  them,  to  the 
jiulges.  The  decrees  of  cxconmuuiication  published 
by  tlie  bishop  were  removed,^'*  and  the  Jesuits  again 
placed  in  possession  of  their  former  functions,  the 
lane  of  an  examination  of  their  licenses  having  prcvi- 
()U>!y  taken  place.-^  All  the  former  prohibitions  and 
cxconununications  pronounced  by  Palafox  were  re- 
\o]n:<\  and  the  inhabitants  of  Puebla  admoiiished  to 
visit  the  churches  of  the  Jesuit^.  Plaving  thus  com- 
jilicd  with  their  mission  and,  as  they  regarded  it, 
restored  peace  in  the  turbulent  diocese,  the  judges  re- 
tained to  Mexico. 

Soon  after  these  incidents  news  arrived  that  Salva- 
tiena  had  been  promoted  to  the  viceroyalty  of  Peru 
anil  would  be  succeeded  in  New  Spain  b}'  the  bishop 
of  ^'ucatan,  jNIarcos  de  Torres  y  IJuoda.  Supposing 
that  tlio  new  viceroy  would  favor  his  cause,  Palafox 
1' it  liis  place  of  I'etirement,  and  in  November  1047 
returned  to  Puebla,  where  he  found  a  cedula  reniov- 

'■  Alogrc  attempts  to  prove  that  no  forcible  mca.is  were  uscil  to  tliat  efi'ect. 
//'-'.  Coiiij).  Jfsiis,  ii.  3 1  "J. 

"'Tlu  <luiin  of  the  cathedral,  Juan  dc  Viga,  removed  with  his  own  liaiid 
fiiMii  the  church  doors  the  censures  issued  hy  i'alafox,  vhich  ho  himself  had 
iil'l'rdved,  Ve;,'ii  and  another  ju-eliciidarj'  iiad  l)ecn  most  dilij^ent  in  declarin;^ 
till'  SIC  iis  vacant,  ow  ing  to  ii  bribe  received  from  the  Jesuits,  as  was  proved 
if.  l.ilir  yeais.   (-'iiijo,  / )i(irio,  hi  JJov.  Ilisl.  Mi.c,  l.-t  ser.  i.  id. 

■''  All  edict  of  the  eliaptcr  dated  .luly  I'.Uh  declared  the  bulls  ami  pri\ileges 
of  the  socii'ty  to  Ije  sulliciciit  to  prove  their  liglits  and  that  tliiy  were  in  ac- 
tuiil.iiice  with  the  instructions  of  the  tridei'tiiic  council.  AUyic,  ii.  311-17. 


128 


JESUIT  LABORS  AND  STRIFES. 


ing  liim  from  liis  office  as  visltador  general;"'"'  but  after 
some  difficulties,  originated  by  the  Jesuits,  he  v.as 
again  recognized  as  prelate  of  his  diocese.^''  His  first 
measure  was  to  renew  his  protests  against  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  judges  and  to  request  of  the  viceroy 
a  reconciliation,  or  at  least  a  temporary  revocation  of 
the  censures  and  edicts,  leaving  the  decision  of  the 
entire  matter  to  the  India  Council.  The  pr(>posal  was 
accepted  and  peace  seemed  to  be  restored,  tl;e  nioro 
so,  when  at  Christmas  the  Jesuits  paid  the  bisliop 
the  customary  visit  of  respect,  "  humbly  to  kiss  that 
hand  of  which  the  Lord  had  chosen  to  make  use  to 
deal  them  such  afflicting,  sensible  blows."  The  color 
of  affiiirs,  however,  was  change  I,  when  in  May  1G48 
bishop  Torres  y  Rueila  took  possession  of  the  govoni- 
ment,  and  cedulas  were  received  which  the  bisliop 
interpreted  as  favorable  to  his  cause.  Already,  befoi-e 
his  flight  from  Puebla,  he  had  sent  messengers  to 
Rome  and  Madrid,  there  to  plead  in  liis  behalf,  and  a 
subsequent  letter,  Mritten  during  his  retirenioiit;'* 
again  urged  the  king  for  redress.  In  rejily  there 
arrived  letters  from  the  court  dated  January  25,  1  (i4>!, 
reprimanding  the  viceroj^""  the  audiencia,  and  the 
archbishop  for  lack  of  neutrality,  and  the  Dominicans 
for  promoting  scandal  instead  of  sup])ressing  it;  the 
judges  were  susjicnded;  the  provincial  of  the  Jesnits 
was  reproved  for  having  gone  too  far;  and  orders  were 


36  Pinlvo  (le  (lalvcz,  ak'alilc  of  Oraiiadn,  was  appointed  to  finish  the  vi  -it;i. 
He  arrived  in  IO.jO,  and  having  coni'huled  his  mission,  returned  to  Spain  in 
the  beginning  of  1054.  Gidjo,  J)itirio,  iu  l>oc.  Hinl.  Mtx.,  1st  sur.  i.  1(17  -Tii, 
passim. 

"lie  found  on  this  occasion  the  support  of  the  viceroy,  wlio  appaniitly 
desired  a  reconciliation.  Rivcia,  Colirrnanfcs,  i.  149,  saya  erroneously  tli:,t 
this  occurred  in  the  hcginuing  of  August,  1047. 

'** Dated  Septem))er  1"J,  1047,  from  Chiapa,  near  Tcpeiica,  and  rontaining.i 
narrative  of  all  the  events  that  had  occui red  since  March  of  thai  year,  lie- 
firring  to  the  numerous  copies  of  documents  and  libels,  issued  by  l>oth  I'.ir- 
tii  s,  the  liishop  defends  his  conduct  and(lividos  the  blame  and  responsibility 
bctw(.M'n  the  .Tesuits,  as  instigators,  anil  the  viceroy  as  eoiipetatoi'.  I'lo 
testing  his  conciliatoi-y  disposition,  he  requests  the  king  to  adopt  nuasiiri's 
powerful  enough  to  avoid  in  future  similar  excesses,  especially  tho.-e  cuni- 
mittnl  by  the  representative  of  the  crown.   Piitajhr,  O/z/vr^,  xii.  170-  "JS"). 

•'"Rivera,  (iolicriiaiitrf,  i.  l.JO,  makes  the  strange  assertion  that  Salvaticrra 
was  removed  to  the  viceroyalty  of  I'eru  in  conseipieuce  of  his  interferciKo. 


nUMILIATIOXS. 


129 


given  to  transfer  all  documents  bearing  on  the  subject 
t»»  tlic  council  of  the  Indies  for  final  decision,*"  Pala- 
fox  did  not  escape  censure,  and  was  enjoined  to  pursue 
a  more  conciliatory  policy;  but  the  reproof  was  un- 
heeded by  the  bishop,  who  displayed  anything  but  a 
forgiving  spirit,  especially  in  the  prosecutions  insti- 
tuted against  those  prebendaries  of  his  church  who 
had  been  rather  eager  to  recognize  the  jueces  conser- 
vadores  and  declare  his  see  vacimt.  His  vicar-general, 
Juan  do  Merlo,  conducted  the  trial  and  sentenced  the 
accused  to  removal  from  office  and  heavy  fines.  They, 
however,  escaped  the  execution  of  the  sentence  by 
taking  refuge  in  the  Jesuit  college  of  Mexico,  where, 
although  excommunicated,  they  said  mass  and  other- 
wise officiated  as  priests,  appealing  to  the  audiencia 
aud  later  to  the  archbishop. 

Under  the  new  viceroy  there  was  a  decided  ten- 
dency to  side  with  the  bishop;  and  availing  himself  of 
this  ciieumstancc  lie  instituted  proceedings  against  the 
alcalde  mayor  of  Puebla,  who  during  the  disturbance 
had  sequestrated  his  property.  He  also  connived  at 
]ietty  anri(n'ances  of  the  Jesuits,  who  in  Se])temlier 
1()4S  ]  .esontcd  several  complaints  to  the  bishop-gov- 
criidi'.^'  I'ortune  again  seemed  to  favor  them,  for  at 
this  juncture  a  royal  cedula  arrived,  directing  Palafox 
to  retuin  innnediately  to  Spain,  the  order  being  made 
more  stiingent  by  an  autograj^h  postscri[)tof  the  king.*- 
(iieat  but  short-lived  v/ere  the  reioicini^s  of  the  order 
at  the  supposed  downfall  of  the  bishop,  for  they  were 
•Sdoii  to  hear  of  the  decision  given  against  them  by 

'"The  toxt  of  soveral  of  the  cdtlulaa  is  given  in  Onleiifx  <li'  Id  Cordiin,  MS., 
i.  7,  ii.  'JOO;  PdhiJ'o.r,  OhriiH,  xii.  2S()-S  ;  Alujrr,  J/IM.  ( 'owp.  Jn^n.-:,  ii.  :i:51-3; 
Sulli/ncioHdl  Mctiiorial,  38-9,  4!);  see  iilso  ilu'ijn,  JJlnrio,  (i,  ICi.  ]n  Kw-l  the 
apiiointiai'iit  of  jueces  conscrvadovcs  against  bishops  and  aivhbishup.s  waa 
6lri(tl\  Inrliiddcii.  Moiitfiii'  /or,  Svinariox,  ',V.i. 

"  Tiif  L'umnil.s  of  eoniplaint  are  minutely  given  in  Afc'irr,  Ili^f.  ('omp. 
Ji'ii-;  ii.  ;;';.")-S,  ancl  rehite  eliiefly  to  supposed  eahminies  and  petty  vexatious 
towhicJitlHy  elaini  to  have  been  exposed. 

'-'i'lic  iiiili'iis  given  in  lii'ief  and  peremptory  tonus,  but  faintly  covered 
liy  tic  piilite  phrases  intrrwoven  with  the  text,  ancl  these  are  more  than  neu- 
t!iili/ii|  liy  tlie  addition  in  the  king's  own  Jiandw  ritiug.  Still  tiie  biographer 
of  l':ilai'o\  extols  the  latter  as  ii  rare  and  noteworthy  nuirk  of  tsti'eni.  The 
lull  text  is  given  in  Piiltt/'ar,  (tbms,  xii.  40^-4;  Suti^/ucwit  ul  Jlciitorud,  30-1. 
ll.u'.  M^x   ..  Vol.  III.    U 


130 


JESUIT  LABORS  AND  STRIFES. 


B«t 


■  III' 


Pope  Innocent  X.  A  brief  of  the  14tli  of  IMa}'  1  ^48 
contains  tlie  resolutions  adopted  by  a  coni^reiT^atioii 
of  cardinals  and  prelates,  to  whom  the  investigation  of 
the  complaints  made  by  Palafox  had  been  transfencd 
by  the  holy  see.  The  society  was  jilaced  nnder  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  bishop  in  all  the  disputed  points,  al- 
though at  the  same  time  lenient  measures  were  recom- 
mended to  Palafox;*^  general  absolution  was  Gj'rantcd 
him;  and  all  rights  and  privileges  conflicting  with  this 
decision  declared  null  and  void. 

With  proud  satisfaction  the  prelate  sent  a  copy  of 
the  brief  to  the  Jesuit  fathers  of  the  colleges  at 
Puebla,  and  h (Ave ver  great  their  reluctance  might  ho, 
they  could  not  openly  disregard  the  pontifical  ordois. 
After  deliberating  about  the  matter,  they  expressed 
their  willingness  to  obey,  and  on  October  23d  exhihitcd 
their  licenses,  which  were  not  only  ratified  by  Palafox 
but  su})plemented  with  new  ones.  A  short  time  after- 
ward an  episcopal  decree  revoked  all  tlie  ]>revious 
censures  and  restrictions.  While  the  Jesuits  submit- 
ted they  protested,  however,  against  the  pope's  l)ii('f 
in  so  far  as  it  had  arrived  without  the  exequatur  of 
the  India  Council,  and  so  well  they  knew  how  to 
avail  themselves  of  their  influence  that  although  this 
necessary  re(|uisite  was  later  formally  issued,  yoais 
elapsed  before  it  could  be  ordered  by  the  auduiicia 
that  the  ])apal  l)i'ief  should  take  eft'ect."  On  the  ad- 
vantage tlius  obtained  all  their  sul)se(juent  ojjpositinii 
was  founded,^'  for  they  had  always  sufficient  IVioiids, 


^'Tliey  rould  not  preach  or  confess  in  their  own  chiirclies  without 
in<i  the  liislKiji,  or  in  finy  other  without  liis  consent;  and  were  forliic 
ajijioint  juiei's  eoiiHorvadores,  or  to  cxooniniunieati^  tlie  hishoj)  or  lii 
{,'eneral.  Fcirfnll  text  of  the  brief,  roc  I'ulafnr,  Ohirif,  xii.  '_'S!I  ;{0S. 
asserts  tlint  this  decision  was  ol)tained  liecausc  the  niessi'iiger  of  Pal; 
p.'arcdiu  lioiiie  nnexju^etcdly,  and  tlic  proctors  of  tlie  society,  almost  i 
o'  the  whole  ati'air.  had  no  documents  to  prepare  a  coiiipreli"!!;;i-,  ■  i 
//'.«/.  Cii)ii/i.  ,/i siiK,  ii.  ,'{4(>-l.  Tlie  same  author  in  /'/.,  'M'2  0.  exphdns 
of  the  decisions  with  the  sophistry  characteristic  of  his  order. 

*^The  execution  of  the  jiapal  brief  had  been  ordered  by  royal  ci'i 
Pec.  I'J.  l(i4S,  and  March  18,  1051.  Pdln/o.r,  Olira.",  xii.  ;tl8-l!». 

'^Dillicullies  created  by  the  bisho]i  about  licenses  for  younL'er 
fathei's,  and  the  ]>ei'eniptory  demand  for  tln^  execution  of  the  papal  brie 
tl'e  main  icasons  which  revived  the  dispute. 


notify- 
lien  to 
^  \io;n'- 

A I  (-TO 
;f...\  11)1- 

_;iiil"ilit 
li'trlisi'. 
••^rvcwl 

llllascif 

•tcsiiit 
f,  vcro 


hoth  ai 

Their 

(jther 

])t'titioii 

The  pr 

sciited 


IGj 


FURTHER  CONTROVERSY. 


131 


botli  at  Madrid  and  in  Mexico,  to  procure  a  delay. 
Their  efforts  to  secure  in  Mexico  the  cooperation  of 
(itlier  religious  orders,  to  support  their  continuous 
petitions,  were  only  successful  to  a  limited  degrei.'. 
TIk:  provincial  of  the  order  of  Mercy,  who  had  con- 
sented to  sign  them,  was  strongly  rebuked  by  the 
viear-general  in  Spain,  and  forbidden  again  to  accede 
to  similar  requests.*'^ 

]\Ioan\vhile  there  had  been  a  bitter  controversy  be- 
tween the  bishop  and  the  Jesuit  provincial,  Andres  do 
liada,  about  the  formal  execution  of  the  papal  brief, 
and  this  was  terminated  only  by  the  departure  of  Pa- 
lafox  for  Spain*'  in  May  1649.  After  that  event  the 
dispute  which  for  ten  years  had  excited  general  inter- 
est ijoth  in  Spain  and  the  Indies  approached  its  end; 
ior  although  it  was  continued  by  the  vicar-general, 
Juan  do  Merlo,  whom  Palafox  had  left  in  charge  of 
his  diocese,  it  never  again  assumed  such  serious  ])ro- 
portions  as  before.  The  trial  of  the  prebendaries  was 
continued,  and  the  demands  for  the  execution  of  the 
papal  brief  were  repeated,  but  the  matter  dragged 
;,long  without  decisive  result  till  1G50,  when  A^icCi-oy 
Allia  (le  Alispc  ordered  the  restoration  of  the  ])re- 
hendaries  to  their  former  offices.'"^  In  Rome  tlie  in- 
vestigation of  the  dispute  was  continued  till  late  in 
1(kV2,  and  resulted  in  the  ratification  of  the  former 

^^Tlie  fricnflship  formerly  existing  hctween  the  Jesuits  tand  the  Domini  cans 
also  ceased.  Jup.i  i'aretles,  one  of  tiie  judges,  was  by  the  general  of  his  or- 
lUi'  (K). lived  of  all  liia  titles  ami  honors,  removed  from  his  position  a.s  provin- 
oiiil,  an  1  subjected  to  other  penalties.  The  other  judge,  (iodines,  dv.-d. 
6Uil(li'iily  at  Vera  Cruz  some  time  Ijefore. 

*"  The  letters  are  dated  April  7  and  14,  1048,  and  May  4,  1040.  All  of 
them  reveal  the  great  animosity  between  the  bishop  and  the  scteiety,  and 
tliini;.'li  full  of  pious  phrases,  arc  idghly  acrimonious.  They  are  given  in 
I'nih  h  ^  ill' JcsiiiiaK,  MS.,  no.  1,  i-17;  I'uhij'uj;  Vhniti,  xii.  .SST-4IS;  Ii/.,  ('ar- 
'"-,  Ri  (14.  The  latter  collection  contains  also  letters  of  the  bislmp  to  high 
cluuvli  dignitiiries  in  .Spain,  and  memorials  bearing  on  fmaneial  liauds 
iittiibnted  to  the  society;  togetiier  with  the  Satisjhrlon  al  Mi  imo-iiil  and 
otlu'i-  litters  of  i'alafox  it  was  for  a  nund)er  of  years  forbidden  liy  the  inipiisi- 
tioii  jiinl  |ilai'eil  on  the  cxpurgatory  index.  I  have  eonsultetl  several  of  tlieso 
Work--  and  obtained  much  valuable  infonnati(jn  therefrom. 

*"Oiiu  of  them,  Montesinos,  had  died  in  the  mean  time;  but  the  dtan, 
^  ppi,  was  reinstiiteil,  an  event  which  was  solemidy  celebrated  by  the  .lesuits, 
tlidnyh  ostensibly  the  festivities  were  in  honor  of  the  viceroy's  recent  arrival. 
^in'ij:),  Jjiario,  in  Uoc.  Hid.  Mcj:.,  1st  ser.,  i.  8'J-IK),  124-5. 


ir.-2 


JESUIT  LABORS  AND  STRIFES. 


decision  given  in  1048.  On  the  27th  of  May  inf).!  a 
now  brief  was  issued  1)}'  Innocent  confirming  the  pic- 
ceding  one,  and  enjoining  perpetual  silence  upon  both 
parties.  A  royal  cedula  of  June  30,  1G53,  ordered  an 
exequatur  to  be  issued  by  the  council  of  the  Indii's. 
A  semi-official  letter  of  Cardinal  Spada  to  Palalux, 
dated  December  17,  1652,  while  gently  rebuking; 
the  prelate,  acknowledges  him  to  be  in  the  right  on 
the  wdiolc  question;  but  the  Jesuits  would  not  accept 
their  defeat,  and  made  extracts  from  the  briefs  and 
cedulas  apparcntl}^  terminating  the  matter  in  tlair 
favor,  though  the  final  triumph  of  the  bishop  i.s 
beyond  question.^" 

On  his  arrival  in  Spain  Palafox  had  3'et  to  realize 
the  implacable  character  of  his  enemies.  Havinif 
ivached  his  native  country  after  a  tiresome  voyage  ot' 
nine  months,  he  expected  in  vain  the  honors  wliick 
had  been  promised  him.  The  king  had  intended  t(^ 
promote  him  to  the  see  of  Cuenca,  one  of  the  most 
important  in  Spain,  but  was  dissuaded,  owing  to  tlic 
intrigues  of  the  prime  minister,  pronqited  by  tlic 
Jesuits.''"  Years  elapsed,  and  it  was  not  until  1(jj;3 
tliat  the  bishopric  of  Osmn,  one  of  the  least  in  im])o]'- 
tance,  was  offered  him.  He  took  possession  the  lol- 
lowinjjc  year  and  labored  with  his  usual  zeal.  Thoiiuk 
his  straitened  means  were  a  great  drawback  to  the 
Liter  years  of  his  ministry,"  he  gained  tlie  love  and 
esteem  of  his  flock,  and  universal  grief  was  expressed 
when  his  decease   occurred  on  the   1st  of  October, 

■•■'Tho  literal  text  of  the  last  nieutioiied  dociinicnts,  together  with  (.niii- 
iiiiMits  oil  their  jiulit'ial  value,  i.s  given  in  Pa/nlar,  (Jliras,  xii.  iSl-.1(ir!.  Thi' 
iiiterpretatiou  given  Ijy  the  Jesuits  was  piintetl  at  Roiiie  in  1G.")3  under  the 
title  Fill  ill'  la  Causa  Aii</i:!(i}>olita>i((,  hut  jilaeed  on  the  ex[iurgatory  iiidrx  of 
]i'M  hy  I'opo  Alexander  Vll.  lor  having  heen  artfully  inclmled  hi  the  JJnlnno 
liuiiiaiio  of  l(i."),>. 

""Till'  Jesuits  and  the  friends  of  the  former  viceroy  Escalona  were  dmilit- 
less  the  ehiet  insti;.'ator.s,  and  exerted  all  their  influenee  to  huniiliate  him  il 
p'lssilile.  liivera,  (iulicnian/vn,  i.  1!>4,  surmises  that  the  dukeof  Albur(|Ui  ii|iK'. 
in  n !.");{  vieeroy  of  Mexieo,  also  intrigueil  against  I'alafox,  but  there  wnsiio 
iiasun  for  him  to  do  so. 

''''i'he  income  of  the  hishopric  was  small,  and  I'alafox  had  returned  tri'in 
No.v  SjiMin  liurdened  with  a  debt  of  140,(M)0  pesos,  lie  was  so  poor  tli:it  iw 
ha  I  to  hiiridw  the  amount  necessary  to  pay  the  l)nlls  for  the  bishopric  nf 
Ojma.  I'aliijou:,  Ubntu,  xiii.  140-7. 


DEATH  OF  PALAFOX. 


133 


^'i 


IGjO.''-  His  funeral  took  place  with  the  ceremonies 
lu'CDHiing  his  rank;  the  corjxse  was  buried  in  the 
jiiiiK'ipal  cliapel,  and  an  elaborate  tombstone  witli  a 
oulogy  of  his  character  placed  over  his  grave.  Thus 
L'luled  in  an  insignificant  town  of  Spain  the  career  of 
a  man  wlio  had  been  vested  with  the  highest  civil  and 
L'fcksiastical  powers  ever  conferred  by  the  sovereign 
on  an}-  of  his  vassals  in  the  New  World.  After  his 
death  miracles  were  attributed  to  him,  and  these,  in 
a(k!ition  to  his  eminent  virtues,  were  made  the  grounds 
of  a  request  for  liis  canonization.  The  demand  was 
sujiported  by  testimony  from  Si)ain  and  the  Indies, 
and  favored  by  the  king,  the  viceroy,  and  the  ecclesi- 
astiral  dignitaries.  A  congregation  of  cardinals  hav- 
ing  in  1G91  discussed  the  matter  and  examined  liis 
wiitings''^  reported  favorably,  and  the  prescribed  pro- 
cocdings  were  instituted.  Intrigues  in  Home  and 
Machid  1)}^  the  Jesuits  and  the  descendants  of  tlio 
duke  of  Escalona  frustrated,  however,  all  efforts 
made  at  this  ])eriod  and  at  a  later  date."* 

■'•'Tlie  news  reached  Mexico  in  May  of  the  following  year,  hut  apparently 
crcatcil  no  impression.   Oiiijo,  JJlarlo,  in  JJor.  Ilixt.  Mix.,  serie  i.,  i.  44l'. 

■•'  I'iil.ifox  was  ,1  prolilic  and  able  author,  his  lirst  literary  attonipts  havin;:; 
Ifiii  nuiile  ill  1G18.  His  writings  are  not  only  on  spiritual,  l)ut  on  historioal, 
iii(lii.i:il,  and  other  subjects,  the  greater  part  being  written  in  Xew  S{>ain. 
TliL' most  important  are  the  V'tila  fiitcrior,  Varon  dc  / hssros,  h's/iiirfus.  .  .I'e 
I'l . .  .\'i,ircr>ilflad  dc  Jllf.viro,  and  the  dill'erent  memorials  bearing  on  his  dis- 
I'Uifwith  the  Jesuits,  and  his  letters  to  I'ope  Innocent  X.  Some  of  his  works 
li;i\c  iiccu  lost;  tlie  first  general  edition,  comprising  nearly  all  that  had  l)eou 
wiitti  11  by  him,  and  including  the  manuscripts  w  liicli  he  had  left  to  the  barc- 
fuiitfd  (,'ariiielitcs,  was  puldished  between  M'm'J  and  Hi71  in  eight  tomes,  to 
wliicli  aiiotlier  was  added,  containing  his  biograpiiy  by  Antonio  (ionzalez 
]!iiM'ij(U'.  Another  edition  was  issued  in  17(>'_',  by  order  and  under  the  siiper- 
visinii  of  the  Carinelite  friars  of  .Madrid,  consisting  of  l.T  volumes  in  \~>  tomes 
ill  folio.  Ik'sitles  these  editions  there  have  appeared.  In  fore  and  after  that 
tiiiK,  several  publications  of  single  works,  cliielly  in  Spanish,  but  also  iu 
otlier  l;uii,'uages. 

'' Iu  I7'2(j  and  1707  I>ibera,  Oofirrnaiiti'.",  i.  l."il-'2,  says  tlie  beatidcaliou 
\v:is  pi-onounced  on  August  1(3,  17<'7;  but  he  has  evidei'tly  loisinteipnled 
l.iinn/uiia,  in  CoiiriHo/t  Pror.,  l,"),")-()5.  See  also  /'iijic/c'<  dc  Ji  .■iu'taa^  MS., 
11".  S,  S^-J.-,,  ,30.  The  fact  that  in  the  second  half  of  the  ei-ht.entli  eeutuiy 
]inicrciliiigs  for  the  beatification  of  I'alafox  wer(!  continued,  e.\plaiiis  (lie  par- 
tiality manifested  by  nearly  all  his  biographers  ard  by  the  leading  elironielers; 


t.ny  Were  either  friends  or  foes,  and  tlierefoi- 


.".■rated  his  viitut  s  or  eriai;- 


f-'iiate.l  his  defects.  The  most  unbiassed  but  unfortunately  rather  fia:,'i!iiii- 
tiiy  ••leeoinit  is  certainly  that  given  by  the  contemporary  (iuijo  in  hi.s  JJh/rin, 
ml).,-,  llisi,  JA'.c,  Istser.,  i.  (i  et  scip  The  information  fiinii^l.ed  liyliim, 
tii^etl.er  with  that  contained  in  the  meniorialw  and  letters  of  I'alafox,  and 


134 


JESUIT  LABORS  AND  STRIFES. 


Tlio  question  of  tithes,  which  had  occasionod  tlio 
nns(H'inly  (hs[)utc  between  tlie  churdi  dignitaries  of 
Pu('1)la  and  tlic  society  of  Jesus,  had  been  a  source  of 
contention  for  yeais  l)efore.  As  eaily  as  1024  cnm- 
jiliiints  were  filed  in  tlio  India  Council  aj^-ainst  tliu 
(liirerent  orders,  deniandinu;'  the  i)avnient  of  tithes  from 
all  the  produce  of  ))]antations  and  increase  of  stock. 
Th(^  claim  was  made  by  the  ro3'al  fiscal  and  sup[iorl('(l 
bv  tlie  secular  church,  based  on  the  oblii^ation  of  tin,' 
crown* to  provide,  if  necessary,  the  means  for  the  jxi- 
formance  of  divine  service.  On  the  other  hand  tlie 
ivli^ious  orders  pleaded  their  statutes  and  fueros,  tlir 
validity  of  which  was  disputed  on  the  ijround  of  tliu 
cession  of  the  tithes  to  the  crown.*'  The  first  judii- 
ment  Vv'as  given  in  1655  in  favor  of  the  fiscal;  liotli 
parties  appealed,  the  fiscal  demanding  that  the  titlii  s 
be  collected  at  an  earlier  date  than  the  one  provided 
in  the  judgment,  and  the  orders,  among  whom  the 
Jesuits  were  most  conspicuous,  clamoring  for  a  trans- 
fer of  the  law-suit  to  the  ludy  see. 

On  the  IGth  of  June  1G57  tlie  iudo'ment  was  ratified 
by  a  new  decision,  ordering  their  ]>ayment  aftei'  tliat 
date  to  the  kinij  or  the  secular  church.  All  the  orders 
subnntted,  except  the  Jesuits,  who  j)rcsented  })r()trsts 
to  the  sovereign,  but  without  avail.  On  Xovcinlier 
4,  1G58,  and  December  31,  1GG2,  orders  were  traiis- 

CDUiiterbiilanced  by  the  prejudiced  statements  of  Alegre,  gives  doul)tlLss  tlic 
best  luciins  to  arrive  at  an  impartial  conchision.  Still  the  latter  autli'iiity,  in 
his  ll'ixl.  Comji.  Jisii.-tj  ii.  Ii74-I).")(),  passim,  has  iilmost  been  implicitly  f 'lliv.iil 
by  r>iis',amaiito,  in  Curo,  Tirs Siijlo-'i.  ii.  'ji)-;i.'!,  Riliera,  OoIh manti.^,  i.  i  \\-M. 
and  Sosa,  h'jiltcoji,  Mv.r.,  S.*}-!)!).  Lorenzana,  in  ('oiiii/,'a<  I'rov.,  J'j-j'-i,'',  "illi, 
'2,")!  (JU,  lis  i.i  natural,  defends  tlie  policy  of  liis  predecessor,  of  Mhom  lir  ni;ikis 
a  glowing  panegyric.  So  does  Touron,  a  Dominican  friar,  in  his  ///-/.  '•'(». 
.\  iiirr''ii'c,  vii.  ;<l(i-S(i,  viii.  1-100,  passim.  Vetancurt  and  flonzalcz  l);iv;la, 
Avlio  lived  at  tlio  time  of  the  dispute,  pass  it  by  in  silence,  but  olln  iwIm' 
praise  the  saintly  character  of  the  bishop.  Zamacois,  in  //iW.  M'J..  v.  .'!:ii>- 
47,  lit!)  .')(),  is  unusually  reticent  in  assigning  the  causes  wiiich  led  to  tlic  dis- 
pute, mid  also  abrupt  in  sjieaking  of  its  conclusion. 

"■''  Pope  Alexander  VI.  by  a  imll  of  Nov.  l(i,  l.'Ol,  made  a  donation  of  all 
tlio  tillics  to  the  crown  of  Spnin,  in  remuneration  for  the  expenses  coiiiRvtiil 
V  ith  till'  coiKpiest  of  the  American  colonies.  l)ii'.mos  <le  Iivl.,  no.  4,  ."if!.  A 
riiy;d  cechila  of  June  I'i,  Ki'J.'),  ordered  that  iill  bulls  issueil  by  the  liolysi'O 
to  evndr  tlie  payment  ot  tithes,  nnd  sent  to  New  Spain  without  the  kings 
])('niiissioii,  be  collected  and  forwarded  to  the  India  Council.  MoiiU  ininjor, 
h'l'iiiario.-',  4!l, 


BnOTIIERUOODS  FOUNDED. 


135 


inittcul  that  tlic  juclgnieut  take  eflcct,  and  the  arcli- 
l(i>li()|)  and  cathedral  cha})ter«  invested  ^vIth  the 
iv(|ulsite  authority.  Nevertheless  execution  was  de- 
layed for  years,  owing  to  the  difficulties  which  arose 
as  to  the  valuation  of  property,  and  several  times  new 
orders,  reaflirniing  previous  cedulas,  were  issued  in 
Spain.  In  Puebla  the  Jesuits  contrived  to  delay  pay- 
luiiit  till  1G73,  when  after  fruitless  a[)peals  to  the 
aiullfncia,  and  after  being  placed  under  exeomniuni- 
cation,  they  hnally  suhmitted.  After  that  no  other 
dilliculties  arose  till  1702,  when  investii>ation  showed 
that  frauds  had  been  conunitted  by  the  society  in  their 
statements  of  the  revenue  derived  from  their  property.^' 


Notwithstanding  the  n^any  disputes  in  which  the 
society  had  become  involved,  the  ranks  of  their  parti- 
sans continually  increased,  and  new  establishments 
gave  evidence  of  the  sympathy  wdiich  the  order  en- 
joyed. Licenses  having  been  obtained  in  Spain  for 
the  founding  of  a  novitiate  at  Mexico  in  su[)port  of  that 
of  Tepotzotlan,  donations  of  money  were  made  for  this 
puipose  in  1G'2G,  and  in  1G42  it  was  com])leted  and 
dedicated  to  Santa  Ana,  Subsequent  discussions  with 
Olio  of  the  founders  caused  its  abandonment,  till 
1(572,^"  when  Andres  de  Tapia  y  Carbajal,  a  very 
Moalthy  man  and  one  friendly  to  the  order,  endowtid 
the  establishment  with  sufficient  means  for  the  main- 
toiiniico  of  twenty  novices  and  the  necessary  fathers 
and  lay-brothers.  On  the  19th  of  November  the 
society  took  possession  of  it,  changing  the  name  to 
that  of  San  Andres. 

Several  brotherhoods  were  also  founded  by  the 
ordoi',  that  of  the  Immaculate  Conce|)tion  being  the 
most  prominent,  and  including  ecclesiastics,  laymen, 

''  Details  on  tliis  subject  are  contained  in  a  number  of  mci.  .rials  anil  puni- 
plilpts,  fiiiiniiig  ii  ciillccti(jn  under  the  title  Diizmo-i  dr  liantti.  .mjIi  -j  of  tlie 
ilooiiiMciits  are  of  Jesuit  origin;  others  hiivo  been  written  by  the  secular  cliureh 
and  their  partisans.  T'.„.:'J  numbered  from  one  to  five  have  been  consulted 
111  this  rjiapter;  tlu!  I'est  bear  exclusively  on  later  disputes. 

*'■  Lazcano,  Vida  dd  P.  Ovicdo,  jG-7,  says  it  was  iu  1U70. 


136 


JESUIT  LABORS  AXD  STRIFES. 


and  stutlcnts  of  the  liiglicr  grades.  Rerognizcd  I)v 
tlie  general  in  Rome  in  1G51,  tlie  number  of  its  ni"iii- 
bers  increased  rapidly,  and  a  few  years  later  persons 
of  the  highest  rank,  including  a  viceroy  of  New  S[)ain, 
were  eager  to  be  admitted.'^ 

Before  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century  tlio 
society  had  still  further  spread  its  influence  by  liold- 
ing  missions  throughout  the  provinces.  Their  at- 
tempts were  successful,  and  nowhere  more  so  than  in 
]\Iexico,  through  which  territory  fathers  Perez  and 
Zappa  passed  from  town  to  town,  and  made  numl)ei- 
less  converts,  miracles  being  wrought,  as  the  chron- 
iclers report,  to  attest  the  saintly  character  of  tlic 
Jesuits.'^* 

** Minute  recovils  .is  to  its  organization  and  progress  arc  given  in  Alcpr, 
IIlsl.  Comp.  JcsiiK,  ii.  '_',>!)-G'J;  Mnr/i,  Col  Dor.,  MS.,  app.,  i.  47. 

"Lcii£!tl>y  ilcscriptiona  of  tlicae  revivals  are  given  in  Perez  and  Zappa, 
ltd.,  Ul-7'J. 


II 


CHAPTER  VII. 


VICEROYS  TORRES,  ALVA,  AND  ALBURQUERQUE. 

1C48-1G0O. 

Bisiior  Torres  Govern'or  of  New  Spain— His  Brief  Rple — EriHEMic — 

(lOVKRNMENT  OF  THE  AUDIENCIA — VlCEROY  AlVA  ARRIVES — HiS  QciET 

Rrt-E— Alburquerque  Appoixtei)  Viceroy — He  Governs  with  Pru- 
DKNCE — And  Checks  Abuses — Loss  of  Jamaica  and  the  Inflcencb 
theueuf  on  New  Spain — Yucatan  Infested  by  Pirates— A itempt 
TO  Assassinate  Ai-rurquerque — The  Swift  Punishment  that  Fol- 
lowed—Public P.icjoiciNos — Viceroy  and  Archbishop  IIlcalled— 
Their  Departure  and  Subsequent  Career. 

It  had  been  the  usual  policy  with  the  court  of 
Spain,  to  appoint  the  archbishop  of  Mexico  as  viceroy 
ad  interim,  whenever  a  sudden  vacancy  occurred  in 
that  office,  but  on  the  promotion  of  the  duke  of  Salva- 
tierni  an  exception  was  made,  and,  as  we  have  seen, 
tin;  chief  magistracy  with  the  title  of  governor  was 
Li'ivon  to  Mdrcos  de  Torres  y  Rueda,  then  bishop  of 
Yucatan.^ 

lie  arrived  in  November  1G47,  and  remained  in 
Taciil'a  till  February  1G48,  when,  upon  tlio  notice 
tliat  a  vessel  sent  for  him  from  Peru  had  arrived  at 
Acapulco,  he  repaired  to  Mexico  to  receive  tlie  gov- 

'I  liavc  before  mc  a  copy  of  the  c(5<lula,  appointing  him  as  governor,  ami 
(l.itcl  July  S,  1G47.  Ordciiex  de  la  Cor<,iia,,'Mii.,  ii.  108-9.  He  was  l.orn  in 
AliiKi/.in  in  Spain,  and,  wlien  a  stntlent  at  Salamanca,  W(  n  tlio  degree  of 
lii'iii  i;itu  in  arts  among  10(5  competitors.  After  holding  .several  imiiortant 
eivksiM.stie.il  oiliees,  he  was  piesented  to  the  bishopric  of  Yuuiitan  in  l(!4i. 
Gnir.,il,z  J>iirUa,  TiMtro  Edi-'^.,  i.  219.  In  Novcndjcr  1040  he  took  jiDssession 
of  Ills  .see,  the  greater  i>art  of  which  lie  visited  in  person,  attempting  on  that 
ociMMoii  to  introduce  several  innovations,  which  appear  to  have  lieen  for  the 
piirpci.so  of  fdling  his  own  pockets.  Cogolludo  mentions  his  meanness  to  the 
c.'iptain  who  brouglit  him  the  news  of  his  apponitment  to  tlio  viccroyalty ; 
'iiihliuio  tan  corto  ecu  el  Capitan,  que  dio  harto  que  dezir?'  Coijollcdo,  Hid, 
l'"-.,  701, 

(137) 


138        VICEROYS  TORRES,  ALVA,  AND  ALBURQUERQLE. 

(n-nincnt;  but  on  the  following  day  a  resolution  of  tlio 
real  aeuerdo  ordered  liis  innnediate  return  to  Tacul);i, 
there  to  await  the  proper  moment  for  hi.s  installation 
into  office.^  This  did  not  take  plaee  until  ^lay  I:!, 
1G48,"  \vhei»  the  bishop-governor,  with  tlij  usual  reti- 
nue, made  his  official  entrance  into  Mexico,  and  ex- 
hibited in  the  palace  his  credentials. 

iris  rule  Mas  brief  and  eventful.  An  epidemic  is 
said  to  have  caused  gi'cat  devastation  nt  A''ei'a  Cruz 
in  the  latter  half  of  the  year  1G48,  but  in  view  of  tliu 
scanty  information  on  the  subject,  conside  .ible  al- 
h)wanco  must  pi'obably  be  made  for  exaggeration.  ( )n 
his  decease  in  April  of  the  following  3'ear'  the  audicu- 
cia  assumed  the  government;  and  the  senior  oidnr, 
Mati'as  de  Peralta,  acting  as  president,  removed  to 
the  viceregal  [lalace.  IBel'orc  the  exequies  of  the  late 
governor  were  ccuicluded'  his  entire  estate  had  been 
sequestered,  partly  to  guarantee  the  sum  of  twenty 
thousand  pesos,  '■'hich  he  had  received  in  advaiK  j  of 
salary,  and  also  because  suspicions  had  arisd;  tl.at  a 
large  part  of  his  estate  belonged  to  the  crown,  and 
had  been  fraudulently  appro])riated  b}'  the  secretary 
and  nephew  of  the  deceased,  Juan  de  Salazar.  To 
that  end  the  surrender  was  ordered  under  se\ere  jxju- 
alties,  of  all  the  property  of  the  bishop,  and  that  of 
his  relatives,  to  the  senior  oidor,  who,  together  witli 
the  fiscal,  had  assu'ned  the  functions  of  executor  of 


till'  g( 


T,nijo,  JJhirio,  in  Dor.  II'iM.  Mer.,  Istscr.,  i.  7-8,  ailds  that  returning' to 
Taciiliii  the  hishop  fouiul  th;it  all  tlie  fiirnituie  of  his  resiiltiice,  bclonyiiii;  to 
Salviiticrra,  had  been  I'cnioved  in  tiic  mean  time. 

^  Mayer,  Mex.  Aztec,  i.  202,  following  the  Liceo,  Mex.,  ii.  22.3,  says  or- 
ronndusly  March  l.Stli. 

■•  Toi'iis  was  (in  bad  terms  with  the  andioncia,  and  in  .Tanuary  1(140  liiid 
Bome  dispute  M'itli  the  municipal  authorities,  caused  by  hi.s  j)i'ctent  ions  con- 
duct. It  is  said  that  this  brouj^dit  on  the  (sickness  which  terminated  fatally 
on  April  22d.  Cogolludo  remarks  that  Torres,  not  supposing  his  illness  tolw 
of  a  serious  nature,  did  not  make  such  provisions  for  the  administratinii  of 
afl'airs  as  his  high  position  required.  Hint.  Fi/r.,  702.  This  does  not  apinar 
probable,  judging  from  the  deed  executed  by  the  governor  on  the  Mh  uf 
A])ril,  and  appointing,  in  case  of  his  dejnisc,  the  audiencia  to  succeed  liiiu  ad 
inttiiiii.    \"n:  Iiix/i-kc,  MS.,  1st  ser.,  no.  23,  1-2. 

^Ile  was  buried  on  the  2.")th  of  April  in  the  church  of  the  Augustinian  con- 
vent at  Mexico;  the  bishop-elect  of  llabana,  Nicolas  de  la  Torre,  olliciatcJ,  u3 
the  archbishop  was  absent.  Guljo,  D'uirio,  55-02. 


SUBSTANCE  AND  SHADOW. 


139 


llic  o()VL'mor'H  will.  Steps  were  also  taken  to  prevent 
till  .shipment  of  sucli  property  by  the  fleet,  then  ready 
i"  ri\'i\,  and  on  the  Ijthof  ^lay  1049  orders  Merc  sent 
til  the  ;^'ovcTnor  of  Yueatan  to  attach  all  the  estate  of 
till'  late  bishop  in  that  j)rovinee. 

Although  a  cons^derabl^'  anioinit  was  delivered  np 
to  (he  j)resident,  a  rejjetition  oi'  the  order  was  le- 
M lived  upon,  and  to  make  it  more  I'fl'eetual  was  ])ub- 
li>h('d  IVom  the  j)ulpits,  ecclesiastical  censures  beiuy 
threatened  against  all  who  failed  to  surrender  it  (»r 
even  withheld  information  as  to  its  concealment.  It 
SCI  IMS,  however,  that  the  conduct  of  the  audiencia 
was  eluded  more  by  personal  hostility  against  Toires 
niid  his  kindred  than  by  pretended  loyalty;  f(tr  Sala- 
zai',  having  laid  his  case  before  the  India  Council,  was 
aniuitted,  and  the  audiencia  reproved  and  ordered  to 
restore  all  the  secpiestered  property." 

For  nearly  fifteen  uneventful  months  Peralta  held 
tlie  ivins  of  power  in  New  Spain,  until,  in  May  1G50, 
a  hvw  viceroy  arrived  in  the  person  of  Luis  Enri(|uez 
(le  (Juzman,  conde  de  Alva  de  Liste,  and  marques  do 
Villailor.^ 

His  rule  was  a  quiet  one,  interrupted  only  in  1G51 
by  the  revolt  of  the  Indians  in  the  northern  regions, 
wliere  the  Tarahumares,  Conchos,  and  other  tribes  in 
oiHii  revolt  killed  several  Spaniards,  among    whom 

''Tlio  ilocision  reached  Mexico  in  May  1050,  and  its  ratification  in  l(i.")7. 
Tliv  iiudiinciii  was  rcpi'iinanilcd  for  disrespect  shown  at  the  fiuiend  of  Toitch, 
iiuil  ijidiivd  to  make  restitution  to  all  the  servants  and  followers  of  the 
bishiiii.  aii!jo,  Dlftrio,  107-8,  37!)-.SO. 

'  His  (itlier  titles  arc:  gentilhond)re  de  la  Ci'imara  de  su  Maj;ostad,  sennr 
(Ic  Ills  villas  de  Garrovillas,  Carvajales,  Mendiil)rc,  i  t'astro  (,'alvon,  i  lu- 
j:iiri's  lie  su  jurisdicion,  alferez  i  alguacil  mayor  de  la  ciudatl  do  /aniuni, 
iili  ,iii|(,.  pcrpctuo  de  las  Torres  1  Fortaleza  dc  elhi,  por  el  Key  N.  Si  nor, 
ftl.aidc  iiiiiyor  de  sacas,  y  escribauo  )nayor  de  rentas  de  la  diclia  ciudiid. 
//•(/;/(«  /Jdclriiieron,  in  Diylnrljluii  de  Frailin,  MS.,  ii.  131.  Vetaiicuit,  J'r'iK 
.'/(.-•.,  l,"i,  followed  hy  t.'avo,  7'/rv  Si;i/f»',  ii.  34,  and  others,  writes  Alviide- 
li>t<':  Z;uiiaciiis,  lli-'t.  M<-j.,  v.  3(i0,  and  llihcra,  GnlxrufinlcK,  i.  177,  call  him 
til-  Ali.sto;  <iLiij<),  JJiario,  1"21,  says  de  Lista.  ^liravel  y  Casinlcvaiite,  H 
Oran  /tire,  i.  411,  in  his  ftenealogical  account  of  the  count's  fauiiiy.  f,'ive.s  the 
imnc  ii.s  in  the  text,  and  is  herein  followed  by  Lori'iizaun,  Jtint.  A'.  L'"/,.,  -.M, 
iiihl  Aiaumu,  JJimrt.,  iii.  app.  .SI.  Tlu;  ollicial  enti'y  of  the  new  viccrov  »■  as 
ina.lc  ,)iily  yd.  Lorenzaua,  JJint.  A'.  L'i<p.,  24,  says  erroneously  it  was  ou  tlie 
lUiii. 


I 


140        VICEROYS  TORRES,  ALVA,  AND  ALBURQUERQUE. 

were  three  friars,  and  burned  the  churclies.  The  .'^v- 
ernor  of  Durango  was  ordered  to  subjugate  thyii,  and 
during  the  following  year  restored  peace  tk'foughout 
the  disturbed  districts.  ^ 

The  old  dispute  about  the  submission  of  the  doe- 
trineros  to  the  episcopal  authority  was  revived  during 
the  term  of  viceroy  Alva,  but  his  prudent  conduct 
prevented  it  from  assuming  such  significance  as  the 
former  one.  Ilo3'al  orders,  tending  to  check  the  cffoits 
of  the  regular  clergy  to  become  more  independent  of 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  crown,  were  also  successfully 
enforced^  without  encountei-ing  serious  opposition. 

Although  the  count  appears  to  have  made  a  moder- 
ate use  of  liis  authority,  he  was  jealous  of  his  rights 
as  the  representative  of  a  powerful  monarch,  and  did 
not  foil  to  guard  them  when  occasion  happened. 
Among  other  instances  may  be  mentioned  a  case 
which  occurred  in  June,  1G51,  when  a  dispute  aroso 
about  the  place  which  thecha])terof  the  cathedral  and 
the  pages  of  the  viceroy  should  occupy  in  the  proces- 
sion of  corpus  christi.  Tlie  procession  was  forcibly 
interrupted  by  order  of  the  count,  who  in  nnison  with 
the  audiencia  issued  several  orders,  which  caused  great 
excitement  among  the  people.  The  matter  was  settled 
by  the  chapter  yielding  to  the  demand  of  the  viceroy, 
when  the  ceremony  was  allowed  to  proceed." 

Owing  to  the  wars  almost  continuously  curried  on 


^Several  cddulas  wore  issnt'fl  to  protect  the  royal  jurisdiction.  One  nf 
Septcnihcr  18,  1050,  ratified  on  the  Gth  (it  June,  10.")5,  d''clarcd  all  briefs  ainl 
bulls  nf  the  holy  see  issued  to  the  people  of  Xcw  Spain  as  null  and  voiil,  if  not 
nutliorizud  by  the  council  of  the  Indies,  to  whieli  tliey  were  to  be  sent.  To 
tlie  same  scrutiny  were  subjected  i.ll  those  psitents  for  religious  orders  wiiii  li 
introduced  important  innovations  or  referred  toti>c  founding  of  newconvL'uts. 
Moiitcmnyor^  Svmnrios,  :i7-8;  Ordciiex  <le  la  Corona,  MS.,  ii.  219-21. 

^0>'iji>,  Dhir'io,  l~Q-S'2;  I'olilcs,  Viilti,  127-9,  The  viceroy  would  pi'ub.ilily 
liave  encountered  more  opposition  had  there  been  an  archbishop.  The  l.i^t 
one,  Juan  de  Manosca  y  Zamora,  liad  died  on  Decemlier  12,  lO.iO,  not  in  l(i".'J 
as  X'otancurt,  Trm  .il/< u:. ,  2,"),  liiis  it.  Gttijo,  L>inrio,li}l-9,  liil ;  Paiic.«,V'i:, 
MS.,  100;  Coiicilios  Proi'.,  IJJo-Oo,  219.  The  see  remained  vacant  for  two 
years  until  December  2o,  1GJ2,  wliiu  I'edro  de  Harricntos  took  possession  "f 
it  in  the  name  of  the  new  appointee,  Marcclo  Lopez  do  Ascona,  ^^  ho  arrival 
in  .lujy,  l(i.j;j.  Ho  died  after  a  few  montlis,  on  November  10th  ofthc^ame 
ytar.  I'ldjo,  Dhirlo,  227,  229-30.  218-70;  Vondl(osProv.,loo3~03,  220.  I'ams, 
\'b:,  says  crioneously  10j4.     MS.,  101. 


EARTHQUAKE  AXD  DROUGHT. 


141 


ill  Europe  b}'  the  Spani.-h  crown,  comiuunicatloii  with 
the  mother  country  had  become  dangerous,  and  the 
jiciil  of  raidw  on  the  coast  of  New  Spain  increased. 
In  order  to  guard  against  these  inroads,  the  viceroy 
stiitioned  some  sohhers  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  provided 
tlie  fleets  despatched  to  Spain  with  a  force  at  least 
strong  enough  to  leave  them  no  longer  at  the  mercy 
of  tlie  first  pi'iito  or  man-of-war  they  might  encouu- 
trr'.  It  was  indeed  n-.^cessary  to  take  some  precau- 
tions tliat  the  treasure  I'emittances  should  reach  Spain 
ill  safety.  The  money  A-as  greatly  needed;  for  it  was 
only  by  means  of  the  ci^ntributions  of  the  colonies, 
tluit  the  monarch  was  enabled  to  carry  on  the  expen- 
sive wars  which  were  to  sustain  the  glory  of  Castile, 
The  king  was  always  Lard  pressed ;  and  confident  of  the 
fdi!  leai'ance  and  patriotic  zeal  of  his  subjects  in  the  New 
World,  had  seized  about  a  million  of  pesos  belonging 
to  private  persons,  the  amount  having  been  remitted 
hy  the  fleet  of  1G49.  Viceroy  Alva  soon  after  his 
airival  informed  the  people  of  this  proof  of  the  confi- 
tkiiee  of  their  roj'al  master,  but  at  the  same  time 
nssuied  them,  under  pledge^  of  the  royal  word,  that 
it  would  not  be  rcpeateil,  and  that  measures  had  even 
litrii  taken  to  make  repayment  in  redeemable  warrants 
a'^aiiist  the  revenue,  derived  from  the  media  anata.^'^ 
During  the  last  months  of  Viceroy  Alva's  rule, 
C'iuth(|uake  and  drought  visited  the  province  of  Mex- 
i<o.  The  former  disaster  was  portended  by  the  ap- 
]i(  araiice  of  a  comet  which  was  visible  from  the  middle 
ni'  1  )rcomber  of  1G52  till  the  first  days  of  1Gj3.  The 
^ho(•l;  was  severely  felt  in  the  capital,"  and  destroyed 
the  walls  of  several  buildino-s,  causing  oroater  dimage 

'"  'Ti'iiiii  lilirada  la  satisfafcion  do  csta  cantidad  en  jiiros  y  media  aniiata.' 
r//'/,,  li'iuiio,  1"J1.  Tlic  inililiciitioii  of  a  similar  cc^'ilnla  in  Maieii  ICi.M  iiu- 
I'lirs  time  this  manacr  of  inaUinj,'  loans  was  repeateil,  notwitlistandiug  tiiu 
l)iuiiii-^i'  iiiado. 

"1  iiinj  mas  del  tiempo  que . .  .rezar  dos  credos  con  dcvocion.'  Id.  '2.')-.  A 
niiiintc  account  tojietlior  with  a  sciontitio  treatise  on  the  comet  is  given  liy 
liui/,  /)i.icii,:<i>  hirho  nohir  Jiii/irin-<iontit  nwhoroloijicns,  Mexico,  Ui.');i,  1  et 
si.'ij.  According;  to  d'liijo,  J>utiio,  'J.'iJt,  in  the  same  year,  lOoH,  a  coullayra- 
tiuii  destroyed  the  whole  city  of  Colinia. 


142        VICEROYS  TORRES,  ALVA,  AND  ALBURQUERQUE. 

in  the  environs.  That  no  others  were  felt  was  sup- 
posed to  be  due  to  a  solemn  procession,  held  during 
the  following  days  in  honor  of  the  conception  of  tho 
Serenfsima  Reina  de  los  Angeles.  With  similar  good 
effect  the  interposition  of  the  virgen  de  los  Remedios 
was  implored  some  months  later;  when  want  of  rain 
liad  produced  diseases,  and  supplications  lasting  nine 
days  were  ordered.  The  supplications  were  quickly 
heard,  for  within  nine  days  abundant  rains  fell 
throughout  the  province. 

The  viceroy's  term  of  government  had  meanwhile 
expired,  and  in  the  beginning  of  July  1653  news 
reached  him  of  the  arrival  of  his  successor  at  Vera 
Cruz,  and  of  his  promotion  to  the  viceroyalty  of  Peru. 
On  +he  1st  of  August  he  formally  laid  down  his 
authority  and  proceeded  to  San  Cristobal,  to  greet 
the  new  ruler,  the  duke  of  Alburquerque.  He  re- 
mained in  Mexico  for  more  than  a  year,  as  there  was 
no  vessel  to  carry  him  to  his  destination.  The  17th 
of  October  1G54  he  left  for  Acapulco  with  a  largo 
retinue.  At  every  point  along  his  route  he  received 
marks  of  respect,  for  his  benevolence  and  integrity 
had  gained  for  him  the  sympathy  of  the  peoplc.^'^ 

Francisco  Fernandez  de  la  Cueva,  duque  de  Al- 
burquerque and  grandee  of  Spain,'^  arrived  at  Vera 
Cruz  accompanied  by  his  wife,  a  daughter  of  the  ex- 
viceroy  Cadereita,  early  in  July,  1G53,  and  made  liis 
official  entrance  into  Mexico  on  the  15th  of  Augu.st, 
amidst  the  usual  ceremonies.  In  personal  qualifica- 
tions no  less  than  in  rank  he  was  a  v,orthy  successor 

'-ITis  juoz  <lc  resiilent'ia  sentcncetl  him  to  tiic  paj'mcntof  several  amniiiits 
of  money  elainiud  from  liiin,  and  transfer; cd  the  decision  of  other  charj,'(s  to 
tho  India  (^)uncil,  but  ULVtiUieless  tleclarod  liini  'por  bucno  y  recto  niini-.tro 
do  S.  M.'  Ouijo,  JJinr'in,  270.  After  seiving  his  term  in  I'eru  ho  went  to 
iSpain,  where  lie  died  about  lOfi?. 

'^ilo  v,;i8  of  one  of  iiie  noblest  houses  of  Spain,  and  besides  the  titles 
give'.i  in  tlic  text,  and  such  as  his  new  position  gave  him,  held  tliose  of  iiiar- 
qut!'8  de  Cuellar  y  do  Cadereita,  conde  de  Ledesiiia,  eondo  de  (Juelma,  scfior 
<lo  las  villas  do  Mond)eltran  y  do  la  Codoscra,  gcutilhonibre  do  la  cilniara  ilo 
iSii  Magestad,  and  cajiitan  general  de  las  galeras  do  Espana.  (}nlinf:i  de  hi 
Voroiai,  MS.,  vii.  1;  Fraiks  Docd;,  in  Distui'b.  df  Fraiks,  MS.,  ii.  129,  Ij-. 


ifiij 


MORE  PIRATES. 


143 


IS  snp- 

of  tlio 
r  good 
medios 
of  rain 
lor  nine 
:|uickly 
as    fell 

mwliile 
3  news 

Lt    YCYA 

)f  Peru. 
)wn  Ills 
;o  greet 
Ho  ro- 
cre  ^Yas 
he  I7tli 
I  a  largo 
'coeived 
;egrity 

12 

dc  Al- 
at  Vera 
:liG  ex- 
adc  his 
\.iigust, 
Lialitiea- 
.lcce^i^<|>r 

.ilainnunt9 
cliai'!,"'^  ti) 

to  i)uiii>tn) 
o  went  to 

the  titU'9 
s(i  of  mil''- 
lima,  .Hi'mr 

ciliiuini  lie 
tili'iK'x  ill-  hi 


to  the  count  of  Aiwa.  He  lacked  none  of  the  accom- 
ilisliments  then  commonly  possessed  by  the  nobility 
of  Spain,  and  was  moreover  a  man  of  jovial  disposi- 
tion, much  given  to  hospitality,  and  lavish  of  expense. 
During  his  reign  he  lost  no  opportunity  of  displaying, 
tliough  sometimes  a  little  too  ostentatiously,  his 
l)oundi„.  s  loyalty  to  his  sovereign.  The  first  occasion 
that  occurred  was  in  April  1G54,  when  balls  and  ban- 
quets, lasting  several  days,  were  arranged  by  the 
viceroy  in  commemoration  of  the  birthday  of  his 
sovereign.  These  festivities  were,  however,  eclipsed 
])y  those  which  were  held  later  in  celebration  of  the 
hirtli  of  prince  Felipe  Prospero.^*  Solemn  thanks- 
givings alternated  with  magnificent  processions  in 
costume,  headed  by  the  viceroy  and  the  highest  offi- 
cials. For  several  days  the  town  was  illuminated; 
festivals  were  arranged  by  the  Jesuit  fathers;  bull- 
fights were  held  in  the  plaza;  there  were  no  regular 
sessions  of  the  audiencia  for  several  weeks;  and  many 
of  the  prisoners  confined  in  jail  were  pardoned,  M'hile 
the  sentences  of  others  were  commuted.  So  popular 
Ijocanic  the  viceroy,  that  a  mere  hint  from  him  was 
sufficient  to  elicit  an  annual  donation  in  favor  of  the 
newly  born  prince  of  250,000  pesos  for  the  next 
fifteen  years. 

The  treasure  fleet  despatched  from  Vera  Cruz  in 
April  1()54  was  one  of  the  most  richly  freighted  that 
had  ever  left  the  shores  of  New  Spain,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  a  large  amount  was  forwarded;  but  the 
(•ai)turo  of  Jamaica ^'^  in  1G55  caused  a  large  decrease 
ill  ivniittances  after  that  date.^" 

"  In  Jiinuary  IGoC  puljlic  prayerd  imd  been  said  in  the  cathedral  and  all 
tli<'  (itlier  fhiiichcs  for  an  heir  to  the  throne.  (Juijo,  JJinriu,  in  JJoc.  JlLst, 
Ml  .c,  siTJo  i.,  i.  ',V,i~. 

'H'iivo,  Tn-s  iS(;//o.i,  ii.  36,  Rivera,  Gob.,  i.  197,  and othor  Spanish  uutliori- 
fiis  state  that  C'ronnvell  was  urged  to  despatch  tho  expedition  which 
'.tiLrtcd  tlic  capture  of  Jamaica  by  Tliomas  Gugc,  the  author  of  The  ycir  Siir- 
riiiuflhv  \V(nt  Indies.  (.Jage  was  an  apostate  friar;  hence  perhaps  the  state- 
iiKiit,  which  is  not  founded  on  fact. 

"' J>uring  the  same  year  news  arrived  that  a  party  of  buccaneers  had  been 
ciiiitiuLil  by  tho  settlers  of  Tampico.  Twenty-two  of  them  were  aeut  us  pria- 
oucrd  to  Mexico.  Uuijo,  JJiario,  330,  302. 


144        VICEROYS  TORRES,  ALVA,  AND  ALBURQUERQUE. 

The  news  of  this  disaster  caused  serious  alarm 
throughout  Spain  and  the  Spanish  colonies,  though  it 
\vas  but  the  beginning  of  a  long  series  of  calamities, 
many  of  which  I  have  related.  Already  the  Nortli 
Sea  was  infested  with  pirates,  and  in  the  islands  of  the 
West  Indies  thousands  of  buccaneers,  filibusters,  and 
sea  rovers,"  who  regarded  the  Spaniards  as  their 
natural  prey,  had  formed  permanent  settlements. 
During  the  latter  portion  of  the  seven  ':eenth  century 
the  colonies,  more  especially  those  of  Central  Amer- 
ica, were  never  free  from  their  raids;  Portobello  was 
sacked;  Panamd  was  destroyed;  other  cities  were 
plundered  or  burned;  and  within  a  few  years  of  its 
capture  Jamaica  became  the  spot  where  most  of  these 
raids  were  organized,  often  with  the  consent  and 
always  with  the  connivance  of  the  representative  of 
the  British  monarch. 

In  lGo7  tli;j  viceroy  despatched  a  force  of  over  four 
hundred  men  to  aid  the  Spaniards  in  driving  the  Eng- 
lish garrison  from  the  island,  but  to  no  p"rposc. 
Most  of  them  perished  of  disease  without  ii.'iiicting 
any  loss  on  the  enemy ,^'^  and  the  inhabitants  remaining 
on  the  island  removed  to  New  Spain. 

It  was  not  long  before  the  Spaniards  felt  the  evil 
effects  of  thus  tamely  allowing  the  British  to  gain  a 
foothold  in  the  West  Indies.  Every  year  the  convoy 
of  the  fleets  became  more  difficult.  In  one  instance 
fift^'-five  days  were  required  for  the  passage  from 
Vera  Cruz  to  Ilabana,  the  ships  having  remainctl 
near  the  coast  of  Florida,  to  avoid  capture  by  nti 
En<xlish  fleet.     Often  the  church  bells  sunnnoned  tliu 


"For  the  origin  of  piracy  in  tho  West  Indies  see  Il'tat.  Cent,  Aincr.,  ii. 
4")1  ct  soq,,  this  series. 

^^Vetfdicvrt,  1'raf.  Mcx.,  15;  Cava,  Tirs  Sirjlos,  ii.  41;  Gitijo,  Diar'n'), 
393-4,  4(Mi-7.  443.  Still  this  writer  sjicaks  in  anotlicr  place  of  ii  ^'reat  victdiy 
olitaiiie*!  Ijy  the  anxiliarics,  vlio  dislodged  the  English  from  the  i.dand,  ami 
8,'iys  that  the  new.'"  was  eelehratcd  in  the  oathedial  and  all  other  ehmvlie.H  of 
Mexico.  /(/.,  4(X/-1.  'Todos  niiacraljlemento  j)ereeieron  en  niaiios  del  eiie- 
niigo.'  It  is  of  course  veil  known  that  the  English  retained  posscssiDii. 
Ahont  this  time  the  town  of  Alhurnuer(|ue  was  founded  in  X(!W  Mexico,  \\^■\^■ 
Iiri|)s  with  a,  \iew  to  Liivc  those  who  had  arrived  from  .Famaiea  an  opportiuiily 
to  establish  new  settlements  and  restore  their  fortunes. 


YUCATAN  SUFFERS. 


143 


10  En<''- 


Liy.'il  and  pious  inhabitants  of  the  capital  to  prayers 
i  ir  the  safety  of  the  treasure  ships;  but  not  always 
were  their  prayers  answered,  for  on  one  occasion  dur- 
ing' the  viceroy's  rule  the  flag-ship  with  five  million 
jiij.sos  and  four  hundred  persons  on  board  was  lost. 
At  about  the  same  time  another  fleet  was  attacked 
and  j:)artly  captured  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbor  of 
Cadiz.  Henceforth  Alburquerque  became  more  cau- 
tious, and  detained  the  fleet  of  1G58  until  greater 
protection  was  afforded. 

While  New  Spain  was  thus  harassed  l)y  more  dis- 
tant foes,  Yucatan  was  selected  as  a  favorite  scene  of 
action  by  the  law-defying  brethren  of  the  coast.  Its 
isolated  position,  the  difficulty  of  moving  military  forces 
from  one  place  to  another,  the  very  position  of  the 
towns,  all  of  which  were  near  the  seaboard,  had  long 
made  this  pci^ insula  a  favorite  resort  for  pirates. 
After  a  less  important  expedition  in  1G13,  during 
which  they  took  temporary  possession  of  the  bay  of 
Ascension,  they  reappeared  in  1G32  near  Campechc; 
but  noticing  the  energetic  preparaiions  for  defense 
no  attack  was  made.  Their  project,  however,  had 
not  been  abandoned.  In  the  following  year  they  re- 
tiuned  under  the  command  of  their  two  famous  leaders 
ri(>  do  Palo  and  Diego  the  JMulatto.  After  a  hot 
ti^Iit  tlie  town  was  taken  and  sacked.  Efforts  to  ob- 
tain a  ransom  failed,  however,  and  when  rumors  of  a 
force  approaching  from  Merida  became  known  to  the 
corsairs,  they  departed.^'' 

Again  a  short  period  of  tranquillity  followed,  till, 
ill  1  (')44,  a  squadron  of  thirteen  vessels  with  fifteen  hun- 
tlri'd  soldiers  landed  at  Champoton.  The  inhabitants 
having  fled,  the  invaders  departed  after  completing 
their  stores/-"  taking  with  them  two  Franciscan  friars 


'■'  ruder  the  same  Diego  the  Mulatto,  Salamanca  wag  sacked  in  1C42,  the 
t"v.  11  Inning  lioon  taken  by  surprise.  CoijoUrilo,  Jl  -^     Yin:,  G58-9. 

■ '  i'lu.'y  shot  some  cattle,  preparing  the  meat  in  the  church,  Mhich  sacri- 
Ic'iiims  net  especially  calls  lorth  the  urath  of  the  pious  CogoUudo.  '  Sir- 
viin.loso  de  la  [gh'sia  pani  tan  iudeccute  cxecucion,  y  especiahuonte  do  la  pila 
Ii;iuli..iiial.'  ;/;,</.  yiu:,  t;s2. 

UisT.  ;\IEX.,  Vol.  Ill,    10 


I 


14G        VICEROYS  ALVA,  TORRES,  AND  ALBURQUERQUE. 

Avhom  they  found  hid  near  Ziho,  and  placed  on  hoard 
one  of"  their  vessels.  Such  an  act  committed  aj^aiiist 
the  representatives  of  the  faith,  say  the  chroniclers, 
provoked  the  wrath  of  heaven,  and  as  a  due  chastis(>- 
ment  all  the  vessels  foundered,  that  bearing  the  friars 
oidy  after  the  holy  men  had  been  placed  ashore  on 
the  coast  of  Florida.^^ 

But  this  incident  made  little  impression  on  tlic 
buccaneers,  mIio  continued  their  depredations  on  both 
the  eastern  and  western  coasts  of  the  peninsula. 
In  Ai>ril  1048  they  captured  a  frigate  with  more  tluui 
a  hundred  thousand  pesos  on  board,  and  a  few  ^\(:  jks 
later  boldly  attacked  a  vessel  in  the  very  port  uf 
Campeche.  At  about  the  same  time  another  band, 
conunanded  by  the  pirate  Abraham,  captured  Sala- 
manca.-- During  the  second  half  of  the  seventeenth 
century  their  raids  became  more  frequent.  In  1().VJ 
and  1G78  Campeche  was  again  taken  and  sacked  by 
English  and  French  freebooters.  They  were  aided 
on  tliis  occasion  by  logwood-cutters,  who  since  that 
time  had  begun  to  establish  themselves  on  the  ])enin- 
sula;  and,  notwithstanding  the  repeated  efforts  of  the 
Spaniards  to  expel  tliem,  successfully  maintained  tliiir 
]K)sitions,'^*  till  in  JG80  they  were  driven  from  the  bay 
of  Terminos  hy  forces  sent  against  them  from  Mexico 
and  Yucatan.'-* 

Alburquerque  bore  the  reputation  of  a  just,  vigilant, 
and  capable  ruler,  one  who  strictly  carried  out  the 
duties  of  his  office,  regardless  of  censure.  Hcariiin" 
that  one  of  the  contadores  mayores  had  challenged 
the  other,  he  ordered  both  under  arrest,  and  sen- 
tenced to  fines  of  three  thousand  and  fifteen  hundred 


^^  Cogollailo  pivcs  an  interesting  accoiint  of  the  niiraciilons  powers  vlii'li 
our  lady  of  Climnpotou  and  the  11,000  virgins  exliibited  on  this  occasion. 
/(/.,  ()S:{-1. 

-'-  He  repeated  the  sack  of  the  same  town  in  1652. 

^^  For  a  detailed  account  of  the  origin  of  tlie  logwood  establish nients, 
from  which  the  settlement  of  Belize  emanated,  I  refer  to  the  JIM.  t'l  ::t. 
All).,  ii.  0"23  etseq.,  tliis  series. 

'^  Roliles,  Diario,  303-9,  gives  a  pretty  detailed  account  of  the  trophies 
obtained  on  this  victorious  expedition. 


Ml 


FRIARS  rUXISHED. 


147 


pc.^os  respectively,  though  duelhng  was  at  this  time  a 
cdinniou  practice  in  New  Spain.  During  the  year 
KkVJ  he  suspended  the  eorregidor  and  his  heutenant, 
and  imprisoned  several  of  the  regidores  because  they 
liiid  been  bribed  to  consent  to  a  reduction  in  weight  of 
llic  l(iaf.  Personal  inquiries  at  the  mills  and  bakeries 
had  convinced  him  that  there  was  no  reason  for  mak- 
ing such  a  change. 

The  clergy  were  not  exempt  from  the  duke's  search- 
in"'  vigilance,  and  in  his  excessive  zeal  for  the  welfare 
and  dignity  of  the  church  he  occasionally  played  a  some- 
\vli;it  ridiculous  part.  Patrolling  the  streets  near  the 
[lalaee  one  night,  as  was  his  wont,  he  noticed  at  a  late 
hour  two  Austin  friars  in  a  dilapidated  looking  bakery 
eating  fritters.  The  viceroy  was  shocked,  and  at  opce 
nidered  their  arrest;  not,  he  declared,  because  the  act 
(it'eating  fritters  was  of  itself  unclerical,  but  that,  con- 
sidering the  time,  the  place,  and  the  sacred  vestments 
of  the  culprits,  such  an  indulgence  was  scandalous. 
One  of  the  ecclesiastics  took  to  his  heels  and  escaped, 
but  the  other  was  taken  to  the  palace  and  sternly 
n'liroved  and  kept  in  custody  till  the  following  day, 
Avhen  he  was  delivered  to  the  prior  of  his  order. 
Alter  remonstrating  with  the  latter,  the  vicero}-  sum- 
moned also  the  other  heads  of  religious  orders,  and 
liaxhig  expressed  his  disapproval  in  general,  directed 
theji  to  exercise  in  future  a  better  surveillance.-' 
Tliio  was  readily  promised,  and  severe  penalties  were 
ini]i()sed  for  similar  transgressions.  A  reformation  had 
indeed  become  necessary;  for  the  greater  })art  of  the 
) liars  were  no  longer  the  worthy  followers  of  those 
Avliose  charity,  humility,  and  untiring  zeal  had  made 
.^o  deep  an  impressit)n  on  the  native  population  a 
century  before.  In  addition  to  their  hypocrisy,  some 
I't'  them  were  guilty  of  the  worst  crimes  conunon  to 
their  fellow-men;  and  it  is  related  that  in  1G55  two 

■in  the  following  year,  105.'),  the  relnike  was  repeated,  the  king  liavinij 
i^siail  three  eOduhis,  uoniplaining  of  the  increasing  disorders  of  the  monastio 
lilt,  wuyo,  Diuno,  311-12. 


1  IS        VICEROYS  ALVA,  TORllES,  AND  ALBURQUERQUE. 

Auijjustlnian  lay-fri;irs  tlid  not  slii-iiik  from  assassi- 
liatiiii;'  the  former  provincial  of  their  order. 

It  was  perhaps  the  viceroy's  undue  interference 
ill  ecclesiastical  matters  that  excited  tlic  enmity  of 
the  archbishop.  During  his  administration  the  saiiiu 
ridiculous  dispute  arose  which  had  occurred  duriiiLi; 
the  regime  of  his  ])redecessor,  c(^nceriiiiig  the  preco 
dence  of  the  attendants  at  the  processi()n  of  cori)U.s 
christi.  Neither  would  yield  the  point,  and  the  matter 
was  settled  only  by  an  agreement  that  neither  the 
pages  of  the  viceroy  nor  those  of  the  archbisho]) 
should  assist.-"  The  latter,  named  Mateo  Sagade  Bu- 
gueiro,^'^  was  a  man  of  rather  haughty  character,  and 
ere  long  new  difficulties  arose  between  him  and  the 
representative  of  the  crown,  occasioned  by  the  con- 
troversy of  the  former  with  the  commissary -general 
of  the  holy  crusade.  The  archbishop  also  publicly 
accused  the  viceroy  of  withholding  and  intcrcejrtii]  ;• 
his  correspondence  with  Spain,  but  finally  a  reconcili- 
ation was  eftected,  and  after  that  time  a  better  under- 
standing prevailed. 

The  religious  zeal  of  the  viceroy'^'  well  nigh  cost 
him  his  life.  It  was  his  custom  each  afternoon  to  pay 
a  visit  to  the  cathedral,  then  in  course  of  completion, 
in  order  to  inspect  the  progress  made  during  the  day, 
and  afterward  to  attend  vespers  in  one  of  the  chapels. 
While  kneeling  at  prayer  on  the  evening  of  the  l"2th 
of  March  IGGO,  a  soldier  named  Manuel  Lcdesma  y 

*'^  Similar  difTiculties  cnntinacd  to  distiirl)  the  good  understanding  bct\\  r(  n 
the  viceroys  and  tlic  arch))ishops,  although  royal  cediilanhad  clearly  fixed  the 
jurisdiction  to  vliioli  either  of  them  was  entitled,  tlieir  tenor  beint;  ossiii- 
tially  favorable  to  the  viceroys.  In  later  years  under  the  rule  of  Mauceni  an 
outlii'eak  of  these  old  hostilities  was  prevented  merely  l)y  the  duke's  (lijil'i- 
maty,  and  the  modesty  and  genuine  christian  spirit  of  the  then  arcldji-lin]) 
Aloiiso  de  Cuevas.  Jjai'iilon,  Jlaiicrra,  Jiififrucrioii(.-i,  in  Dor.  IniiL,  xxi.  47I--. 

-'  He  was  born  in  San  I'edro  de  San  Roman  in  Oalicia,  and  had  previoufly 
lield  the  othces  of  canon  of  the  churches  of  Astoi-ga  and  Toledo.  C'lrnrl'io-i 
/■••H\,  1655-^5,  2-'0.  Panes,  Vh:,  MS.,  101-'2,  calls  him  ilatco  de  Va-a, 
and  says  he  was  born  in  Pontevedro  in  Galicia.  He  was  consecrated  in  Mex- 
ico the  2.")th  of  July,  1(I.")0.  O'uijo,  Diario,  'M'f2. 

'^^liii  assistetl  at  the  festivals  of  the  churches  and  made  liljcral  contrilni- 
tions  toward  the  completion  of  the  eathe<lral.  (Uiijo  statt-s  that  a  ri'xal 
ccdula  arrived  in  May  lOoo  ordering  that  the  building  be  completed  as  suuu 
as  possible.  Diario,  309. 


THREATENED  ASSASSIXATIOX. 


i»a 


ii^li  cost 
to  pay 
ileti<iii, 
10  clay, 
hapcls. 
le  1-Jth 
csma  V 


Pioljlcs  entered  the  cliapel  and  gave  him  several  blows 
with  the  flat  of  his  sword.  The  viceroy  sprang  to  his 
I'crt,  and  placing  the  prie-dicu  between  himself  and  his 
assailant,  meanwhile  clutching  with  his  right  hand  at 
his  sword,  exclaimed,  "What  mean  you?"  "To  kill 
you,"  M'as  the  answer.^^  At  that  moment  the  treas- 
urtr  of  the  cathedral  came  to  the  duke's  assistance 
and  was  soon  followed  bv  others.  The  would-be 
assassin  was  overpowered,  and  the  duke  after  tinish- 
ini;"  his  devotions  returned  to  his  pomace.  A  trial  was 
IilKI  the  same  evening  by  the  military  auditor,  but 
cdiisidering  the  grave  character  of  the  crime,  the 
auilicncia  ordered  that  the  prisoner  be  brought  before 
thtir  court.  At  the  same  time  a  resolution  was 
])assed  that  there  should  be  no  rest  until  the  law  was 
viiulicated.^'^ 

During  the  wdiole  night  the  depositions  of  witnesses 
\\cv2  taken,  corroborating  the  attempt  to  murder,  but 
tluy  added  little  to  the  contradictory  confession  of 
the  accused,  who  in  one  place  gives  as  a  reason  a 
sujiposed  offence  suffered  from  the  viceroy,  while  in 
ariutlicr  he  states  that  his  sctle  purpose  was  to  per- 
l>itunte  his  name.^^  There  is  little  doubt  his  mind 
was  dcrantjed;  he  could,  easilv  have  killed  the  viceroy 
liad  he  been  so  disposed;  but  as  it  was  a  great  man 
whi)  had  been  frightened,  his  judges  were  determined 
not  to  recognize  the  fact;  the  ajiixiintment  of  an  advo- 
cate for  the  accused  was  but  for  I'orm,  and  no  time 
was  granted  him  to  prepare  his  defence.  At  seven 
o'clock  next  morning  the  verdict  was  rendered;  the 


contriliu- 
it  a  v<}id 
Lid  us  suuu 


'' '  .Matarlo  y  que  no  sc  tliga  niisa.'  Cojiin  <lr  lit  Cmisn  Criminal,  in  liiiii<lro 
Triiiiisiri-,  '2iid.  'Voto  <l  Cristo,  q  lo  lie  do  iiiatai,' .say.s  tlio  viccmy  in  liis 
ktti;i' of  .March  1(),  lOUO,  to  tlie  kin;,',  aililing  'ine  dii'i  ilu  ciu-liilladas  y  i-sto- 
cailas,  t'u  las  C'spaldas  y  niioiie.-j.'  Tlio  latter  acserliuii.  notwitlist.iiidini;  its 
.somco,  is  exaggerated,  a.s  proved  by  the  depositions  of  the  « itnesses  during 
tlic  tiial.   ''aria,  in  I'ir.  Iit-striir.,  MS.,  1st  ser.  no.  'J4.  1. 

^  'Jlasta  taiito  se  do  jnridica  y  conqietente  Katisfaeeion  A  ejemplar  tan 
atrii/,  no  se  deje  la  niano  de  las  diligeutias.'  Vuitia  de  la  Causa  Criminal, 

"'Oiiijo,  Diario,  439-40,  asserts  that  he  was  submitted  to  torture;  but  this 
is  iluuhttnl;  as  the  minutes  of  the  trial  would  hardly  have  coneeuled  the  ap- 
I'l'.catidu  of  a  measure  which  then  was  considered  (juite  legal  iu  order  to 
oljtiiiii  a  confession. 


1-0         VICEllOYF^  ALVA,  TOIIRE.^:,  ANT)  ALIJURQUF.RQUE. 

criniinal  was  condomnod  to  be  diiiju-jjci'd  tli  •ongli  llio 
>?t.ivets,'''^  and  tlieiice  taken  to  the  jL;il)l»L't.  lli.s  licid 
and  liylit  Land  were  to  be  cut  oii'  and  exposed,  the 
j'orni'  r  on  tlic  main  sqnare,  the  latter,  tog'etlier  m  itii 
liis  sword,  in  front  of  the  door  of  the  cathedral  win  ru 
tlie  crime  had  been  committed.  Tliree  liours  later 
tlie  tribunals  and  loyal  inhabitants  of  Mexico  had  the 
satisfaction  of  witnessini?  the  execution  of  the  sen- 
tencc,  the  corpse,  feet  U[)wards,  remaming  exhibitLcl 
on  the  gallows  till  late  in  the  afternoon.'*^ 

Public  demonstrations  of  joy  and  processions,  ar- 
ranged by  the  archbishop  and  the  religious  cor})()ia- 
tions,  celebrated  the  escape  of  the  viceroy  from  death.  ' 

A  few  months  later  Alburquerquo  Avas  infoniud 
that  the  conde  do  Banos  had  been  appointed  his  suc- 
cessor, and  that  he  himself  was  promoted  to  the  vici- 
royalty  of  Sicily.^''  At  tlie  same  tinier  the  archl>i^lioji 
was  recalled,  and  both  set  sail  from  Vera  Cruz  in  jM.iv 
lOGl."''  In  Se[)teniber  the  duke  surrendered  the  reins 
of  power  to  the  new  viceroy^'  at  Santa  Ana,  as  w;is 
tlie  custom.  His  residencia  was  begun  at  the  same 
time  by  Gines  Morote,  but  difficulties  between  the 
latter  and  the  audiencia  prevented  its  completiua 
until  1GG2,  when  it  was  concluded  by  the  oidor  Fr;in- 


^- '  Que  sea  arrastrado  I'l  la  cola  fie  dos  caljallos  motido  en  im  ceron. .  .y  on 
la  liorta. .  .ahorcaJo  hasta  que  naturalniente  niuuia.'  L'oiiia  ilc  la  Cattm  L'rua- 
iiKtl.  'Mn--2. 

'■'•'  Tlie  culprit  did  not  repent  of  his  crime.  '  No  pndieron  rcdncirlo  a  cjuo 
pe  ifpiil'u.sara,  iii  a  que  invocasc  cl  iminliro  de  Jesus.'  Oiiijo,  JJiario,  44(1.  'I'hf 
vitfi'oy  in  lii.s  letter  to  the  king  expresses  regiet,  and  adils  that  'hoth  in 
vriiin;4  and  ver))ally  ho  pardouud  him  for  this  and  the  other  life.'  Carl'i,  iu 
Vir.  Iiisiriirv.,  MS.,  1st  ser.  no.  'J4,  2. 

^'  I'm- details  of  this  event  see  Cojiiadela  PniimCnm'tndl,  in  Jirijlslro  Tr'mi., 
2C>')-oOo;  (j'tiijo,  Dkirio,  439-40;  Carta,  in  Vn\  Jn>itrucc.,'MS.,  Istser.no.  '-'4, 
1-3. 

'^rJiiijo  says  he  was  made  general  cf  the  fleets  intended  to  operate  agniiist 
t!ie  Portuguese.  Diar'io,  442. 

^''Lacunza,  JXiKC.  Hist.,  xxxv.  501-2,  speaks  of  the  removal  of  hotli  as 
caust'd  by  the  king's  displeasure  with  their  conduct.  '  fuei-on  mny  ricos,  ;nui- 
([U'j  eon  cl  deshonor  eonsiguiente.'  There  is  not  the  slightest  reason  for  mh.Ii 
a  statement,  and  their  later  career  indicates  plainly  tlie  contrary,  TiuLriiciid 
1  icing  presented  to  the  see  of  Leon,  one  of  tlie  grea-tcst  in  Spain,  and  Allun- 
quer.|ue,  as  already  stilted,  being  made  viceroy  of  Sicily. 

'■•'  i)nruig  his  term  of  otticc  he  made  many  improvements  in  the  viceregal 
palace. 


RETURN  TO  SPAIN. 


ISl 


(i-ci)  Valles.''^  In  the  moan  time  the  duko  had  left 
I'nf  his  native  land,  carryiiiL,'  with  him  the  sympathy 
iumI  j^ood  wishes  of  all  tlie  people  of  New  Sj)ain. 


•1  ,„.|,li^o 


I'.,. 


Q  r  h  /•'    o  F 

M  K  X  I  C  O 


.M.rIJa 


)  in      ^  ^ 


Gulf  of  Mf.xico. 

^'The  visitailor  fixed  the  bond  at  180,000  pesos,  but  was  ovcrnilcil  by  tlm 
oiloivs,  who  reduced  tho  amount  to  50,000  pesos  notwith.  t;uidu)^  the  [iro- 
tests  ut'  Moi'ote, 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


I 


YUCATAN. 

lCOl-1703. 

An  Uneventfhl  PEniOD — Good  Rulers— MARanAL  CArlos  de  Lcna  y 
Arellano— The  Government  op  the  Towns — The  SIonarcii  as  a 
Mendicant- GovehnorJdan  de  Vargas — His  Maleadministration— 
The  Licentiate  Carvajal  Takes  his  Residencia — Indian  Rf.volts— 
The  StTccEssioN  of  Rulers — Campeche  Fortified — Soiseranis  and 
Martin  de  Ursua — More  Dissensions — Excommunication  of  Soi;k- 
ranis — Concerning  the  Conquest  of  the  Itzas — Conduct  of  Ursi  a 
Justified,  and  his  Suhsequent  Promotion — Uis  Qualities  as  a  Sol- 
dier the  Cause  of  uis  1'referment. 

During  the  latter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
it  will  be  remembered,  the  governors  of  Yucatan  wvva 
constantly  at  variance  with  the  church,^  and  unseemly 
quarrels  between  the  secular  and  ecclesiastical  autb(ji- 
ities  were  prevalent  almost  from  the  time  that  tho 
custodian  Villapando  built  at  Mani^  the  first  convent 
founded  in  the  Maya  peninsula.  On  August  11,  1G04, 
the  marshal  Cili'los  de  Luna  y  Arrellano^  took  pos- 
session of  the  government,  and  although  his  rci^u 
lacked  none  of  the  usual  strifes,  as  well  with  the  city 
council  as  with  the  bishop  and  the  secular  and  regu- 
lar clergy,  his  qualities  as  an  honest  ruler  ami  the 
progress  which  the  province  made  during  his  admin- 
istration were  fully  recognized.  The  strongest  proof 
of  his  rectitude  is  ti:iat,  although  no  failure  of  crojis 

'In  Hist.  Mex.,  ii.  428  et  seq.,  this  series,  the  conquest  of  Yucatan  is  iv- 
lated,  and  on  pages  048-054  of  tl.'e  same  volume  ia  a  brief  sketch  of  the  histmy 
of  this  province  during  tlio  latter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

■•^  About  ir)50. 

'  The  author  of  Datos  Biofjn'ijicos,  in  Cartas  de  Tndias,  791-2,  says  liis 
Christian  name  was  Tristan  and  that  of  his  father  Carlos. 

( 162 ) 


SUCCESSION  OF  RULERS. 


l.-)3 


or  (itlicr  calamity  oocurrod  duriiif^  his  adniiiiistration, 
ti^Iit  years'  service  left  him  a  })0(»rer  man  tiian  betbre, 
while  several  of  his  predecessors  had  entered  ui)ou 
ollicc  cncuiubered  vitli  debt  and  retired  ^vitll  a  i'or- 
tuiie. 

To  Luna  succeeded  Antonio  de  Figueroa/  who  is 
also  spoken  of  as  a  just  ruler,  but  whose  j^overnment, 
save  for  a  dispute  with  the  encomenderos  of  Valla- 
ddlid,"  is  void  of  any  noteworthy  event.  After  a  term 
(if  nearly  five  years  his  successor  arrived  in  the  jjcrson 
ul'  Francisco  liamirez  Briceno,  the  first  ;^()V(>rnor  since 
]\b)i»tejo's  time  on  whom  the  king  conferred  the  title  of 
fa])tain-general.  He  took  possession  April  27,  1G17," 
and  being  an  experienced  soldier,  at  once  began  tlic 
military  organization  of  the  country.  During  his 
liiicf  term  of  office  he  gained  the  sympathy  of  the 
l)i(i[)Ie,  and  his  early  death,  on  December  7,  Id  11),^ 
LXtitcd  general  grief. 

Uy  virtue  of  a  royal  cedula  of  the  24th  of  ]May 
ir.oo,  now  for  the  first  time  carried  into  effect,  eaeh 
ol'the  alcaldes  ordinarios  governed  the  different  towns 
fiial  villas  that  lay  within  his  own  jurisdiction.  This 
(■(■ased  when  on  Septeniber  3,  1020,"^  Captain  Arias, 
(•(tunt  de  Losada  y  Taboada,  arrived,  as  governor  ad 
iiiturini,  appointed  by  the  viceroy  of  Mexico.  Within 
a  tew  months  the  reins  of  power  were  delivered  up  to 
])i('^(>  de  Cdrdenas,  a  knight  of  Santiago,  who,  being 
a]i|i(»iutedby  the  crown,  took  possession  in  September 


*Ancona,  Ilht.  Ytic,  ii.  201,  misled  by  a  contradictory  stntpmcnt  in  Cogo- 
llililo,  ;.'ivos  the  diitc  of  Figueioa's  succession  to  the  govcnuiiiiit  ;is  Aumist 
'2',),  Will.',  insteail  of  Miircli  "jyth,  for  wiiicli  statement  lie  only  refers  to  Laia. 

'Tliey  surprised  him  on  a  journey  to  the  Kiver  Lagartos,  and  scut  him  liy 
func  to  the  viceroy  of  Mexico,  together  with  a  long  list  of  accusations.  Ini- 
tuediaiely  acquitted  by  the  latter,  he  returned  to  Mcrida,  anil  against  all 
ixpeetation  refrained  from  punisliing  the  aggressors. 

''('oijollvdo,  J  lid.  Vitc,  474.  In  another  place  the  same  author  says 
Fi;.'ucroa  ruled  till  Septendier  2",  l(il7. 

'  Cogolhulo  says  his  death  resulted  from  an  illness,  and  Lara  that  he  was 
pois(iiie(l. 

'"  August  28th.  Lara,  Ajnivtes  IFisfdriios;  Castillo,  Dice.  Ilist.  Yuc,  fil. 

'■' ■  .Manifestul)a  su  Magcstad  las  gi'aucs  necessidailes.  .  .por  las  gucrras  que 
tuiiia  (.i.pu  llcrcgcs,  Turcos,  y  Jloros. '  Cojullalu,  Jlint.  Yuc,  o41. 


154 


YUCATAX. 


On  the  13tli  of  July  1G18  the  title  of  'Mny  nobk-  y 
niiiy  leal'  m'hs  bestowed  on  the  city  of  Meritla,  and  in 
A.iiu^ust  of  tlie  same  year  a  coat  of  arms  was  presented 
to  the  oal)i]do.^°  Still  fmlher  to  testify  his  regard  lor 
the  iidiabitants  of  the  capital  the  monarch  conde- 
scended to  ask  of  them,  four  years  later,  a  contribution 
in  money. 

In  order  to  justify  the  cherished  title,  liberal  do- 
nations were  made  to  the  I'oyal  mendicant  by  tlio 
I'ity  council,  the  encomenderos,  and  many  other 
settlers,  the  o-overnor  himself  setting  the  exam}ilc 
with  a  gift  of  one  thousand  pesos  out  of  his  own 
salary.     Little  else  is  knoxNii  of  his  rule,  which  seems 

to  have  been  unusually  quiet, 
not  even  the  custOiUary  dis- 
sensions with  the  clero  Y  l)ein'^ 
mentioned  by  the  historians, 
whn  represent  Cardenas  as 
a  pious  and  charitable  man. 
After  a  reign  of  seven  year.s^^ 
he  gave  place  to  Juan  cle  Var- 
gas,^" who  entered  into  office  on 
the  15tli  of  September  IGl'8. 
A  change  now  occurs  in  lliu 
peaceful  condition  of  affairs, 
for  Vargas  is  characterized  as 
on*^  of  the  worst  goveinors 
ever  a})pointed  to  the  prov- 
ince. 

Soon  aft-r  the  conquest  of  Yu^^atan  the  natives 
\vere  made  !<•  feel  the  bitteriKV-is  )f  their  bondage. 
Tlu'V  were  roblx'd  and  m;dii'e>ated  oy  their  tasknla.^- 
fors.  fii-st  under  the  Vtle  of  alcalde  and  corregidores, 
and  later  bv  oihcials  undei  dilfercn  .  names.^'*    Duriii''" 

'"'I'lio  te\t  (if  the  ci'ilulas  liy  wliioli  tlic  title  nml  coat  of  nrins  wi-w  hv 
eti)\V(.(l  is  ;.i\vii  ill  CiKjiiUvdo,  J/ist.  i'lic,  4(Jl-'2.  C'allo  is  in  cirur  \\litu  lio 
givis  Kilii  as  the  date  in  .Mai),  y  Not.,  S'J. 

"  Anoiiia  ^iiys  ciKuicously  lie  ndeil  (inly  f<nir  years. 

'■'A  kiii;:ht  of  Santiago  ai)il  deseenilaiit  of  the  rcuo^Ticd  Spanish  gciienl, 
AkMi.sd  (le  ^  nrgas. 

'■'JiieLX's  lie  griiua,  dc  vini    u  do  agravios. 


Mi:i;iiPA  C'c.M'  or  Ai;ms. 


H 


QUARRELS  OF  THE  OFFICIALS. 


ri'4'noroa's  term  of  office  tlic  production  of  coclilncal 
had  been  largcl}'  increasscd,  and  the  number  of  such 
othoials,  who  in  real't}'  wore  but  the  agents  of  the 
odveri  or,  was  rapidl;  nndti[)he(l.  In  vain  prohibitory 
and  restrictive?  ordtrs  had  been  issued  by  the  audi- 
ii'.ia  of  ]\Iexico  an]  were  now  repeated  in  a  royal  cc- 
(liiiaof  March  17,  1027.  Chan*xin<>'  their  title  into  that 
of  capitanes  d,  guerra,  the  governor  evaded  the  exe- 
cution of  the  law  and  the  evil  remained  unchecked. 
Xcw  complaints  v,'<  re  iilcd  with  the  centru'  govern- 
11)1  iit  at  Mexico,  and  A'^arii'as  was  ordered  under  heavy 
jiriialties  to  revoke  the  a[)pointments,  and  forbidden 
to  make  new  ones  under  any  name  whatever.'*  He 
rciiionstrated,  alleging  the  necessity  of  such  officials, 
and  lefused  to  ob(3y  until  representations  were  made 
to  tlie  kiuL^  and  the  council  of  the  Indies. 

.simultaneously  an  imbroglio  occurred  between  the 
trcasuiy  officials  and  the  governor,  who,  transgressing 
Ills  authority,  pro]iosed  to  make  an  inspection  ~t'  the 
royal  treasury.  To  this  the  former  objected,  and  in 
tlio  dispute  which  ensued  one  of  them  was  ])ersonally 
nialtreated  l)y  Vargas^  who,  carried  av,'ay  by  anger, 
seized  the  treasurer  and  contador  and  sent  them  to 
Spain  to  appear  before  the  India  Council,  without 
granting  time  for  defense.-^^  Such  harsh  conduct  aided 
to  swell  the  number  of  m.'.'econtents,  and  more  claims 
Wore  brought  before  the  audiencia  of  Mexico,  urging 
tliat  an  oidor  be  hcnt  to  investigate  the  matter  and 
ii  >tore  order.  Vargas,  when  informed,  tried  to  evade 
t!io  blow,  prevailing  on  the  city  council  to  support  his 
jirtitost  against  the  necessity  of  suc^h  a  measure  by 
ai'|iointin<jf  his  lieutenant-general  their  attorney. 

111  thu  meantime  the  )icen(;iate  Yiiig(.)  de  Argfiello 
(.'arbajaP''  was  sent  as  visitador,  and  presented  him- 


"  A  royal  ci'tluln  of  Aiisust  23,  101'2,  approv  I  this  ik-crce  of  the  amlicn- 
cin.  Cfdlf,  Mem.  y  Sot.,  M.S. 

''i\iicona,  llht.  Yiic.  ii.  221,  intimates  ns  tlie  prohalilo  roasion  an  attempt 
of  tiic  otlicinls  to  exact  tho  tiiu's  imptweil  l.y  tlio  aiuliiiieia  of  Mcxieo. 

'  A  knight  of  (."alatrava  anil  oidoi-  of  tlie  andii  nc'a  of  Mexico,  ilis  eorn- 
ii'.i-  iun  was  issued  on  llie  Jtli  of  April,  1030.   Cojutlvdo,  Hid,  Yiu.,  oliO-7U. 


I; 


150 


YUCATAN. 


I 


self  in  Mcrida  August  14,  1G30.  Notwithstandin-- 
the  governor's  op|)osition,"  Carbajal  began  to  cxeciito 
his  mission;  whereupon  Vargas  ordered  liini  to  lc.'i\(,' 
]Merida  within  six  days,  and  the  province  within  til- 
teen  days,  and  made  preparations  for  armed  resistant'. 
At  this  juncture  the  bi&hop,  Gonzalo  de  Sahizar,  in- 
terfered in  behalf  of  the  visitador.  Authorized  liy  a 
royal  cedula  to  co-operate  with  the  viceroy  in  tli.' 
suppression  of  local  disturbances,  ho  published,  1).  - 
cember  17,  1G30,  a  decree,  which  under  severe 
])enalties  and  ecclesiastical  censures^^  ordered  tlie 
governor,  municipal  authorities,  and  all  the  inhabi- 
tants to  obey  the  orders  of  Argiiello.^" 

Free  from  restrain.t,  the  licentiate  continued  tlio 
trial,  and  after  two  months  sentenced  the  governor  en 
some  of  the  charges  to  temporary  suspension  i'roin 
ofKcc  and  heavy  lines,  reserving  the  other  accusations 
for  the  decision  of  the  audiencia  of  Mexico,  whither 
the  accused  was  to  be  sent  as  a  prisoner.     Other  (ttli- 


cial 


s  were 


ISO 


punis 


bed,  and  compensation  uranti'.l 


to  the  oppressed  natives.  In  March  1G31  Carljajnl 
left  with  his  prisoner  for  Mexico,'*^  the  govermnent 
remaining  in  charge  of  the  alcaldes  till  November, 
when  Fernando  Centeno  Maldonado  arrived,  bein;^' 
a])})ointcd  by  the  viceroy  as  governor  ad  interim.  Ilo 
was  replaced  by  Geronimode  Guero,  who  took  charge 

'■  Vargas  claimed  as  governor  and  captain-general  only  to  bo  answer;: Mi' 
to  the  king  and  tin;  council  of  tlic  Indies.  He  also  allogcd  tlio  great  cxpcii^u 
and  vlaniiige  to  the  native  ))opiilatii>n,  wliii.'h  the  visitador's  lui.s.-sion  would 
caiitse.  t.'(.)golhido  gi\  c.-i  these  and  other  reasons  in  a  lengthy  way.  J/i4.  )''"■., 
i")li7-0.  The  governni-  was  wrong,  liowever;  orders  of  the  cnjwn  dated  >yo- 
vernier 'J,  l(i"_'7,  and  May  1'.),  l(:Iii,  jilaeed  the  guvernnieiit  of  Vueatau  under 
that  of  Mexico.   Jhmti niiiiinr,  iSniutrio",  !)1,  loll;  Ji'iioji,  ile  IiuL,  ii.  110. 

''  lv\eon»niuuieation  mayor,  heavy  lines,  and  liability  to  be  tried  lor  lii_'li 
treason. 

''•' Ai.eona,  11(4.  Viir.,  ii.  '2•2'^,  says  nothing  about  the  bishop's  intereessimi 
being  iiased  on  a  rojal  cidula. 

-"In  Mexico  V;ug:i.s  was  eomndtted  to  ]irison,  and  a  trial  instituted  agniiist 
him,  but  l)etore  ils  cunclnsion  he  died.  Cii'/o'lrJn,  Hist.  Ync,  r>7'i-7.  Ancoii.i, 
llii>t.  Yitc,  ii.  il'_';{-4,  and  Castillo,  JJicc.  Il'u<t.  }'».•.,  0(1-1,  attri))iite  his.l.aih 
to  grief  caused  by  the  stern  rebuke  of  the  viceroy.  It  is  nowhere  else  iiiti- 
riiau  d  that  A  argas  iiosses.setl  a  eonseienec,  or  any  sense  oi  shame.  Daring  his 
a<lmiidstratiim  heavy  I'aius  occurred,  lasting,  as  Cogolludo  says,  for  '1'  c'Mi- 
seoulive  days,  and  causing  a  severe  famine. 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


157 


ill  1G03.  His  rule  was  Ijriof,  and  is  favorabl}-  noticed 
lytlie  chroniclers  of  liis  period.  Ai'ter  iiistlecease  at 
;iii  advanced  age  on  March  10,  1G35,  the  government 
aiaiii  devolved  on  the  alcaldes;  but  a  few  months 
liiUr  was  ti'ansfeiTcd  to  Centeno,  who  for  a  second 
lime  had  l)eo'i  temporarily  appointed  by  the  viceroy. 
])iiring  his  term  of  ollice,  which  lasted  until  March  4, 
KlvlG,  he  had  serious  dissensions  M'itli  the  Franciscans, 
liuil  in  consequence  of  their  instigations  his  removal 
\v;i-  ordered.  He  died,  however,  l)efore  the  arrival 
(if  his  successor,  Andres  Perez  Franco,  who  on  ^Marc  h 
]4tli  took  office  as  governor  ad  interim,  holding  that 
] Dsition  only  two  months. 

Oil  May  17,  1G3G,  Diego  Zapata  de  Cardenas,  mar- 
ijiKs  de  Santo  Floro,  presented  his  credentials  from 
ilir  ct)urt  of  Spain  as  governor  and  captain-general, 

'  was  duly  admitted.  Although  the  chroniclers 
.  rec  in  their  estimate  of  his  character,  they  admit 
th.it  serious  dissensions  occurred  between  him  and  the 
tiiy  council,  which  corporation  even  planned  a  coup 
<'  ctat.  The  fact,  however,  that  his  term  of  govern- 
1  ii'iit  was  extended  to  nearly  eight  years  speaks 
sin 'Ugly  in  his  favor,  as  also  do  his  measures  to  re- 
1'cvl'  the  natives  from  the  payment  of  oppressive 
taxos.'^^  His  efforts  on  their  behalf  are  probably  due 
i  1  part  to  a  revolt  among  the  Bacalar  Indians,  which, 
I'luinning  in  1G3G,  lasted  till  after  his  removal  from 


Tlic  treatment  of  the  Indians  had,  as  we  have  scon, 
iilwiys  given  rise  to  dissensions  and  doubts,  l)oth  in 
cul  and  New  Spain.  Meanwhile  they  were  continu- 
iilly  being  rol)bed,  now  by  the  insatiable  agents  of  the 
governors,  now  by  the  priests  and  friars,  and  between 
Imtli  they  were  despoiled  of  whatever  they  possessed. 

"  The  tril)ute  of  the  Indians  amoiintcil  in  164.3  and  lGt4  to  al>out  l.")4,0n0 
1''^"  .  iiichuling  the  fcjrini'r  fuconiiiuulas  of  Mmitojo,  and  more  than  'J0,()00 
1 1 -'1- liclunj^ini;  to  those  of  the  erown.  ']'lie  wluile  ntnnlier  of  encnnieiuleroy 
'!!  ^  ucatun  way  131.   Cojullcdo,  Hint.  Yui:,,  ."JSJ-O;  L'alk,  Mi.m.  y  Nut.,  bJ  8, 


Mi 


"V 


I 


. 


*! 


fr 


lo8 


YUCATAN. 


It  is  not  stranofc  then  that  the  true  foith  liad  little 
attraction  lor  them,  or  that  occasionally  tlicv  at- 
tempted  to  shako  off  a  yoke  which  plunged  them  not 
only  into  a  condition  worse  than  they  had  known  in 
ahoi'iginal  times,  but  threatened  the  extermination 
tlicir  race.  It  was  seldom,  however,  that  tlicy 
even  temporarily  succeeded,  and  a  severe  adniinistra- 


o 


;;..  a ./, 


n^"'"'  c.i.^»^' 


>      o"         ^  buluta  '■UfunuixY 

/Kalkiiil  i'^Ui'  C-  ■:  /         Y 


f 


i  XC-  i   „  ■/'-;     lUcoi- 111(0     ,..      J    /ji..L,ri,ii:;i     7  A>  /;i         r 


C     \i— (^  'S:l'lClisluljTlU 

**•  1  uxllii^-V      oTeuiiifi-M       '^ 

\.i*/il"      ,-^  7  ,>         Coiniliiii 

■     '  '   .Uiirli-lu 


A  L 


!^H  Ililt'llllL'Il 


Map  of  Yicatax. 

tiou  of  justice  by  the  Spanish  authorities  always  sup- 
jirossed  their  mutinous  teudoueies  lor  a  number  ut' 
years. 

It  is  thus  that,  at  frequent  intervals,  wc  have  to 
record  Indian  revolts.  The  first  one,  in  1(5 1<»  at 
Tckax,  caused  by  dissatisfaction  with  the  cacicpic, 
was  easily  (juelled,  and  three  of  the  ringleaders  I'nr- 
feited  their  lives  on  the  gallows  of  JNIerida.  Jii  l(i"-'>, 
owing  to  a  famine  some  years  before,  a  large  nuiiilM  i' 
of  natives   who   had  abandoned    their  villages  wxio 


INDIAN  REVOLTS. 


150 


l)i(.uo:ht  back  bv  force,  tlio  cjovcrnor  Ccntono  omplov- 
iii'^  to  that  end  energetic  measures.  A  gibbet  was 
elected  wherever  ho  went,  and  death  tlireatened  to 
all  who  would  cooperate  in  concealing  fugitive  Ind- 
ians. Thus  in  the  coast  districts  alone  more  tlian 
sixteen  thousand  tributaries  w^ero  restored  in  a  short 
tiiue  to  their  settlements.^^  A  more  extensive  out- 
lircak,  however,  occurred  in  1(J3G,  occasioned  proba- 
bly by  the  efforts  of  the  governors  to  exact  the  con- 
trii)utions  for  the  Barlovento  Ik-et.  Graduallv  the 
ivvolt  assumed  greater  dimensions,  and  in  IGoi)  only 
the  villa  of  Salamanca  had  remained  faithful,  vlie  re- 
mainder of  the  Bacalar  district  having  openly  declared 
its  sedition,  and  relapsed  into  idolatry.  Armed  expedi- 
tions were  proposed,  but  objected  to  by  the  governor, 
Santo  Floro,  and  after  lonjx  deliberations  onlv  some 
tVini's  were  sent  to  the  seditious  region,  a  proceeding 
wliich  utterly  failed.  It  was  only  in  1014  that  })art 
of  the  fuiiitives  were  induced  to  return  to  theii  vil- 
lagos.'^  Later  revolts,  though  most  of  them  of  less 
importance,  occurred  in  Idol],  1GG9,  and  1G70,  when 
the  Indians  of  Sahcabchen  rebelled,  and  again  al)()ut 
1075.^'*  Still  there  remains  no  doubt  that  the  natives 
were  gradually  brought  under  subjection,  and  the 
zealous  missionaries  by  their  incessant  labors  obtained 
more  and  more  inlluence  over  the  native  population. 

The  successor  of  Santo  Floro,  Francisco  Xuhez 
M(  lian,-'^  took  charge  of  the  government  the  last  day 
of  December  1G43,  but  his  sudden  death  on  April  l;j, 
] (544, -'' again  made  necessary  a  temporary  njipoint- 
iiient  l)y  the  viceroy  at  Mexico.     Enrique  ]>;'i\  ila  y 

•-' I'or  details  of  this  oxpctlition  sec  Co'jolh'i'lo,  I/i<f.  Yiic,  TiOS-.");  also 
.\)i'-^.i,,i,  1/isf.  Yiic,  ii.  2-J4  .". 

■  (Wivcrnor  Fraiieiseo  Xuficz  ]\Ieli;in  suececcled  in  bringing  lnuk  aliont 
li.fiini  liKlians.   Co(/(,Ur</o,  f/isf.   Yiic,  (;7!l. 

-'  The  (lato  for  the  hist  revolt  cannot  lie  exactly  llxed,  as  it  is  not  u'iven  liy 
N  ilhit'iitierre,  vho.  i«  his  Jlisf.  ('oik/.  JIzh,  14(1-7,  merely  alhuIeM  to  them. 

-■'I'lie  general  Luis  Kernande/,  do  C'cirdoha,  previously  a]ii>t)inted,  was  pro- 
iimtdl  to  the  go^vrnnient  of  Cartagena  before  undertaking  the  '\,jage, 
t'n.jii  h;lo,JliM.   Yuc.ytH^ 

•^  ] •ining  a  review  <st  the  military  forces  at  Merida. 


i:t 


i 


IGO 


YUCATAN. 


Paclieoo  was  tlio  one  solcotcd,  ar.d  on  June  28,  1044, 
lie  assmnod  otHce,  reliuving  the  alcaldes  ordinaiios, 
\vh()  had  ruled  in  the  mean  time.  His  administration 
is  recorded  as  one  of  the  best  ever  experienced.  At 
his  resldciM-ia  it  is  said  that  only  one  insignificant 
charo'c  was  brought  against  him,  and  after  the  death 
of  iiis  successor  Estevan  de  Azciirraga,"^  who  was  in 
charge  from  December  4, 1G45,  to  August  8,  1G48,  ho 
was  again  summoned  by  the  viceroy  of  jMexico  to 
represent  the  crown."^  lie  remained  in  that  position 
from  December  15,  1G48,  to  the  lOtli  of  October, 
1G49,  at  which  date  a  new  ruler,  appointed  by  tlie 
crown,  arrived  in  the  person  of  the  ^'ount  de  Penalva."^ 
Under  his  rule  a  serious  famine  occurred,  and  great 
]iumbers  died  of  starvation.  The  evil  was  increased 
by  the  injudicious  though  well  intended  measures  of 
the  governor  to  remedy  it.  The  number  of  enemies 
thus  created  was  increased  by  his  avaricious  procee(l- 
ings,  and  on  August  1,  1G52,  he  was  found  assas.sl- 
nated  in  his  room."" 

After  tlie  death  of  Penal va  governors  followed  in 
rather  quick  succession,  but  nothing  important  is  con- 
nected with  their  time.  The  temporary  rule  of  tlio 
alcaldes  endi'd  when  on  November  19,  1G52,  Martin 
de  Hobles  y  Villafaiia,  nominated  by  Viceroy  Alva  de 
Lista,  took  charge  of  the  government,  but  l)eing  pro- 


'  i; 


"'  Azcdrraga  died  during  nn  opidfinic  wliicli,  in  104B,  played  havoc  in  Yn- 
catiiii  to  such  an  extent  that  no  liells  vvi c- tulUd  except  fur  mass.  Not  evi  n 
the  governor's  death  met  with  an  exception,  and  Hit-  (/luial  t/xik  place  witli- 
ont  any  of  the  usual  solemnities.  C'ogolhido,  ///V.  fi"-.,  Jll-I^O,  (/ives  many 
details  referi'ing  to  the  pestilence.  From  ]G'i7  to  HK-fl,  and  later  in  l().')'i, 
iloods  and  bad  cro]is  had  also  produced  famine  and  epi'l/  /(il/  <",  of  whicii  ni;ii;V 
peojile  died.  CouoUvih,  Ifi^t.  Ym;.,  '-'Ol'-.S,  :m^,  .".<)-_'-H. 

'-'One  of  the  alcaldes,  who  in  tlie  interim  In  Id  the  go\'erHi(nt,  was  Jiian 
de  ^alazar  Montejo,  a  great-great-grandson  of  tin  Adehintado  I'raiicisco  no 
Jiontejo. 

-'•JJavila  had  been  held  in  such  esteem,  that  after  his  d'partnre  from  ^ 
eatan,  the  city  coun('il  of  Merida  in  a  letter  to  the  king  greatly  eulogized  . v.s 
administration.  Later,  aftir  the deatii  of  i'duUva,  m  petition  was  f^«'nt  t(>><piiin, 
rerjuesting  that  ])i'ivila  be  sent  as  governor  for  a  third  time.  Coijollrilc,  ll'-i . 
Y n<\,  731-3.  Tile  full  title  ul  his  successor  was  Garcia  de  Valdes  (Jaorii, 
lirst  count  de  I'enalva.  Id.,  74'_'. 

""Cogolludo  assi'.'iis  no  cause  for  liis  death,  but  his  unusually  brief  mentinu 
of  his  diini.se  ratlier  i  ontirms  the  .statunent  of  Lava,  that  such  a  crime  was 
coninatlt'd.     No  cluu  was  ever  ubtuiiibd. 


'^  i'l-< 


SUCCESSION  OF  GOVERNORS. 


161 


moled  to  the  ])rovincc  of  Caiucas  was  relieved  1)y 
Pedro  Saenz  Izquicrdo  in  November  1G53,  also  by 
ajipointuient  from  Mexico,  and  it  was  not  until  May 
1  ('),'> J  that  Francisco  de  Bazan  arrived  from  Spain 
^vitli  a  commission  from  the  crown.  He  was  followctl 
1)y  Jos(5  Campero,^^  who  governed  from  August  IGGO 
till  his  death  on  the  29th  of  December  IGG'2.^-  Be- 
tween his  successors,  Francisco  de  Esquivel  and  Ilo- 
(liigo  Flores  Aldana,  temporary  troubles  arose,  each 
clniuiing  the  government,  and  finally  the  latter,  who 
liail  been  removed  by  the  audiencia  of  Mexico,  was 
iviiistalled  on  January  29,  1GG7,  by  order  of  the 
kliig,^^  with  whom  he  was  a  favorite.  Without  any 
apparent  reason  he  was  superseded  on  Decenjber  29, 
]()(')i),  by  Frutos  Delgado,  oidor  of  the  audiencia  of 
^Irxico,  who  came  to  take  his  residencia.  ]:)Ut  in  tlie 
luHdwing  year  Fernando  Francisco  de  Escobedo,  ap- 
pointed immediately  by  the  crown,  took  charge  of  the 
ydvernment.'''  During  his  rule,  which  lasted  from 
0 .toluT  18,  IG70,  to  j\ larch  27,  1G72,  the  governor, 
wiiowas  an  cxperi»,'nced  soldier,  directed  his  attention 
t'l  the  military  affairs  of  the  province,  and  the  im- 
provements which  he  ^nade  were  continued  by  his 
successors,  Miguel  Franco  Cardones  and  Sancho  Fer- 
nandez do  Angulo  3'  Sandoval,  of  whom  nothing 
w oil liy  of  note  is  recorded.^" 

■"  rnstillo  say3  erroncoiisly  in  one  place  that  rkizan's  siieees&oi'  was  Anto- 
1/  i  Auiona,  whereas  in  ai:(jtht'r  lio  gives  Jusc''  L'ani]ieio.  JJirr.  JJis/.  Yiir.,  r)4, 
1 !-'  .">.  His  full  title  was  ,JosO  I'anipero  de  Sorrevilla,  niaestie  de  eanipi)  and 
khiu'lit  of  Sautiaiiu.    ilnlfin  s  ilr  hi  ('unmii,  MS.,  iv.  '2. 

■■■'  His  deatli  v,a8  hastened,  if  not  eauseil,  liy  a  trick  played  on  him  in  tho 
ca'.lii  hal  I'i  Miiida,  at  a  late  houa'  of  the  night,  and  thebisiiopand  the  .lisuita 
V'  ir  sui)pose(l  to  have  taken  part  ifli  it,  in  onU'r  to  gain  nioie  inllueneo  over 
lull.   Hiijixtro  Yiti'ut'    '.  ii.  7-t-<). 

'Ewjuivel  delivered  the  government  to  Flores  on  July  28,  l(it>4,  having 
I'll  1  since  Sep!tenil)er  4.  l(i(i:t.  Uwt.  obtaining  liis  (ip]xinent's  renioxal.  again 
t'L.'K  possession  on  ':lie  iisth  of  Minceh  MH'm.  Giiijo  calls  him  ]"!'ir«s  di'  \'era. 
I'lir'n,  in  i)or.  hi-t.  Mkj,,  .serie  i.,  i.  ."(4.S. 

■'■'  lli\l,h'^.  7>('«r/'),  i.  140;  Jwirrox.  Hnai..  ■.*!>.">.  He  was  a  knight  of  the  grand 
iTi'-s  uf  St  John,  hailio  of  J>oia,  and  general  of  the  artilhiy  of  Jaen.  Aiicona, 
//'-'.  Yiic.,  ii.  'HVA,  calls  him  l-'ernaudo  Franco  de  llseoliedo,  and  says  hi'  wa.4 
■' vaiiandei- of  the  villas  c^!'  Saniayon  and  Santi-Fstevan.  He  was  later  pro- 
II. "L  d  to  the  presidency  uf  (Inatemala. 

■  Corddfu's-i.verned  Irtiin  .Mar>  h 'JT,  HIT-,  till  Scjiteinliei- •JS.  1(;74,  an<l  .\ii- 
gii."  from  tliat  date  to  the  l.sthnf  I  lecember  lo77.   AiicoHU,JI<i>f.  )'»(.•.,  ii.  "Jtw-u. 
Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  III.     U 


lG-2 


YUCATAN. 


I  ii 


M 


Tlic  lbllo\vin'[]f  c^ovcrnor,  Antonio  dc  la  Iscca  v 
Ah'arailo,  an  old  inluihitant  of"  Merida,  was  removed 
tlirou«di  the  intrii^iics  of  hi.s  cnoniies  on  tlio  20th  «if 
February,  1G79,  by  the  oidor  Juan  de  Arocliiua, 
sent  by  the  audieneia  of  Mexieo.  lie  was  reinstatcil. 
however,  one  year  later,  and  remained  in  undi.stuihnl 
])()sse,ssion  till  1(583,^'^  when  on  July  14th  Juan  Bruno 
Tello  de  Guzman  succeeded  him.  The  adininistrati(Mi 
(if  this  (governor  is  marked  in  the  annals  of  Yucatan 
by  the  frequent  invns-ions  of  jiirates,  who,  owinij^  to 
the  pusillanimity  of  Tello,  met  with  little  resistance. 
To  ched:  such  raids  the  fortification  of  Campefhc 
was  resolved  upon,  but  it  was  only  under  the  rule  ot 
his  successor,  Juan  Jose  de  la  Barcena,^^  an  expeii- 
eiicetl  soldier  and  energetic  man,  that  any  consider- 
able progress  was  made  with  the  work.s.^ 

The  rule  of  the  last  two  governors,  who  at  tlie 
close  of  the  seventeenth  century  administered  tlhj 
all'airs  of  the  ])rovince,  is  noteworthy  for  the  internal 
(Hssensions  which  prevailed.  On  August  20,  l()i»;3, 
]io(juo  de  Soberanis  y  Centeno,  a  man  rather  youiii^' 
for  such  high  [)osition,  was  intrusted  with  the  reins 
of  power.^^  Mainly  through  lack  of  experience  he 
made,  within  a  short  time,  a  number  of  enemies,  in 
whose  ranks  appeared  also  the  bishop  of  Yucatan. 
Juan  Cano  y  Sandoval. ^'^  The  dispute  became  ^o 
fierce  that  Soberanis  was  exconnnunicated  in  July 
1G94,  and  upon  complaints  laid  before  the  audieneia 


t!ic  go 


!    r 


.i1 


'* Tn  1082  a  conflagi-ation  destroyed  lialf  of  the  town  of  Campeche.  Iiolh.% 
Diario,  i.  .'i4;{. 

3"  Castillo,  Dicr.  J/lxt.  Yiic,  S9-01.  Eoblcs,  Diario,  i.  .399,  calls  him  Bar- 
rcra.     He  lukHl  from  July  -J.";,  l(J>sS,  till  August  '20,  KJltlJ. 

^**  Details  are  given  in  ('usf.'tio,  loe.  eit.  The  total  cost  of  the  fortificati'  u 
of  Caiupcelie,  derived  from  contriliutions  by  the  crown  and  the  inhahitaiit-, 
and  from  certain  imposts,  amounted  to  more  than  'JOO.OOO  pesos.  In  Kel)nKii  \ , 
l()!l(>,  the  lirst  pieces  of  heavy  artillery  ever  seen  in  the  province  were  laiuU'l 
at  the  town. 

''"••lie  owed  his  appointment  to  his  descent  from  one  of  the  wealthiest  aii'l 
UK^st  intluential  families  of  Cadiz. 

*"  lUograpliers  of  the  liisliop,  who  was  a  native  of  Mexico,  speak  of  him  in 
very  faNorable  terms.  See  Ji'iijisti-o  Y"r.,  ii.  •27S--.S1  ;  Custillo,  Dice.  II ii. 
Viif.,  H,"! ;  Co)irili<>.i  J'riir.,  J.jo,/-iJo,  ',io',)-(iO  ;  Fli/m  roa,  I'iiallcias,  MS.,  70; 
JMilei,  Diario,  i.  So'),  300,  'Slo. 


Hi   ■' 


DEATH  OF  SOBERANIS, 


1C3 


cf  ^Tcxico  was  removed  from  office,  and  summoned  l)c- 
juio  that  tribunal.''^  Martin  do  Ur«ua  y  Arizmendi, 
t!i('  t,''()vernor  elect,  was  appointed  to  replace  Sobe- 
laiiis,  and  at  once  made  preparations  to  avail  himsult' 
of  the  opportunity  to  carry  out  his  favorite  project — 
tin-  conquest  of  the  Itzas. 

]\[eanwhile,  however,  Sobcranis,  acquitted  in  ^Mex- 
ico,  was  restored  to  his  government,  and  from  this 
tune  to  his  death  on  September  25,  lODO,''^  made  all 
possible  opposition  to  the  schemes  of  his  successor, 
uutwithstanding-  royal  orders  to  the  contrary.  Ursua's 
f-fcond  term  lasted  from  1099  to  the  end  of  1703,  when 
lie  was  deposed  by  the  viceroy  of  ^Mexico,  on  a  charge 
nC  iiii[)lication  in  the  murder  of  an  alcalde  of  Vallado- 
lid.'^  Ursua  went  to  Spain,  where  he  not  only  justified 
his  conduct,  but  obtained  new  distinctions,  and  was  re- 
iiisaited  on  June  G,  170G,  holding  office  till  the  loth 
of  S(.'[)tember  1708,  when  he  was  promoted  to  the 
presidency  of  Manila.^* 

Tlie  services  that  he  rendered  in  the  expedition 
an'ainst  the  Itzas  in  1097,  and  which  have  alreadv 
liicu  related,*^  were  probably  the  main  reason  for  his 
]iit  Icnnont,  for  during  that  campaign  he  displayed  all 
the  (jualities  of  a  cautious  and  capable  leader. 


ic 


"An  oiilor,  Francisco  Zaraza,  sent  to  Murida  in  Deconibcr  1094  to  in- 
vtstigiito  the  matter,  returned  to  Mexico  in  July  KJ'J,"),  without  pronouncing 
MUUiH  c,  the  l>ishop  liaving  died  in  February  lG9o.  Rohks,  JJktrio,  ii.  IJi)- 
tiU,  HIT,  170,  172. 

*-( )!  yeUow  fever,  the  first  time  the  disease  appeared  in  the  country.  Luihi, 
Apviiir^  l/isldrlcoi,  followcil  hy  Castillo,  J)lrr,  ili^t.  }'"c.,  (it). 

'■^  A  visitador,  Ciirlos  Ijernindez,  was  sent  from  Moxieo  and  later  a  governor 
nil  iut.irim  appointed,  Alvaro  dc  liivagnda,  who  punished  several  of  the 
gnihy  persons,  but  failed  to  discover  any  evidence  of  the  ciim))lieity  f>f  Ursua. 
A'!/'./..,  Jjiurio,  Istser.,  ii.  408,  477,  4>4;  AiKona,  1114.  Yur..  ii.  Aui-S.'). 

"The:  titles  of  count  de  Lizarraga  Vengoa,  conqueror,  perpetual  go\ernor, 
finl  laiitain-general  of  the  Itza  provinces,  were  among  others  given  him. 
Boryi  II  nmla,  Nohil.,  211. 

^'Sce  Ili>i.  Ci-nl.  Am')-.,  ii.  081  ct  soq.,  this  series. 

*''lu  addition  to  the  authorities  alrea<ly  (pioted,  tlic  reader  is  I'eferred  to 
('"'idlln/o,  J  lid.  ViiC,  220,  SS.VO,  4.j2-7.")2,  passim;  ViUwivlhrir,  J  list.  Coikj. 
i-.'i.  ;)J(;-40,  410-17,  r);r)-41;  Ghijo,  l),ari<>  in  JJoi-.  Ui.-:f.  M/:r.,  J.st  ser.,'i. 
t::i--i.  .-)48;  ]tohl(.%  Difiy-in,  i.  81,'  140,  .SI -2,  343,  3.1."),  ,V)8,  37.'),  3! lit,  4."i2,  ii. 
IVi,  IS,'!;  CaUi',  M<m.  y  Nvl.,  84-."),  87-8;  > irtlciic^  dr  !(t  ('vroiiti,  MS.,  iii.  (14; 
r,'u-h.ir],inio,  Meht.  Cdiii/K,  2-8;  Caxlillo.  Dire  /list.  }'».■.,  ,")4,  .")!)-Ul,  0.5,  (i!), 
"-'.  '.I.'!.  2!I4-.");  JiKtrnts,  <!uut.,  i.  33;  Sli jii/i' iiis,  Yt'C,  ii.  l'J4;  JJia:  Cnli:,  vi. 
"t>J-G;  \  iii,  494,  x.  703-0. 


m 


i'-f ,; 


CHAPTER  IX. 

FIVE    MOKE   VICEROYS. 

ICOO-IOSO. 

Count  m;  IJanos,  TiiETwENTY-Tmiii)  Viceroy — A  New  Order  of  Tiu>  <.s— 

InIHW  15EVOLT  AT  TkIICANTKI-EC — A.N  AkIIITKAKY  llni.KR— ClIAUArTKK 

Ki'  THE  Man — He  is  ]!ei>lacei)  iiy  Aiiciiisisiioi'Osouio — Tin;  I'iu;lai];'s 
IJuiKF  iirT  Kenefic'ent  (iovEUNMENT— a  Native  OF  Mkxico  Mam; 
Aitciniisiiop— AiiiavAi.  of  Mauqcis  MAXfEKA— His  Ekficikn  t  liii.i;- 
Califouxia  Exi'LOKATioNS — TuE  Catiikihial  of  Mexico — Irs  ])i.iir- 
cation — Manceua's  Wisk  Policy — EurpTioN  of  I'oi'ocatei-etl  and 
Othku  (.'alamities — Veuaoi'as,  J)esceni)Ant  of  CoLriim's,  as  \u\.- 
itov  —  His  Untimely  Death ^AiiciiiJisiior  IIiiieka  Sfccekds— His 
Character  and  Good  Government — He  Declines  New  Honors— 
His  Retirement  to  .Spain,  and  Death. 

Late  in  July  IGGO  tlio  twenty-third  viceroy  of  New 
Spain,  Juan  de  Leivay  de  la  Cerda,  marques  de  J^eiva 
y  de  Ladrada,  condo  de  Bancs/ arrived  at  Vera  Cruz. 
He  entered  Mexico  on  the  IGtli  of  September,  and  (Hi 
the  same  day  t(Kjk  charge  of  the  government.  One  of 
his  first  acts  was  the  imprisonment  of  the  castellan  of 
the  fortress  of  San  Juan  de  Uliia,  without  any  ap[)ar- 
cnt  reason,  and  such  arbitrary  measures  were  several 
times  repeated  during  his  administration  which  was 
in  strong  contrast  with  that  of  his  ]:>redecessor.  Dur- 
ing the  last  months  of  Alburqucrque's  reign,  news  was 
received  in  Mexico  that  the  Indians  of  the  district 
of  TehuantepoG  were  in  revolt  and  had  killed  the  al- 
calde mayor. '-^  A  small  force  sent  against  them  was 
defeated,  and  preparations  were  made  to  assemble  a 
larger  expedition.     But  before  this  was  ready  it  was 

'(iiiijo  calls  him  Juan  ile  la  Cueva  Leiva  y  Labrada.  Diario,  444,  447. 
'■'The  cause  of  the  outbreak  was  the  usual  extortions  practised  upon  llie 
natives,  many  of  them  being  diiveu  to  suicide.  IloOks,  I'kUt,  ITd-Ii. 

(101) 


COUNT  r.A5ro.s. 


105 


li.iniod  that  the  troubles  had  been  allayed  by  the  iii- 
ti  rcessi(jii  of  the  bishop  of  Oajaca,  Aloii.so  de  Cueva.s 
Diivfdos.* 

'Flic  count  was  a  man  utterly  unfitted  for  the  posi- 
tiiiii,*  and  soon  made  himself  extremely  unpopular 
aiinini^  his  subjects.  Vain,  arrogant,  and  seltisli,  he  is 
UKiitioned  as  one  of  the  worst  rulers  that  was  ever 
[)l;ici'd  at  the  head  of  affairs.  As  an  instance  of  his 
vanity  it  may  be  mentioned  that  in  the  second  year 
alter  his  arrival  he  used  his  influence  to  chani^e  the 
route  of  the  procession  of  corpus  christi  in  such  a 
iiiaiiner  that  it  woukl  pass  by  the  viceregal  ])alace. 
Ill  the  following  year,  on  repeating  this  re(picst,  ho 
iiirt  with  energetic  opposition  from  the  new  arch- 
lii-h(»}>,  Diego  Osorio  de  Escobar  y  Llamas,'  who 
uiidrr  severe  ecclesiastical  i)enalties  forbade  any  de- 
viation from  the  rule  observed  since  the  early  days 
of  Spanish  dominion. 

This  was  more  than  the  overbearing  viceroy  could 
endure;  and  considering  himself  moreover  deeply  in- 
jured by  the  general  sympathy  displayed  by  the  pub- 
lic, and  the  religious  corporations,  at  the  sudden  death 
of  the  conmiander  of  San  Juan  de  Uhia,  who  had  been 
ini[(risoned  by  his  order,  he  resolved  on  revenge." 

'Zamacoia,  ITht.  MfJ.,  v.,  erroneously  gives  the  date  as  ICOl;  Mayer  says 
Kifil  iiml  l(i(>2,  Mix.  Az/cr,  i.  '20H;  llivura,  J/ist.  Jalnjia,  i.  IC),  l(i(J4.  Doiiiu- 
urili,  ifversiiig  the  order,  says  tlie  troubles  arose  in  consecjueucc  of  decieea 
i^>:url  hy  J >avali)s,  Jlisl.  Mi-x.,  i.  'J7">-().  A  letterof  tlio  kingdated  DL'tolicr'J, 
IHiiL',  tliaidis  tlio  l)isliop  for  his  services  in  ilattering  terms  and  promises  liini 
the  rnynl  favor.  Ifolilci,  Vida,  l(i4-"). 

'Among  otiier  instances  of  his  incapacity  it  may  bo  mentioned  that  wlien 
news  was  received  of  the  occupation  of  Cuba  Ity  tlie  Kni^HsIi  tlie  vieenjy  at- 
tiiii|itiil  to  organize  an  expedition,  but  except  enlisting  a  numl)er  of  recruits 
iiii'l  iiiniuiuting  two  of  liis  sons  as  otHccrs,  it  is  not  recorded  that  he  accom- 
[ili^luMl  anything. 

'■'  lUirn  in  Corufia  in  Galicia,  and  in  ITmG  made  bishop  of  Puebla  after  hold- 
iiii;  several  important  otlicea  in  Spain.  Lureiiuma,  in  f  'nnrillosl'roi:,  IJJ'i-iJ-'i, 
-.0-1, '_'()!).  In  1003  lio  was  promoted  to  tlie  see  of  Mexico.  Lorenzaiia,  in 
ll.,'2{\[i-~0,  gives  lOOG  as  the  year,  but  mentions  the  correct  date  on  p.  '2'2l. 
liis  iiii.siake  has  been  copied  by  Kibera,  0(jlji:rnaHl.(.t,  i.  '1\',\. 

'' 'I'lio  election  of  Osorio  had  frustrated  the  hopes  of  the  bishop  of  Xica- 
niL-'i'ii,  Juan  de  la  Toitc,  then  in  Mexico,  who  was  one  of  the  viceroy's  favor- 
itiM.  Torre  even  later  wrote  to  Spain,  calumniating  tl  e  character  of  the 
anliliisliopand  of  the  oidoies,  on  the  other  hand  extolling  that  of  his  patron. 
b>  accident  the  affair  became  known,  and  the  audiencia  peremptorily  ordered 
TuiTc  io  depart  for  his  Ijishoprio.  (Juijo,  JJiurto,  300-7. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


'=-    I-    III  2.2 

III  1.8 


1.25      1.4 

,1.6 

•• 6"     — 

► 

i 


Va 


<? 


/^ 


^> 


c?m^. 


/A 


'^ 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4S03 


IGO 


FIVE  MORE  VICEROYS. 


Failin<(  in  his  efforts  to  undormino  the  inilueneo  if 
the  archbishop,  who  again  in  1GG4  denied  the  right  (if 
tiie  count  to  change  the  route  of  the  corpus  ohri.sti 
procession/  he  next  thought  of  exihng  him  undi  i- 
some  pretext,  which  it  woukl  not  be  difficult  to  fhid. 
Meanwhile  he  caused  all  letters  from  Spain  addressed 
to  Osorio  to  be  destroyed.  On  the  27th  of  June 
his  preparatiojis  were  concluded,  the  audiencia  had  al- 
ready been  iaformcd,  and  on  the  following  day  tlio 
plan  was  to  be  executed.  But  at  this  moment  an 
incident  occurred  which  overthrew  his  projects.  A. 
vessel  from  Spain  ran  ashore  near  the  old  town  of 
Vera  Cruz.  The  crew  and  mails  were  saved,  and  even 
the  vigilance  of  the  spies  kept  by  the  viceroy  could 
not  prevent  the  agents  of  Osorio  from  securing  and 
delivering  in  safety  the  archbishop's  corresjjondence. 
The  latter  with  surprise  observed  that  among  the  let- 
ters was  one,  addressed  to  him,  as  viceroy  of  ^lexico. 
Immediately  the  news  spread,  carrying  with  it  no  le>s 
joy  than  astonishment  to  all  save  the  count,  for  lie 
had  withheld  i^nd  burned  six  previous  despatches  of 
the  same  character.* 

On  the  following  day  Osorio  sent  tli  .icial  infor- 
mation to  the  viceroy  and  the  oidores,  summoning  lli>; 
latter  to  the  archiepiscopal  palace.  Showing  tluiu 
two  royal  cedulas,  which  referred  to  him  as  vicei  oy 
and  captain-general,  he  asked  their  opinion,  whether 
tliese  documents  were  sufficient  authority  for  him  to 
assume  the  government.  The  audiencia  returned  to 
the  palace,  there  to  discuss  the  question  in  presence 
of  the  count.  The  latter  denied  the  right  of  Osoi'io, 
unless  a  cedula  expressing  the  formal  appointment  b'; 
exhibited.  The  dtmbts  were  soon  solved,  for  in  tli ; 
box   containing  the    despatches   another   letter  was 

'For  having  attempted  this,  tho  viceroy  was  afterwanl  fiiutl  rj,it(jO 
ducats. 

■^  Wlien  the  hisliop  learned  this,  lie  dem'.iiidcd  their  delivery  under  scv  vo 
lionalties.  An  olUcial  of  tlie  goveninient,  wlio  hud  witnessed  tho  destnu ii'i;i 
of  tUo  ditcuuii'nl^i,  aiuong  wliich  there  had  hecu  one  from  tho  imiui^iition  i.i 
Spain,  was  inipvisouL  1  hy  tl»c  holy  oliicu  of  Mexico  for  having  coucculcd  lliiJ 
fact,  Guijo,  JJiario,  t>'2'J-'M. 


OSORIO'S  ArrOINTMENT. 


107 


fiiund  (lircc'tln_LC  the  nudicncia  to  take  charge  in  case 
Osurio  should  have  died  or  resigned.  Immediately 
till'  oidorcs  returned  and  informed  the  archbishop  that 
liis  authority  was  recognized,  and  two  hours  later  he 
tiiok  the  oath  and  was  formally  installed.  Soon  after- 
v.iid,  when  again  in  his  palace,  the  ex-viceroy  paid 
him  a  visit,  as  prescribed  by  etiquette,  and  left  hiiu 
Ills  guard.  No  sooner  did  the  people  see  the  count 
alone,  than  they  began  to  shout,  scoff,  and  tlirow 
stones  at  him  and  his  companions,  obliging  them  to 
lia^ten  as  quickly  as  possible  to  the  viceregal  ])alact\" 
(Jreat  were  the  demonstrations  of  joy  at  Osorio's 
.ipjiointment.  The  streets  were  crowded;  there  were 
llstivities  and  illuminations,  and  the  following  day  a 
tc  (leum  was  sung  in  the  cathedral.  At  the  same  time, 
ill  consequence  of  his  resignation  of  the  archbishopric, 
the  bishop  of  Oajaca,  Alonso  de  Cuevas  Ddvalos,  had 
Ik  (11  appointed  as  successor.  At  the  request  of  the 
chapter  and  the  new  prelate  Osorio  continued,  how- 
ever, to  govern  the  see  till  November,  when  Cuevas 
arrived.  Although  the  rule  of  the  new  viceroy  lasted 
hut  a  few  months,  many  changes  were  made  for  the 
httter.  The  people  ))egan  to  breathe  more  freely. 
I'ersons  exiled  b}'  Banos,  and  others,  who  from  fear 
had  left  the  town,  returned;  justice  was  administered 
with  rigor,  but  with  impartiality;  the  count  of  San- 
tiago Calimava,  notwithstanding  his  high  rank,  and 
Teilro  do  Leiva,  son  of  the  ex- viceroy,  were  both 


i 


'  This  according  to  Oiiijo.  Nevertheless  mnny  Inter  writers  represent 
liiiiios  lis  a  popular  niler.  Alegre  sjiys  the  viceroy  vi.siteil  ami  .supimrtcd  the 
iin-|iitiils  of  the  society,  ami  calls  him  'iiii  virey  ilo  Ids  inns  eji'iiipljires  y 
i'.(>t'is.'  Hl<t.  I'oiii/i.  Jisii.t,  ii.  4"2.")-(i.     Similar  though  less  entimsiustii'  iMiiise 


Olll/i. 

is  lii>tn\\(il  on  him  by  Ve*aneurt,  7V(('.  M< 


1.-..  J. 


.1'. 
onu/ana,  J/i>/.  A  .  /. 


<l  oth 


lers.    Siimliir  tiiiinitestatiiins,  as  wliistlin 


i>y 

■^">.  <'u\o,  Tn ■■!  Siijlti.t,  ii.  4'( 

an  !  hix^iny,  were  reiH-ated  months  afterward,  whiti  i\\f  einnit  was  jutscMit  iit 

kmiiic  liidi-liL'lits  arran^ied  in  iionor  of  vioerov  Maiieera.     In  Octoliei'  Id  14  his 


I'ia  was  l>ei,'un,  imt  i.ot  eonolnded  till  l()()(>.  (iinji',  llidrht. 


l!,.!,h 


li  ■ii'iii,  i,  l.">.     Tlio  entire  proi^-rty  of  the  ex-\iceroy  was  attaeiiid,  noluith- 
st.iiidiiiL;  royal  orders  to  peiinit  his  return  to  Spain,  and  he  was  ])laeeil  uiiih  t 


M> 


nds  for  40,(XX)  im'8()S.    (hileiics  ttr  la  <'i>r 


VII 'I, 


MS.,  i.  :iH;   J{nih.i  <\<hilu 


II 


14>S-!1.     In  IWK)  liuuos  returned  to  Spain,  where  after  the  deatli  uf 


hi-  w  il'c  he  entered  the  order  of  the  Imrtfooted  Carmelites,  liobka,  Diuriu,  i, 
17  l>,  '2-2.i.2-6d. 


108 


FIVE  MORE  VICEROYS. 


placed  under  arrest  for  arranginjj^  a  duel.'"  AlniMS 
introduced  under  the  rule  of  lianon  wore  refornud; 
nil  jLifrants  and  appointments  made  l>y  the  latter  \V(  ic 
declared  as  null  and  void  hy  order  of  the  crown;  aiul 
severe  punishment  was  inflicted  on  several  negli;j;( nt 
and  defaulting  officials." 

The  activity  displayed  by  the  1)ishop-viccrov  wns 
astonishing,  and  seemed  to  be  transmitted  to  all  dt  - 
]»artments  of  the  government.  Assistance  in  moiit  y. 
workmen,  and  ammunition  was  sent  to  Cuba;  the 
management  of  the  royal  treasuiy  was  reorganized  so 
effectually  that,  after  a  rule  of  only  six  weeks,  tin  ic 
were  four  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  pesos  na.ly 
to  be  sent  to  Si)ain,  and  from  July  till  October  nioiv 
than  seventy  law-suits  were  despatched  in  the  court 
of  the  audiencia.  Thus  the  whole  aspect  of  affairs  w  as 
changed,  and  hopes  were  entertained,  that  New  Spain 
would  prosper  under  his  administration,  when  ix  us 
ariived  that  a  successor,  appointed  by  the  crown,  had 
reached  Vera  Cruz.  On  Septend)er  27th  the  victiny 
formally  gave  up  his  office,  anil  on  November  lath  Iiis 
archbishopric,  when  his  successor  tot)k  possession.'^ 

Alonso  de  Cuevas  Diivalos  was  the  first  nativi'  <it' 
!^[exico  who  ever  occupied  the  aichicpiscopal  chair 
of  New  Spain.  He  was  born  in  lo'.K),  had  studied  in 
the  Jesuit  coUegfe,  and  been  rector  of  the  universitv 
in  Hj'62.     After  holding  the  offices  of  canon  at  Puel»la, 

'"  The  inirroglio  arose  in  1000  on  the  arrival  of  Baflos,  in  conscnucivc  '  f 
rtiiiaiks  niaile  by  IVdi'o  do  Loiva,  about  the  iTeolt's,  in  pri'Sfiicc  of  tlio  uumt. 
-Mtiivatioim  ami  liniwls  follow  I'll,  Imt  tlu'  tlnal  xL'ttlcin.'nt  of  the  quo^itioii  li.nl 
iittii  (Iclaycil  till  IkifKw  was  ri'iiiovt'd.   (Iitijo,  hinrin,  .>Ki-7. 

"  I'ic^jo  \'alle(<,  an  otlii'ial  of  tlie  treasury  and (jiiii'ksilvi'r  (If'partinc'iit,  «;it 
8us|H'nded  anil  heavily  lined  in  virtue  of  a  royal  I'edula,  'the  sevt'iot  i  v.  i 
tlopiitched  afiainst  an  otlicial.'sjiys  (Juijo.  lie  was  ehart;ed  with  heinj,'  \>u\h  A 
hy  JKiiios.  'J  wo  rej^idorest  were  I'unioved  for  having  revealed  the  seerets  ni  tin' 
eiil>ildi>  si'ssions  to  \\w  former  viceroy.  See  Giiijo,  Diiirio,  G37-4S,  where  ulwj 
Several  similar  eases  are  mentioned. 

'•'A  month  later,  l)eceinl)er  l.">,  1004,  Osorio  returned  to  his  dioee 
]'uel>la,  whieh  he  retained  till  his  death  in  l(l7'"i.  His  rcsideneiu  was  Ink 
in  Kiiiti,  antl  several  ehar^es  were  jireferred  against  him  hy  repi'esentativ  ■  - 
theeciuntof  llanos,  relative  to  his  conduct  at  the  time  of  his  succession  to  t 
giivernment,  but  no  sentence  seems  ever  to  have  iK'en  pronounced  a'-';niis 
liiin.  save  one,  im]>osi!ig  a  smidi  tine,  which  afterward  was  revoked  b}  ili' 
council  of  the  Inilics.  Ilobhi,  J/ntriu,  i.  'JO-34,  1,")1. 


III 


THE  MARQUIS  OF  XIAXCECA. 


160 


aiid  deacon  and  treasurer  of  the  cathedral  of  Mexico, 
li(  became  in  1G57  hishop  of  Oajaca,  whence  he  was 
]>ri)Uioted  to  the  sec  of  the  capital.     He  wore  the 


mitre  but  for  a  short  time,  dying  the  following  year, 


13 


The  twenty-fifth  viceroy,  Antonio  Sebastian  do 
TnK'do,  lilolina  y  Salazar,  marques  de  IManccra,'*  ar- 
rived at  Vera  Cruz  in  July  1GG4,  but  his  entrance 
into  Mexico  was  delayed  for  several  months,  when, 
notwithstanding  an  order  of  the  crown,  it  was  made 
on  the  15th  of  October  with  the  usual  ceremonies."' 
On  tlie  same  day  ho  took  i)ossession  of  the  govern- 
ment.^^  His  previous  career  had  already  given  him 
{in  opportunity  to  exhibit  his  abihties,  and  he  now 
showed  that  his  election  was  fully  justified. 

Immediately  after  his  arrival  the  drainage  of  Lake 
Zanipango  was  reconnnenced.  The  undertaking  had 
heeii  begun  nearly  a  century  before,  but  was  still  in  a 
backward  condition.     Under  Mancera  a  friar  of  the 

"  His  appointment  was  chiefly  cai'scd  by  tlio  valuable  services  rendered 
ill  suppressing  tiic  revolt  of  tlio  IiulianH  of  Telnianti'iHjc.  Florencia,  ll'i-it. 
I'riu-.  (\iiiii).  Jemin,  'J.'VJ,  nays  erroneously  that  from  his  sec  of  Oajaca  ho  was 
luiuiioted  to  that  of  I'nehla.  hi  August  !()().">  lin  fell  sick,  and  on  Septenihcr 
'.M  lie  died.  Five  days  afterward  his  bulls  arrived  from  Spain.  His  biogra- 
phy was  written  by  Antonio  Itobles,  the  author  of  tlie  lHnrio  de  kiicvoi  vofn- 
I'li  •,  under  the  title  Jh'si/wirilo  contra  tl  olviilo. .  .<le  In  rhia. .  .del  lllmo  Sr 
]>r  /'.  AI'inMo  <le  CiieviiH  JidindoH,  Mexico,  17«"»7,  pp.  xliv.  'JOH,  38.  Jtcontaina 
niiiiiitc  details  of  the  bishop's  life,  and  tlie  miracles  ho  wrought,  but  little 
lii>tiirical  material.  The  work  is  less  bigoted  than  others  of  that  character 
mill  epoch — tlie  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century.  See  also  Vituii-rrt, 
Trii.  .)/(.(,•.,  '2.'i;  Coiivilioit  Prov.,  loiJo-Oo,  2'21,  308-0;  Itobtes,  Diario,  i.  4-J, 
IJ;  M.ilimt,  Vhrdn.  S.  JJu'rjo,  240. 

"Scuor  del  Marmol  y  de  las  cinco  Villas,  tesorero  general  do  la  Orden 
ilo  AliMiitara,  were  his  otiier  titles  according  to  Mtrard  y  Ctis(i,/i  ran/i'. 
El  j/riiii  J)i<-r.,  vii.  I.'J2.  He  was  also  eoniendador  do  I'uer'to-llano  in  the 
milcrof  Calatrava  and  belonged  totiio  council  of  war.  Palai'ux,  KKlittiiloK  l)<  - 
ili,;ii,,riri.  Later  Mancera  was  nuide  a  grandee  »)f  Spain,  \\lien  he  came  to 
Mi\ici)  he  had  already  a  splcudid  record  as  an  able  ollicial,  having  been  em- 
lKi.>si.|i)r  of  the  crown  at  Venice  and  in  Oennaiiy. 

' '  A  ciMlula  of  .luly  H»(i:{  foihade  pu))lic  ilcmonstrations  or  receptions  to 
nil  !i'\N  viceroys,  for  the  reason  that  they  entailed  too  much  expense  on  the 
rc'spcetivc  towns  and  villages.  Ordrinn  ilc  la  CorniKt,  MS.,  i.  11.  liivera, 
('\i>'  i-iitiiiliK,  i.  t2l4,  asserts  that  no  |iublie  reception  took  j>lace,  and  that 
Miiiii'Ta  iiresented  to  the  king  the  money  appropriatc<l  by  tiio  city  to  cover 
till'  expenses.  A  contemporary,  «Juijo,  gives,  however,  a  minute  (lescripticdi 
I't  the  festivities  held  in  h(HU)r  of  his  arrival,  ami  one  which  dillers  little,  if 
lit  .lU,  li'DUi  tiiose  celebrated  on  similar  occasions.  JHorio,  Tm.')-,"). 

I.iiien/aim,   //M^  J\'.   /,'>/<.,  ll.'i,  followed  by  fanes,   ]'irii/i\t,  MS.,  103, 
oiuiicously  places  his  succession  to  the  government  in  the  year  IGOo. 


170 


FIVE  MORK  VICEROYS. 


Franciisean  order  was  |»ut  in  tliarqfc  of  tlio  work.'' 
ami  curiKist  eflbrts  wore  inado  lor  its  coni])k'tiiiii. 
AltiioUi^h  this  was  not  accoin|)lislic(l,  i^roater  jsroi^ii  >s 
was  niado  tlian  under  any  of  his  prodcjcussors,  and  ;it 
a  snialh'r  cost.'*  The  work  was  fonfirnied  b}-^  his  .suc- 
cessor, the  archbishop  Kibera,  and  concluded  in  tin- 
middle  of  1(175,  inundations  which  occurred  nje;ni- 
while  havinj^  caused  operations  to  bo  pushed  wii'i 
A  to  deum  was  sung  in  the  •cathedral,  and 


vin^or. 


13 


other  solemnities  celebrated  the  event. 

The  viceroy's  attention  was  now  directed  to  financial 
and  military  ailairs,  both  of  which  were  in  a  deploraMo 
condition,  owing  to  the  indolence  and  di.shonesly  i)t' 
previous  rulers.  Convinced  that  the  creation  of  iit  w 
imposts  would  not  check  the  evil,  and  only  add  new- 
burdens  to  those  under  which  the  inhabitants  wrw, 
already  laboring,  he  began  his  reforms  by  improv- 
ing the  administi'ation  of  the  treasury  dejiartmciit. 
AVhen  he  arrived  he  not  only  found  the  strong-ixix 
empty,  but  was  faced  by  a  considerable  amount  of 
debts,  contracted  in  preceding  year.s,  when  the  tx- 
])en.ses  had  always  exceeiled  the  income.  ExercisiiiLj 
a  .strict  vigilance,  and  submitting  the  officials  to  I'l 
quent  insp(X'tions,""  he  ])ut  an  entl  to  the  peculations' 
which  had  been  connn 


1 


"  His  namo  w.ts  Manuel  dc  Ciihrern,  niid  a  iiioiitlily  saliiry  of  200  pi-sos  m  as 
nssi;j;iii'(l  liini.  O'ldjo,  Jtlnrio,  ,")(;"J-;!.  Maiii'uia,  in  tlio  insliiuttioiis  tu  liis  .-uc- 
ccssor,  fiilU  him  .Iiian  <lc  Culm  ra  in  one  ]>lari',  in  anotiiiT  .Manuel. 

"^Tiio  c.vcavations  niade  duriiii,' tiic  time  uf  Mancera  extended  over  l.ii!):) 
var.TS,  tlie  o.\pense  amounting  to  i;!8,.V)()  pesos.  See  Maneera'.s  repoit  to  IiIh 
euecesscir,  in  Inntrin'c.  Vtriiji-^,  'J0.'{-4.  1'liis  statiinent  is  douKtIess  ni"i>: 
reliable  than  tliat  jrivon  by  Kivcra,  (Jolieniuiilcx,  i.  -Jit!,  wiio  speaks  of  l.ill'J 
varas  witli  a  eost  of  lO.'i.O.'O  pi'sos. 

''•'still  tlie  \V(jrk  seenis  to  have  been  insufficient,  for  in  IfiJS  nnotlier  iiiiia- 
(lation,  wliieii  damaj^'ed  the  drain. somewhat,  has  been  reconled.  llaliUx,  J>ii(ri'', 
i.  '2(\S.  Another  jK'iil,  thonjih  of  a  dillVreiit  natni'e,  threatened  .Mexico  lii''ii 
the  close  proximity  of  the  powder-mill  and  maf,'a/in(^  Mancera  a  vi  itid  tin' 
d.vnger  by  removinj,'  tlic  establishment  to  a  j,'reater  distance,  and  distrilmtiii;; 
thi'  powder  in  several  <le]iots,  each  of  whicli  contained  oidy  a  small  (plant  ity.  .\ 
fihort  time  after  this  was  done  a  Uatih  of  lightning  struck  tlie  factory  \\  iiliniit 
taiisiiifiany  damage. 

^'' '  \'A  primer  movil  cjue  da  impulso  li  la  corricntc  y  pura  rccaudncion  dc  Ins 
Piealea  halieres,  conteniendo  el  Icsorden. .  .ea  el  temur  dc  las  cuuntas. '  Mnii- 
orii.  \i\ /iiKlrwr.  I'iriri/cK,  •2W. 

■•'  In  the  cnstom-bouse  alone  they  ainouuted  iu  leas  than  two  years  to  mure 
thau  100,000  i)e808.  Jil.,  ^IHi. 


ROYAL  BEGGARY. 


171 


of  the  (lopartment,  and  was  ablo  to  leave  it  to  liis 
successor  Tree  of  debts,  and  with  an  increased  revenue, 
lit  sides  attending  strictly  to  all  the  remittances  which 
then  were  made  to  tlie  West  India  Islands,  the  IMiil- 
il>Iiines,  and  in  support  of  the  various  presidios,  ho  still 
scut  more  than  four  million  pesos  to  Spain. 

After  the  death  of  Felipe  IV.,  whose  obsequies 
were  celebrated  in  jSIexico  with  becoming  solenniity,-^ 
till.'  (jueen-regent  gave  to  her  loyal  suljects  of  New 
Spain  a  proof  of  confidence,  not  uncommon  at  that 
time,  by  a[)pealing  to  thenj  for  voluntary  donations 
to  meet  the  increased  expenses  caused  by  the  change 
ill  tlie  government.  Viceroy  and  archbishop  innne- 
diately  set  the  example^^  by  subscribing  a  considerable 
iuiKiunt,  which  in  a  short  time  was  swelled  to  more 
than  a  hundred  thousand  pesos.  It  was  only  natural 
that  such  patriotism  should  be  recognized,  and  the 
oi(t\vn  exjjressed  its  approval  in  several  ccdulas,  the 
last  of  which,  dated  June  11,  1G72,  directed  that  the 
vi(vi(>y  should  instruct  his  successor  as  to  his  policy 
ill  financial  matters. 

^fancjera's  reforms  in  military  affairs  were  less  suc- 
ccssrul,  chiefly  in  consequence  of  the  lukewarm  coo[)- 
iiation  of  the  government  in  the  mother  country. 
The  latter  indeed  issued  on  one  occasion  orders  re- 
ducing the  pensions  and  gratuitous  subventions,  and 
a])|ii(ipriated  the  amount  thus  saved  to  the  support 
nfa  ileet,^*  but  contradictory  instructions,  now  direct- 
iiiL;'  the  vessels  to  protect  the  coasts  of  New  8|)aiii 
and  the  islands,  now  recalling  them  to  Spain,  left  the 

'•"'I'lu'  kinj:;  liad  died  on  Scptcnihor  17.  lOO.');  liia  dciiiiso  was  jmMisIipd  in 
Mr\iii)  the  "JOtii  of  May  ItiOd,  and  all  jx  rsons  were  orderi d  under  line  to  \mt 
en  iiMiiM'nili,!.'.  Kaily  in  June  the  viecroy  received  tlie  fnrniMl  visits  of  eniido- 
liiiie  from  the  andiencia,  in(iuis<iliiin,  uliajiterof  the  eathedral,  and  the  re- 
li'.;ioiis  orders;  funeral  «crviees  were  also  JieM,  hut  the  exei|uiis  j>rii|)(r  wero 
lint  i(lf|)rated  till  July,  when  tiie\'  lasted  for  iihoiit  a  month.  Aft<'r  tlio 
Wiiiiiiiij;  of  Noveniher  niouriiini;  was  laid  aside.   JlnUin,  JJiiirin,  i.  1S-'J7. 

•'Tile  former  hy  makin^'  t\  ^iit  of  l"i.(MK),  the  latter  one  of  ,s,(»(iO  |ms(is. 

•'A  royal  eeilula  of  July  ',i,  l(>(i!>,  n'llueed  all  the  i)ensii)n.s  of  liiKi  diieata 
or  |i  -s  to  •_'(K),  and  heyond  that  to  one  lialf  of  tin  ir  oriiMiial  i'.iiioiiiit.  Nonu 
\Mic  tM  fxi^ird  4,(K>()  dueats,  '  piles  eii  esla  forma  es  iKt.slante  l,i  reenmpen.su 
qui',    .jmeil.ire,  earj,'ar  solire  el  Real  I'utrinionio,  ijuundu  sc  lialla  tanexuuatu.' 


m 


FIVE  MORE  VICEROYS. 


coiinncrcc  of  the  colonies  at  the  mercy  of  the  corsairs. 
Disri'jjfaid  was  also  shown  to  the  pressiiif^  demands 
of  tlie  duke  for  the  im|)rovement  (»f  the  defenses  of 
the  coast  ports  on  the  North  and  South  seas.  J I  is 
request  tliat  the  fortifications  of  San  Juan  do  Ulua 
should  be  repaired  were  Lot  even  answered.^ 


25 


It  was  hoped  that  the  treaty  concluded  between 
Eiiijfland  and  Spain,  October  8,  1070,  whereby  either 
power  was  "granted  the  sovereiufnty  over  the  lands 
then  in  their  possession  in  the  Indies,  and  all  trade 
forbiddiMi  between  the  two  nations  in  those  re<;i()ns, 
would  be  of  benefit  to  the  provinces;  but  such  was 
not  tiie  case.  The  governor  of  Jamaica,  Thomas 
I^ynch,  continued  to  grant  the  pirates  a  tacit  protic- 
tion,  and  it  was  only  under  his  successor,  I^ord 
A^auuhan,  that  the  licenses  j;iven  to  the  corsairs  wero 
revoked,  and  a  number  of  the  sea-robbers  hanged, 
\vhen,  in  disregard  of  warnings,  they  returned  to  that 
island  to  dispose  of  their  booty. 

In  the  beginning  of  1G72  sonic  English  buccaneers 
landed  near  the  mouth  of  Goazacoalco  liiver,  and 
thence  made  raids  on  the  neighboring  villasjes.  The 
viceroy,  afraid  of  provoking  hostilities,  or  for  soiiio 
other  reason,  did  not  proceed  against  them,  but  asked 
for  instructions  from  Spain.  In  reply  he  was  rebuked 
for  his  hesitation,  and  ordered  to  dislodge  the  invadeis, 
and  try  the  captured  pirates  in  Mexico,  instead  of  send- 
ing tliem  to  Spain,  as  had  been  usual.  An  expedition 
was  desjmtched,  and  succeeded  in  driving  the  English 
vessel  ashore,  where  it  was  burned.  The  crew,  liow- 
ever,  lied  to  the  woods.     Subsequently  detachments 

''■'■  M.'incora  liimHclf  liad  inspected  them  ?n  t'  c  Ixsginningof  1670.  Mmicrn, 
ill  liistnirr.  Virci/tM,  -77;  llnhliH,  Dkirio,  i.  ^.i.  It  'vas  not  nlonu  from  ]iii;itc3 
tlmt  (liini,'cT  threjitcncd  Vera  Cruz;  a  garriw  a  ot  tolerable  force  was  (ilsn  ni- 
<|uiri'd  to  prevent  an  outbreak  of  tlie  negro  slaves,  who  at  intervals  hail  Ihi'h 
font  tlu'i'o,  Honietimcs  several  iiundred  at  ^  time.  In  l<i(>9a1x>ut  r)()0  of  (In m, 
when  near  Vera  Cruz,  on  the  road  to  Mexico,  had  risen,  overpowered  inul 
killed  the  escort,  and  fled  to  the  wooiU.  It  liccanie  necessary  to  seiicl  luriis 
against  them  to  remove  such  dangerouf  ueighbors  from  the  priiieipa!  port  ut' 
Kew  Spain. 


THE  CATHEDRAL. 


178 


wvro  nlso  sent  n<]faliist  Bi-itish  corsairs  near  r\inipcolio, 
aixl  in  the  Lajjfuna  de  Tenniiios,  hut  tliuir  (•peratious 
wciv  confined  to  tlie  destniction  of  some  settlements 
oil  the  coast,  as  the  deep  drauglit  and  unwieldy  shapo 
of  the  Spanish  ships  prevented  them  from  pursuing 
the  enemy  in  the  shallow  water. 

In  matters  of  local  interest,  as  well  as  in  tlio  affairs 
of  state,  Manccra  proved  himself  a  zealous  ruler. 
Aroused  by  the  comments  made  in  Europe  on  the 
slow  progress  of  the  cathedral  building  of  jNEexico,  ho 
sit  to  work  energetically  to  hasten  its  coni])letion. 
Ill  ]r)73,  as  already  mentioned,  the  construction  of  a 
tniiple  worthy  the  liigh  rank  which  the  capital  of  new 
^ill;liIl  occupied  among  all  the  colonies  of  the  crown, 
liad  been  commenced.  The  grandeur  of  its  plan  was, 
liowever,  equalled  only  by  the  dilatoriness  with  which 
it  was  executed.  In  1G15  only  part  of  the  outer  walls 
had  been  finished,  but  in  1G23  the  vaults  of  the  main 
saciisty  were  ready,  and  three  years  later  the  old 
cathedral  was  pulled  down;  the  host  was  transfl-rred 
to  the  new  building,  and  divine  service  performed 
tliore.  From  that  time  progress  was  .slow,  and  the 
^wixt  inundation  of  1G29  caused  it  to  be  entir-sly  in- 
terrupted till  toward  the  end  of  1G35,  when  work  was 
resumed  with  zeal  by  Viceroy  Caderoita,  and  con- 
tin  iioil  with  good  results  by  his  successors.^* 

The  activity  of  Alva  de  Liste,  who  brought  the 
coiii])letion  within  the  reach  of  probability  as  was  gon- 
irall y  said,  and  in  whose  time  the  construction  of  a 
tower  over  the  ciborium  was  begun,  was,  however, 
ee]i])se(l  by  that  of  the  duke  of  Alburqucrquo.  Owing 
to  the  latter's  personal  interest,  his  fre(|uent  pecuniary 

•''  I'^iuler  Cadcreita  the  first  vaults  of  the  principal  nave  ainl  five  others 
of  tlic  aisles  were  concluded.  During  Kscalonu's  rule  part  of  tlic  main  navo 
Was  cDvcred,  and  in  1041  the  holy  Micnunent  placed  tliere,  as  the  sacristy 
IMciv  (  d  too  small.  Sftriiiana,  Kot.  breve,  8.  At  tlie  time  of  Viceroy  Salvatierra, 
utliii-  vaults  as  also  some  chaptds  Injing  suflieiently  advanced,  the  conse- 
iratioii  of  Arohbisiiop  Mariosca  t(X)k  place  in  l(i4r),  and  this  circunistanco 
jinilijlily  misled  (ionzalez  Di'ivila  wlio  asserts  that  dtiriug  Munusca's  rule  the 
cHilmh'al  was  completed.   Teulro  Ecks.,  i.  CO. 


174 


FIVE  MORE  VICEROYS. 


'S 


donaiions,  and  tlic  ])ruiniuins  lie  gave  to  tlio  woik- 
invn,  great  j)r<)gress  was  made.  Tlio  nmiil)('r  (>[' 
bulLs"'  was  increased,  the  tower  and  several  of  the 
vaults  finished,  and  the  remainder  of  the  ehMi(  li 
covered  with  a  roof  of  wood.  On  the  80th  of  Jjui- 
iiarv,  IGjG,  the  dean  and  chapter  asscnd)lcd  in  the 
cathedral,  and  were  joined  by  the  viceroy,  his  consort, 
daughter,  and  attendants;  the  doors  were  closed,  and 
an  a|)[)ropriate  speech  M'as  made  by  the  duke,  referriiiif 
to  the  condition  of  the  work  and  his  satisfaction  at  tlio 
l)rofrress  attained.  Then  in  the  name  of  the  king  he 
ibrnmlly  delivered  the  temple  with  the  keys  to  the 
chapter.  In  succession  the  viceroy,  accompanied  only 
by  his  wife  and  daughter,  proceeded  to  the  presbytery, 
and  kneeling  kissed  its  first  step  'with  all  veneration 
and  respect.'  This  done  the  three  august  personages 
began  to  sweep  that  part  of  the  church  in  a  thorough 
way,  as  the  ]>ious  chronicler  remarks."^* 

The  formal  dedication  was  ordered  to  be  held  on  the 
2d  of  February.  The  different  religious  orders,  and 
the  alcaldes  de  corte,  were  assigned  sites  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  cathedral  whereon  to  erect  altars  and 
make  other  preparations.  All  was  in  readiness  by  the 
c^nd  of  January,  and  neither  money  nor  pains  was 
spared  to  produce  a  spectacle  which  for  its  magnifi- 
cence surpassed  all  others  of  similar  character.  One 
order  had  vied  with  another  in  the  decoration  of  the 
altars,  covering  them  with  costly  trimmings  of  brocade 
and  embroidery  in  gold  and  silver.  On  them  were 
placed  the  images  of  the  patron  saints,  often  of  superior 
workmanship,  and  always  of  costly  material.  Tlio 
streets  along  which  the  procession  was  to  march  luul 
been  gaudily  decorated,  and  all  passing  of  carriage's 

"  According  to  Sariflana,  Not.  breve,  14,  Alburqnerque  increased  the  nuiiilicr 
from  8  to  20.  Ouijo,  in  hia  Diario,  279-320,  passim,  gives  minute  accounts 
of  19,  assigning  to  the  largest,  named  Dona  Maria,  a  weiglit  of  44,000  poumls, 
a  figure  wliicli,  if  connect,  would  place  it  among  tiie  lui'gest  ever  made. 

-'It  maj'  be  aildod  that,  according  to  the  same  author,  200  Indians  had 
ali'cady  done  the  preliminary  cleaning  of  the  temple  some  days  before  at  the 
expense  of  the  viceroy.  OuiJo,  Diarlo,  33S-9. 


CATIinDRAL  nOl'TR. 


i:.T 


ipcrior 

The 

h  had 


iTiagi'S 


ill  tlit-m  was  forbitkk'U  fur  several  days  under  pain  of 
I'.i)  r.iture. 

(  )ii  the  1st  of  Feliruary  all  the  relijj^ious  orders, 
liKitherhoods,  and  other  elergy,  toj^a-ther  witii  the  dea- 
II ms,  asisenihled  in  the  atrium  of  the  eathedral,  with 
rinsx's  and  cantlles,  and  tiie  procession  was  formed. 
Mmihers  of  the  l)n)therhood  of  San  Pedro,  with 
1  uinin^^  lights,  and  red  stoles  over  their  surpliees, 
iiinied  the  ima«fes  of  San  Pedro  and  of  Our  Ladv  of 
.V>>um]>tion,  the  j)atron  of  the  church.  They  Merc 
t'lluwed  by  the  chapter  of  the  cathedral,  amongst 
wlinni  rode  thirty  knii,dits  of  the  military  orders,  tlie 
ill  all  Alcjnso  de  Cuevas  Davalos  with  the  holy  sacra- 
iiKiit,  the  mcmhers  of  the  university,  the  cityauthor- 
iti(  s,  the  tribunals,  the  ofhcials  of  the  contadurias, 
ina-ury,  and  audiencia;  the  viceroy  All)urquerr|uc 
with  his  attendants,  all  richly  attired,  coming  last. 
Win  n  the  priest  carrying  the  host  reached  the  cathe- 
dral, the  seven  doors  were  opened,  the  holy  sacrament 
Was  placed  in  the  ciborium,  and  after  prayers  had 
111  111  said  the  procession  dispersed.  Fireworks  around 
till  ( hurch  and  on  the  tower,  together  with  a  general 
iHiiiiiination  of  the  city,  concluded  the  preliminary 
t'rstival. 

The  following  da}'^  the  cathedral  was  opened  to  the 
I'liMic,  but  no  mass  was  said  during  the  early  hours. 
At  ten  o'clock  the  viceroy  arrived,  accompanied  by 
\\\v  university,  audiencia,  tribunals,  and  city  council. 
Wv  \\  as  received  at  the  main  entrance  by  the  chaptei-, 
iiml  conducted  amid  the  rinfjins;  of  bells  into  the 
tiHuch,"'^  while  the  te  deum  was  being  chanted.  Ile- 
libiii^-  the  offered  cushion  he  kneeled  down,  repeated 
l.i>  players,  kissed  the  first  steps  of  the  presbytery, 
iiiid  was  then  led  to  his  seat,  close  to  which,  though 
^(]>arate,  were  those  of  his  consort  and  his  daughter. 
Afti  r  a  procession  in  the  cathedral  with  lighted 
til] Ills,  divine  services  began  simultaneously  in  the 
ii'Ui  ilillerent  clia})els  into  which  the  church  had  been 

•'^  Coiuo  si  fucra  rccieii  veniJo.'  Ouijo,  Diitrio,  340. 


170 


FIVE  MORE  VICEROYS. 


u 


(lividotl.  It  was  a  novel  spcctaclo  to  tlic  people  of 
^Ic'xico,  upon  whom  it  luado  a  deep  impression.  Tlic 
dean,  offieiatinj^  at  the  main  altar,  pronounecd  tliu 
dedication,  to  whieh  the  eanonij^o  majjistral  respondrij 
in  a  sermon,  whieh  lasted  several  hours.  At  iii;^lit 
the  cathedral  and  city  were  aj^ain  illuminrted,  and  so 
every  ni^lit  durinj^  the  ten  days  whieh  the  celi-lira- 
tion  lasted,""  the  sermons  heini^  preached  in  turn  l»y 
mend»ers  of  the  ditt'erent  religious  orders.  Every  day 
vicen)y,  audiencia,  and  other  |>rineipal  magistralts 
were  jiresent,  and  the  same  undinjinished  enthusiasm 
was  shown  hy  the  people. 

Alhurquercjue  continued  the  work  on  the  cathedral, 
nn«l  in  Octoher,  U);')!),  a  nundjerof  houses  surroundiiii,' 
the  l)uildin<jf  were  demolished  in  order  to  allow  uunv 
space  lor  the  majestic  pile.  His  successors  lianosaiid 
Osorio  inherited  his  sympathy  but  not  his  zeal  for  tlit; 
wt>rk,  and  it  advanced  but  slowly  under  their  adminis- 
tration. Under  Maneera,  h(jwever,  a  notable  chaiiL,'o 
took  place,  and  such  progress  was  made,  that  in  the 
begimiing  of  1G07  he  was  able  to  inform  the  king  ap- 
j>ro\imately  when  the  whole  interior  of  the  chun  h 
would  be  finished.  In  rej)ly  the  sovereign  expressid 
Jiis  thaidcs  Ibr  the  energy  (lis[>laye«'  and  requested  liiiii 
to  continue  his  efforts.  The  vieer  >y  had  not  promised 
too  much;  for  on  the  2'2d  of  December  the  secoiul 
solenm  dedication  of  the  temple  took  place.  It  was 
a  iestival  similar  to  the  one  held  eleven  years  before, 
though  the  solemnities  did  not  last  so  long.^'  The 
total  cost  up  to  that  date  exceeded  a  million  and  three 

"'Tlic  daily  consumption  of  wax  nlone  nmountcd  to  150  pounds,  mid  ita 
cost  Will  delVuyt'd  by  tlic  Co/rtulia  del  Sunliiilmo  Sacramento.  Oitiju,  I)'iiirhj, 
34;). 

^'  The  22d  of  Dccemlwr  was  selectctl,  it  Ixiing  tlic  birthday  of  tlio  f\\\if\\ 
of  Sjiaiii.  'J'lio  festivities  were  essentially  in  the  sjinic  stylo  and  on  tiie  >:imo 
Bcalo  il^^  under  Alburijuerciue.  One  of  the  sermons  was  delivered  on  tliat 
<iceasii.n  by  the  I>oeto»  Isidro  Sarifiana,  a  parish  priest  of  Mexico,  and  in  hiiW 
be  published  it  together  M'ith  a  description  of  the  celebration  and  au  hi:«ti>]U'ul 
neionut  of  the  cathedral  since  its  beginning.  The  title  is  Nuticia  brcrc  J>i  /.'* 
Su/i  iiii:i'. .  .JJediracion  (let  Tvvi/ilo  Melrojioliliiiio  de  Mexico,  pp.  50,  '2S.  'i'lie 
work  iM  (letlicated  to  the  consort  of  tlio  viceroy,  Leonor  &Iaria  del  tJaintci, 
and  cdiitaiiiB,  l)csidc8  its  historical  records,  a  iMiuegyric  of  the  christian  re- 
ligion, the  uuvereijjus  of  Spuiu,  and  their  repreaeutatives  iu  New  Spain. 


DI.MKXSIONS. 


177 


r|iiartorH  of  pesos,  but  wns  oonsidcrjihly  increased  in 
lati  r  years,  as  tiic  eoiiipletion  was  not  filially  elleeted 
ill!  tlie  lu'gimiliiLj  of  the  present  century.'" 

The  dimensions  of  the  cathedral  a:o  HO.*]  feet  in 
1(  114th  from  north  to  south,  hy  IU'2  IV'  in  width  from 
iii>t  to  West.**  The  architecture  is  oi'  the  ])orie 
(itl'i,**  all  the  columns,  hases,  capitals,  cornices,  and 
tVii  /es  being  of  hewn  stone,  and  the  other  woik  of 
lii/untli."^ 

The  whole  edifice,  containing  fourteen  cliapels,  is 
divided  into  five  parts,  the  i>rincipal  one,  the  main 
nave,  being  53  feet  wide  from  colunm  to  column. 
Y'wr  portals  give  entrance,  three  of  them  facing  the 
ijfit'at  s(piare  or  plaza  toward  the  south,  while  light  is 
admitted  by  174  windows.  The  cuj)ola,  184  I'et't 
ul>n\('  the  pavement,  a.ivi  yf  octagonal  fonn,  is  sur- 
iiKunited  by  a  faM:il44  feet  high.  In  this  magniiict-nt 
ttiii|ik'  were  placed  many  ami  valuable  images  and 
oiiiaments.  Among  the  former  the  most  remarkable 
was  timt  of  Our  Lady  of  the  Assumption,  wrought  «»f 
<,mM,  as  was  also  the  pedestal  and  the  four  angels  sup- 
]MPit  iiig  the  image.*'  Another  was  that  t)f  Our  J^ady  (tf 
the  Conception  of  pure  silver,''^  and  less  valuable  ones 


"- ircrnamlcz,  Entofl.  M<j.,  257-8,  saya  that  expenses  till  1 G77  nmonnte<l 
t'i'J."]i:i,'Jii-t  pi'sos.  The  niiiiiial  appropriation  from  the  royal  treasnry  uiis 
ls,.>(M)  pusos;  aiul  one  year  Kt.OOO  pe.so.s  more  were  grantfil  by  tlie  erown. 
iiu-'iiuiiii,  J\'ot.  hrerr,  '20.  linstuuiante  in  Ahijrv,  llisi.  Cn/nji.  Ji'nit.i,  ii.  410, 
iiiakrs  a  liluniler  when  lie  givH^stlie  eost  npto  l(Mi7  as  1,0."(0,0<K)  pesos.  Woiso 
i-till  in  Saaveilra  in  /»r<\  I'liii'.,  ii.  '280,  who  asserts  tliat  the  eatliedral  wns 
lini-hi  il  in  lti.")7  liy  MiireoH  Kaniire/.  de  I'railo  and  dcclii^ated  hy  him  on  the 
-'.M  I't  J  it(.'end)er,  the  amunnt  expended  so  far  heiiii,'  l,7.'i!*,(K)0  jicsos.  liaminz 
ili'l  imt  lici'oniu  arehliishopof  Mexico  till  Novcniher  ]<i(!(i,  and  iliid  the  follow- 
iiig  year  in  May,  seven  months  before  tiie  inangniiitioii  of  Iti(i7  took  place. 

'Orozco  y  IJerra,  in  JJice.  Cnir.,  v.  074,  eopierj  tlie  aliovo  .statement  of 
Sarirj:iiiii,  lint  is  evidently  mistaken  in  his  Mini.  ("mil.  Mix.,  90,  where  ho 
iJMiitiiiiis  ];U)\  and  01  metres.  Sauvedra,  in  loe.  eit.,  ditlers  again,  saying 
l.Vi :  ;iiid  7.'{  varas. 

■'Vctancurt,  Tml.  Mex.,  17,  saya  it  is  of  the  Ionic  ordi^r. 

"'A  red,  light,  hard,  porous  stone,  which  was  fouml  in  t!ic  neighliorhood 
of  Mexico  and  exten.sively  used  for  buihlings.  .See  also  Xalhr.  I'uii x,  ii. 
UiO.  .Vi7,  ,")iiS,  this  series. 

"  ha  weight  is  that  of  139  marks  of  gold,  then  representing  0,98*  pesos 
lie  iii-u. 

"■  Weighing  1.38  m-xrks  and  more  thtin  one  vara  high  ;  it  wns  a  present  of 
tlic  >ilvcr.sinith8  of  Mexico.     Since  1018  it  had  had  its  own  chupel.     llibera, 
Vdi'  nauitiK,  i.  '221,  says  erroneously  it  Was  of  gold. 
Hut.  Mex..  Vol.  III.    12 


178 


FIVE  MORE  VICEROYS. 


wcro  distributed  ill  tlio  difForont  cliapcls.  Ofcon>i,l. 
cral)lc  value  were  also  the  oliurch  vessels,  among  which 
a  silver  haptisnial  font,  and  a  monstrance  of  the  .^aiiit* 
metal,  especially  excited  admiration. 


■j» 


Althoui^li  the  viceroy  proved  liimself  beyond  doiiht 
a  man  of  christian  character,  he  would  not  allow  tlie 
least  encroachment  of  the  church  uynni  bis  pr»  rn^- 
atives  as  the  representative  of  the  king.  In  ir»'"i(;  a 
litiuation  arose  between  him  and  the  in(iuisition  ahmit 
a  small  sum  of  money  which  the  holy  office  had  forciMy 
extracted  fi'om  the  royal  treasury  at  ( luadalajara  Uiuhr 
some  trivial  pretext.  Mancei-a  objected,  and  with  llio 
consent  of  the  audiencia,  notwithstanding  loud  protests 
of  the  inquisition,  ol)lige(l  the  latter  to  rei'und  t'l" 
money.  Both  jiarties  appealed  to  the  king,  who  altir 
some  investigations  had  been  made  approved  of  xlvj 
dukes  conduct."''  At  other  times  disputes  sprang  i;[i 
between  him  and  the  clerijv  about  that  fruitful  suurco 
of  discord,  the  royal  patronage,  but  he  usually  cdii- 
trived  to  check  their  aspirations  wlien  too  graspiiiu", 
while  on  other  occasions  he  would  give  way  if  it 
could  be  done  without  prejudice  to  the  crown,  lie 
was  prom}tted  to  the  latter  course  by  the  king,  \\!io 
\vhile  approving  his  efforts  to  maintain  the  royal  ;iu- 
thority,  intimated  that  he  disliked  such  quarrels,  fnnu 
which,  moreover,  little  benefit  was  derived.*'' 


*  y 


i 


The  viceroy  always  pursued  a  conciliatory  polii  y, 


'"The  value  of  the  candlesticks  and  chandeliers  for  ordinary  tiso  nl' 
ropresoiittd  a  '.'onsiderable  sum.  'Solanicnte  en  vn  facistor,  seis  bliiuil'i. 
Inipeiiak's  del  altar,  ((natro  niayores  de  cirios.  .  .y  los  Ciriales,  sirven  id  vu 
casi  de  ordinurio  mil  y  ein(|Ueta  y  siete  murcos  de  plata.'  Sitfiiiuiiu,  A 
l.rm,  -JS. 

^'••Tlie  inquisition  qualified  the  order  of  the  viceroy  for  the  repayiiimt 
tlioain'iuntsci/e<las  'injiista  inusitada  y  de  maIaseonseeiicneias,'and  tcld  i; 
b(p  in  plain  lanj:;uage.  Maimiru,  in  licitrKrc.  I'ircyn^,  -70  1. 

'"  ill  the  instructions  given  l>y  ^laneera  to  his  Kuoee."f<or  he  quaintly  iciiiai" 
that  notwitiistandinj,'  his  hnij;  experience,  obtained  botli  in  I'eni  and  N 
Spain,  he  still  lias  remained  so  ignorant  of  the  patronage  question  ••(U' 
urn-  lie  aprendido  es  solo  saber,  que  la  ignoro,  y  que  su  aeierto  ci)iisi--ti 
puntips  y  iipices  indivisibles.'     He  expresses  tiie  hope  that  the  new  ajip'^ 
may  be  more  successful  'amidst  gulfs  uud  reefs  so  very  unsafe.'  J<1.,  '2i>o-''. 


.•t 

ml 


VICEREGAL  REGULATIONS. 


179 


anil  thus  dissensions  which  threatened  to  end  in  a 
sdnms  rupture  hetween  him  and  tlie  archbishop 
\vi  iL'  avoided.  They  had  been  caused  by  the  coni- 
plaiiits  of  the  hitter  about  several  of  the  rehjjfious 
oidcrs,  and  were  decided  against  the  primate  wlien 
lii'ought  before  the  audiencia.  The  government  even 
tliiv.itened  him,  though  in  vain,  witli  a  suspicnsion  of 
tlir  temporahties.  Kibera  refused  to  olx-y,  but  was 
tiiKilly  persuaded  to  do  so  under  protest  through  the 
iiit(i-('ession  of  the  infiuisition/' 

When  the  end  of  his  second  term  of  office  drew 
near,  Mancera  had  i-erpiested  to  be  reheved;  but  the 
jrdvc'ieign  was  not  Milhng  to  part  with  such  an  able 
governor,  anil  jjrolonged  his  term  for  three  years  more, 
tin  news  reaching  Mexico  in  the  beginning  of  Octo- 
lui'  1070."  At  about  the  same  tin)e  a  cedula  anivcd 
livw  hich  the  ^  icerovs  of  Xew  Spain  were ai>ain author- 
i/,i(l  to  appoint  governors  ad  interim  for  the  Philij)- 
jiiiic  Islands,  a  right  which  had  been  revoked  in  Hj(>4, 
lull  was  now  restored^^  upon  the  representations  of  the 
^i(•(■l•()y  to  the  India  Council.  Although  the  C(»ruli- 
tidii  of  afiah's  in  Xew  Spain  was  at  this  time  fairly 
]ii<isporous,  several  calamities  occurred  duiing  Man- 
(VI  as  administration.  Soon  after  his  succession  to  the 
vi((  royalty  an  eruption  of  Popocatepetl  t*)ok  place, 
Li>tiiig  four  days,  and  the  showers  of  ashes  and  stones 
tlinw  into  consternation  the  entire  population  of  the 
suiiounding  districts."  At  about  the  same  time  a 
tniiKulo  struck  A'era  Cruz,  causing  an  iiumdation, 
\\lii(li  iiooded  the  city  and  did  considerable  damage. 

"  Accord ing  to  finh'i'^i,  IHario,  i.  S.t— I,  a  rather  powerful  influiMU'o  wns 
p\"i'!'iis('(l  liy  tlio  ilulvu"rt  (imsdit,  who  tlin-ati'iii.d  to  I'littr  tlio  luini  ut  of 
^:iiit,i  'I'lTi'sa  if  no  reoonuiliatidii  wfiv  etlVx'ti'il. 

"  \  few  (liiy«lH'foiv,  a  lurgu  torcli-lyht  pn'fesrtion  liad  liccn  hcM  in  honor 
of  rill'  kind's  liirth(hiy. 

■'liy  ci'iUihiH  of  Oi'tolior 'J'J,  KJCiO,  nml  May  C.  JUTO.  Mnnn r<i,  In'^triirnnii, 
ill  r,/.  /)oc.  li(iil,^  xxi.  4i>'J  .'{,  anil  in  lii-toirr,   Vimfx,  •_••;(;. 

"  Aiithoritiis  (lillii- alioiit  tiie  clato.  Loirnziina.  H'isl.  X.  AVy).,  '2,"i.  s;iys  it 
>^ii<iii  tiiu  sanio  year  wiiiii  Mancora  arrivt-il,  Imt  ;..ivcs  tlu'  latter  eironeoiisly 
IIS  Idi'i.'i,  t'avo.  Ti<.<  S'dihtK.  ii.  47,  also  ailo|it.<i  )(i(M,  in  wiiicli  he  is  fiini)\\  ed 
I'v  i^ilii'ia,  lli.tt.  .hthtiirt,  i.  tlj,  hut  this  writer  makes  the  bluiuler  of  j^ilaciug 
il  lujilci-  the  rule  ol  ilaiios. 


ISO 


FIVE  MORE  MCEROYS. 


The  fleet,  tlien  at  anchor,  suffered  also  to  a  great  ex- 
tent; one  of  the  lari^er  vessels  hroko  her  chains  mikI 
was  diiven  on  a  loef,  where  she  was  hjst  with  all  lit  i 
cargo,*'  while  two  smaller  ones  foundered.  Two  ye.ns 
later,  in  the  middle  of  1GG7,  earthquakes  began  tn 
alarm  the  population,  but  although  the  first  on  J  iil v 
.".0th  is  said  to  have  somewhat  injured  the  town- (.( 
the  church  of  Santa  Clara  at  Mexico,  and  the  catlu  - 
dral  of  Puebla,  subsequent  shocks,  which  occurred  ;it 
smaller  or  greater  intervals  till  May  1G(J8,  seem  tn 
have  caused  little  damage. 

A  more  serious  atHiction,  however,  was  threatiiied 
by  a  failure  of  the  crops  of  maize  and  cacao  in  tin 
year  1(573,  producing  a  famine  which  caused  gK  at 
hardship  to  the  natives.'"*  The  viceroy  in  unison  with 
the  city  council  strove  to  alleviate  the  evil,  introiliic- 
ing  into  IVEexico  grain  from  other  parts.  While  thus 
engnged  he  learned  that  his  successor,  the  duke  <>\' 
^\'raguas,  had  arrived;  and  in  consequence  laid  d<i\v:i 
the  govermnent  on  the  J)th  of  November  1(J7;{.  A 
fi'W  days  later  he  left  the  city  for  Otuml)a,  wherr  In 
ha<l  an  interview  M'ith  the  new  ruler.  He  also  ga\L 
him,  by  order  of  the  king,  a  full  report  upon  the  cnn- 
dition  of  the  country,  together  with  suggestions  i'<n- 
its  government.*" 

About  the  beginning  of  April  IG74  the  marquis  s.  t 

"""'It  was  on  .a  rcuf  oiilK'd  'l>ajo  <le  la  Lavanilera,'  accordinj,'  to  Buslinii'iiiif 
ill  Aldiff,  J/ist.  Coiiip.  ./<.iii.<,  ii.  4'.V,K  Itobk's,  Wmrlo,  i.  1*2,  givos  the  nani'  "t 
the  VLSsul  as  '  V.\  lltioii  Succso,'  ililloriiig  fniiii  Alogie,  lor.  fit.,  who  iiiiiin  -  it 
iSaii  ilavifi'  and  rtlatcs  in  a  long  story,  how  a  fi'W  planks  of  thii  ship,  with  ilu' 
iniagt!  of  that  saint,  lloati'd  against  tido  and  wind  to  the  city,  and  n'liiaiiirl 
at  the  doors  of  tlio  .lesuit  college  till'tlny  were  recovered  hy  two  |.io> 
fathei's.  Since  that  time  the  image  has  lieen  highly  venerated,  and  is  >'.n>\  t  i 
iiave  minuulonsly  maintained  the  original  freshness  of  its  colors. 

*''Thc  Indian  poimlation  incroasjd  umler  tlie  nde  of  Mancera,  ii-^  \i..- 
ascertainecl  )iy  a  census  taken  hy  his.  orilcf,  to  vin(licate  the  charge  alli  Ji  .1 
against  tiie  Spanish  ^overnmeni  ot  fostering  the  systematic  exterminat: 'H  "i 
tile  natives.   Mniniia.  in  lii.<lnii  \   Vinyiit,  "Jlifi. 

'■  Tlie  full  text  of  thise  instructions,  dated  Octol)cr22,  107.3,  may  I"' '  'lii'l 
in  /ii.ih'uir.  ['ini/c-',  '2')~-'M)\.  In  this  document  Mancera  giv.s  a  miini''  i' 
scription  of  liie  condition  of  t\w  country,  of  important  events  whicii  oi.  i  iiv  I 
nnder  his  rule,  and  of  all  noteworthy  atl'airs.  It  is  of  very  interestiu::  ■  Ii^h- 
ncter,  free  from  all  ostentation;  it  reveals  the  superior  administrative  t.il'iit 
of  the  I'etiring  vicciiiy.  anil  contains  nuicli  valuahle  information,  and  many 
BU^'gcstiuns  to  guide  his  successor. 


A  DESCENDANT  OF  COLUMBUS. 


ISl 


^rcat  ('X- 
'hains  jind 
itli  iill  111 !' 
Two  ycais 

began  til 
t  on  July 
)  town-  uf 
tlio  eatlir- 
O'urrcd  ;it 
!,  seem  td 

■hreati'iKd 
cao  ill  the 
ised  n'lvat 
iiison  wiih 
,  iiitroiliir- 
^^liile  thus 
0  (lukf  lit' 
laid  (l<i\va 
1G7:5.  A 
wlieit'  111 
also  ,n';i\c 
II  the  cdii- 
stions  I'nr 

arquis  srt 

to  Piu,<l(iiii'ii,f' 

_'s  the  nail t 

who  iiiiiiii-  It 
sliip,  witli  tlic 
ami  ri'iiuiiiH'l 
hy  two  pior,- 
und  is  >.iu\  t'l 
n. 

iicera,  ii--  «:■- 
harge  all.  l"  i 
:criiiiliat;  111  "I 

may  he  lomi.! 
a  iiiiinit''  'li  • 
hicli  ocihirc'l 
^rcstiiiL.'  •  lull'- 
trutivc  i.iNiit 
uii,  ami  I'  111; 


i.nt  from  ^lexlco,*''  Init  on  roaeliing  Tepcaca  liis  wife 
iMI  .>i('k  and  died.  Her  funeral  was  liL'ld  on  the  •JStli 
lit"  April  in  the  cathedral  ot*  Mexieo  hy  the  arehhishoj), 
ami  Afanccra  sailed  from  Yhya  Cruz  the  3d  of  July. 
Hi>  rule  had  lasted  more  than  nine  3'ears  and  had 
iiiatorially  changed  for  the  better  the  aspect  of  affairs 
in  New  Spain. 

Almost  two  hundred  years  had  now  elapsed  since 
till'  discovery  of  the  New  World,  when  the  services 
dt'  the  great  navigator  were  again  acknowledged  by 
(-•xaltiiig  one  of  his  descendants  to  the  vicerovalty  of 
Xi'W  Spain.  Pedro  Nunez  Colon  de  Portugal,  duque 
til'  A'eraguas  y  de  la  Vega,  manjues  de  Jamaica,  a 
ornndee  of  Spain  of  the  first  class,  and  knight  of  the 
L;iildtii  fleece,  was  appointed  as  the  twenty-sixth 
'■' ]iivsentative  of  the  sovereign  of  Castile  and  Leon.^' 
( >ii  the  2 (5th  of  September  1G73  he  arrived  at  A'era 
Ciiiz,  and  on  the  8th  of  December  made  his  offii.-ial 
ciiti y  into  Mexico,  taking  possession  of  the  govcrn- 
iiit  lit.  He  wa.s  well  advanced  in  years,  and  in  a  few 
liays  died,  that  is  to  say  on  the  13tli,  and  so  suddenly 
t'lat  not  even  the  last  sacraments  could  be  ailminis- 
Itivd.  His  death  brought  much  grief,  for  he  was 
.Slid  to  be  kind  and  benevolent,  and  the  steps  taken 
liy  liim  to  alleviate  the  condition  of  the  natives 
>«viiitd  to  justify  the  opinion.  The  obsequies  were 
li'ld  with  the  pomj)  becoming  his  illustrious  rank,  anil 
three  years  later  the  remains  were  taken  to  the  family 

VII  'r  ^J 
\  ilUil. 

'"  ITis  rosidonria  had  l)Ofn  begun  November  20,  HiT.I,  1>y  the  oidor  Juan 
lie  <  ..iiati'  y  Fiaiicia,  i)Ut  nothinj,'  about  its  result  is  known. 

'"' Alaiiian,  JJisai.,  i.  1st  ajip.  \'2,  iii.  ai)[i.  .'{(»,  makes  some  ciintindieturv 
Slav,  limits  uj)on  the  i|uestion  whether  he  was  at  that  lime  a  duki'  ol'  Wtii- 
j.'ua<  and  graiulec  of  the  liist  elass.  See  also  ///.v/.  Cin/.  ^Im.,  i.  'J7t.  this 
*iii's.  (iiiijo,  />/f(/-(0,  ")}!),  sjii'iiks  of  the  ai)[)ointiiient  in  llifio,  of  a  tluke  of 
>  t  r  I  juas  as  sueeessor  of   N'ieeroy  JJanos. 

liy  the  llfit  which  sailed  from  \'iia  Cruz  June  2!),  KiTO.  Iinhlin,  J)iii,-i'i, 
I  -1^.  Cavo,  y'/VN  >V;//().<,  ii.  .")•_*,  supposes  the  remains  were  taken  to  Santj 
I'l'iaiiiiro.  Rubles  intimates  that  they  were  sent  to  Spain,  wliich  version  has 
•'HI  adapted  by  Kivora,  Uohtniaitha,  i.  240,  and  Zamucois,  Hist.  M'J.,  v. 


i    ; 


lS-2 


FIVE  MORE  VICEROYS. 


Tlio  a]>pointinont  of  tlio  duke  of  Veragiias  as  vii(- 
roy  <'f  New  Spain  liad  boon  made  more  witli  a  \  it  w 
of  distingui.sliini^  that  porsonago  than  from  pohtical 
reasons.  Foreseeing  that  in  all  j»rohability  his  iiilt 
■\vi»nld  be  only  of  short  duration,  the  queen  regi  nt 
sent  by  the  same  fleet  which  carried  him  a  sealed 
letter  to  the  inquisition  with  instructions  for  its  dc- 
liveiy  to  the  audiencia  as  soon  as  his  decease  should 
occur.  In  conqdiancc  with  this  order  the  docunu  iit 
Mas  presented  on  the  1.3th  of  December  1G73,  and  it 
Avas  learned  that  Fray  Payo  Enriquez  de  Ilivera  was 
a[)pointed  successor,''^ 

The  new  ruler  was  a  native  of  Seville,  and  the  son  of' 
tile  duke  of  Alcala,  viceroy  of  Naples,"^'^  In  IGiJS  ]u: 
]>rolessed  in  the  Augustiniun  order,  and  having  studied 
in  Salamanca,  and  obtained  the  degrees  of  master  nf 
])liilosop]iy  and  theology,  held  subseipiently  several 
inqtortant  offices  in  Spain  till  1Gj7,  when  ho  was  jm- 
sented  to  the  see  of  Guatemala,''''  and  thence  in  I'w;; 
]»ron»()ted  to  that  of  Michoacan.  ]3ut  before  reach- 
ing his  new  diocese  he  learned  of  his  appointment 
to  the  ai'chbishopric  of  Mexico,'^*  where  he  arrivid 
towartl  the  end  of  Juno  1GG8,^''  the  see  having  Itreu 
vacant  since  the  death  of  his  predecessor,  Maivds 
Kamirez  tie  Prado.'*"  The  latter  liaving  been  piv- 
viously   bishop  of  Michoacan   for  nearly   twenty-six 

^'Ddulita  liaviii^f  arisen  wlictlicr  lie  was  also  vested  with  the  pro.-iil.ib  y 
of  tlic  aiiiliemia,  a  ct'diila  from  Sjiaiii,  which  anivcil  in  February  1()7">,  -it- 
tleil  till!  i]iiistioii  hy  ap]i(/iiitin^'  him  j)resi(lciit.   L'(ili/i.-i,  J>iiniii,  1.  177. 

■-'His  name  is  tliHercntly  j:;i\eii  l)y  the  various  authiU'itics.  Lort  11/ cm, 
iu  I  '-ii/'illoi  J'ror.,  J.',.',.',-iJ'i,  'JlH,  c:ills  liiui  T'ray  I'ayn  do  Itivera.  In  /.''■  '■', 
(!:,li<  riiinil<:-<,  i.  'JH,  the  name  has  hien  re\ersed  tii  I'a^i)  de  Rivera  Kniij  I'V. 
'J'he  sami'  anthoi',  f()lh)\\ing  apparently  a  version  of  the  Dice.  Uiiio.,  iii.  -HT, 
Bays  III'  was  a  natural  son. 

"'Sto  /J int.  Cent.  A)n.,  ii.  GG7-S,  this  series,  for  his  career  as  bishop  of  tliiit 
dioeesc. 

'''Sosa,  E/>iirop.  Mcx.,  142,  makes  him  bishop  of  Chiapas  and  lii-!i"p 
eh  it  of  Miehoaean  at  the  time  of  his  promotion  to  the  see  of  Mexico.  /..uii;i- 
Kii-,  //ifit.  .Mij.,  V.  4l"i,  says  Rivera  was  then  in  Miihoaean. 

■" 'J'he  appoiutmentd  beiny  always  made  optional,  his  pall  did  not  .nii^o 
till  Oitoher,  l()70.  Two  months  later,  on  tlic  Sth  of  Deeendx'r,  he  w;i^  i'l- 
nially  installed  as  nrehbishop. 

"He  was  a  Franeisean  and  a  native  of  Spain,  but  bein;;^  of  an  adv.iii'"! 
«'.;e,  siurundticl  to  the  ehanire  of  elimate,  when  he  proieedi'd  from  Midi' .i'  1:1 
to  Mexico.     His  piety  seems  to  have  been  eij^uuUed  by  his  charity,  and  unut 


FRAY  PAYO  EXRIQUEZ  DE  RIVERA. 


183 


V.  IIS,  liad  been  appointed  arclibisliop  in  November 
liiilC),  but  died  in  May  of  the  following  year. 

A  general  feeling  of  satisfaction  prevailed  when  the 
a]'|ii'intnjent  of  Rivera  as  viceroy  became  known,  f(jr 
tin  lame  he  had  acquired  in  (xuatemala,  and  during 
lii>  pastoral  labors  in  the  capital,  had  justly  won  for 
liiiii  the  good  opinion  of  the  peo|)le.  It  had  Ix'en 
tliiniigh  his  influence  that  the  J^ethlehemites,  estab- 
li>]ied  in  Guatemala  since  1G53,'''  and  the  first  relig- 
]n\\<  order  created  in  America,  were  induced  to  extend 
ill'  ir  labors  to  Mexico.  The  congregation  of  San 
Francisco  Javier,  which  had  not  been  recoL>:nized  bv 
till  king,  were  persuaded  by  the  archbishop  to  ce<le 
tin  ii'  house  to  the  new-comers.  The  latter  to  the 
iiiiiiiber  of  four,  Francisco  do  la  ]\[isericordia,  Gabriel 
(!.■  Santa  Cruz,  Juan  Gilbo,  and  Francisco  del  Kosario, 
till'  su])erior,"'*  took  i)ossession  of  the  building,  and 
luiiig  aided  by  the  viceroy,  and  the  count  of  Santiago, 
vuiv  enabled  ere  long  to  open  a  hos])ital  for  conva- 
1' xents,  and  subsequently  also  a  church,  the  former 
nil  the  31st  of  Mav  1G75,  and  the  latter  on  ]\Iarch  'Jf), 
lorr,^'  and  gradually  their  labors  extended  more  and 
iiiiifo,  the  example  given  by  the  viceroy  liivera,  in 
d'  iVaying  the  expenses  of  the  hos[)ital  for  every  first 
(lay  of  the  month,  having  been  followed  by  other 
(I. "nations  from  prominent  citizens.     Later,  howevei', 

I  i'''.v  is  l)esto\vc(l  oil  him  fur  liis  uiitirinij;  zeal  (Imint,'  tax  ('])iilt'mio,  vliicli  in 
im:!  ^wt'pt  away  !i  fii'Ciit  part  < if  the  pdiiulation  of  ^liilioaiiiii.  (loiiziili~.  I>n- 
r'''',  T'ufro,  i.  i;JU— I;  linin'rn,  miSnc.  Xhx.  dcoij.,  Jluli  tin,  la  ('p.  viii.  r>4.'!-l. 
I'litnii- ami  after  the  succession  of  llainirez  to  the  archhishopiic,  noisy  dis- 
ti;ili;nice.s  liiul  occnrreil  lictwoen  the  nieinliers  of  tin  •.•liaptcrs,  two  iiarties 
li;i\  ill.'  s[irung  up,  both  of  v  huiiicil  a  ri;,'lit  to  tlie  most  important  olliccs. 

Til''  ilisseiisions  lasted  from  iiw.)  to  l(i()7  and  excited  consiilerablo  scandal  in 
tiic  rity.   /tnl,l,'M,  JJiurio,  i.  7-10,  .S!>-47. 

•'■See  //^s^  Cent.  Atii.,  ii.  UUO-7,  tliia  series,  for  the  cstablislimrnt  of  tho 
C'lilir  ill  (Jiiatemala. 

■'  tiaicia,  JILst.  Ikth.,  ii.  110,  gives  the  first  name,  probably  by  misprint, 
ti>  I'laucisco  do  laMiseria;  Netaiiciirt  speaks  only  of  three  brothers,  ineiitioii- 
iir.'  niic  iis  Francisco  tie  San  -Miguel,  in  wliicli  lie  is  followed  by  ('abreia.  A's- 
("il'iilc  Aniid^,  ■I'J!);  'J'raf.  Mix.,  ',VJ.  Orozco  y  Berra,  Mem.  Ciiid.  Mix.,  \'.i'.i, 
(•HX"  two  l)rotiiers  began  the  f(jundation  at  Mexico. 

'■''■' /;,J,'<.i,  JJi(irio,\.  18!), 'J:{-2;  ViUuirrrt,  Tint.  Mix.,:)l;  C"ro,  7V-n  ,S^  ;//..,<, 
ii  "I'l;  Meiliiirt,  Chrdn.  8.  hiiijo,  Vl.  Orozco  y  IJerra,  JA //).  Chid.  .Mix.,  i.'tH, 
<i  II'  IS,  assigning  tho  dates  as  May  "JU,  1075,  and  February  I'J,  1(J77,  lespec- 

tlVrls'. 


n 


i 


1S4 


FIVE  MORE  VICEROYS. 


hospitals  for  sick  persons  in  j^enoral,  and  priniruv 
schools  for  cliildren,  wore  founded,  to;,^etlier  witli 
houses  where  food  and  shelter  were  ]irovided  t'nr 
travellers  and  stranufers.  The  members  lived  aecci.l- 
m(^  to  monastie  rules  after  the  Augustmian  rites,  Imt 
were  subject  to  secular  jurisdiction.'^^  Their  f^ur  vuws 
of  poverty,  chastity,  obedience,  and  hospitality  m  ere 
bindin<^  only  while  they  remained  in  the  brotherhood, 
but  after  a  membership  of  three  years  they  were  al- 
lowed to  bind  themselves  for  life  by  an  additidiial 
vow. 

On  his  departure  from  New  Spain  in  1G80  the  vicc- 
rov  further  showed  his  reij^ard  for  the  order  by  makiii"- 
a  donation  of  a  thousand  pesos  and  presentinj^  tlioia 


witli  all  his  carriages."^     Rivera  proved  himself  no  1 


f>^ 


capable  as  a  military  leader  than  as  a  prelate,  and  in- 
deed it  was  necessary  that  at  this  epoch,  when  the 
coasts  of  New  Spain  were  continually  infested  wiiii 
corsairs,  the  one  at  the  head  of  affairs  should  possess 
the  qualities  of  a  soldier.  ^Meetings  were  convoked, 
and  measures  adopted  to  prepare  against  threatem  d 
depredations.  A  council  was  held  in  Februarv  1(>73 
to  discuss  the  means  of  raising  a  force  of  nine  hundivd 
men,  asked  for  by  the  governor  of  Campeche.  Snoii 
afterward  news  reached  the  ca[)ital  from  Habanatiiat 
a  hostile  force  of  about  fifteen  hundred  men  was  piv- 
paring  to  land  between  old  and  new  Vera  Cruz,  aihl 
immediately  steps  were  taken  to  place  that  port  in  a 
state  of  defence.  Annnunition  was  sent  thei'o,  com- 
panies of  cavalry  were  raised,  and  guns  placed  at  the 


""The  1)1)11  of  Pope  Clement  X.,  issued  in  10(74,  placeil  the  onlcr  inulcr  t 
junsdictiou  of  the  l)i.slu)i>,  Mnl'iim,  Chiuii.  S.  lUi'jo,  Vl,  Imt  tlio  ruyiil  c(  ib^ 
of  Feliriiary  '1\\  lli7(i,  iR'niiittiiij,'  its  estalilisliineiit  in  Mexico,  forlii 
the  estahlishnu'iit  of  a  convent,  'c|iie  no  ha  de  ser  creccion  Eclcsia.-tii 
sino  siigeta  e  incoi'porada  al  K"al  I'atronato.  .  .apartandi)  todo  lunicUd,  i| 
piu'dc  tener  color  de  Conxciito,  6  Casa  l-Jeligiosa,  6  Eclesiastica,  e.\iir('^> 
placing  it  under  secular  jurisdiction.  MoiitiiiKniur,  Si:i)utrio8,  11.  For  t 
rules  of  the  order  see  <Utrci<(,  llixt.  Jlilh.,  ii.  174-!(7. 

"'A  fletailed  account  of  the  licthlelieniite  order  will  lie  found  in  f^/ff'' ', 
Jlisl.  Jii/h.,i\.  100  et  He(i.  Vetancurt,  7'rul.  J/ita-.,  , "{7-'.),  gives  also  nii  ly 
particulars,  as  tlie  founder,  Pedro  de  Sun  Jose  Vetaucur,  was  a  near  rclutne 
to  him. 


he 
,1,1 
,U 
•■1, 

MO 

Iv 

lio 


DEFENCE  AND  DEVELOPMENTS. 


ISJ 


prininrv 
loi"  \v"n!i 
idod  I'mi- 
I  acc'tii.l- 
•ites,  liitt 
our  viiws 
lity  wtio 
herhtiwd, 

wuiv  al- 
dclitiuiijil 

the  vlci- 
f  niakiii'4' 
ing  tlic'iii 

:lf  no  less 

3,  and  iii- 
vlien  tlio 
stcd  wiiii 
d  possess 
•onvokcil, 
ireati'iK  d 
ary  1117.) 
hundred 
le.    Soiiii 
janatliat 
was  pi'.- 
]yvva,  and 
port  ill  a 
ure,  corn- 
ed at  tlio 


Ut  hikUt  the 
ruViil  ci  'li.l.i 

xico,  foilii'ls 
Ei.'lt'siiisti  ■■!, 

tMllK'Ui),  (|II0 

11.     l-'or  tho 

ml  in  Oof-'  ', 
;s  iil.sit   111.'  I'V 

near  roluuvt) 


openings  of  the  streets.  The  iidiabitants,  liowever, 
li.  ian  to  leave  the  town,  takinijf  with  them  their  valu- 
allies.''^  Fortunately  the  alarm  proved  to  be  false,  for 
oil  tlie  19th  of  June  lG7o  letters  from  Habana  were 
received  stating  that  no  enemy  had  appeared  as  yet, 
and  the  panic  subsided.  At  aljout  the  same  time  ru- 
iiKHs  spread  of  other  projected  invasions  on  the  South 
Sea  coast,  and  preparations  had  also  to  be  made  in  that 
direction.  At  greater  or  less  intervals  similar  news 
was  i-eceived  during  the  following  years.^'' 

In  1078  the  ])irates  operated  successfully  against 
C'aiiipeche,  and  during  the  same  year  exaggerated  re- 
jHiits  announced  the  presence  of  eleven  sail  in  sight 
ot"  \'era  Cruz.  A  meetino;  was  hastilv  summoned,  the 
ti'e.isure  ready  for  remittance  to  Spain  was  sent  to 
.lalajja,  and  the  despatch  of  the  fleet  delayed.  It  was 
sDini  learnt  that  the  hostile  force  consisted  of  but  one 
vessel,  which,  defying  the  Spaniards,  had  been  so 
daring  as  to  enter  the  port  of  Vera  Cruz  and  recon- 
iieitre.  This  feat  was  afterward  repeated  1)V  another 
sliip,  Itut  as  the  garrison  had  been  reiinforced  by  the 
viceroy  no  attack  was  made. 

^[uch  difficulty  was  found  in  raising  the  required 
feico  for  the  Philippine  Islands.  Many  of  the  sol- 
diers dreadinjy  the  climate  would  desert  before  reach- 
iiiU'  Acapulco,  and  new  schemes  had  to  be  devised  to 
elilain  recruits.  Thus  in  1G77  all  criminals  willing  to 
cidist  were  pardoned,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-tive 
jKsos  a  year  given  them  as  pay.  Still,  only  a  small 
number  could  be  induced  to  accept  this  offer. 

While  Rivera  was  actively  engaged  in  discharging 

'-So  pays  the  contemporary  aiitlior,  Rolilci?,  Di'irio,  i.  101.  Still  /nniii- 
cois  sju'aks  of  the  extrcino  valor  of  tho  iiihahitantN,  \vho  ' giasjiinir  thiir 
swinlti  anxiously  awaited  the  moment  to  cross  tliem  with  th(iS(j  ot  their  ene- 
itiirs.'  J/M.  J/ry.,  V.  424. 

'^In  April  1070  it  was  said  that  preparations  were  iiif!<le  at  Taniaioa  to 
(■;i|ilure  tlie  treasure  lleet.  Some  niontlin  later  rnninrHspicail  that  I'iiain  >  liail 
Imii  tiiken  hy  tlie  enemy.  I'lihlfx,  iJiririo,  i.  "JIO-l'l.  TIr-  fnHnuin:.'  yiar 
Kiviint  vessels  cruised  in  the  neighborhood  of  Alvarado  tmt  esr:i[ird  the  [lur- 
s^'.Mt  (if  an  armament  sent  against  them.  /</.,  'JS7-.S,  'i42-.'5.  l':mis,  I''/-. //« -t, 
Ms.,  104,  speaks  of  serious  los.ses  caused  to  the  English  hy  the  gallant  resist- 
aiici.'  of  tlio  inhabitants  of  Alvarado. 


t 


im 


FIVE  MORE  VICEROYS. 


the  more  urpfent  (lutics  of  liis  position,  ho  by  no  nioanjj 
nogloctt'd  intornfil  attliirs.  Tliu  pavements  of  the  city 
vcrc  repaired,  improvements  were  made  in  the  vi(  ( - 
re<^al  ]);daee,  and  tlie  drainage  labors  were  coneludi  d 
in  1G75.  In  1(170  it  had  also  been  decreed  that  gold 
be  coined  in  Mexico,  but  it  was  not  till  1G79  tliat 
the  first  pieces  were  stamped.  On  that  occasion  the 
viceroy  and  the  audiem.'ia  repaired  to  the  mint,  to 
witness  the  first  coinage.  Rivera's  );astoral  labors, 
however,  did  not  suffer  from  the  nuiltitude  of  worldly 
affairs  which  claimed  his  attention,  as  was  proved 
by  the  numerous  consecrations  of  bishops,  churches, 
altars,  and  temple?,,  held  by  him.  There  was  no 
great  religious  festival  at  which  he  fjiiled  to  attend, 
and  occasionally  he  would  ascend  the  pulpit  and 
})reach.  Diu'ing  the  thirteen  years  that  he  wore  tlio 
mitre,  he  visited  twice  all  the  different  parts  of  his 
diocese.'^* 

On  several  occasions  the  archbishop- viceroy  had 
requested  of  the  crown  and  the  holy  see  that  ho 
nught  be  removed  from  office,  but  both  were  unwilliii'^f 
to  dispense  with  the  services  of  so  faithful  a  servant.''^ 
At  last  the  king  granted  his  petition,  on  account  of 
his  impaired  health,  but  desirous  of  retaining  him 
in  his  service,  offered  him  the  bishopric  of  Cucn<  a, 
and  the  presidency  of  the  India  Council.  In  Sep- 
tend)er  1(180  the  now  viceroy  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz, 
and  in  the  following  month  Rivera  formally  deliv- 
ere<l  over  the  government.  He  remained,  however, 
in  Mexico,  where  his  residencia  was  being  tal<(  ii 
bv  the  oidor  Frutos  Delgado.  On  the  27th  of  Fel»- 
ruary  1081,'^''  the  latter  published  the  sentence,  Jic- 

«'  For  .Ict.iils  sec  Vi/aiievrf,  Trnt.  Mex.,  2.VG;  nohle-o,  Diario,  i.  110-:;J4, 
p.issiin  ;  Somi,  IJ/ii''Cv/>.  jV(x:,  144-.").  The  latter  autliority  jisserts  that  KIm  i:i 
f()il)aile,  ill  U)70,  all  public  processions  ou  account  of  the  disorders  and  excts^d 
to  w  liioii  they  j,'ave  rise. 

'''  liepiatedly  since  1(175  rumors  had  reached  Mexico  of  the  appoiiitinnit, 
and  sDiuetiiiR'S  even  of  the  arrival  at  Vera  (Jruz,  of  a  new  viceroy,  Imt  tiny 
liail  always  proved  unfounded,  and  in  every  instjince  the  peo])le  rejoictd  tiiit 
this  was  the  case.  L'ol.lc,  /Jktnu,  i.  I!t7--J01,  'JlO-n,  '2-2-2-:i,  I'.'iO-?,  iifiO,  •-'7<l  i. 

'■'"'  L'dhlt.i,  /Jiariii,  i.  ;?IS.  S<i!<:i,  Episcop.  J/tx.,  149,  without  ussiyniiig  :tu 
authority,  «iys  the  3d  of  May  lUtil. 


rETIREMEXT  AND  DEATH  OF  EIVERA. 


187 


f|Mittiiii]r  tlio  cx-vicoroy  of  all  the  charges  proferred 
ii-;iiiist  hlni.*^' 

Four  inontlis  later,  on  tlio  20tli  of  Juno,  lie  took 
]r:\\c  of  liis  Hock  in  the  cathedral, and  the  I'ollowinrrdav 
\r\'\  ]\roxico.  The  viceroy,  at  wliose  ri^-ht  side  he  was 
M  ;ited,  the  audiencia,  and  the  trihunals  acconij)anied 
liiiii  to  Guadalupe;  the  ringin_iL(  of  the  bells  gave  no- 
lice  to  the  entire  population  of  the  departure  ctf  their 
1m  liived  prelate,  and  fervent  prayeis  were  offered  in 
iill  tlie  churches  for  his  safe  return  to  Spain. '''^ 

On  reaching  Puerto  Real  in  S[>ain,he  resigned  the 
two  high  ])ositions  to  which  the  king  had  recently 
^vas    111)  jiionioted  him,  and  retired  to  the  convent  of  Santa 

.M.iiia  del  Kisco.  Still  leading  a  pious,  humble  life, 
111'  leceived  while  there  further  marks  of  favor  from  a 
uratel'ul  sovereiijn.  The  kinij:  jjranted  him  a  yearly 
iviital  of  four  tliousand  ducats,  to  be  defraycvl  l)y  the 
inyal  treasury  of  Mexico,  and  the  pope  gave  him  the 
jiiivilege  of  entering  any  church  of  Spain  dressed  in 
the  arch  {episcopal  garb.  On  the  8th  of  Ai)ril  1G84 
]\v  breathed  his  last,**^  and  when  the  news  of  his  de- 
cease reached  Mexico,  imposing  funeral  services  were 
held  in  several  of  the  churches  to  honor  the  memory 
et"  one  whose  name  was  deeply  graven  on  the  iieaits 
et'  the  people."" 

'^'  Tliis  decision  was  formallj'  ratified  by  the  India  Council  on  the  2.3d  of 
rfixiiiluT  of  tlic  same  year.  The  same  Ixxly  reconiniPiidt'd  Itivera  as  worthy 
ot  tli(!  iiing's  further  protection.  '  Declan'i  assiniisnio  ser  digno,  y  nierecfdor 
dr  (pic  HU  Magcstad  eni))lcasso  su  persona ...  en  aipicllos  y  otros  niayorrs 
imtstos,  coiidiguos  A  su  ajustado  obrar.'  The  tenor  of  the  sentence  is  given  iu 
.'/''"/•(/,  Sciiliiicia,  1-4. 

''^'l^iincs  ;J0,  dia  triste  para  Mi'jico,  sc  fu(5  el  Illino  y  Exino  scftor  niaos- 
ti'i  1)  Fr.  I'ayo  Enri(jiU'Z  do  Kivcra,'  ,says  Rohlcs,  J)>m-h>,  i.  '.i\H.  C.  M. 
I'li^Iiiinante  iu  tlie  JJiario  Ciirioso  of  IHrcm,  IS,  malics  the  blunder  of  stating 
tiuit  llivcra  ruled  17  J'ears  as  viceroy,  from  lOCtlJ  till  UiSO. 

'•' i.iircuzana,  in  C'oiirilto-<  I'ror.,  ll-JJ-OJ,  '21'2,  '2\)\-'2,  says  in  one  place 
MM.  ill  another  IOSj;  the  latter  date  has  erroneously  been  adopted  by  juar- 
1'-.  '.■'int.,  'JS-t. 

"For  fuller  and  additional  references  to  authorities  bearing  on  the  prc- 
C'liii'^  chapters  see  TovqmmmUi,  iii.  .")!)0-7;  Alc/rf,  1 114.  Cuinj).  di  Ji.-m.-i.,  i. 
■ll  il.">,  '-'01 -;i;  ii.  C4,  passim;  iii.  (i-lOS,  l(j.")-7'i,  "J-Jl-O,  'J."il-'.',  '»»!):  L'r.rrr.., 
Il-i_.  X.  £.s],.,  2-2-Gi  Pinch,  Ifrlarioii,  4;  Crillc,  Mmi.  >/  So/.,  4(i,  .")4-H,  oO,  7:1, 
M  7,  I'J'J;  Stridiio,  Pro/oijn,  MS.,  7-'J;  ]'ilhi.-,^<'iior  y  Sawhiz,  Tltniim  Mi .'■., 
i  17  IS;  J?oliftM,  Villa  il<l  AirJijio.  ('umiK,  ]4S,  passim;  t!oiiz<i/<~.  JJiiriln,  Tin- 
(■■■  I'.i'fis.,  i.  G.")etsef|.;  ii.  .14,  !)l-i;;  HUki",  Jfntl.  Triviiipho<,  'W'l—W,  An-'ni- 
'''■■',  CfOn.  tStnijtcu,  IJS-'JIHJ,  ol7-lS;  Carricdo,  L'dudiuts  Hist.,  Ho;  Coiicilius 


188 


FIVE  MORE  VICEROYS. 


Prow,  I",;  II  i:nr,  (c<l.  Mex.  1700),  21s,  pnssim;  Flovrnna,  Hist.  Proi;  r..,,!/: 
(fr  ./,.)/.<,  174-*!,  '2:i2:  Mxliini,  fnui.  S.  Ji/"j<i,  |-.>,  127,  I'i-'-O,  •JUt-l,  -V.I  ": 
I'ii-'i/ri  ilf  M,j..  .NiS.,  I  ;<;  \;utwrrl,  Tr-it.  M,.,:,  14- lO,  •_'.'>-(»,  ."(.VH,  .V.'  :',; 
('("lo'lii/n,  llixf.  Yii'-iilh(i)i,  •_'ir>,  |)(is.sini;  I'ill'ii/rtiri'ri',  ll'iM.  I'din/.  /'.'»,  l(i."i  7, 
lOl'l  '2,  4:)7-4(i;  i)nl<„<.^  <lr  hi.  roroini,  MS.,  i'.  7  H,  .'is,  \s2\  ii.  I'.ts^'J'JI:  i  . 
'J  S;  vii.  7,  <>--■'?;  ''"/.  V>'"'.  ///"'.,  xxi.  4K»,  4(i(i,  471;  J-.'spino^it,  Chimi.  J/"..'., 
'Jti(l-S(i;  i'(i/ii/ii.r  1/  M,,iili,-(i,  Ciiiia  nt  J'ii/,n,  y;.;,",  I-.'JS;  /</.,  r,(,7((  (/.,(  I  .  ,. 
I  rii!>.,  47  401 ;  /'/.,  <il,ni^,  xi.-.\iii.,  iinHsiiii;  /'/.,  Vi  m  rii>i.  Siiiur,  jias-iiui;  /  /  , 
I'll' tin  Will  fill.,  idissiiii;  /,'iii/i  n  <'llllllll.^,  .MS.,  l4S-(t;  y>oc.  //js^  ,1/c,/'.,  Siii' 
i.  toni.  i.,  jiiis.-iiiii;  J'l.,  isOrii;  i.  tmii.  ii.,  pa-s.-^iiii;  Jil.,  .sciio  ii.  tuin.  vi.  .")  JH; 
J>ii/>ilrn  lie  JisitHiin,  MS.,  1-17;  JJi'iviln  I'liililln,  ili^l.  Fnul.  Mix.,  1-14,  •.':•, 
4.")-(i'_*;  J)i.ffiirl>iis  lie  J'ifiil<:<,  MS.,  rj!)-4;i;  Miii-<Ui,  Fn'^li  Xuii  Orlii^,  :;:<'<, 
410-1,  4.">7-.S,  47'.»;  /.'<r-.;..  ,/,;  Iii'l.,  i.  •-M'J,  .Tl!);  ii.  17S;  fiiim  nxi,  I  iz/./r  —  , 
MS,,  .'jfi,  70;  Miiiili'm>ii/oi;  I'Sriiiurin,  10  11,  01;  />()'•.  AV7<.<.  J/* .».•.,  .^i^S.,  j  •_•; 
ii.  i:{-14;  V.  l-;{4;  An'rona,  /llx/.  Yik:,  ii.  •_';{•  )-:i-J(i;  CitKlillu,  JJirr.  Ilisi.,  |>, 
l>;isHiiii;  Sill-.  Mir.  (/''".'/.,  linl.,  viii,  i"it.'{-4;  /'/,,  "Jila  ('•().,  iv.  l(i(J-7;  .'/■  • 
vinil'iH  Ihiiiiin.  h'yji.,  MS.,  I,"i,  iiassiiu;  ('urn,  Tim  iSV;/'"",  ii-,  imssiin;  I'nli,  . 
JJiiirio,  ii.,  i>assiin;  ('orriiil,  Viii/inji'  ((;il.  l'ai'i.s),  i.  4()-04;  lil.  (etl.  Aiiistii- 
dam),  i.  .V2  7.'J;  JuurrnK,  (.'(inij.eiiflin,  'Js  -,S;  y</.,  Gn'it.,  i.  'JS4;  y./'ci  .!/•.;, 
ii.  J71-;!,  l.sG-7,  •-'01-7,  'J-'-'-:!,  'J.')4-7,  •Js;{-;r)7;  (liii.ii>,  J)la,!o,  ii.,  ims^im; 
L'lit,  Am.  JJisfii/il.,  'J7l-();  iSuxii,  IJjti/ii:ii/).  J/cc,  71-141;  ZuiJiiiriii^,  /iisi, 
M'j.,\v.  1(10,  '.,".:!;  V.  :VJS-4;{-_';  Al'imiiii,  JJi.'<irt.,  iii.  I'S-aS,  1S4  .">;  .lA'v  < 
Mi.c.  A:trr,  i.  ion  •Ji;{;  Tcitnoi.  Hint.  (.'<«.,  vii.  309-SO;  viii.  1-ISS;  L-innrji. 
JJi.iriir.'iijH  Jliyl.,  no.  xxxiv.  40l!;  xx.\v.  AOl-.'J;  Uit.ifiuiinnle,  I'.i'i  nn  ilili/'<,  i,, 
jiassiin;  A/.,  l>i  l'<  iis'i,  '2';  OnnitnliM,  Tnnhit  Am., ',i4\~2,',iH{i-[)'>;  Sinntiil'iic, 
Allir  Ji\ii«liir/i,\\u.  r>00-7;  Mu.'oo,  Mix.,i.  4'J-V33;  iii. -.'HD-.S;  U'Hsmrs  .M.r. 
uiid  ifri  /unii'iiin,  '2',){\;    Viiliil,  Villi  lie  Ainnfiii,  jiafsim;  ItufiMro   Yuriih  r.,.  j. 

2ti.-.-:io.-),  .v.Vo,  ;w,i-iti,  44o-.")();  ii.  7:!-ti,  IK)  17,  i-'i-;{'i,  i4;}-r..  .t.'!(  i.;; 

aiilh\  Jlomhris  Ilii.^/.,u.  X>;i-12;  Fmii-oini'.i  Hist.  Yiu:,  '-'•J3-7;  Priur'.^  .1" 
t/ii'  I'l'i/n.,  r)7;  Midlir,  Iklmn  ni  Mi.c,  iii.  \\)2;  J'ol»-i/s:iii'.i  J/itK  Am  ,  ii. 
DOS-9;  I'llii^ijiii-:,  Curia,  1-Iil;  (.iriiilo,  Viilii,  jiiis.sim;  hiix.  Uiiii'.,  i.  -'1;', 
30t,  iiiissim;  ii.  \r,,  2.V-',  .S04,  :{r)l.',  .'i.'iU  (iO;  iii.  -JOU  ct  8t<|.;  iv.  17 1--',  7:r., 
700;  v.  148,  ls;f,  •.••r>;  viii.  00,  l-JO-.'U,  i:{S-0,  140,  •j;i7-4(),  •.\x\~\,  .■.11  I  J, 
071--,  (i07;  ix.  14lt,  jpu.ssini;  x.  .'t()8  et  sctj. ;  /inrhinhiam,  Mtin.  Cmiij).,  10  IJ: 
Alrari-,  L's/ikHu.^  Hist.,  iii.  '2'_'l-(;;};  Dnmintr'n  Voi/.,  ii.  pt.  ii.  O-liO,  41  IJH; 
Ste/ihi'iis'  Yik:,  ii,  104-5;  Arroiiiz,  Jlioij.  Mi.r.,  i;{(i-S,  10.V7;  J'l.,  Hi-'-  // 
T/Y//).,  S.S,  110;  Jiiiriii),  Jh/cmr,  11-l.S;  ///.,  Viiitliration,  140-(iO;  Xrr<.,,-,, 
Itir.  Mu-.,  r.'JS;  Xuriirrite,  lliliir.  I'ernjriiio,  ii.  liO-l;  iii.  27-.S.'{;  /'^,  7V'( 
t(uL  lli»l.,  'JO.VO;  Z/ft  t';-»:,  vii.  (i;t7;  /'''/(.  Vur.,  clxix.,  ]pa.ssiiii;  clxxi.  "-'7  't 
Bt'(|.;  Ihjmeiierfi,  JJiat.  J/i\r.,  i.  270;  lUrirn,  Oolirniaiili-i  ile  .lA.r.,  i.  1l'7  -"il: 
JJiario  Mi.v.,  vii.  7;  A«(co  Mi:v.,  Doc.  Hist.,  MS,,  1100-1200;  /,'ii>ni,  II,.-'. 
Jalapii,  i.  S2-'J7;  llibcni,  Svutencin,  pussim;  Lcv.aino,  Vida  del  P,  Ocicdo,  17 
ct  seq. 


CHAPTER  X. 

THE  J?ACK  OF  VEKA  CRUZ,  AND  OTHER  PIRATICAL  RAIDS. 

lOSO— 1G80. 

Tin:  foRSAins  is  Central  America  and  New  Spain— LAnrvA  ArroiNTEi) 
\  K  KRuY — Van  Hmux  the  (Sea  Rciveji— The  I'ikates  Iiesolve  to  At- 
T\(  K  Vera  Criz — The  Cuksair  Lorencillo — A  Clever  IStratacem— 

\i;|;A  CRIZ  SiRPRIsEIi  RY  lilCCANEERS — THElNlfACITANTS   JMPRLSONEl) 

IN   THE  Chirciies— And  Kept  for  Three  Days  withoit  Foud  hr 
\\'ater— The  Captives   Taken  to  the  Isu\ni)  ov  Sacrifu'ios— De- 

IMiTIRE    OF    the    CoRSAIRS— DIVISION    OF    THE    BooTV— Ne\VS    OF    TirE 

j; All)  Receive!*  in  Mexico — Flrtiier  Operations  oftheFreeiiooteus 
—  Dampiek  and  Others  in  the  South  Sea — End  of  Lauuna'h  Admix- 

i>ti;ati()N. 

Uktween  the  years  1G80  and  1G87,  it  will  be  rc- 
iiK  iiibcred,  the  iirincipai  towns  of  Central  America 
tli.it  lav  near  the  shores  of  the  South  Sea  were  con- 
tiiiiially  infested  by  pirates.  The  settlements  on  the 
XmiiIi  Sea  had  been  so  frequently  sacked  that  few  of 
tin  111  contained  sufficient  wealth  to  tempt  the  free- 
1)(H  iters,  with  the  exception  of  Cartagena,  which  was 
ti  (.  strongly  fortified  to  fall  an  easy  prey.  Neverthe- 
1(—  they  were  not  exempt  from  attack.  In  August 
1(1>l'  four  French  vessels  entered  the  harbor  of  Porto- 
I'tllo  and  rescued  a  number  of  their  countrymen  mIio 
wrie  detained  there  as  prisoners.  From  a  negro  slave 
(11  lioard  the  squadron  the  governor  ascertained  that 
iit't.en  French  vessels  had  arrived  at  Martini(|ue  with 
till  I  e  thousand  persons  on  board,  the  purpose  of  tho 
I  xiK-dition  beinsi'  the  colonization  of  Darien.  In 
Mijiragua  news  was  received  that  two  thousand  fili- 
I  u>tcrs  were  assembled  at  the  same  point,  intending 
tM  make  a  raid  on   Panauul.    Vera  Cruz  and  other 


II  3t 


100 


Tlin  SACK  OF  VKRA  CRL'Z. 


)i;vits  of  XfW  Spain  wvvo  also  tlircatuJiod,  and  tliu 
luaripR's  do  J^a^nna,'  wlio  took  ollico  in  Novi'nilii  r 
1()H0,  at  once  niado  |)iv|>arations  I'or  (KMi'Mcu;  tlio 
militia  were  called  out;  the  |uinci|)al  liarl»ors  \vt  iv 
stroiiMJy  rortilicd  and  jLJ^arrisoncd,  and  tlic  arnuida  di- 
]>arlovcnto  was  iclittcd  an«l  orilored  to  cruiso  oil"  tlio 
c  last  of  Ticna  Fiiine. 

])nt  at  this  |Hiio(l  corsairs  ceased  not  to  harass  thi; 
Spaniards  on  land  and  sea.  ])urin!^  the  ahscnce  of  tlit> 
sittlcrs  they  n)ade  sudden  raiils  on  the  coast,  sacknl 
the  towns,  and  eai'ried  oil'  the  cattle,  thuscausinic  many 
thiivinj^  colonies  to  be  ahandoned.  ]I<»verinijf  on  thn 
shores  of  New  Spain,  they  lay  concealed  in  their  litjht 
swift  craft  behind  some  i)oint  or  reef,  whence  on  Ihi' 
ajtpearance  of  a  treasure  shi[)  they  darted  like  hawks 
on  their  prey.  liayin''  their  vessels  aihwart  tlic 
Spaniard's  bow  they  raked  her  deck  with  musketiy, 
then  ])ulled  aloni^sido,  and  daiTujer  in  han<l  swarim  <l 
over  the  bulwarks,  llarely  ditl  they  fail  to  secuii' 
their  prize,  and  ol'ten  the  Sjianiards  made  no  defciisc; 
the  })irates  finding  them  on  their  knees  in  suppli- 
cation to  the  virgin  and  the  saints,  who  sadly  failtd 
them  in  their  cnier<>-encies. 

In  consequence  of  these  depredations  the  vicei'ov 
gave  orders  that  no  ship  should  leave  A\>ra  Cruz 
without  orders.  This  measure  remedied  the  evil  lo 
some  extent;  but  still  the  corsairs  lurked  among  tin; 
numberless  islands  and  reefs  of  the  Uahama  Chanurl, 
through  which  vessels  nuist  pass  >u  their  way  to 
S[)ain,  and  many  richly  laden  craft  fell  a  prize  to 
them  before  those  n  board  were  aware  that  an  enemy 
was  within  siijht.  On  one  occasion  while  the  xk-c- 
admiral  of  the  tr.    suro  lleet  was  at  dinner  in  liis 

'  Doll  Tom^is  Antonio  ilo  i  Ccnla,  condc  ilc  rarcdcs,  mnrqm^s  do  la  I.a- 
gun;),  do  la  onion  <lo  Aloanr  a,  ilol  C'onsojo  do  su  Magostad,  Caniara,  y  jiiniii 
do  (Incna  do  Indias.  Ordi'  n  dc  Id  Curaiia,  MS.,  iv.  47.  Ho  took  oiliro  nu 
Xovciiilicr  ;f(),  IdSO.  VcfniK-vrt,  Trnt.  Mix.,  I(i.  in  II item,  Huh.,  2't'2,  In- is 
lalli'd  Antonio  ilo  la  (Vrdii  y  Aragon.  Aofordiiig  to  this  antiiority  lio  was  ii 
man  (if  illiistriiMis  family,  tlio  nionihers  of  which  had  always  huon  cinplcvul 
in  civil  and  military  allaivs.  ]|o  was  acouinpaiiiod  by  hiii  wife,  tlio  Duna 
Mui'ia  Luuiiiu  Muiiric^uo  tlu  Lara  y  tluiiiuiga. 


IS4.U  i  1 


NICHOLAS  VAN  IIOUX. 


101 


nml  tip- 

oVrliilp.  r 
iH'o;  tlh; 
jrs  wt  n; 
iiuida  <li' 
0  oil'  the 

irass  t]io 

CO  of  till! 

b,  sijcktil 
iiLf  iiiaiiy 

</    oil    till! 

iL'ii-  li_L:lit 
3   oil    tin; 

:o  hawks 
rart  tilt' 
iu.sk(-'ti  V, 
H\vanu«(l 

0  sfcuro 
(Icrciisc; 

1  .su|»iili- 
ly  I'ail.d 

viotToy 
ra  (tuz 

evil  lo 
out,'  l!uj 

liaiiiR'l, 

way  to 
prize  lo 
II  L'lK'iiiy 
liO  vice- 
ill   Ills 


9  do  l.i  ].a- 
U'il,  y  jtllil;l 

)k  uiliic  1 II 
,  •2'>'2,  111  IS 
ty  lio  M  a>  :i 

II  Cllll)ll'\lil 

tlio  Uuia 


r;i1'ii»,  liis  sliip  was  Itoardcd  l»y  a  boat's  rrcw  of  f  wc-uty- 
( i^lit  nu'ii  ill  ciiaij^e!  of  a  Fiviiciiiii.iii  ii.iiiicd  Picirr,  a 
iiiitivo  <»t'  ]>i('|>|»'.  So  sudduii  and  d;iriiii,'  Wiis  tlio 
iittiick  that  tho  vicc-achniral  and  a  iiuniht  r  of  dlKcials 
A\li<>  sat  at  tahlo  with  him  found  thciiisclvos  |trisoncT.s 
li,  [\>Ui  tlu'j  had  time  to  ^ain  the  deck.  The  cap- 
ti\"'s  were  put  on  sliore  at  C.i[>e  Tihiiron,  and  a  hw 
wrcks  later  IMerre  entered  the  port  of  j)iej)|)e  witli 
liis  prize,  wiiieli  contained  a  rich  freight  of  tii'asuro 
iiiid  inereliandise.  Tiiis  adventurer  is  dii^nilied  in 
liiicciineer  liistory  hy  the  title  of  le  (;rr"*:d. 

Ill  KJH'J  Tanipico  was  sacked  hy  corsairs  and  thirty 
]iri>uners  taken.  J)uriM;^'  the;  saiiu!  year  a  sea  rover 
named  Nicholas  Van  J  lorn  captured  two  vessels  (tfftho 
(oast  of  Honduras.  A  an  Horn  isdescril)ed  as  a  man 
of  ^warthv  complexion  and  short  stature,  a  tliorouuh 
M  aiiiaii  and  a  capahleand  far-sighted  commander.  Ho 
lic^aii  life  as  a  common  sailor,  and  I'emaiiied  in  that 
p^^itioll  until  he  had  saved  money  enough  to  ]»urchasu 
a  -iiiall  craft  of  his  own.  ColU^ctinjL,^  a  crew  of  tweiity- 
li\(  or  thirtv  men,  he  hcmui  his  care<'r  as  a  pirate  by 
(•a|ituriii'L(  several  Dutch  vessels,  which  he  sold,  and 
with  the  proceeds  sailed  for  Ostend  and  there  pur- 
(liased  a  ship  of  war.  His  further  o|)cratioiis  were 
successful,  and  in  a  few  years  he  was  in  command  of 
a  Miiall  Heet,  with  wliich  ho  swept  the  seas,  taking 
many  prizes,  and  requiring  all  hut  French  vessels  to 
lower  their  Hag  as  they  [)asse(l  him.  Finall}'  he  gave 
oll'ciicc  to  the  monarch  of  France,  and  a  captain 
iianied  D'Estreos,  being  ordered  to  arrest  him,  put  to 
sea  in  a  well  armed  I'rigate  for  that  puipose.  When 
tlie  captain's  vessel  fell  in  with  A'an  J  loin,  the  latter, 
linding  himself  tmtsailed,  and  not  wishing  to  light, 
liii-  lit,'  was  aware  that  H'Estrees  was  acting  under 
•  iidei's  from  the  crown,  boarded  his  shi{)  in  a  small 
Ixiat,  and  deniantled  his  intention  in  tlius  pursuing 
liini.  "  To  conduct  you  to  France,"  re})lie(l  the  cap- 
lain.  "But  why?"  exclaimed  the  ))irate;  '"l  have 
given  no  cause  of  offence  to  his  Maje;?ty,  and  have 


1 


i 


m-j 


THE  SACK  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


made  war  only  upon  his  enemies."  "My  instnic- 
tioiis  are  explicit,"  rejoined  D'Estrees,  and  after  soiiio 
further  parley  ordered  the  anchor  to  be  weighed. 
"  Wliat  are  you  about?"  cried  the  corsair  an^rrily,  and 
looking  the  captain  straight  in  the  eye.  "Think  Vdii 
my  men  will  not  fight  when  they  see  mc  thus  carried 
ott"  before  their  eyes?  You  will  find  that  my  lieuten- 
ant is  prompt  to  act,  and  that  my  crew  fear  neitlur 
danger  nor  death."  The  captain  saw  that  his  prisoner 
meant  what  ho  said,  and  as  he  had  no  orders  to  rislv 
his  vessel  in  an  encounter  witii  the  corsair,  he  allowed 
him  to  depart. 

Van  Horn  had  the  reputation  of  being  the  bravest 
of  all  the  sea-rovers,  and  his  crew  was  composed  of 
men  after  his  own  heart.  During  the  hottest  fight 
he  would  closely  observe  their  actions,  and  if  any 
showed  signs  of  fear,  such  as  stooping  to  •^'''oid  the 
enemv's  missiles,  he  would  shoot  them  dead  on  tlio 
spot.  But  while  he  thus  punished  cowards,  he  re- 
warded without  stint  those  who  distinguished  them- 
selves in  action,  for  he  had  amassed  enormous  wealth, 
and  like  others  of  his  craft  was  lavish  with  his  means. 

Soon  after  joining  the  buccaneer  fraternity  he  ol)- 
tained  a  commission  from  one  of  the  French  goN- 
crnors,  of  whom  there  were  now^  many  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  proceeded  to  the  island  of  lioatan,  wheie 
he  was  joined  by  captains  Laurent  do  Galf,  Michel 
(Trammont,  and  others,  who  were  there  lying  in  Mait 
for  Spanish  vessels.  He  now  proposed  an  expedition 
against  Vera  Cruz,  which  w\as  then  the  storing-plaee 
for  the  treasure  and  merchanthse  which  passed  be- 
tween New  and  Old  Spain.  The  city  was  protected 
by  the  island  fortress  of  San  Juan  de  Uh'ia,  which 
at  that  time  was  supposed  to  be  impregnable.  The 
fortress  was  mounted  with  sixty  guns  which  com- 
manded the  town,  and  swept  the  approach  by  si  a. 
anil  at  the  north-east  and  south-west  corners  of  the 
city  N\  ere  two  other  forts  with  twenty  guns.  A  few 
companies  of  veterans  were  stationed  on  the  island; 


SAX  JUAX  DE  ULt'A. 


193 


ill  tlio  city  itself  was  a  garrison  of  trainetl  soldiers,  and 
stvcral  thousanil  men  could  be  concentrated  within 
twenty-four  hours  from  the  interior.  The  enterprise 
was  a  hold  one,  and  1)\'  many  deemed  too  hazardous; 
l)ut  the  filibusters  were  now  assendjled  in  force,  mus- 
tciiiii,^  probably  about  a  thousand  strong,"  and  their 
loaders  were  men  fertile  of  resource. 


nf  HI  wait 


.Mat  of  \kua  Curz. 

-'('(■  flit  111  riiiim'e  l(is:{,  apns  avoir  fait  uno  revue  gi'iit'rnli^  di'  la 
ll'ittr,  i|ui  tif  trcuva  iiinntcf  <U' <liiix  viiis  FliliUr-tiiTs,  tou.s  gens  clcliti .'  A'.s- 
if'iiiiiliii,  Hist.  I'lih..  i.  '-Mi'.t.  I'mlijiMy  tlu'  •-•(K»  in.luilr.l  unly  tlic  KicikIi  cmh- 
tiiiLiHit.  Tliuy  iiuiiiIhtiiI  ovi-r  1,(KM).  Jtinni,  tii'i:  M<.'\,  i.  "J.V).  SOO  hk  ii, 
'  "(■..,  ii.  (i,'{  4.  'J'iio  ex|ii'ilitiuii  ci'ii.-i.sliil  nf  !HiO  ■  nii,  a  iimtlfy  g.iliuiiii;;, 
iinliicliiii,'  Vifiicli,  l'"iiL'li--ii.  S^la:liallls,  iiiiilattoi'8,  ami  Imlians.  J/oMtii  <»,  i. 
4U7.  b,U(lO  nun,  /'ulili s.  Jtinrin.  i.  [i'O;  Zumacuin,  v.  i'SS,  The  last  fstiiiiato 
Hisr.  Mix.,  Vol,  111.    13 


I 


; 


i 
tl 


194 


THE  SACK  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


Laurent,  or  as  he  is  more  frequently  known  by  tlic 
chroniclers  Lorcncillo,  by  which  name  we  shall  hencc- 
forth  call  him,  was  appointed  commander  of  the  flcLt, 
while  Van  Horn  was  in  charge  of  the  land  forces. 
The  former  is  described  as  a  tall,  well  proportlonct], 
and  handsome  man ;  light-haired  and  comely  of  as[)ott, 
a  generous  ruffian  withal,  though  of  course  always 
(dieni  2>roA(sus,  and  one  very  popular  among  his  com- 
rades. He  was  in  fact  a  model  corsair.  It  is  iKit 
recorded  that  he  was  ever  guilty  of  quite  such  dia- 
bolic atrocities  as  were  laid  to  the  char<]fe  of  Moruaii 
or  L'Olonnois,  but  if  we  can  believe  the  Spanish  rec- 
ords of  this  period,  his  deeds  were  sufficiently  diabol- 
ical to  be  interesting.  It  is  there  stated  that  while 
still  a  youth  he  was  punished  by  an  alcalde  of  Taljasco 
for  some  offence.  Vowing  vengeance  he  disapj)eare(l, 
and  not  long  afterward  returned  with  a  gang  of  male- 
factors who  sacked  and  burned  the  town  and  outraged 
the  women.  But  the  account  given  by  Esqueiuelin, 
one  of  his  fraternit}',^  and  probably  the  more  trutlil'ul 
version  is  that,  being  captured  by  pirates  while  j^erv- 
ing  on  board  a  Spanish  vessel,  he  consented  tt)  join 
the  buccaneers.  This  writer  describes  the  character 
of  his  favorite  hero  in  glowing  colors,  giving  hiia 
credit  for  all  the  qualities  of  a  true  gentleman,  and 
remarking;  with  amusing  naivete  that  his  only  fault 
was  his  impatience  and  a  habit  of  swearing  a  little  too 


ft 


cquen 


^ly 


Toward  sunset  on  the  l7thofMay,^  1G83,  two  Luuc 
ships  flying  Spanish  colors  were  seen  to  the  leeward  <it" 
Vera  Cruz,  crowding  all  sail  to  make  the  port,  I'or  a 

is  of  course  absunl.  Kolilcs  liimself  gives  tlirm  only  15  vessels,  uliile  in 
the  Mdxiiiro  are  inentioneil  11  sliips  ami  nine  i)iragua.s,  fine  of  tiie  liniii'i' 
iH'inLt  niomiteil  with  ;"()  ;,'iins,  aecoriliug  to  tl)e  autliorof  WckI  ] mlii  s^  ''''";/.  "  't 
Il'i<t.,  I4(i,  the  other  hhips  having  in  ail  lli-t  guns.  This  chionicler  ]^)laee!i  tiio 
lunil  f.iieesat  l.'JOO. 

^//;.V.  Flih.,  i.  L'Tflctscq. 

*lil.,  !.  'JTti. 

^'I'ho  Otli  of  May  in  Shar/i's  Vo'jniifs,  llfi.  Tlic  17th  is  the  (Lite  given 
in  Villtii-nil,  /nrri.iloii  i'ccd  Crii':;  Lirilodo  Tijadtt,  Ajuiiit.  Jlist.,  'J7'>.  Al- 
tiioiigh  th(!  iiitter  is  somewhat  eontradietory  as  to  datca  in  lelutiug  tiie  sucii 
til'  \'ci-a  Ci'uz,  ho  is  probably  right  iu  this  instuucc. 


THE  CITY  SUrPRISED. 


105 


Ic  MC^iic  or  two  farther  out  at  sea  was  a  strong  squadron 
niiparently  in  pursuit.  At  ni^litfall,  the  Spaniards 
(111  tlie  island  and  mainland  made  iires  to  ijuide  them 
into  the  harbor,  for  they  were  supposed  to  be  two 
vessels  laden  with  cacao  that  were  now  due  from  the 
coast  of  Carncas.®  The  pursumg  squadron  had  changed 
it-;  rourse  v,hen  the  ships  neared  the  fort,  casting  anchor 
a  sliort  distance  from  the  city,  and  the  townsfolk  went 
tu  vespers  and  to  rest  as  usual,  apprehending  no  danger. 

About  an  hour  after  midniixht  a  few  musket  shots 
Ml  re  heard,  but  the  inhabitants,  supposing  a  serenade 
was  being  given  to  some  prominent  citizen,  remained 
(|iiii'tly  in  bed.  The  town  was  well  garrisoned;  the 
casde  of  San  Juan  de  Ulua  was  the  strono^est  fort- 
less  in  the  New  World,  and  to  add  to  the  feeling  of 
security,  the  great  fleet  was  daily  expect ^id  from  S}»ain. 
Xtver,  for  years,  had  the  citizens  been  more  free  from 
alarm  than  when  they  awoke  at  sunrise  and  prepared 
to  i;'o  about  their  daily  avocations.  The  church  bells 
tolled  as  usual  for  matins,  and  the  peo[)le  set  forth  to 
nlxy  the  sunmions.  But  no  matins  were  said  that 
morning  in  Vera  Cruz;  for  those  who  first  made  their 
ap[iearance  in  the  streets  found  them  guarded  b}- par- 
ties of  armed  men,  and  soon  the  dread  news  s[trea(l 
tVoni  house  to  house  that  pirates  were  in  possession 
of  tlie  city. 

The  buccaneers  had  obtained  information  from  pris- 
oneis  captured  oft'  the  coast  of  the  two  ships  laden 
with  cacao  that  were  hourly  (>xpected  at  Vera  Cruz, 
and  this  information  had  suofoested  the  stratacjom 
already  related.  On  board  the  vessels  which  the 
Spaniards  had  supposed  to  be  thus  laden  was  the 
niaiii  body  of  the  }>irates,  caj)tains  Van  llornand  Tiiy- 
oiieillo  inchartjfe.  ]Jurin<j:  the  niu'ht  nearly  ei'_lit  lir.n- 
•  li'<l  men,  armed  to  the  teeth,  had  landed  at  adist;iiiee 
"f  less  than  a  leaii'ue  from  A'era  Cruz,  and  tiuiiU'd  by 
slavi's  had  crept  stealthily  on  the  city,  .surprised  t!ie 


'ShnriU  rt'yiyfs  (London,  1G84),  110;     Burnt yK  Jllst.  Biicc,  1-7. 


196 


THE  SACK  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


forts,  and  made  themselves  masters  of  the  place  Avltli 
the  loss  of  only  four  men.'' 

Lorencillo  had  recommended  that  a  party  be  sent 
to  surpi'Ise  the  fortress  of  San  Juan  de  Uli'ia,  and  if 
his  advice  had  been  taken,  the  i)irates  might  have  re- 
mained masters  of  Vera  Cruz  long;  enough  to  obtain 
an  immense  ransom.  But  this  was  deemed  too  hazard- 
ous, and  they  resolved  to  plunder  the  town  and  make 
good  their  retreat  as  speedily  as  possible.  The  doers 
of  the  houses  were  battered  in  and  the  panic-strickeu 
inhabitants  drai-'ged  forth  without  regard  to  age,  sex, 
or  condition,  into  the  public  square,  and  soon  af'tei- 
V  ard  lodged  in  the  principal  churches,  where,  by  nine 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  over  six  thousand  persons  were 
confined,  most  of  them  being  placed  in  the  pari:jli 
church.^  For  three  days  and  nights  the}''  were  kept 
without  food  or  drink,  while  the  buccaneers  plunderL'd 
the  city,  and  when  at  length  water  and  a  small  dole 
of  food  were  given  to  them,  many  died  from  drinking 


'  Three  of  these  were  killed  by  their  own  comrades,  who  mistook  thom  in 
the  diirkuesa  for  Spaniards.  S/inri^'g  \'t,i/<i</f'.-<,  117.  There  is  considcraljle  (lis- 
ereiiancy  among  the  authorities  as  to  the  partieulars  of  the  eaptiu'c  of  Vera 
Cin/..  In  Sharji'.i  Voi/.,  it  is  stated  that  tlie  Imceaneers  landed  77-i  nien,  v,  ho 
by  break  of  day  had  made  tiieniselvcs  masters  of  the  town  and  forts  on  tlic 
mail! 'and,  and  that  after  stationing  guards  at  the  streets  'they  sent  parties  to 
bri'iik  open  the  house.s,  where  they  I'cmnd  everybody  as  quiet  as  in  theirgra\  es.' 
Villarroel's  version  is  that  on  the  ISth  of  May  the  pirates  landed  ii'M  men, 
who  reaehed  the  eity  at  4  o'eloek  in  tlie  morning  and  eharged  through  tliu 
stret^ts  ilring  their  muskets  and  erying  'Long  live  the  king  of  France  ! '  'J'lie 
garrison,  he  says,  rushed  to  arms,  but  were  shot  down  or  captured  as  soon  as 
they  apjieared,  while  all  the  citizens  whij  attempted  to  leave  their  houses  iiit-t 
with  a  similar  fate.  V ill  (if  rod,  Jiirasion  V(  ra  Crir.,  in  L(  vdo'lc  Tcjada,  AiniiJ. 
y/'V., '274-5,  28.").  ]']squemelin,  Hid.  Flih.,  i.  'J7I,  states  that  the  iiihaliilaiit3 
lemained  (puctly  in  their  beds,  '  jusqu'ii  ce  (pie  I'heure  de  so  lever  flit  veniii'; 
iiiais  aloi's  ils  fluent  bien  surpris  d'appiendre  (jue  les  Flibustiers  (jtoieiit  iiiai- 
ties  de  leiir  ville.'  Ks<piemelin's  account  seems  to  ))e  the  more  probable  iii 
this  )iiiint,  for  the  pirates,  having  possession  of  the  forts  which  eommainlil 
the  city,  had  nothing  to  gain  by  rout^iiig  u[)  the  inhabitants  liy  night,  and  thus 
gi»ing  them  a  chance  to  escape  during  the  darkness.  The  stratagem  by  uhi.h 
tl'c  liuecaneers  contrived  to  make  their  landing  undiseovcrcd  is  relatnl  in 
BiiriK :i'a  Hist.  Iliicr.,  l'2~,  and  is  apparently  taken  from  Es(incmelin,  and  llio 
author  of  S/inrp's  \'oi/(i'j<s,  though  neither  mention  that  the  buccaneer  lint 
a[ipcari>  1  in  chase  of  the  two  vessels.  .Such  a  ruse  was,  however,  very  liki  !y 
to  have  iieen  adojited. 

**  i'iHarfoi'l,  ^iirii^ioii  Vini  Cnr..  in  Lrnlo  de  Tijada,  Ajund.  IfiM.,  '271-.'. 
In  .'/('//■//'.s  I'o//. ,  1  IS,  the  number  is  given  at  .■),7(K),  all  of  whom  were  eiinlimil 
in  t!ie  parish  church;  but  it  is  not  probable  that  the  building  would  cnutuiu 
so  many. 


SPOILS  AND  RANSOMS. 


W 


lace  Avltli 

y  bo  .sent 
ia,  and  if 

have  10- 
to  obttiiu 
'O  liazaid- 
md  uial\'c 
["he  doors 
>strickc'U 

ago,  sex, 
1011  af'tei'- 
),  by  nine 
5ons  were 
.10  pari:jli 
'ore  kept 
jlundorud 
mall  dolo 

drinking 


;took  thoin  in 
sidcTiiljlo  (lid- 
)tiirc  (jf  Wra 
u-i  men,  v,lio 
[  forts  on  tiic 
uiit  ixirtit's  to 
tlicirgrav  t's.' 
led  (JUU  men, 
tlirou,L,'h  till! 
ancc  ! '  'I'lio 
ud  iis  soon  as 
ir  liousos  met 
■JikI'I,  Aim, it. 
c  inlialiitinit-s 
ur  lilt  vtiiiic; 
(jtoicnt  mai- 
prolialilo  ou 
I  coiinniiiuli' t 
Ljht,  and  tlius 
,'cni  liy  wli it'll 
is  I'L'latcd  in 
ifliii,  and  tlio 

ICcalR'LT   lll'lt 

1-,  very  !ik(  !y 

///•>/.,  -JT  (-.■>. 

were  c'cintiiKil 
vollld  i.'(iutaiu 


iuunoderotoly.  Meanwhile  the  ruffians  who  kept 
ouard  ovei  tboni  mocked  at  the  wailinsfs  of  the  women 
who  begged  of  them  in  vain  to  save  the  lives  of  their 
little  ones.  The  captives  were  told  that  they  were  all 
to  be  burned  alive,  and  barrels  of  powder  were  placed 
ill  their  sight  at  the  doors  of  the  church,  ready  to  blow 
up  the  building  in  case  they  should  attempt  resistance. 
Not  a  woman  escaped  outrage,  and  each  day  they  wore 
driven  off  in  bands^  like  cattle,  to  satisfy  the  lust  of 
their  tormentors." 

A  quantity  of  plate  was  found  in  the  churches,  and 
the  altars  and  sacred  images  were  stripped  of  every 
article  of  value;  but  these  were  only  a  small  portion 
of  the  spoils.  Besides  the  property  of  the  inhab- 
itants, the  pirates  secured  large  amounts  of  specie, 
bullion,  and  merchandise  which  had  arrived  at  Vera 
Cruz  in  transit  for  Spain.  Among  the  plunder  was 
much  valuable  jewelry  and  about  three  hundred  bags 
of  cochineal,  each  weighing  from  a  hundred  and  fifty 
to  two  hundred  pounds.^"  The  freebooters  w^ere  not 
yet  satisfied,  however,  and  suspecting  that  some  of 
tlio  wealthier  citizens  had  secreted  their  treasure,  put 
several  to  the  torture,^^  ai^ain  threatening  to  burn 
the  parish  church  W'ith  its  inmates  unless  all  their 
valuables  were  delivered  up.  Thereupon,  one  of  the 
priests  ascended  the  pulpit  and  besought  the  captives 
to  surrender  their  property  in  order  to  save  their 
Hves.  Thus  a  further  laro^e  amount  was  obtained. 
For  the  ransom  of  the  governor,  who  w-as  found  liid- 
deu  under  a  pile  of  grass  in  a  stable,  the  sum  of 
seventy  thousand  pesos  was  paid. 

Troops  of  mounted  Spaniards  now  appeared  on  the 
outskirts  of  the  tow^i,  and  occasionally  made  a  dash 

'  'Las  mugerea  pasaron  muclios  travajos,  porque  su  maldad  no  rcscrvava 
Manca,  ni  prieta,  ni  doiicclla  ni  casada,  fj^iie  A  fucrza  dc  su  vigor  no  las  saiMsin, 
llcvandolas  il  forzarlas.  Siendo  este  caso  una  dc  las  cosas  mas  sciisiMus.' 
1  (llan-iid,  Invasion  V.  Cruz,  i27o. 

'"  Ksijuctnelin  estimates  the  value  of  the  booty  at  6,000,000  crowns,  Init 
this  must  bo  an  exaggeration.  Hlxt.  Flih.,  i.  27'2. 

"  Among  these  was  one  Gaspar  de  Herrera,  who  was  suspended  by  the 
inivate  parts  until  he  was  iiuaily  dead.  Mosaico,  i.  40L 


las 


THE  SACK  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


at  the  pirates,  tliougli  they  tliil  i>()t  venture  an  oro'an- 
ized  attack.  It  was  observed,  liowever,  tliat  tlu  ii- 
numbers  constantlv  increased.  ^loreovcr  the  fleet 
i'ruin  Spain  was  every  moment  expected,  and  the 
c(jisairs  deemed  it  i)rudent  to  depart.  The  spoils 
were  tlicref'oro  removed  to  the  island  of  Saerificios 
where  the  fleet  was  stationed.  All  the  negroes  and 
mulattoes  of  both  sexes,  and  some  of  the  Spaniards, 
Were  taken  from  the  churches  to  serve  as  pack  ani- 
mals. The  latter  were  unused  to  such  work,  and  be- 
ing enfeebled  by  fasting  could  barely  stagger  under 
their  burdens,  but  were  urged  on  by  the  merciless 
blows  of  their  captors.  Not  even  yet  were  the  pirates 
satisiied.  About  fifti!en  hundretl  prisoners,  including 
the  g(jvernor  and  the  leading  citizens,  were  conveyed 
to  the  island,  and  a  ransom  of  a  hundred  and  .il'ty 
thousand  pesos  demanded  from  the  citizens  of  Vera 
(  *ruz,  i.nder  threat  that  twelve  of  the  principal  Span- 
iards, whom  meanwhile  they  would  hold  as  hostages, 
should  be  jmt  to  death  in  case  of  non-payment." 

Haogard  and  gaunt  with  hunger  after  their  four 
da3's'  imprisomnent  in  the  stifling  and  fetid  atmosphei'o 
of  the  crowded  churches,  the  caj)tives  were  in  a  piti- 
ful condition;  but  further  suft'ering  was  in  store  for 
them.  Before  embarking  for  the  island  and  on  land- 
ing they  were  closely  searched  and  everything  of  the 
least  value  taken  from  them,  even  to  the  })iecc  of  straw 
mattino:  which  was  their  only  bed  at  ninht  and  their 
shelter  from  the  sun  bv  dav.  Their  food  was  of  the 
coarsest,  and  barely  sutlicient  to  sustain  life.  A  sup[>ly 
of  jirovisions  sent  to  them  from  the  city  was  appro- 
j)riatcd  by  the  pirates.  They  were  constantly  ex- 
posed to  insults  and  threats,  and  most  of  them  expected 
only  death,  or,  as  a  worse  alternative,  a  life  of  hopeless 
captivity.  For  ten  da3's  they  remained  on  the  island 
until  the  ransom  was  paid,  about  midday  on  the  second 


''^  Hn'.lrt),  Dhirio,  in  Dnc.  Ilisf.  M<:r..  i.  ."^Tl-.S.  Acconlingto tliisiuitlM)iity 
<Iii!  viiusdiu  wiis  (IcinandiHl  from  tlic  viceroy.  Ziiiiiucoia  iihiccs  tliu  amount  :it 
100,000  pes'js,  V.  43S-y. 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  FLEET. 


199 


11(1  .:i'tv 


Suiulay  after  the  capture  of  Vera  Cruz.  The  Span- 
iards who  had  becnlield  as  hostai^es  were  then  releasixl; 
till- negroes  and  niuhittoes,  to  the  number  of  at  least 
thirteen  hundred,  and  the  most  attractive  of  the  female 
captives,  were  placed  on  board  tlie  fleet  ;'^  and  the 
buccaneers  prepared  to  set  sail  from  the  island. 

J3uring  the  afternoon  a  double  guard  was  })laced 
over  the  remaining  prisoners;  the  rude  huts  whicli 
they  had  erected  of  branches  to  screen  them  from  sun 
aiul  dew  were  destroyed;  and  the  pirates,  brandisliing 
their  weapons,  never  ceased  to  menace  them  with 
tK  ath,  in  the  hope  of  yet  extorting  a  further  ransom. 
The  threats  were  not  executed,  however,  and  at  night 
all  the  corsairs  withdrew,  for  the  sliips  were  now  ready 
foi-  sea.  The  follow ino-  morning  a  boat's  crew  returned 
to  take  on  board  another  load  of  captives;  but  found 
that  vA\  had  concealed  themselves.  The  governor  and 
two  friars  were  discovered,  and  liavin<jf  no  time  for 
further  search  the  pirates  carried  them  off*  to  their 
vessels,  thouuch  the  latter  were  afterward  released. 
They  secured  also  a  launch  laden  with  provisions, 
\\]\'\v\i  had  been  sent  from  the  city  for  the  relief  of 
tliL'  famishing  prisoneis. 

Xo  sooner  had  the  ransom  been  paid  than  the  fleet 
111  nil  S[)aiii  appeared  in  sight.^*  The  governor  of 
San  Juan  de  Uliia  immediately  despatched  a  boat 
til  the  admiral,  pro])osiiig  to  make  a  combined  attack 
on  the  corsairs,  who  now  put  to  sea,  not  waiting  even 
to  take  ill  water,  or  a  su[)ply  of  fresh  meat  which 
thty  had  provided  at  the  moutli  of  the  Medellin 
llivo]'.  Now  once  more  the  S})aiiiards  let  sli[)  their 
opportunity,  for,  like  the  Austrians  in  the  days  of 
ljoiia[)arte,  they  knew  not  the  value  of  minutes.  If 
a  jii'oinjit  and  vigorous  attack  had  been  made  on  the 


1 


i:i 


Villarrocl  states  tlio  corsiiirs  took  witli  tliom  over  ,S,000  iiiulattocs, 
Iicirrui's,  i\nt\  lioys.  Invasion,  ]'ficv  ('/•»",  in  Lcnlo  dr  Tijnda,  A/nnif.  Ilixf., 
1K\.  laililo.s,  that  they  cariicd  nway  only  ],:{()<>  iief;riies.  J)i(n-!i),  in  J)(ir. 
lli-l.  Mix.,  i.  ;i7l>.  The  hitter  is  imilialiiy  nearer  tlie  trutli,  for  S.UOO  captives 
ill  mlilitiiiii  to  all  the  iiluiuler  ^^■lllll(l  liavo  oveivi'fiwdeil  tlio  vessels. 


'it  coiisisteil  of  11  sail.    J,'oh/i.i,  J)i, 


in  y>("'.  I/i.it.  Ml  X. ,  ;i74.     1 7  vi 


fxh.  Edquciiicliii,  I  Hit.  Flib.,  i.  '.'7-1.     1- yrcat  ships.  i>kar2)'d  Voyujcs,  118. 


200 


THE  SACK  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


overladen  ships  of  the  buccaneers  it  would  probably 
have  been  successful;  but  instead  of  instant  action  a 
coun(!il  of  officers  was  summoned,  and  while  they 
were  yet  in  deliberation,  the  pirates,  crowding  all  sail, 
made  good  their  escape.^' 

Before  leaving  the  island  of  Sacrificios  a  partition 
was  made  of  the  spoils,  which  were  divided  into  1,200 
shares;  and  it  was  found  that  each  share  amounted 
to  800  pesos,  the  total  being  valued  at  000,000  pesos, 
Van  Horn  demanding  for  himself  80  shares  or  G4,000 
pesos.  Lorencillo  appears  to  have  been  dissatistied 
with  his  portion,  for  ho  quarrelled  with  the  former 
concerning  the  dividend,^"  and  the  dispute  ended  in  a 
duel  in  which  Van  Horn  was  wounded  in  the  wiist. 
The  commander  of  the  buccaneers  paid  no  attention 
to  his  hurt,  for  trifling  wounds  were  not  regarded 
among  his  fraternity;  but  this  neglect  cost  him  liis 
life.  His  wrist  grew  worse;  soon  mortification  set  in; 
and  when  fifteen  days  out  at  sea,  he  Mas  thrown  over- 
board, a  cor{)se,  off  Cape  Yucatan.  The  plunder  on 
board  his  vessel,  amountinof  to  one  hundred  thousand 
pesos,  was  bequeathed  to  his  son,  a  youth  of  twelve, 
and  the  command  of  his  ship  devolved  on  Grammont, 
his  lieutenant. 


'"Bohlrif,  Diario,  in  Doc.  Ilht.  Mex.,  i.  373;  Caro,  ii.  G4.  The  Frencli  and 
English  vi'isions  of  the  matter  tli  tier  materially  fi'oiu  the  above.  Escjueiiitliii 
says  that  the  fleet  arrived  while  the  Inieeam.ers  wei'e  at  Vera  Cruz,  Jli-t. 
Flili.,  i.  'J74;  the  antlior  of  iSliarjt'n  Voi/.,  1 19-i:0,  that  Van  Horn  propostil  to 
attack  it  and  oil'cred  to))oard  the  adniiraT.s  shiji,  but  that  Lorencillo  ri  fusnl 
to  coiipcratc  with  him.  It  is  not  likely  that  the  buccaneers  would  think  of 
tluis  risking  their  spoils,  or  would  have  ventureil  to  remain  on  the  coast  in  tho 
presence  of  so  strong  a  fleet,  supported  by  the  artillery  and  gan-isou  of  tlio 
fort. 

""',S'/(r/r;/.'(  I'o//r(f/r.t,  119.  Esquemelin  attributes  the  quarrel  to  a  report  tliiit 
Van  Horn  had  said  something  ofTensive  concerning  Lorencillo,  whereupon  tliu 
latter  Went  in  search  of  his  traducer,  and  though  he  denied  the  charge,  ilri'W 
his  sword,  exclaiming,  'Voilii  ee  qui  va  me  venger  de  Tinjurc  que  tu  m'as 
faite.'  Van  Horn  also  drew,  and  in  the  fight  which  ensued  was  woundid  iu 
tiie  wrist.  Jlixt.  Fl'ih.,  i.  291-'2.  Villarroel's  version  is  that  immediately  iifttr 
boasting  before  his  prisoners  that  he  believed  in  no  (jod,  and  that  his  suciiss 
was  due  to  his  own  valor,  ho  was  met  by  Lorencillo,  who  reproved  him  fm' 
his  harsh  treatment  of  the  captives.  Hence  the  (juarrel  and  the  duel.  /("'(• 
xio.i  \'(f<i  Cniz,  in  Lcrdo  dv  Tijaila,  A/mnf.  IIIk/.,  '2S\.  liobles  states  llnit 
bolii  wei'o  wounded,  and  that  Lorencillo  oil'ered  to  restore  the  booty  on  certain 
eoiulitions.  li'iavin,  in  Doe.  ll'ist.  J/tx.,  i.  373.  The  account  given  in  iS/ccy'* 
Vo>j.  seems  the  most  probable. 


THE  FLIGHT  OF  LORENQLLO. 


201 


Ovcrcrowdiiipf  and  want  of  provisions  caused  sick- 
ness on  board  the  buccaneer  fleet,  and  numbers  per- 
ished. Lorencilloand  his  squadron  were  next  seen  off 
Jiiniaica.  Granimont  .sailed  for  the  island  of  Little 
(iunyove,  where  he  arrived  in  safety,  though  with  the 
loss  of  two  thirds  of  his  prisoners.  A  vessel  whicli 
accompanied  him  was  chased  by  a  Spanish  armadilla;^^ 
and  the  crew  were  compelled  to  take  to  their  boats, 
securing  their  treasure,  but  leaving  behind  them  the 
slaves  and  merchandise.  No  further  attempt  was 
made  to  pursue  or  punish  the  marauders.  The  Span- 
iaids  contented  themselves  with  offering  up  thanks  to 
the  Almighty  for  their  deliverance,  and  an  order  was 
issued  that  in  all  churches,  chapels,  and  convents 
founded  by  the  crown,  a  solemn  annual  mass  should 
he  celebrated  in  gratitude  "for  the  happy  event  of  the 
tliglit  of  Lorencillo." 

After  the  departure  of  the  pirates  those  who  re- 
mained on  the  island  of  Sacrificios  were  at  once  trans- 
tlrred  to  the  city,  which  was  now  guarded  by  a  large 
force  of  cavalry.  During  the  raid  over  three  hundred 
of  the  inhabitants  perished,  and  many  of  the  survivors 
were  reduced  to  beggary.  The  entire  loss  amounted 
to  several  millions  of  pesos.  None  of  the  buildings 
weio  destroyed,  but  all  were  more  or  less  injured,  and 
most  of  them  were  found  in  a  filthy  condition.  Sev- 
eral months  were  required  to  purify  the  churches. 
The  streets  were  choked  with  garbage,  and  the  air 
was  poisoned  with  the  stench  of  decomposed  bodies. 

For  many  years  the  name  of  Lorencillo  was  re- 
membered with  terror  by  the  people  of  New  Spain, 
and  even  to  this  day  it  is  not  forgotten. ^^    Such  was 

'"On  June  17,  1083,  it  was  reported  from  Goazaco.alcos  that  the  pirates 
ilcni;uiilt>(l  00,000  pesos  of  ransom  for  their  negro  and  mulatto  captives.  An 
anuuilillo  of  0  vessels  with  000  men  left  Vera  Ciniz  for  (.ioazacoiilcos  in  the 
inivMlu  of  July,  in  pursuit  of  the  pirates;  but  was  drivfd  back  by  a  stonii 
fiuil  detained  for  about  a  week.  About  the  20th  of  August  the  nrniament  rc- 
tunicil  with  0  prizes  and  90  slaves  taken  from  the  enemy.  Iiithlin,  ])i(ifio, 
ill  hue.  Hint,  ^l(■x•.,  i.  .S70,  .180-3.  The  recapture  of  tlie  slaves  is  conlirnied 
ill  Ks(|uenielin,  but  it  is  nowhere  mentioned  except  in  liobles  that  the  .Span- 
iai'ds  t(ii)k  more  than  one  vessel. 

"■The  name  of  Lorencillo  afterward  became  a  byword  in  Vera  Cruz. 


202 


THE  SACK  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


the  dread  wliicli  lie  infm)ired  tliat  life  and  pioptitv 
^vere  no  longer  considered  safe  in  Vera  Ciiiz,  and 
Mhen  foreign  vessels  appeared  in  sight  the  iidialij- 
tants  fled  to  the  woods.  It  was  now  ordered  that 
the  treasure  destined  for  Spain  should  be  detained  at 
Jalapa  until  after  the  arrival  of  the  fleet,  and  tluj 
arnuulade  Barlovento  was  ordered  thenceforth  to  con- 
voy the  vessels  as  far  as  Habana.  This  force  was 
reorganized,  and  its  commander  tried  by  court-martial 
and  cashiered  for  neglect  of  duty,  Don  Andres  Oclioa 
y  Zarate  being  appointed  in  his  stead. 

The  raid  of  Morgan  and  his  gang  on  Panamtl,  in 
1G71,  had  always  been  considered  as  the  boldest  ven- 
ture of  the  buccaneers;  but  the  sack  of  Vera  Cniz 
was  a  yet  more  daring  exploit.  When  ISIorgan  was 
once  in  possession  of  l*anamil  it  was  impossible  that 
any  large  body  of  Spanish  troops  could  arrive  in  time 
to  interfere  with  his  operations,  but  at  Vera  Cruz  the 
case  was  different.  Apart  from  the  garrison  of  San 
Juan  de  Uliia  there  were  troops  stationed  at  seveial 
])oints  not  more  than  thirty  leagues  distant.  A 
courier  was  despatched  to  the  city  of  Mexico  witliin 
a  few  hours  after  the  landing  of  the  pirates,  and  ar- 
rived in  three  days,^^  reporting  that  they  came  in  lif- 
tcen  large  ships  and  numbered  eight  thousand  mm. 
On  the  following  da}'  a  hastily  levied  force  of  nearly 
two  thousand  horse  and  a  few  companies  of  foot  set 
forth,  soon  to  be  followed  by  large  reiinforcements 
from  the  capital,  all  Spaniards  capable  of  bearini; 
arms,  between  the  ages  of  fifteen  and  sixty,  being  en- 
rolled. The  ecclesiastics  assembled  in  the  cathedral 
and  resolved  to  join  them  in  a  body.  But  before  any 
of  these  reiinforcements  could  arrive  the  buccaneers 
had  abandoned  the  city,  and  news  of  their  departuro 
was  received  in  Mexico  on  the  5th  of  June.^'' 

^^'ll('n  anything  was  irrecoverably  lost  it  was  cnstomary  to  say  that  Lorcn- 
cillip  liad  taken  it.  Villurrocl,  Invasion  Vera  Cruz,  in  Lento  de  Ttjadu,  ApHnt. 
J  J  1st..  •J,SS~<). 

'"Tlic  ilistancc  is  about  94  Spanish  leagues. 

^''Thc  chicl:  autlkoritic^i  whiuh  have  buun  consulted  iu  rulatiou  to  the  suck 


TniAL  OF  THE  OOVnRXOR. 


203 


Oil  tlio  28tli  of  July  the  viceroy  arri\xt]  in  Yvvn. 
Cru/.  His  first  iiu'asui'c  was  to  causo  the  governor 
tit  l)c  tried  for  cowardice,  and  sentence  of  death  was 
pidiiounced;  but  an  appeal  being  made,  his  life  was 
simiid  and  he  was  ordered  to  j)roceed  to  Spain.  Tiie 
(k'ttuccs  of  the  city  were  re})aired  and  strengthened, 
ami  to  ensure  the  earlier  departure  of  the  ileet  it  was 
(inlcred  that  the  annual  fair  be  transferred  from  the 
cajiital  to  Vera  Cruz,  which  was  as  yet  the  only  port 
(if  entry  in  New  Spain,  and  now  for  a  few  years  became 
the  distributing  point  for  the  merchandise  of  Seville. 

J)iuing  the  remainder  of  Laguna's  administration, 
till'  raids  of  corsairs  and  privateers  continued  aluKJst 
without  intermission.  On  the  3d  of  August  1083 
iKW  s  was  received  in  the  city  of  Mexico  that  war  was 
(Kclared  between  France  and  Spain,  and  in  the  follow- 
in;^'  year  hostilities  broke  out  with  England.  The 
(ipciations  of  the  English  buccaneers  were  mainly 
directed,  as  we  have  seen,  against  the  cities  of  Central 
Aimrica;  but  those  of  the  French  filibusters  extended 
(ivcr  all  portions  of  the  coast  of  New  Spain.  On  the 
imrthcrn  portion  of  Santo  Domingo  nearly  ten  thou- 
«ukI  of  the  latter  had  their  head-quarters,  all  of  them 

of  Vc'ia  Crnz  are  tlic  contemporaneous  accounts  of  Father  A'illarroel  and 
iVjit'uiio  l\ol)lcs.  The  former,  who  was  assistant  parish  priest  of  Vera  Cruz 
fit  tln'  time  of  its  capture,  has  left  in  one  of  its  rcf,'isters  of  l)irths  a  tletaikd 
iTionl  of  this  event.  It  contains  occasional  repetitions,  and,  as  I  have  said, 
tliiro  is  some  confusion  in  the  dates,  but  otlierwise  it  is  clear  and  graphic. 
A  literal  copy  is  given  by  Lcrdo  de  Tejada,  in  liis  A/nuitcn  Ilifuriros,  '2~'A-i>'-i, 
ami  another  copy,  less  carefully  taken,  will  be  found  in  the  Mustiico  Mixi- 
('■'»o,  i.  31)l»-407.  Though  the  JJiario  of  Kobles,  i.  JJTO-S."?,  contains  only 
liii-'t'  items  relating  to  this  event,  it  serves  to  eonlirm  the  main  statements  of 
Mliiurucl  and  furnishes  some  additional  facts.  These  are  the  sources  fnjui 
^^!li^.ll  the  pi'incip.al  writers  of  later  times  have  drawn  their  informati(jn, 
tium^li  iii)t  always  conforming  to  the  originals.  Among  the  numerous  foreiL'n 
v.iiters,  English,  French,  and  Dutch,  who  treat  of  this  event  in  eGinicction 
v.itli  the  buccaneers,  the  author  of  S/iar/i'/i  I'oyrt'jis  and  K!<(iuemelin  are 
piohiibly  the  best,  though  both  arc  biassed,  and  the  latter  superficial.  1'he 
l"iimr  narrative  is  meagre,  but  professes  to  be  taken  from  despatches  sinb 
fi"iii  .lamaica  in  August  1GS3.  As  his  ■<'-ork  was  published  in  London  during 
till'  fi>ll,,\vnig  year,  this  is  probalily  iiie  case.  Further  mention  of  this  wi-itur 
i^  iiKiiIc  in  y/(V.  Cent.  Amcr.,  ii.  510-1 1,  this  series,  and  of  Ks(juemclin  in  Iil., 
'"I'T.  These  Avorks  arc  probably  the  most  reliable  so  far  as  they  relate  to  the 
i-tnitaL'rm  by  which  the  city  was  surprised,  and  to  questions  of  detail  relating 
1"  tiif  buccaneer  armament;  for  the  Sjiaui.ards  captured  no  prisoners,  iuid 
lAJtiiiT  N'illarroel  nor  Kobles  could  have  known  anything  definite  about  these 
iiiatturs. 


■i  ^  I 

I 


M  1 


9M 


THE  SACK  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


pntfe.ssinj^  alleiriaiicc  to  the  king  c)f  Frnnro.  Tli. 
AViitors  o{'  tlio  Caribbean  sea  swarmed  with  pii'atos  wli  i 
defied  the  Spanisli  cruisers  and  tlie  armada  de  ]>;iiln- 
vento.  All  the  elForts  of  the  Spanish  authoriti(  s  to 
rid  the  scaa  of  this  scourjjc  were  of  little  avail.  Or.K  is 
were  given  that  whenever  a  pirate  craft  was  captuidl 
the  captain  and  officers  shouul  be  shot  and  the  ctvw 
Rent  to  work  at  the  galleys  in  Spain.  Nevertlulos 
it  seldom  happened  that  a  vessel  arrived  in  Vera  Cnu 
without  bringing  news  of  further  depredations. 

At  the  verv  time  when  Van  Horn  and  his  Liiiii' 
were  sharing  the  spoils  of  this  city  at  the  island  (if 
Sacrificios,  a  large  force  of  French  corsairs  captiind 
the  city  of  Guayana  with  its  governor  and  gariison, 
and  took  possession  of  Margarita  and  other  sii.;ill 
islands  in  the  West  Indies.  Maracaibo  was  ul>n 
threatened,  and  the  audiencia  of  Santa  Fe  petitioiiiMl 
the  viceroy  to  allow  the  armada  de  Barlovento  to  \)Vo- 
ceed  to  New  Granada.  On  the  2d  of  May  1G84  m:\\y, 
arrived  in  Mexico  that  Tampico  had  again  \kv\\ 
sacked  by  a  large  force  of  pirates,  and  a  number  of  tlif 
inhabitants  carried  off  as  captives.  Two  days  Inter 
the  Barlovento  fleet  sailed  in  pursuit  of  them  and 
captured  three  of  their  ships."^  On  July  6th  of  tlie 
same  year  Lorencillo  appeared  once  more  in  the  North 
Sea,  this  time  off  the  port  of  Campeche,  which  li  • 
captured  after  a  five  days'  siege,  and  thence  marclad 
on  Merida,  but  was  driven  back  with  heavy  loss.  On 
his  return  voyage  ho  encountered  the  armada  uii(kr 
command  of  Ochoa,  and  vHie  of  his  frigates  mountiiiL: 
twenty-seven  guns  wa^  ciptured  by  Spaniards.  Lo- 
rencillo escaped  with  j)i;j  own  vessel^''  and  henceforth 
appears  no  more  in  connection  with  piratical  expedi- 
tions on  the  mainland. 

°'  Rivera  mentions  that,  during  this  year,  a  pirate  vessel  was  ca]iturc  I 
nonr  Tampico  with  104  men  on  board.  The  prize  was  tiiken  to  Vera  ("niz  iiiil 
o  of  the  corsairs  were  hanged.  The  rest  would  have  met  with  the  same  fate 
but  for  a  recent  order  requiring  that  all  freebooters  taken  captive  shniild  le 
sent  to  Spain.  Goh.  Mcx.,  i.  •JG.'J. 

2-'/(/.,  420,  4-28,  435-7.  Ochoa  died  about  this  time;  but  whether  \w  was 
killed  iu  action  is  not  recorded. 


OTHER  PIRATICAL  OPERATIONS. 


205 


v^hethcr  ho  was 


Xcvortlu'loss  tho  settlers  of  ^It  ridii  were  constantly 
ill  (Irtad  of  filihustcrs.  ]Many  of  the  corsairs  when 
not  ciipfaged  in  their  raids  eniplovt'd  tlieniSL'lves  in  the 
jnolitahlo  occupation  of  tortoise  fisliiiiL,',  these  ♦grounds 
ixtiiiding  from  Canipcche  to  the  contines  of  Nica- 
iaL,nia.  Among  the  numerous  keys,  islands,  or  coves 
(if  this  long  stretch  of  coast  they  careened  their  ves- 
sels, pursued  their  fishing,  ami  planned  their  exj)edi- 
tiuiis,  safe  from  the  attacks  of  Spanish  cruisers.  The 
iiitiit-ato  coast  of  Campechc,  with  which  they  were 
]i(  rfictly  familiar,  was  constantly  IVequented  hy  these 
iiiin.-mders,  and  in  consequence  !Merida  Mas  contin- 
ually exposed  to  their  attacks.  The  garrison  consisted 
(if  hut  two  companies  of  half-clad  and  poorly  fed  sol- 
tlk IS,  until  after  the  raid  of  Lorencillo,  when  two  more 
(Diiipanies  were  sent  from  Spain.  The  encomenderos 
(ifKixtl  to  build  a  wall  around  the  citv  at  their  own 
ixiKiise,  asking  only  that  the}^  should  be  released  from 
the  tax  for  the  support  of  cavalry  called  montado. 

J)uringthe  years  1G85  and  1G8G  the  principal  oper- 
ations of  the  j)irates  Merc  the  raid  of  Agramon  on 
the  coast  of  Florida,  and  the  ex[)edition  of  Dampicr  to 
tilt'  South  Sea.  The  former  was  driven  off  with  tho 
loss  of  fifty  men.  The  operations  of  Dampier,  Swan, 
and  others  on  the  coast  of  Central  xVmei'ica  have  l)een 
Rlated  in  their  place;  and  it  has  already  been  nien- 
tiiuii'd  that  the  latter,  accompanied  by  Townley,  re- 
solved to  tr}'  his  fortune  on  the  coast  of  ^lexico,  hoping 
to  ca[tture  the  Manila  shij),  which  at  this  epoch  M'as 
wont  to  leave  the  Philippines  in  June  and  arrive  at 
Acapulco  about  Christmas.  After  an  unsuccessful 
attLin[)t  to  take  the  Lima  galleon  from  under  tho  gunp 
of  the  fort  at  Acajiulco  early  in  November  108.'),  and 
.'111  I  qually  vain  effort  to  find  the  town  of  Coliuia  on 
tile  "JOth,  they  reached  Salagua,  oi-  Santiago,  Deeem- 
Ikt  I.st,  and  had  a  skirmish  witli.  the  S})aniards,  caj)- 
turing  two  mulattoes,  but  were  unable  to  find  there 
any  such  town  as  v.'as  described  in  the  Spanish  pilot- 
uu(.iks. 


20G 


THE  SACK  OF  VEPA  CRUZ. 


^rnny  of  tlie  Eni^lisliineii  died  iu  tliis  region  of  a 
])rev!deiit  di'oi'sy  loliowing  chills  and  fever.  The 
malady  nn'glit  hiive'  been  easily  cured  by  certain  })arts 
of  an  alligator  ]valvei'ized  and  taken  in  water,  Imt 
tliero  were  no  alligatoi's  to  be  had.  On  the  11th  tlnv 
sighted  Capo  Coi'i'ieiites,  and  it  was  their  plan  tn 
cruise  about  this  plaee  and  watch  for  the  galleon;  luit 
it  was  also  necessary  to  o1)tain  supplies,  and  during' 
onc;  of  the  raids  made  for  this  pur})t)se,  the  galleon  is 
sup|)osed  to  have  passed  by  unnoticed;  at  least  llu! 
hope  of  taking  her  was  soon  given  up,  and  on  Janii.irv 
0,  IGSG,  the  tleet  separated,  sailing  from  Bandnas 
A'alley,  where  on  December  4th  they  had  had  a  iiglit 
with  the  Spaniards,  losing  four  men  and  killing se\iii- 
teen.  Cajttain  Townley  with  two  vessels  returned 
down  the  coast,  while  Captain  Swan  continued  liis 
vovau'e  northward  in  the  lioiie  of  fuidiuijf  towns  or  rich 
mines.  Tiic  northern  limit  reached  by  the  ships  \v,i> 
2;3°  30',  just  above  IMazatlan,  although  Swan  wiiit  in 
boats  still  farther  in  search  of  C'uliacan,  which  he  diil 
not  reach.  The  fleet  turned  ahout  on  February  -d. 
On  February  llth  tbey  anchored  at  the  mouth  ol'lhi' 
I\io  Santiago,  or  Tololothm,  up  which  stream  seventy 
men  were  sent  in  four  boats;  but  having  ca})tured  an 
Indian  who  could  guide  them  to  Santa  Fecaque,  prob- 
ably Centipac,  Swan  set  out  in  person  with  douMi' 
that  forct'.  The  inhabitants  ran  away,  and  the  town 
was  cntei-ed  without  resistance.  Several  days  wn.; 
s])ent  in  loading  the  canoes  with  sup])lies,  and  on  tlio 
IDth  fifty  men  on  their  way  from  the  town  to  tli'j 
landing,  each  leading  a  horse  laden  with  maize,  wcw 
attacdvcd  by  Spaniards,  Indians,  and  negroes  \'v>m 
Santiago,  and  every  man  killed,  as  already  relatnl/^ 
iiicludinijf   Ivinurosu  the   buccaneer  autlu»r,  who  was 


S 


wan  s    su[)ercargo. 


Tl 


lis   disaster   disc()ura<>"e( 


d   i! 


]hitish  "from  attempting  anything  more  hereabonls."' 
It  was  propose<l  to  go  to  Cape  San  Tjucas  for  r(*|i;iirs, 
and  they  sailetl  on  the  'Jlst,  passing  the  Tres  iMana.> 


'^y/;,s/.  Call.  A I 


ii.  5GS,  Uiia  sLiits. 


Il^: 


END  OF  LACUNA -S  REIGX. 


207 


liiit  wci'c  driven  back  iliitlier  an  the  7tli  of  ISrarch. 
It  was  now  decided  to  sail  I'oi-  ^ranila,and  after  takin;^ 
water  at  Baiideras  they  k'ft  C«»rriente.s  on  the  last  day 
111'  March.  The  nu-n  nuirniurcd  at  the  lonix  vovauo 
lufdie  them,  but  hoped  for  rich  booty  in  the  l^ast 


bi.li 


es. 


The   liistoiian   of  the    expeihti 


peihtion   naturally 


(joes  not  quit  the  c<>ast  without  liavinjj^  liis  say  about 
Calilornian  geography  and  the  Strait  of  Anian.'^ 

Ajiart  from  the  raids  of  buccaneers  few  inciik'iits 
W'vlhy  of  note  occurred  during  tlie  reign  of  Viceroy 
Lacuna;  there  was  an  Indian  revolt  in  New  INtexico, 
and  an  expedition  to  tiie  coast  of  Lower  California, 
wliich  will  be  related  in  their  place.  On  the  .8th  of 
Fchniary  1G84,  the  viceroy  received  intelligence  that 
]iis  term  of  otKcc  was  extended  for  three  years.*''  In 
ICiSC)  liis  residencia  was  taken  l>y  the  fiscal  Bastida. 
Th('  charges  were  trivial,  and  about  two  years  later 
111'  rt'turned  to  his  native  country,  where,  having 
inadi'  a  donation  of  fifty  tliousand   pesos    for  some 


ciiai 


itabl 


ritalile  purpose,  lie  received  tlic  ran 


]  th 


ik  of 


erraiKleo 


if  Spain,  and  his  son  the  title  of  duke  of  Guastala. 


I  hi  III  I 


I II IT'S  Ann  \  oyfiije  aroiiii 


I   the   World,  London,   109!),  i.   'J." 


Tliu  ;iiitlii>r,  Wni.  Danipicr,  was  en  tlu-  tl.'it,  liiit  ii\  what  position  do.s  iiut 


\\\ 


til  C.-ipt; 


llo  liail  left  Virj;inia  unikr  Cajitain  Cook  in  Aul;.  KiS.'l,  liail  ln'cii 


Ml 


1); 


ivis  lu  tno  sou 


itli 


III   liail  cmic  noitli  witli  Cant 


ilMi'iii  KISd  anil  1(JSS  several  attacks  i<\\  the 


[ituin  Swan, 
eiiast  of  Cunianii  were  rejielKd 
I'V  (lovenior  (iasiiar  Mateo  ilc  Acosta,  Ijiit  he  was  nnahlc  to  expel  ii  Friiuii 
I'lluiiy  estalj'iiheil  at  tiiu  mouth  of  tii-j  rivert  ;nara]iicheto,  and  the  iiiiiiaila  do 


irliivelilii  Mas  ordered  to  pineenl  lo  'ii>  ai 


]• 


lenell    liuates 


wore  p:iriloneil,  and  one  of  them,  name<l  Lorenzo,  aiipointed  sirLtento  mayor 


luD, 


l(iM),  tine 


iiliuii  thai  100  n 


jiad 


e  prisoni'is  taken  at  L;iL;unii 


lien  eii'_'a 


-III  th 


d 


erm  aos  uave  mlorm- 


tnr  .-.meral  i  i  intlis  lU  enttim. 


Ill  and  shiiipini;  it  to  .lamaiea.      >'easures  were  taken  jiy  the  viceroy  to 


n 


V<.h.  M, 


i.   I'li.-M.     The   treat V  ci 


iiL'hunl,  I'rance,  and   Holland  ;it  tliis  |m 
)tl 


rincl,  w  lu  reliv  th 


jludid    helueeu 
couittriis  Were 


iL'id  to  aid  eacii  other  in  extendin.'  their  possessions  in  Aiiieiica,  caused 
imiili  iiiKasiiicss  to  the  Spanish  crown,  and  the  \iceriiv  was  ordered  to  make 
viironni^  (H'eparatioiis  for  defence.     The  forts  were  lepaired,  the  aiiiiada   do 


J'luiiixnito  was  ri 


li'llilir: 


littcd, 


>lii 


.1 


1" 


lascil,  and  J; 


itii  Li 


1/  (  il|(lll 


f  the  Flemish  siniadriin  in  the  <  ccan  i 


ileet,  pla 


HI  ciiauiiaiiil 


lli:U- 


vidus  year  ■'       '  \p<istor  appeared  in  tlie  ])erson  of  Antimio 
•esi'nled  hiii..     i  as  the  nianpiis  of  Saint  \'inceut,  a  iield- 


'  I'lu  iMt;  the  ]ire 

iviilcs,  who  rcpresi'n 

-liiil  am!  1,'overnnr  of  the  castle  of  .\i_apnk 

T:i|'ai" 


II 


e  is  commiii.lv  Kiiow  n  as 


lo.     lie  was  airested  hv  onh  r  of  the  ;indiencia.  tried, 


rlltciii 


d 


Wl 


in  iirison  he  tiicd  ti>  stian:;li-  iiiniself  with  a  handkerdiii  f. 


Alicr  his  execn 

"till!'  hand  was   fastened   on  tlie  u'aliow.- 


tion  his  head  and  one  of  h 


O/'./, 


(/i'/t(  CoruiKi,  .MS.,  iii.  (iO  1. 


■  nils  Wl  re  taken  to  I'uilila.    Tins 
y.V.Wo,  ."ITO  et  seij.;  Ciiru,  ii.  Ii4; 


CHAPTER  XI. 

THE  PROVINCE  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 

16S3-1S03. 

Extent  of  the  City  of  Vera  Cruz — Entrepot  of  Commerce— Ciiaracteb 
OF  the  Population — Prosperity  of  the  People — Irs  Iniiaritants- 
Its  Tkade — Scarcity  of  Waier — The  Black-vomit — The  Poi:t  of 
VeRiV  Cruz — The  Fortress  of  San  Jcan  ue  Ulua — Its  Garkiso.n— 
The  Works  Cost  Nearly  Forty  Millions  of  Pesos— Ckssai  ion  dp 
Buccaneering  Raids — The  Towns  of  Coruoba,  Jalapa,  and  Ouizau, 

There  are  few  records  as  to  the  condition  of  the 
]irovinco  of  Vera  Cruz  for  some  twenty  or  tliiity 
years  after  the  sack  of  its  capital.  About  ]  730  tlie 
city  contained  perhaps  three  thousand  Spaniards, 
niiilattoes,  and  negroes,  apart  from  its  garrison;  the 
ivmainder  of  its  heterogeneous  population  iiR-ludiii;' 
people  from  all  the  western  nations  of  EurojK\  Tlio 
city  was  about  one  sixth  of  a  league  in  length  aiul 
lialf  that  distance  in  width.  Most  of  the  inhabitants 
were  mulattoes;  some  of  them  being  wealthy,  for 
money  was  readily  made  at  this  entre[»ut  of  coui- 
mercc,  and  even  the  negro  slaves  could  accumulate 
enough  to  purchase  their  freedom. 

In  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century  Vera  Cruz 
was  but  an  insignificant  port,  serving  as  a  landing- 
place  for  the  bands  of  adventurers  who  came  to  the 
."■liores  of  New  Spain.  At  the  opening  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  it  was  the  commercial  emporium  of  a 
territory  whose  vast  resources,  little  developc!  as  thev 
n)e  even  to  this  day,  had  excited  the  envy  of  the 
woild.  At  the  latter  date  its  population  was  esti- 
mated  at  over  thirty -five  thousand,  of  whom  alioiit 


iW...,.;  J 


1 1 


SOCIETY. 


209 


twt^nty  thousand  were  permanent  residents.^  The  in- 
lialtitants  were  quiet,  orderly,  and  peaceable.  Busine.ss 
(lislioncsty  was  unknown,  and  property  of  all  kinds  was 
secure,  few  precautions  being  needed  to  insure  its 
.(sal'ctv.  There  were  no  bei^n-ars  in  the  streets,  and 
few  crinnnals  in  the  public  jail;  the  poorer  classes 
^v(.■lv  all  employed  in  some  useful  occupation,  and 
auuing  the  rich  were  not  a  few  who  had  acquired 
imiiunse  fortunes  in  commercial  pui'suits.  The  gov- 
ernment employes,  both  civil  and  military,  performed 
tliiir  duties  faithfully  and  were  accorded  the  consid- 
inition  d'le  to  their  rank.  The  church  was  well  sup- 
j)oitv'(,.  nii''  !"'  ^  religious  orders  were  among  the  largest 
properiN  -li.  ;.;^rs  ii,'  the  province.^ 

'Of  tlio  floating  population  3,(140  were  seamen,  7,370  nuilctccrs,  and  4,500 
passiiiL'cr.s,  troops,  scivantb,  and  non-resident  trailesnicn.  Li  rdn  dc  Tfjada, 
Apuiit.  J/h!..  300.  In  old  Vera  Cruz  there  was  in  1777  a  population  of  777 
jiei'sons,  of  whom  only  3!)  wjre  Spaniards.  Vera  Cruz,  Fahrlca,  in  ^[cx.  Dor. 
Efkf..  MS.,  i.  no.  ii.  fol.  10.  At  this  date  the  population  of  the  new  city 
v.as  c>tinmtrd  liy  the  traveller  De  Menonville,  in  Pinkerton's  C^l.  T"//.,  -xiii. 
777,  r.t  (),()()0  to  7,000.  If  this  be  so  it  had  increased  more  than  live-fold 
MJtliiii  'M  years.  The  writer  altirms  tliat  at  the  time  of  IiIh  visit  tlie  hcnises 
vcre  I  milt  entirely  of  stone  brought  from  Cainpeeho,  and  th.at  he  .saw  tlie 
r.iiiis  i]f  at  least  "20  buildings  that  had  lain  tlieru  for  lifty  years,  the  walls  of 
\\\\v:\\  were  of  masonry;  but  why  stone  should  be  brought  from  Campeehe 
v!  "11  tin  re  was  excellent  material  in  the  neiglibo'hood  he  does  not  explain. 
S[ii':ikiiig  of  the  city  lie  remarks  that  not  the  slightest  culture  embellishes 
the  Ui  ighliorhood.  'The  men,'  lie  continues,  'are,  generally  ijpcakiiig,  lofty- 
iiiiinkd  and  jirond;  cither  Iviin  !his  being  the  specilic  character  of  their 
iiatiiin,  or  oving  to  their  cx>.'.;ssi\\'  \\ealtli  in  a  country  where  gold  stamps  so 
iiuidi  value  on  its  posscs>  r.  Tii'y  coin]irchend  trade  very  well,  but  here, 
.15  c!.<culKrc,  t'.icir  natrr;  i  ijid'^^  uco,  and  their  rooted  habits,  and  supersti- 
tion, vender  them  i.ri':  u<!'.:Ji!v  c.verso  from  labour.  Incessantly  tliey  arc 
atii  witii  ihcir  ihaple'^s  i.niL  lo'ics  oIj  thvir  arms  and  round  thcii'  neck;  their 
liiius(  s  jirc  tilled  with  stai'ins  ai!  '  paiiitvigs  of  s  nts;  a;;d  their  life  is  a  scries 
of  (Icvuiiiinal  jiractices.  Tlu  v  mk'v>  live  recluse  in  their  apartments  idiovu 
Hairs,  til  avoid  being  seen  by  strangers;  though  it  is  by  m,  means  iliilicult  to 
IH'iiiivi'  that,  but  for  the  restrictions  placed  on  tlieni  by  their  luisbaiuls,  they 
VuiiM  be  far  more  easy  of  access.  Within  doors  they  wear  over  the  shirt 
iiotliiii.'  but  a  small  silk  corset,  laced  with  a  gold  or  silver  coi-d.  Still,  though 
6'i.sini|ile  their  dress,  they  wear  a  gold  necklace,  bi'acelcts  at  the  wrist  of  the 
«uiie  iiielal,  anil  at  their  ears  pendants  of  emeralils  of  greatest  valiu'.  (len- 
(lally  >|iiaking.  the  fair  in  this  city  are  not  handsome;  fur  hnwever  ricli  their 
ilrcss  tiny  show  a  dclicicncy  of  grace  and  fancy,  and,  under  an  aiipai'cnt 
ivscrvr,  are  strongly  in  'ined  to  lasciviousness.  The  only  amuscnKnts  are 
tlio  iiive.ia,  a  sort  of  'ec-house,  whither  the  gentcchr  sort  rci;air  to  take 
iv-i'ivants,  and  some  iir  .itioiis  "f  bull-lights  for  the  vulgar;  unless  indcd 
tii;ilii  tlii-<  deiiominati  )'.  'o  -O'nnriscd  tiie  iirocessions  and  llagellatinns  of  the 
lolyw.vk.' 

■  In  174(5  Vera  Cruz  cent  .med  seven  convents  belonging  to  the  Iioiuinican, 
''aiiri-ian,  .VuLrnstinian,  and  Merced  orders,  two  hospitals,  and  a  Jesuit  col- 
Uisr.  Miix.,  Voi4.  III.    U 


I  I 


^l 


210 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


At  this  period  the  trade  of  Vera  Cruz  prol);i1)]y 
exceeded  thirty  milhon  pesos  a  year.  Apart  fropi 
coinmerce  the  city  had  little  to  depend  upon.  80 
limited  was  the  area  of  cultivated  land  in  its  vicinity' 
tliat  nearly  all  the  leading  articles  of  consuin[)tinn 
were  brought  from  a  distance.  Stock-raising  was  the 
cliief  occupation  in  the  surrounding  country,  and 
hides  and  dried  fish  the  only  connnodities  exported 
from  the  province.  Much  of  the  prosperity  now 
enjoyed  was  due  to  the  measures  adopted  by  Cailos 
III.  in  1778  .^  h  a  view  to  facilitate  comnuTce 
between   Spain  n  er  colonies.     Many  of  the  re- 

strictions which  hac  Jmcd  at  a  monopoly  of  trade, 
and  had  served  only  to  divert  it  into  the  hands  of 
foreicfners,  were  now  removed,  and  no  comnuniitv 
was  more  greatly  benefited  thereby  than  that  of 
Vera  Cruz,  which  was  still  the  only  port  of  entry  011 
the  northern  seaboard  of  New  Spain.  In  1795  a  tri- 
bunal of  connnerce*  was  established  there  by  royal 
decree,  and  its  operations  were  of  great  benefit  botli 
to  the  city  and  the  province.  At  the  o[)ening  of  the 
nii>eteenth  century  the  city  had  attained  the  full 
growth  of  her  prosperity,  and  more  substantial  build- 
ings were  erected  than  during  the  two  preceding  i<ii- 
turies.  The  madrepore  stone,  called  by  the  natives 
2)iedra  maciira,  and  found  in  abundance  on  the  ivefs 

lege.  Tliero  were  also  two  chapels  outside  tlic  walls.  Vi'ln-Seiior,  Teu(r<\  i. 
271.  Althougli  there  wcri;  more  priests  in  Vera  (,'riiz  than  were  neeileil,  many 
of  the  towns  in  the  tlistrict  liatl  none,  ami  in  ISOL*  had  not  lieen  visited  liytlic 
bisliop  of  I'uelihi,  to  whose  iliocese  tliey  belonged,  for  47  years.  'I'ln'  liist 
liospit  il  was  established  ]jy  two  .Jesuits  on  tlie  ishmd  of  San  Juan  de  I'lii;!. 
1  hiring  tlie  rule  of  the  Marquis  of  Montcsclaros  a  liospital  was  fouudii!  in 
Vera  (,'ru/ and  named  after  tlic  nianjuis.  It  was  abandoned  in  KSOd.  The 
next  oil''  fou2ided  in  the  city  was  tlie  military  hos|iital  of  San  Cilrlos,  mv\- 
pleted  in  17'i4.  One  named  Our  Lady  of  Loreto  was  liuilt  for  the  aet'oiiiiii"- 
dation  of  women,  aiul  one  for  convalescents  was  commenced  in  \~>^\  niul 
placed  in  charge  of  the  Kethlehcmite  nuns.  The  last  three,  together  with  tlio 
pid)lic  liospital  of  San  Sebastian,  existed  in  1S07.  LcrJo  de  Tcjculu,  Jpinit. 
J  J  int.,  :!77-8. 

*  J'nsewherc  in  the  province  ngi'icultural  products  wore  considerahli',  in- 
cluding among  other  items  300,000  fanegas  of  corn  a  year,  '243,7")0  arrolias  uf 
cotton,  and  80,000  ari'obaa  of  sugar.   L<r</o  de  Tijada,  Ajmiil.  Ilixt.,  Wti'-.A). 

*  'Consulado.'  In  1784  the  oilicc  of  '  comandancia  <Ud  resguardo  de  Indus 
las  rentas'  was  created  in  Vera  Cruz  by  order  of  tlie  crown,  the  regulutimis 
.adopted  being  the  same  as  those  in  force  at  Cadiz. 


PREVALENCE  OF  DISEASE. 


211 


ill  the  harbor,  supphcd  an  excellent  material,  and 
came  into  general  U!?e.  Before  this  time  the  houses 
were  built  for  the  most  part  of  wood,  although  during 
the  preceding  century  and  a  half  the  city  had  several 
times  been  partly  destroyed  by  fire/ 

The  streets  of  Vera  Cruz  were  regularly  laid  out, 
their  direction  corresponding  with  that  of  the  car- 
dinal points  of  the  compass.  Their  pavement  was 
commenced  in  17G5  and  completed  in  177G.  In  April 
of  the  following  year  they  were  lighted  for  the  tirst 
lime  by  order  of  the  municipality.  In  1790  a  cemetery 
was  opened  outside  the  walls  of  i/ie  city,  and  by  order 
of  the  viceroy  the  burial  of  the  dead  in  church  vaults 
was  forbidden.  To  this  practice  and  to  the  scantiness 
ami  poor  quality  of  the  water ^  may  be  attributed  in 
jiart  the  pestilences  from  which  the  inhabitants  were 
8eklom  free.  The  rich  obtained  their  supply  from 
cisterns  built  on  their  own  premises,  the  poor  from 
ail  aqueduct^  which  was  usually  empty  during  two  or 
three  months  in  the  year,  when  they  were  dependent 
on  a  single  well  sunk  near  the  bastion  of  Santa  Bar- 
hara.  Another  cause  of  the  prevalence  of  disease 
was  the  overcrowding  of  the  houses,  which  were 
packed  so  closely  together  in  the  poorer  quarters  of 
the  town  as  to  impede  the  circulation  of  the  air. 

The  rains  set  in  at  Vera  Cruz  about  the  20tli  of 
!March  and  lasted  for  six  months,  being  followed  l)y 
violent  north-west  winds  which  continued  almost 
throughout  the  dry  season,  raising  the  sand  in  such 
clouds  as  often  to  obstruct  the  sight  and  render  breath- 
ing (liflficult.  September  and  October  w'ere  the  most 
unhealthy  months,  and  it  was  then  that  the  sickness 


'  The  fire  of  1G18,  spoken  of  on  page  27  of  this  volume,  is  not  even  inin- 
tioiud  hy  Miron  in  Noticia  Inntructiva,  altliough  tliere  is  no  doubt  that  it 
oeciuR'd;  but  he  speaks  of  two  otliers  that  happened  in  ItJOG  and  KiOS. 

"^  As  wnly  as  1703  an  attempt  was  made  to  briiig  water  into  the  eity  from 
tlie  riv(_r  Janiajia.  In  17!)<)  a  dam  was  built  and  an  aqueduct  eonstrueted  for 
sitnio  distance,  but  the  work  was  abandoned.  Though  surveys  have  since  I'ccn 
iiiiidc  and  revenues  assigned  for  the  purpose,  nothing  has  been  acconipHshed. 
li.rilni/p  Trjnila,  Ajmnt.  Jlixt.,  .3-22-6. 

'  Cunstrueted  by  Malibrau  in  1726. 


212 


THE  TROVINCE  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


.1  l-i. 


known  as  the  Ijlack-voniit  was  the  most  deadly.  TJiis 
sr-ouryc  was  supposed  to  have  l)ecn  introduced  l)y  an 
En,L;lish  slave-ship  in  the  year  1G99,  but  was  nioiv 
probably  an  endemic  disease  due  to  the  causes  already 
mentioned,  and  to  the  malaiia  generated  by  decayiiii^ 
animal  and  veufetable  matter.'*  At  the  close  of  tlic 
last  and  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  so  great 
vas  the  havoc  wrcjught  by  this  malady  that  .t  was 
])roposed  to  abandon  the  site  of  Vera  Cruz  ai.d  \\- 
move  to  Jalapa. 

The  port  of  Vera  Cruz  was  neither  safe  nor  coni- 
nuxlious,  being  but  a  roadstead,  sheltered  on  the  east 
side  by  a  few  small  and  widely  separated  reefs  and 
islands.  On  die  north  it  was  entirely  exposed,  and 
from  Septendjer  to  Maich  was  swe])t  by  violent  nortli 
winds,  which  ?  lade  the  anchorage  unsafe.  The  island 
of  ,^  .n  Juan  de  Ulua  is  less  than  a  mile  distant  from 
the  city,  only  its  south-west  point  on  which  the  fort 
was  built  being  above  high-water  mark.  On  the  hc- 
A\ard  siile  of  this  island,  facing  the  city,  vessels  made 
last  by  cable  ropes  to  huge  bolts  and  rings  let  into 
the  walls  of  the  fort.  Here  the  depth  of  water  was 
,^ix  or  eight  fathoms,  and  from  this  jioint  passengers 
and  freight  were  transferred  to  the  mainland  in  boats. 
( )jiposite  the  city,  and  at  about  the  same  distance,  was 
a  .small  reef  called  Lavandera,  near  which  was  also  an 
anchoring  QTOund  for  n>erchant  craft.  Five  or  six 
miles  to  the  south-east  are  the  islands  of  Verde  ami 
Sacrificios,  where  were  the  quarantine  ground  and  tlio 
station  lor  ships  of  war.  The  harbor  was  entered  by 
two  channels,  the  best  one  being  on  the  north  sidf. 
between  Uliia  and  the  mainland,  with  a  depth  of  fmir 
to  five  fathoms  anil  a  width  of  four  hundred  varas. 
The  other  channel  lay  between  the  island  of  Sacriti- 

'  Jliimholdt,  E'<sai,  i.  '270-0.  In  1S03,  the  eminent  Spanish  physician  I'lii- 
rpiiiiij  IViez  do  Comoto  declareil  tiiat  tlie  ilisi'ase  hiul  not  iit'oii  introdii'  >  I 
Irniii  any  foroigu  country.  Tlio  presence  of  foreigners,  of  whom  hirge  iimh- 
lii'is  iliiil  of  yellow  fever,  was,  however,  l)eliev(.'d  to  aid  the  develoiJiiieiit  'f 
lliL'  g'-rnis  of  tliis  disease,  and  siieli  was  the  experience  in  all  pliices  ^nl^ie^■t  to 
ii..  in  ls2.~>  tiie  legislature  oll'ered  a  reward  of  100,000  pesos  to  any  one  wUo 
should  discover  ti  remedy. 


HARBORS. 


213 


cios  and  the  Piijaro  reef,  and  was  of  the  same  de|)tli 
uikI  ^vidtll. 

A  larger  and  more  sheltered  harbor,  named  Anton 
Li/.ardo,  was  situated  a  few  leagues  to  the  south-east 
!'['  Vera  Cruz,"  and  there  appears  to  be  no  good  reason 
why  the  latter  was  selected,  except  that  the  island  of 
San  Juan  do  Uli'ia  was  a  favorable  s[)ot  for  the  coii- 
slruction  of  a  fortress.     Xo  attempt  was  made   to 


IS 


■>:-vr:V-;;c-Xir::;j:*'-;i|«3.  _. /'*       i~—  Tr^i  •'w*  b^.->»  r  ;  •    .■'  •.'-■-i-v  ;-.■------■'■■-■  ;"■ 


m. 


It 


San  Ji'AN  iiK  Ulua. 


iiiil'idve  it,  and  at  the  close  of  the  eighteentli  eeniuiy 
it  i(  niained  in  the  same  condition  as  when  lirst  (li>- 
eo\rivd  by  Grijalva  in  I0I8. 

'  Auidii  Lixiirtlo  wfis  the  lini'lxii'  in  v.liicli  the  French  fluct  anchduil  iu 
l^to"'  iuiil  the  Aincricaus  iu  lS47-liS-ltS. 


214 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


There  arc  no  reliable  data  as  to  the  exact  time 
v.'heii  the  fortress  of  San  Juan  tie  Ulua  was  erectiJ; 
but  the  works  must  have  been  commenced  betwcuu 
the  years  1582  and  1G25.  At  the  former  date  the 
island  was  occupied  only  by  sailors  and  merchants;  at 
the  latter  the  fortress  is  mentioned  by  the  traveller 
(Ja;j:e,  in  connection  with  his  visit  to  Vera  Cruz,  and 
a[»[)ears  to  have  been  then  well  advanced.  It  was 
probably  the  strongest  fort  in  the  New  World,  and 
until  the  improvements  made  in  modern  warfare  was 
considered  almost  impregnable,  being  often  termed 
the  San  Juan  de  Acre  of  America.  In  174G  it  was 
mounted  with  one  hundred  and  twenty  guns  and 
three  mortars.  In  1780  it  contained  one  hundred 
brass  cannon  and  about  fifty  pieces  of  ordnance  made 
of  iron,  the  latter  being  of  heavy  calibre.^''  The  main 
building  was  in  the  shape  of  a  parallelogram,  with  a 
bastion  at  each  of  its  angles.  The  one  at  the  soutli- 
west  corner  was  named  the  bastion  of  San  Pedro  and 
was  completed  in  1G33.  It  was  surmounted  by  a 
liiu'li  tower  on  which  M'as  a  revolving  light.  On  the 
south-east  corner  was  the  bastion  of  San  Crispin, 
completed  in  1710.  Here  was  built  a  lookout  to\\\r 
whence  vessels  were  sighted  and  communication  main- 
tained with  the  city  by  a  system  of  signals.  Others 
named  Our  Lady  del  Pilar  and  Santa  Catalina  weie 
finished  in  1778  and  1799  respectively.  The  curtain 
and  the  flanks  of  the  bastions  facing  seaward  wwo 
covered  with  stakes  of  hard  wood  sharpened  at  the 
end  and  rising  a  foot  and  a  half  out  of  the  water,  so 
that  at  high  tide  vessels  could  not  approach  within 
musket  shot.  Within  the  fort  were  seven  large  cis- 
terns, containing  nearly  a  hundred  thousand  cubic 
feet  of  water,  and  below  it  were  damp,  narrow  dun- 
goons,  where  notorious  criminals  were  confined.  Few 
who  were  once  incarcerated  there  came  forth  alive. 

At  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  gar- 


'"  Vinn-StPor  y  Suii'-hfi,  Tea  fro,  i.  274-5;  fii/onne  del  Comaiul.  de  I'lwt, 
July  -JO,  17S0,  ill  I'ol.  Uiario,  MS.,  504-0. 


\ 


COAST  DEFENCES. 


215 


ris(  n  appears  to  liavo  been  smaller  than  at  the  time 
(if  the  sack  of  A'^era  Cruz  by  buccaneers  in  1G83,  con- 
sisting of  only  120  artillerymen,  150  troops  drawn 
from  the  naval  battalion  of  the  city,  the  latter  being 
ivlicved  every  month,  and  30  sailors.  A  band  of  con- 
victs was  also  stationed  there  and  employed  on  the 
works.  At  this  time  there  were  quartered  in  the 
city  a  naval  battalion  of  GOO  men,  an  infantry  regi- 
ment 1,000  strong,  300  dragoons,  and  30  artillerymen. 
A  militia  regiment  with  ten  companies,  two  of  them 
being  composed  of  mulattoes  and  two  of  negroes, 
added  1,000  additional  troops  to  the  defensive  force, 
and  the  firing  of  a  cannon  would  at  any  time  summon 
700  or  800  lancers  from  the  adjacent  towns  and 
luieiendas."  In  1741  a  plan  was  drawn  up  by  the 
engineer,  Felix  Prospero,  for  constructing  a  wall 
around  the  city,  and  the  work  was  completed  five 
years  later.  The  wall  was  built  of  hewn  stone 
brought  from  Campeche;  it  was  six  feet  high,  and 
was  surmounted  by  a  strong  double  stockade  of  the 
same  height.  It  contained  seven  gates,  one  of  ^.heni 
king  for  the  accommodation  of  shipping  and  fisher- 
men, and  one  for  the  special  use  of  the  viceroys. 
On  the  inner  side  was  a  banquette  for  infantry;  on  a 
tongue  of  land  at  the  extreme  north  was  afterward 
constructed  the  bastion  of  La  Concepcion  mounted 
with  sixteen  heavy  guns,  and  commanding  the  north 
channel  with  the  adjacent  coast;  on  the  extreme 
south  was  the  bastion  of  Santiago,  mounting  twenty- 
six  t'uns,  and  containing  the  arsenal  and  naval  stores. 

-I  • 

Between  these  two  bastions,  and  facing  the  land  side, 
suiallei-  ones  protecting  the  main  avenues  of  approach 
wore  erected  at  intervals.*^ 


"  ]'t!lii-ScHor  y  Sanchez,  T-'alro,  i.  27.3-4.  According  to  tliis  authority 
the  military  staff  was  composed  of  the  governor,  the  king's  lieutenant,  an  ad- 
jutant, a  sarLjento  mayor,  and  three  engineers.  In  May  17-7  the  viceroy, 
Casa  I'ucito,  framed  the  first  ordinance  regulating  the  stron'^'th  of  the  garrisons 
at  \'('ia  Cruz  and  Uli'ia.  inimitation  of  asimilaroneissued  nine  years  previously 
f"r  till'  city  and  fortress  of  Habana.  At  this  date  the  garrison  was  somevihat 
s;ii;;:ltr.  and  that  of  the  city  consisted  mainly  of  cavalry. 

'-/(/.,  •J7 1-2. 


if 


210 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


5|-  ft 


After  the  capture  of  Habaua  by  tlie  Englisli  in 
1702  much  apprehension  was  felt  as  to  the  safety  of 
Vera  Cruz.^^  The  defences  of  the  city  and  of  vS;m 
Juan  de  Uh'ia  were  strengthened,  and  new  ones  erected 
on  other  portions  of  tlic  coast.  The  island  furti'css 
was  ordered  to  bo  repaired  at  a  cost  of  over  a  niillioii 
and  a  half,  and  the  port  of  Anton  Lizardo  was  to  bo 
fortified  at  an  expense  of  a  million  and  a  fjuartcr  pesos. 
A  fort  was  also  begun  at  San  Cdrlos  de  Perote,  tliis 
point  being  intended  for  an  arsenal  and  as  a  storing 
place  for  treasure,  Jalapa  being  now  considered  unsal'c. 
Additional  troops  were  despatched  from  Spain,  and 
in  December  1774  a  military  commission  met  at  Vera 
Cruz  to  consider  such  further  measures  as  miujlit  be 
necessary  for  defence.  The  result  was  very  unfavor- 
able. It  was  reported  that  the  city  was  untenaMc, 
and  that  Uli'ia,  which  was  supposed  to  be  im- 
pregnable, could  only  be  held  for  a  few  days,  and 
would  require  a  garrison  of  1,700  infantry  and  ;!0() 
artillerymen,  together  with  a  force  of  sailors  sulli- 
cient  to  man  a  number  of  armed  boats."  It  was  evni 
reconnnended  that  on  the  approach  of  an  enemy  tlic 
bastions  should  be  blown  up  and  the  inhabitants  sent 
into  the  interior,  taking  with  them  their  effects,  'J'lio 
report  of  the  commissioners  does  not  appear  to  liavo 
been  heeded,  and  at  the  close  of  the  century,  wlicii 
Europe  was  at  war  and  the  Spanish  American  [)os- 
sessions  were  at  any  time  liable  to  attack,  the  garri- 
sons of  the  city  and  fortress  were  even  smaller  than 
those  stationed  there  sixty  years  before. 


15 


^'  When  intelligence  arrived  of  the  capture,  tlic  viceroy  ordered  that  imiiii- 
tions  of  war  l)e  at  once  forwarded  to  Vera  Cruz,  and  that  all  availalile  ti'i'ips 
be  immediately  put  in  motii  n  for  that  point.  When  it  was  known  that  tluro 
wa^no  imminent  dan^'er  of  attack,  he  withdrew  his  forces  to  .Jalapa  and  rnnto 
where  the  climate  was  more  healthy.     Tlic  next  year  peace  was  <leclarcd. 

'*l)e  Menonville  says  that  at  the  time  of  his  vit;it  in  1777  the  fortress  was 
mounted  with  .'JOO  guns  of  from  12  to  30  pound  calibre,  ami  that  it  A\ns  cx- 
].iiscd  to  attack  on  llio  soutli-cast  corner,  wlicre  was  a  l.indiug-placc  iiiurli 
nearer  the  fort  than  the  principal  one,  and  where  vessels  might  anchor  iiinlcr 
the  curtain,  the  fire  from  which  would  Ijc  of  no  avail.  J'iiibr!'iii'-<  Col.  !".'/• , 
xiii.  77!'.  In  17S0  Viceroy  Mayorga  inspected  the  defences  of  the  cily  :iinl 
fort'.-ess.  and  cliani'cd  the  )ilan  of  defence  adopted  by  liis  predecessor. 

'•'At  the  beginning  of  the  I'Jth  century  the  combiucil  ganisons  of  the  city 


GOVERNMENT  OFFICES. 


217 


Inglisli  in 
sail'ty  of 
id  of  San 
OS  erected 
1  fort  1 'CSS 
'  a  million 
^vas  to  1)0 
[■tor  peso.s. 
)rotc,  this 
a  storing 
cd  unsal'i'. 
Ipain,  and 
't  at  A^era 
miglit  bo 
'  unfavor- 
intenaMo, 
)  be  ini- 
[lays,  and 
and  ;]00 
ors  suffi- 
Avas  evt'n 
iicmy  the 
ants  sent 
ts.  The 
to  liavo 
y,  when 
'ail  pos- 
10  o'arri- 
ler  than 


d  tli.it  iiimii- 
lalilo  tr"'>|is 
n  tlint  tlic.io 

I  illlll  I'llDtO 

rehired, 
fdrtrcss  wns 
t  it  v;is  I'x- 

lllllCO    Illlli-ll 

I'lior  uiiiler 
v  Col.  V '•!/., 

10  city  iiiul 
sor. 
s  of  the  city 


1( 


Xotwitlistaiiding  the  enormous  sums  expended  on 
coast  defences,  the  fortress  of  Uh'ia  alone  liaviiiL,^  cost 
nearly  forty  millions  of  pesos,  the  people  of  Now 
Spain,  besides  being  in  constant  fear  of  the  armaments 
of  hostile  powers,  were  still  in  dread  of  corsairs.  In 
Xoveniber,  1788,  a  royal  decree  was  issued  in  answer 
to  the  viceroy's  petition  ordering  two  brigantines  to 
he  constructed  for  coast-guard  service  against  pirates 
and  smugglers.^^  Of  course  the  operations  of  the 
former  were  now  confined  to  the  more  thinly  popu- 
lated i)ortion8  of  the  coast;  for  such  raids,  except 
made  by  licensed  freebooters  under  the  name  of 
piivatcersmen,  were  long  since  discountenanced  by 
the  nations  of  Europe. 

After  the  beginning  of  the  war  between  England 
and  Spain,  in  179G,  it  was  believed  that  an  expedition 
Avas  being  prepared  for  an  attack  on  Vera  Cruz,  and 
during  the  following  year  eight  thousand  troops  were 
cantoned  at  Jalapa,  Cordoba,  and  Perote  in  readiness 
for  action;  but  England  had  now  sufficient  occupa- 
tion lor  all  her  forces  on  land  and  sea,  in  the  long 
jiroti  acted  struggle  with  the  great  Napoleon.  A  few 
iHonlhs  later  all  the  encampments  were  broken  u}>, 
oxc([)ting  one  of  six  hundred  men  who  were  stationed 
on  the  plain  near  Buena  Vista  in  the  vicinity  of  Vera 
Cm;':,  and  so  great  was  the  mortality  among  this 
corps  that  it  soon  became  necessary  to  remove  the 
survivors  into  the  city. 

Until  1G29  the  offices  of  corrogidor  of  Vera  Cruz 
and  governor  of  Ulua  were  vested  in  the  same  person, 
hut  in  that  year  they  were  separated,  the  conmiander 
of  the  fortress  receiving  a  salary  of  one  thousand  one 

ami  fortress  consisted  of  the  permanent  hattalion  of  Vera  Cruz,  organized  in 
ITllli.  its  streni^'th  beinj;  1,000  men,  a  com])any  of  veteran  artilloiy,  and  two 
('f  iiiiHtia,  .110  men,  and  the  regiment  of  A'era  Cruz  lancers,  enrolled  in  IT'iT, 
iinniiiiull;-  1,000  strong.  Lcrdo  de  Ttjadu,  in  Doc.  liht.  Mix.,  Ajniiit.  Ilisi., 
3s.">-l.  Ill  17S4  the  garrison  of  Vera  Cruz  was  rciinfurced  by  two  iufiiiitry 
ivginiiMits  from  Mexico,  Id.,  .309;  but  tlie.se  appear  to  have  been  .soon  w  i(h- 
iliawii,  for  in  Gac.  Mex.,  ii.  iOO,  it  is  stated  that  iii  17SG  the  garrison  of  Vera 
C'lu;'.  iiiiistend  niily  l,r>00  men. 

''■'i'ln  y  arrived  in  Vera  Cruz  about  two  years  afterward.  Later  a  schooner 
va.-i  built  fur  the  same  purpose. 


I 


!; 


218 


THE  PllOVIXCE  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


hundred  pesos  a  year.  Later  tlio  former  recelvid 
the  title  of  governor,  but  in  1730  liis  civil  functions 
uerc  the  same,  though  he  received  from  tlic  viceroy 
tlio  rank  of  lieutenant  captain-general  and  niilitaiy 
governor.  Between  1730  and  1733  it  was  ordered 
that  this  official  should  also  have  authority  over  the 
garrison  of  Uliia,  a  resident  commander  of  the  fortress 
being  appointed  as  his  subordinate.'^  After  the  estab- 
lislunent  of  intendencias  in  1787  the  powers  of  tho 
former  were  greatly  enlarged,  the  offices  of  governor 
and  intcndente  beinjj  afterward  combined.*^ 

At  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  intcn- 
dencia  of  Vera  Cruz  contained  a  population  of  about 
one  hundred  and  fifty-four  thousand.'^  The  second 
town  in  importance  was  Cordoba,  founded,  it  will  bo 
remembered,  in  JG18.^°  In  174G  it  contained  over 
seven  hundred  families.^'  About  thii'ty  years  later 
its  popuhition  was  about  the  same.  Most  of  t^ 
houses  were  of  stone;  the  streets  were  wide  and  a 
paved,  and  a  plentiful  supply  of  water  was  obtaiutu 
from  the  mountain  streams  in  its  neighborhood.  In 
the  center  of  the  plaza  was  a  large  fountain,  and  on 
one  side  of  it  stood  the  cathedral,  the  three  remaining 
sides  being  adorned  with  Gothic  arches.  The  sur- 
rounding  vegetation  was  rich  and  of  many  hues,  and 

"  Ifcafrs  CMulas,  MS.,  ii.  2.33-4.  It  is  there  stated  that  Antonio  do 
Bcnavides  was  the  tirst  one  vested  with  tliese  powers.  Ho  was  appointed 
about  tho  year  1734. 

*"  Tho  intcndente  was  also  subdelegado  of  the  city  of  Vera  Cruz  and  its 
district.  IHverci,  Hist.  Jalapa,  104.  I'lie  first  intcndente  of  Vera  Cru/,  wm 
Pedro  Corvalan,  appointed  in  1788.  [In  Id.,  i.  IC"),  Ccrvahm.]  Ti  i7',)-2  IVdro 
(Jorostiza  held  that  office.  Id.,  104.  In  179.)  Diego  Garcia  I'anes  received  the 
appointment.  Gomez,  Diario,  in  Doc.  JJixt.  Mex.,  sOiie  ii.  toni.  vii.  41)0;  and  in 
170s — Plan  de  Dcfciina  de  San  Juan  de  Uliia,  in  Col.  de  Diario,  MS.,  510. 

'"  Distributed  among  372  poblados.  Vancelada,  lluiiia  de  la  Xiiewa  Eymi'ia, 
TS-.').  Lordo  de  Tejada  states  that  there  wee  '2  cities,  5  villas,  1-17  puddos, 
00  haciendas,  and  157  ranrhos.  Apnnt.  Ilint.,  3(»r)-G.  It  extended  from  the 
bay  of  Tcrmiiios  to  Tampico,  a  distance  of  210  leagues,  with  u  varying  width 
of  '2.')  to  35  leagues.  Its  boundaries  are  defined  in  liioera.  Hist.  Julupn,  i, 
l.lO-l,  and  remained  tho  same  until  1824. 

-"Sec  p.  27,  this  vol. 

^'  T\\  o  liundred  and  sixty  Spanish  families,  12G  of  mestizos,  GO  of  mulattoes 
nnd  nigroes,  and  203  of  Indians.  The  town  had  now  an  alcalde  ni;iyur. 
ViUu-Senor  y  Sanchez,  Teatro,  i.  205. 


V 


'Tlaito 


TOWNS  AND  COUNTRY. 


210 


01 


1  its  (loop  soil  of  rcfl  clay^  were  jirodurcd  most  of 
i\\r  tropical  aiul  subtropical  fruits.  Tho  raising  of  to- 
hiuco  and  sugar,  of  wliich  plantations  were  first  cstab- 
li.slicil  early  in  the  seventeenth  century,  was  still  the 
Iradiiig  industry,  but  here,  as  elsewhere  in  New  Sjiain, 
ii.iture  was  so  prodigal  of  her  gifts  that  little  effort 
was  needed  on  the  part  of  man,  and  many  of  the 
Siiiuiiards  grew  wealthy  almost  without  exertion.'-'^ 
Altliough  in  1790  an  earthquake  demolished  or  dam- 


Vera  Crctz  Province. 

aged  nearly  all  the  buildings,  the  town  appears  tf) 
liavo  steadily  increased  in  prosperity,  for  in  1810  it 
contained  at  least  eight  thousand  iidiabitants.-^ 

Among  the  most  flourishing  towns  in  tho  province 
was  Jalapa,  where,  between  1720  and  1  777,  the  annual 
fair  was  held,  on  the  arrival  of  the  fleet  from  S})ain, 

^-  'J'he  depth  waa  at  least  ten  feet. 

'•'■'Tlio  ])iineipal  iii'lustry  was  sugar-raising,  ami  at  this  d.ato  there  wcro 
more  tlimi  30  Bugar-niills  in  Cordoba,  worked  mainly  by  Indians. 

■'  Miglit  thousiind  to  10,000,  of  whom  five  eigliths  were  Spaniards.  Diarlo 
J/(.c.,  xii.  233-4. 


THE  PROVINCE  OF  VERxl  CRUZ. 


ho'm<x  transferred  tlicncc  from  Vera  Cruz.  Before  (Iig 
former  date  half  a  dozen  commercial  liou.ses,  csttli- 
lished  by  merchants  in  the  capital,  had  monopoliz.  [ 
the  entire  trade  of  the  surrounding  district,  but  witliiu 
a  few  years  afterward  goods  to  the  value  of  thirty 
millions  of  pesos  changed  hands  at  each  fair.  This  in- 
creased circulation  of  wealth  caused  people  to  abandmi 
their  simple  habits,  and  to  adopt  the  dress  and  amuse- 
ments and  most  of  the  vices  of  the  Spaniards  in  tlio 
Old  World.  In  1794  Jalapa  was  declared  a  city,'-Si:i(l 
toijethcr  with  Cordoba  and  Orizaba  was  a  favorite 
summer  resort  for  the  merchants  of  Vera  Cruz. 

Orizaba  stood  on  the  high  road  from  Mexico  to  Vera 
Cruz,  being  distant  about  thirty-eight  leagues  from 
the  latter  city  and  forty-six  from  the  capital.  It  was 
situated  in  a  beautiful  valley  and  surrounded  Vvitli 
forest-clad  mountains,  high  above  which  towered  tlic 

snow-capped  volcano  of  Oii- 
zaba.  So  luxuriant  was  tlio 
surrounding  vciretation  tliat 
a  square  league  of  Laid  suf- 
ficed for  the  pasturage  of  al unit 
seven  thousand  sheep.^"  ILwo 
was  a  halting-place  for  cara- 
vans laden  with  merchandiM', 
and  the  point  where  gond^  in 
transit  were  ap[)raised.  lu 
1777  its  population  numberLil 
about  forty-five  hundred,  <if 
whom  it  was  estimated  tint 
nearly  three  thousand  were  ol 

Coat  w  Ahms  op  .T«tArA.  Spailisll  '^.eSCOnt.^' 

''In  17 it!  there  were  780  resident  families  of  Spaniards,  mestizos,  iunl 
Indians.  Viiln-Sei'ior  y  Sanchez,  Theatro,  \.  Lrtcr  tlic  population  appe;irs  to 
li;iv.-  (U'creiised,  for  Humboldt  t-uites  that  in  1803  its  population  wm  uiily 
1,:'.)0. 

'-''A  traveller  passing  throuf^'h  the  province  of  Vera  Cruz  in  1777  states 
tiiiit  MJtliin  the  sj-.aee  of  a  Spanish  league  he  counted  11  flocks  of  sheep,  eiicli 
nuniln  rinj^  over  (JOO.    Thkri/,  ii.  71. 

-In  the  town  were  several  tanneries,  and  factories  for  the  malviii,^'  I'f 
-"•n'.-<f'  elulli.  A  large  ipiantity  of  tobacco  was  raised  in  its  neighborhi-.ud. 
hinktrtdti's  JIoJ.  GcO'j.,  iii.  '214. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


FLOOD,  FAMINE,  AND  ECLIPSE. 
1G8S-1C92. 
lAf.rsA's  AnMi.viSTKATioN — His  SrccEsson,  the  Conde  de  Galve — Titb 

I'lKATES  DkIVEN   FROM  THE   SoLTH  Sea — \VaK  WITH  FRANCE — PlUA  lEH 

IN  TiiK  North  Sea — The  Akmada  de  Barlovexto — Umox  of  Svanish 
AM)  English  against  the  Fi;encu — Duocgut  and  Flood — Loss  of 
Ciuirs — Excesses  of  the  Soldiery — Death  o.'  Maria  Lcisa — The 
Dkainage  System — I'ortentous  Events — The  Dakers  Refcse  to 
Bake — Efforts  of  the  Viceroy. 

The  succesgor  to  the  marques  clc  la  Lagiina  was  the 
coudo  do  Monclova,*  who  made  his  public  entry  into 
the  capital  on  the  30tli  of  Xovember  1080,  and  whose 
administration  lasted  for  nearly  two  years,  when  he 
^vas  a])|)(>inted  viceroy  of  Peru."  He  is  represented 
by  tlic!  chroniclers  of  tlie  period  as  an  upright  and 
vioili! lit  ruler,  and  the  cliar^ies  brought  against  him  at 
his  rcsi(kMicia  were  even  more  frivolous  tlian  those 
in'clrrred  against  his  predecessor.^     Little  worthy  of 

'D'lii  ^Ii'lchor  PortocaiTcro,  Lasso  tie  la  Vega,  contle  de  Monclovn,  comcii- 
(lailm-  ilt^  la  Saiza  en  la  ortkn  ilo  Alcantara,  of  tlie  royal  council  of  war, 
mill  oi  tlic  junta  •■'  war  of  the  liiitius.  lit  aim  (.'ahdaa,  ii.  3.  lie  was  coiu- 
inoiily  known  as  lirazo  de  la  Plata  on  account  of  his  false  arm,  his  own  liaviiiL,' 
lieen  lust  in  hattlc  Loninuwi,  Hist.  Xntvn  Ksjuinu,  'SI.  His  wife  was  the 
Oofia  Aiitduia  di;  Urrca.  Ihkl.  lie  had  several  childi'en,  of  Avhoni  four 
accoi!' rallied  iiini.    ]'(:tiiii(rrf,  Trat.  M(.r.,  Ki. 

•O'tiilier  1.1,  Kiss.  Jbul.  He  embarked  at  Acapulco,  May  11,  1089. 
/,'■(■( /vr,  (,o/>.  Mi'.v..,  i.  •JG4. 

■'Tlicro  were  Imt  six  trifling  charges.  Znmnrol*,  v.  445.  Among  other 
inoasmis  adopted  hy  the  viceroy  was  one  cumiielling  all  the  religious  who 
wore  \viiliinit  license  to  return  to  Spain.  He  also  inforced  a  law  toriiidiiiiig 
Creoles  to  serve  among  the  troops  in  Vera  Cruz.  During  his  admiiiisuation 
tlio  condition  of  the  natives  did  not  improve.  They  sull'cred  most  in  tho 
missiiiiis  (if  Kio  Verde  and  Tampico,  and  in  Nuevo  Leon.  There  the  Sjiiiii- 
lanU  riihlied  them  of  their  wives  and  daughters,  sold  their  young  children 
as  slaves,  and  deprived  tliein  of  their  hest  lands.  The  friars  appealed  to  tho 
kiug  iu  their  behalf,  but  to  little  puriwse.   /(/.,  '2(.i3-4. 

( 2.I1 ) 


m 


222 


FLOOD,  FAMINE,  AND  ECLIPSE. 


note  occurred  during  his  administration,  but  the  next 
seven  years  form  an  exciting  epoch  in  the  annals  ot 
the  capital. 

During  this  time  New  Spain  was  governed  liy 
Caspar  de  la  Cerda  Sandoval  Silva  y  Mendoza,  condo 
do  Galve,  a  gentleman  of  the  royal  bed-chamber,  and 
knight  of  the  order  of  Alcdntara.*  He  arrived  at 
Vera  Cruz,  accompanied  by  his  wife,^  on  the  18tli  of 
September  1G88,  and  about  two  months  later  took 
formal  possession  of  office.* 

One  of  his  first  acts  was  to  adopt  measures  for  the 
extermination  of  the  corsairs,  whose  increasing  num- 
bers and  daring  kept  the  coast  settlements,  botli  in 
the  North  and  South  seas,  in  constant  alarm.^  Soon 
after  his  arrival  he  applied  to  the  church  authorities 
for  money  to  aid  in  making  the  necessary  preparations, 
to  which  appeal  the  archbishop  and  several  of  the 
bishops  responded  with  contributions  amounting  to 
nearl}'  eighty-nine  thousand  pcsos.^  Hardly  had  he  as- 
sumed office  when  news  reached  the  capital  of  the  cap- 
ture by  corsairs  of  Acaponeta,  a  small  town  on  the 
coast  of  Nueva  Galicia.  Besides  a  quantity  of  .silver 
the  enemy  carried  off  many  prisoners,  including  forty 
women  and  two  friars,  an  outrage  which  caused  the 
viceroy  at  once  to  despatch  an  expedition  in  their 
})ursuit.  Troops  were  sent  from  IMoxico  City,  and 
there  being  no  other  vessel  available,  a  Peruvian 
frigate,  recently  arrived  at  Acapulco,  was  ordered  to 
go  in  search  of  the  enemy.     The  capture  of  Acapo- 

*Ciivo,  Tirs  l->i(ilo/<,  ii.  72;  lirnlvx  Cfdvlcv^,  MS.,ii.  4;  Lorenznna,  fHf.y. 
Esji.,  '27;  liii'cra,  Cob.  J/cr. ,  i.  2lij.  By  some  autlwritit's  liis  luime  is  vaiiuusly 
givi'i)  as  (iaspar  de  Silva  C'enla;  (Jai5])ar  de  Siuulovul  Cuida  Silva  y  Mciulu^i, 
Jtoli/i-^,  Diurio,  1.  5(K);  Purinii,  Co/.  Doc,  10. 

^  Dofia  Elvira  dc  Toledo,  daughter  ot  the  marques  de  Villafraiica,  Uohkf, 
JJiurii),  i.  rKK). 

"Ou  November  20th.  He  made  his  public  ci\try  December  4th.  Id''.  •, 
DInrio,  i.  .'JOl-2,  .'iO.VCi;  or,  according  to  Caro,  TirsiSiijlon,  ii.  72,  Sept.  ITtli;  iu 
this  statement  Cavo  is  follow  ed  by  Lorcuzniia,  Jlixl.  iV.  Enp.,  27.  fjt^'t'  ''1*'^ 
L'itrnt,  Gob.  Mcx.,  i.  20.T;  J/«//r/-',s  Mcx.  Ai.fi-c,  i.  217. 

'  While  en  route  to  Vera  Cruz  he  captured  a  corsair  frigate  in  the  gulf  if 
Mexico.  SiijiiOiza  y  CotKjorn,  Car/a  nl  Ahiiirniilc,  M.S.,  X 

*'rhe  aichbishop  and  his  clergy  pive  80, (K)0  pesos;  the  bishop  of  I'liolib 
fi,700;  of  (juadulajara  1,700,  and  of  Oajacu  1,500.  liiccni,  Cob.  Alc.i:,  i.  '-OS. 


f"   I 


CORSAIRS  OX  THE  COAST. 


223 


the  next 
aimals  (.{ 

erncd  liy 
za,  condo 
cibcr,  and 
Tivcd  at 
D  18tli  of 
iter  took 

)s  for  the 
ling  nuni- 
5,  botli  in 
11/  Sooii 
iithoritics 
Daratioiis, 
aJ  of  the 
intiuiTf  to 
latl  ho  as- 
f  the  cap- 
n  on  the 

of  ssilvLi' 
ling  forty 
lused  the 

in  tlicir 

Uty,  anil 
Peruvian 

'dercd  to 
if  Acapo- 

ava.  Hit.  X 
le  is  villi' lusly 
i  y  Mc'iiilu/Ui. 

•anca.  Hv'ili', 

4th.  7."'  •, 
Sept.  ITtluiu 
27.     Isi't'  also 

m  the  gulf  iif 

lop  of  rutl'la 
iVf.t.,  i.  ■2103. 


ncta  occurred  on  the  14th  of  November;  twelve 
days  later  the  news  was  received  at  the  capital,  and 
on  the  I7th  of  December  followinij  the  frijjate  sailed. 
Notwithstanding  this  prompt  action,  however,  nothing 
was  accomplished,  the  frigate  returning  to  Acapulco 
about  the  middle  of  February  without  even  having 
sighted  the  enemy. 

The  corsairs  still  continued  to  hover  off  the  coast, 
and  a  general  council  was  held  in  the  capital,  on  tlie 
8th  of  May,  to  concert  further  measures  for  their 
pursuit."  Twelve  days  later  it  was  ascertained  that 
they  had  sailed  for  Peru,  having  released  all  their 
prisoners  excepting  three  men,  one  of  them  a  Francis- 
can friar.  Nevertheless  preparations  were  continued; 
troops  were  again  sent  from  the  capital,  and  a  small 
Hect  sailed  about  the  middle  of  August  from  Acapulco 
to  cruise  along  the  coast.  These  expeditions  con- 
tinued until  1G92,  but  without  other  ai)parcnt  result 
than  to  cause  the  pirates,  at  least  for  the  time  being, 
to  abandon  the  coast. ^'^ 

At  this  time  there  was  not  a  single  craft  of  any 
kinil  for  the  defence  of  the  long  coast  line  from  Tu- 
hnantepec  to  Sinaloa.  Before  the  end  of  August, 
\C)\)-1,  two  well  equipped  vessels,  built  in  Guatemala 
hv  order  of  the  vicerov,  and  intended  for  coast-ijuard 
service,  were  ancliored  in  the  port  of  Acapulco.  Dur- 
ing the  remainder  of  Galvo's  rule,  there  is  no  evidence 
that  tlie  corsairs  again  appeared  on  the  coast  of  tho 
South  Sea. 

In  consequence  of  the  renewal  of  war  with  France, 
ill  1G89,  till'  Spanish  crown  ordered  the  viceroy  to 
take  all  possible  means  to  strengthen  the  defenses  of 
Xow  Sj)ain;  and  to  make  reprisals  on  tlic  French,  l)y 
contiseating  their  property,  and  banishing  from  tlio 
country  all  subjects  of  i.nat  nation  except  those  en- 
gaged in  the  mechanic  arts.    In  accordance  with  these 

'i'.irtly  in  consequence  of  the  receipt  of  intelligence  by  the  viceroy  that 
tlif  corsairs  had  cut  oil  tiiu  nose  of  on'j  of  tlie  friars  laid  as  prisoners. 

y,\M.s,  JJiario,  i.  TiOd,  510;  ii.  8-1),  14^15,  18,  27-8,  34,  lOG-7;  Siyuenza 
yilmijoru,  Carta ut  AlminuiU',  MS.,  5. 


N 


224 


FLOOD,  FAMINE,  AND  ECLIPSE. 


instructions  the  oidores  began  on  tlic  10th  of  Septem- 
ber to  imprison  French  subjects  in  the  city  of  Mexico, 
and  to  seize  their  effects.  Meanwhile  Galve  forwardtd 
supphes  to  all  military  posts,  on  the  seaboard  as  moU 
as  on  the  frontier,  strengthening  their  garrisons,  and 
providing  for  the  prompt  payment  of  the  troops,  tliis 
matter  having  heretofore  been  ne2:lected.  The  feeble 
Spanish  garrison  of  Campeche,  constantly  threatened 
by  the  wood-cutters  of  the  bay  of  Terminos,  was  rc- 
enforced,  and  received  a  supply  of  ammunition  and 
vessels  of  war.  Men,  money,  and  arms  were  also  fur- 
warded  to  the  governors  of  Yucatan  and  Tabasco, 
whose  territory  was  constantly  exposed  to  invasion 
by  corsairs.  After  several  unsuccessful  expeditions; 
they  succeeded  in  expelling  the  wood-cutters  before 
the  end  of  1G92,  but  they  returned  a  few  years  latci'." 
About  the  same  time  the  viceroy  attempted,  but  in 
vain,  to  drive  them  from  the  gulf  of  ^Mexico,  and  al- 
thougli  the  armada  de  Barlovento  and  other  Spanish 
cruisers  frequently  made  prizes,  sometimes  of  consid- 
erable value,  they  could  not  prevent  tne  corsairs  IVoni 
capturing,  at  intervals,  Spanish  vessels  of  still  greater 
value.i^^ 

Thus  while  the  viceroy  had  been  partially  success- 
ful in  his  operations  against  the  corsairs,  all  liis  efforts 
to  drive  them  from  the  North  Sea  were  of  little  avail. 
Nor  could  any  other  result  be  expected,  while,  in  the 
islands  of  the  West  Indies,  their  numbers  increased 
from  year  to  year,  and  no  attempt  Mas  made  to  stril<e 
at  the  root  of  the  evil.  The  island  of  Santo  Domingo 
was  a  favorable  rendezvous  of  French  ])irates,  and  the 
crown  having  resolved  to  attempt  tlioir  expulsion, 
intrusted  the  undertaking  to  Viceroy  Galve.  3'^xten- 
sive  preparations  were  begun  in  1089,  and  the  folluw- 
iiig  year  the  armada  de  Barlovento,  then  composed 
of  six  shijis  of  the  line  and  a  frigate,  sailed  from  Yrva 

"  y.'o/^/M,  Diarin,u.  22,  4^;  Siijiidna  y  Gdiifinra,  ('(irtaul  Aliiiir,i,ili',  -MS., 
.S-.j;  llircra,  Onh.  Mcx.,  i.  '2(i(i,  '2(iS,  2~2;Currldo,  Llori'jcn  de  JJtlicc,  in  JJok- 
lut,S(>''.  M(.i\  ft'fixj.,  lia  cp.  iv.  i!(iO-l. 

i-For  duUiils  sue  Jiobki,  iJkitio,  ii.  G,  \o,  17-lS,  40,  7«',  M4-G,  iCi'J. 


THE  FREXCII  AND  ENGLISH. 


225 


5optcm- 
Mcxico, 
■wardud 
as  ^\■c•ll 
>ns,  and 
ps,  tlii.s 
(J  fcL'Lle 
catuiK'd 
was  rc- 
ion  and 
\lso  fur- 
Cabaseo, 
invasion 
editions 
3  beforo 
s  later." 
,  but  in 
,  and  al- 
Spanisli 
I  consid- 
irs  i'roni 
greater 

siicccss- 
eti'oi'ts 
e  avail. 
in  the 
icreasod 
,c)  strike 
)oinin^'o 
and  the 
)ulsioi!, 
]*l\tcn- 
iollow- 
mi posed 
mi  ^'I'ra 

r,  ill  Lole- 
IGl). 


Crnz,  carrying'  two  thousand  six  hundred  troops. 
T^anding  at  the  northern  end  of  Santo  Domingo,  near 
C;ii>e  Frances,  they  were  joined  by  seven  hundred 
men  from  the  Spanish  settlements.  The  French,  ap- 
piisod  of  their  landing,  though  greatly  inferior  in 
iinmbcrs,  rashly  gave  them  battle,  and  were  routed 
\vith  a  loss  of  hve  hundred  men,  the  almost  impene- 
trable woods  alone  saving  their  force  from  annihilation. 
Having  destroyed  several  towns,  including  the  city  of 
Guarico,  captured  a  number  of  vessels,  and  taken 
many  prisoners,  the  expedition  returned  to  Vera  Cruz 
in  ^larch  1091,  avoiding  the  more  powerful  French 
settlements  on  the  east  coast  (jf  the  island.  In  honor 
(if  this  success  a  thanhsii'ivinG:  service  was  celebrated 
in  the  capital,  and  a  full  account  of  the  expedition  was 
soon  after  written  and  published  by  the  celebrated 
Mexican  author,  Carlos  de  SigUenza  y  Gongora. 

In  IG'Jf)  a  combined  expedition  of  Spaniards  and 
Enij'lish,  the  latter  having  now  made  common  cause 
a;jainst  a  mutual  foe,  attacked  the  French  settlements 
of  Santo  Domingo,  destroyed  their  forts,  ca})tured 
:iu'hty-one  pieces  of  cannon,  and  laid  waste  two  settle- 


13 


mcnt> 

The  French  were,  at  this  time,  the  most  enterprising 
foe  with  whom  the  Spaniards  had  to  contend,  and 
siV'val  years  before  the  events  just  described  had  at- 
tonq.tod  to  establish  settlenients  on  the  mainland, 
wbieh  might  serve  as  a  base  for  future  operations. 
As  (\'irly  as  1G84  the  Spaniards,  by  the  ca})ture  of  a 
vossol  off  Santo  Domingo,  had  learned  of  the  expedi- 
tion of  La  Salle,  of  which  mention  will  be  made  in  its 
]ilaee,  but  no  attempt  to  thwait  him  appears  to  have 
lieen  made  until  two  years  later,  although  in  1G85  the 
ivjxiit  reached  ^Mexico  that  a  French  colony  had  been 
f'luiidi.'d  on  Es[)iritu  Santo  ]>ay.  The  earlier  expedi- 
tions sent  in  search  of  this  colony  failed  to  find  any 
traces  of  it  or  of  tiie  lost  vessels,  but  in   1G87  the 

^'Caro,  Ti-f'K  Sl'ilns,  ii.  TH-S,  85-0;  ninni.  Coh.  .V-.r.,  i.  2(5.'),  271-.^,  278; 
HobUs,  Jjiurio,  ii.  r>(i;  Shjiciiza  ij  Ooinjoni,  Curia  id  AlntiranU',  MiS.,  o-^. 
Uisi.  Mex.,  Vol.  III.    15 


226 


FLOOD,  FAMINE,  AND  ECLIPSE, 


!N;i 


wreck  of  Olio  of  La  Salle's  ships  was  discovered,  tlioiiLfJi 
owinj^  to  its  iidaiid  and  secluded  position  the  settle- 
ment escaped  the  search  of  the  Spaniards.  Tlie  fol- 
lowing year,  Jiowever,  the  arrival  at  Coahuila  of  a 
deserter  from  the  colony  removed  all  doubts  as  to  its 
existence. 

Accordingly  in  March  1G89,  by  order  of  Viceroy 
Galvc,  an  expedition  under  the  command  of  Alonso  de 
Leon,  governor  of  Coahuila,  set  out  with  the  Freiuh- 
man  as  guide,  for  the  bay  of  Espfritu  Santo.  A 
month  later  they  reached  the  fort,  only  to  ihul  it  de- 
serted. Of  the  twenty  colonists  left  by  La  Salle  more 
than  half  had  succumbed  to  disease,  or  had  been  slain 
by  the  natives.  The  survivors  were  scattered  among 
the  neighboring  tribes,  and  two  of  them  having  sur- 
rendered to  the  Spaniards  the  governor  returned. 
Encouraged  by  his  report  as  to  the  peaceable  disposi- 
tion of  the  natives,  Galve  despatched  another  expedi- 
tion in  1G90  under  the  same  leader,  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  missions,  three  Franciscan  friars  l)eing 
amoniT;  the  number.  Two  missions  were  founded  near 
the  I'iver  now  known  as  the  Xeches,  where  the  eeele- 
siastics  met  with  a  friendly  reception. 

In  consequence  of  the  reports  of  the  viceroy,  the 
crown  determined  on  the  permanent  occupation  of  this 
territory,  and  ordered  that  steps  be  at  once  taken  for 
that  purpose.  Early  in  1G91,  a  strong  force  was  de- 
spatched by  sea  and  land,  and  the  country  explored 
toward  the  north;  but  no  settlements  or  missions  were 
founded,  although  numerous  settlers  and  friars  aceoni- 
panicd  the  troops,  and  before  the  end  of  the  year  all 
returned  to  Vera  Cruz  except  a  i'cw  soldiers  auo  a 
portion  of  the  ecclesiastics. 

The  loss  of  crops  by  drought  and  flood;  the  disap- 
pearance of  live-stock;  the  withdrawal  of  the  native 
converts;  the  excesses  of  the  soldiery,  and  the  conse- 
quent hostility  of  the  savages  were  among  the  causes 
which  soon  afterward  compelled  the  evacuation  ol' the 
country,  and  no  furllier  attempt  to  occupy  this  terri- 


,;  e 


THE  COMIXG  OF  DESTRUCTION. 


ooy 


lO  settlo- 
Tho  lul- 
\\\a  of  ;i 
as  to  its 

Viceroy 
Uonsodo 
!  Frciicli- 
mto.     A 
iiul  it  (If- 
alle  iDoro 
)ocn  slain 
xl  aiiion^' 
\-in;_;'  sur- 
rotui'iR'il, 
o  disposi- 
3r  cxprdi- 
e  pui'i'.ose 
iars  l)i'ing 
ndod  near 
the  ecck- 

'croy,  tlio 
on  of  tins 
taken  tnr 
0  was  (k- 
ex[»loivil 
,ions  weio 
irs  aeei  nn- 
o  year  all 
crs  and  a 

the  (lisap- 
ho  native 
the  conso- 
,he  c'auf>t'.s 
ion  oftlio 
this  tini- 


tory  was  inatlu  by  cither  Spaniards  or  French  during 
the  next  twenty  ycurs.^' 

About  this  time  the  occupation  of  Pensacola  had 
lieen  resolved  upon,  partly  with  a  yiew  to  check  the 
further  encroachments  of  the  French,  and  an  expedi- 
tion haying  been  sent  from  Vera  Cruz  in  1G93  to  ex- 
amine the  bay  and  select  a  site,  tlic  following  year 
troops,  colonists,  and  supplies  were  landed,  and  the 
erection  of  a  fort  and  town  was  immediately  bcgim. 
In  1G9G  both  town  and  fortifications  were  complete, 
and  the  name  of  Santa  Maria  was  given  to  the  bay 
and  colony. 


15 


Xotwithstanding  some  drawbacks,  the  adminis- 
tration of  Viceroy  Galve  up  to  1G91  had  given  gen- 
oral  satisfaction,  and  the  arrival  in  November  of  a 
ckeiee  extending  his  term  of  office  was  made  the  oc- 
casion for  a  public  rejoicing.  But  this  second  term 
proved  to  be  as  disastrous  as  the  previous  one  had 
been  for  the  most  part  prosperous.  Shortly  before  its 
connnencement  inundation  and  famine  had  visited  the 
lair  valley  of  Mexico. 

Contrary  to  custom,  on  the  death,  in  1G89,  of  the 
queen.  Dona  Maria  Luisa,  wife  of  Carlos  II.,  the 
usual  funeral  ceremonies  and  mourning  were  omitted/" 
but  not  so  the  festivities  which,  a  year  later,  were 
celebrated  with  extraordinary  splendor  in  honor  of 
the  niarria<;e  of  the  kinsf  with  Mariana  de  Xeoburiio. 

Ihese  brilliant  festivities  were,  however,  interrupted 
on  the  9th  of  June  by  a  sudden  freshet  which  swept 
clown  into  the  valley,  carrj'ing  away  houses  and 
cattle,  destroying  in  its  course  the  wheat  crops  and 
the  Hour  stored  in  the  mills,  and  inundating  for  a 
time  the  western  portion  of  the  city.  With  the  ex- 
ccptif)n  of  a  slight  rain  on  the  preceding  day  the 
Weather  in  the  city  and  An  vicinity  had  for  montlis 

"A  moi'o  (lotailcil  account  is  given  in  Ifisf.  Xorth  Mex.  (S/a/cs,  this  sci'ics. 
'■'('.in),  IW.'i Sl(ilns,  ii.  S3-G;  Jlorji,  Man.  IJisl.  Tcj:.,  MS.,  100-11;  J,'lo',-(i, 
Ovh.  .t/,..r.,i.  'JTS/UTti. 

"  Urdcui^s  de  la  Corona,  MS.,  vi.  80-1. 


m 


jr 


"2S 


FLOOD,  FAMINE,  ASD  ECLIPSE. 


been  fair,  and  although  rain  at  this  early  period  was 
nnusual,  the  storm  \vhich  raged  on  the  morning  dt' 
the  0th  among  the  mountains  to  the  west  of  the 
valley  gave  no  cause  for  ap])rehension.  In  tliat 
legion,  however,  the  rains  were  so  heavy  that  many 
natives  and  cuttle  were  carried  away  by  the  iiood, 
and  the  waters  of  the  swollen  streams  were  precipi- 
tated in  torrents  into  the  valley  below.  Fortunately 
precautions  had  been  taken  against  such  a  catastrojihu 
by  the  viceroy  and  by  several  of  his  predecessors, 
whose  efforts  have  already  been  related,  and  tlio 
waters  soon  subsided. 

A.  month  later,  however,  a  more  serious  flood  oc- 
curred. On  the  11th  of  July  a  heavy  rain  began, 
and  continued  without  interruption  until  the  li'Jd. 
The  whole  valley  was  now  inundated,  together  with 
a  large  portion  of  tlie  city,  and  conununication  with 
the  surrounding  country  Avas  for  several  days  cut  olF, 
causing  a  scarcity  of  [)rovisions  in  the  capital,  U[)oii 
the  cessation  of  the  rains  the  viceroy  caused  abundant 
supplies  to  be  brought  to  the  city  in  canoes,  and  the 
archbishop  displayed  his  usual  charity  by  ministering 
to  the  wants  of  the  starving  natives. 

Galvc  now  gave  his  attention  to  the  improvement 
of  the  drainage  system,  causing  the  sewers  of  the  city 
to  be  cleaned  and  extended,  new  ones  to  be  opened, 
and  re[)airs  made  (Mi  the  canal  of  Iluehuetoca.  Tlic 
natural  channels  of  the  streams  were  cleared  of  ol)- 
structions  and  widened,  an  outlet  opened  for  the  pent- 
up  waters,  and  all  this  accomplished  in  an  incredil»ly 
short  time,  the  viceroy  animating  the  laborers  by  liis 
fre(|uent  presence,  and  even  expending  his  private 
iuiids  on  some  portions  of  the  work. 

13ut  a  more  serious  calamity  now  began  to  threaten 
the  caj)ital.  Previous  to  the  23d  of  August  the  grain 
Clop  in  its  vicinity  which  had  escaped  destruction  fioin 
llood  gave  promise  of  a  bountiful  harvest.  But  on 
this  date  a  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  occurred,  acconi- 
[);uiied  by  intense  cold,  and  almost  innnediatcly  the 


FAILURE  OF  THE  WHEAT  CROP. 


229 


'it)d  was 

of  the 
[u    tllilt 

it  many 

ic  flood, 
prec'H)!- 
buiuitcly 
istro}iliu 
Lscessoi'.s, 
and   tlio 


(IC- 


flood 
1  began, 
,lic  '2-2i\. 
ler  with 
ioii  with 
s  cut  off, 
Upon 
ibuiKlaiit 
and  the 
nistcring 

•OVCUK'Ut 

■  the  city 
;  opened, 
?a.  The 
■d  of  ol)- 
ho  pent- 
icrcdihly 
by  his 
private 


:•« 


threaten 
die  grain 
tion  from 
But  oil 
.1,  acconi- 
Litcly  the 


ra|ii(lly  ripening  wheat  was  attacked  by  the  chlohn- 
i:l/i,^'  and  the  greater  part  destroyed. 

The  echpse  occurred  about  nine  oVdock  in  the  morn- 
ing. For  three  quarters  of  an  hour  the  city  was 
shrouded  in  ahnost  total  darkness,  during  whi(di  tlie 
greatest  confusion  and  consternation  prevailed.'^  To 
tlio  superstitious  and  ah-eady  excited  minds  of  the 
lower  classes  this  phenomenon  ap[)eared  as  an  evil 
(inien,  a  belief  which  subsequent  events  only  served 
to  confirm. 

With  the  loss  of  the  wheat  crop  the  consumption 
of  corn  increased,  its  price  being  further  advanced 
hy  the  partial  failure  of  the  crop,  due  to  excessive 
moisture  and  cold.  The  situation  was  indeed  critical. 
]klaize  was  the  food  stajde  of  the  natives,  and  since 
the  loss  of  the  wheat  crop  the  tortilla  had  taken  the 
I'lace  of  wheat  bread,  not  oidy  among  all  the  lower 
and  laboring  classes  of  the  capital,  but  also  to  some 
LXtent  among  the  wealthy.^''  Such  was  now  the  in- 
creasing scarcity  that  by  the  beginning  of  September 
the  price  of  wheat  had  more    than    doubled.     The 

'"According  to  Sigiicnza,  Carta  nl  Ahniravte,  MS.,  2S,  who  siiljiiiittcd 
the  vliciit  to  a  microscopic  exaiiiination,  this  is  a  small  insect,  a  mere  fsjieck 
tn  tlic  naked  eye,  the  size  of  a  needle  point,  witli  legs  like  tliose  of  a  ikii,  and 
\viii;,'s  I'cscmliliny  tlio.sc  of  a  weevil.  ^lyriiids  of  them  were  seen  on  eacli  eai' 
ct  wliiiit,  and  spi'ead  with  astonishing  rapidity.  He  states  that  pulioii,  or 
iijiliis,  is  the  meaning  given  this  word  in  the  Mexican  vocahulary.  Molina, 
ill  liis  Viifiihiiliir'io,  pt.  ii.  1!>,  to  whicli  Sigiienza  prol)alily  lefeis,  writes  tho 
\inr,l  r/ildMit!,  which  he  renders  in  Spanish,  *Otro  ))iu(iro,  o  judgon  4  roe  las 
Aiiiis" -wdi'in  orapliis  which  <Iestroys  viiieyaiils.  Itoliles,  ]>U(ri<i,  ii.,  writes 
it  1  luihnisf  1(<,  descriliing  it  as  a  worm  which  attacks  the  roots,  and  this  trrm 
is  iilsi)  [iiuljably  taken  from  Molina's  delinition.  Jn  modern  times  the  n.-iial 
f'lriii  ijf  tiio  word  is  that  given  by  Kobles,  and  it  is  generally  applied  to  rii^t  in 
grain. 

'"Stars  of  the  first,  second,  and  third  magnitude  were  visible;  dogs 
iiowlcil:  birds,  with  frightened  cries,  (lew  wildly  about;  cocks  crew;  women 
ami  c'liililicn  sci'camed;  the  native  Moiiien  in  the  plaza  abandcnie(l  tln'ir  .''lalls 
(iiiil  llcij  in  terror  to  tiio  cathedi'id;  and  tJie  excitement  ami  dread  were  in- 
creased by  the  ringing  of  the  churcli  bells  fur  prayei's  tlndughout  the  city. 
Si'jiii  ,~ii,  II  (I'liiiijiii-ri,  C'lrl",  MS.,  "JT-S;  /i'(i/,A>',  Diiria,  ii.  (id. 

''■'I  'avo,  Ti<  .■iS'i(jli).<,  ii.  7!),  ii  nntaltugether  to  lie  relied  on.  Sigiienzn  y  <  imi- 
g'ln.  ('(irt'i.  MS.,  ,S1,  whose  statements  are  to  be  preferre<l,  for  reascns  w  hii  : 
will  hereafter  In',  shown,  says,  'jamas  li^  falti'i  a  la  lepubliea  el  pan  eon  la  pen- 
sii'ii  lie  caro,  ponpie  (yaijue  otra  eossa  no  se  podia),  se  acomodaiuii  los  imlires 
y  ]ileliiyiis  a  comer  tortillas  (y;i  sabe  vi'i'l  !jue  asi  si.'  nondira  el  pan  de  maiz, 
1"M- a.|i!estas  jiarttes)  y  a  his  eiiadus  de  escalera  auajo  de  casi  todas  las  castas 
ill;  .\iexico  so  Ics  rasiouaua  con  ellas.' 


2no 


FLOOD,  FAMINE,  AND  ECLIPSE. 


1);iki'rs  in  oonsoqiioiico  ivfusod  any  lunger  to  ni;ik(> 
lii'i'ad,  for  at  tlio  prirc  at  whicli  they  were  compelled 
to  sell  it  they  found  tlie  business  uiipi-olitaldc,  and  u 
disturbance  was  averted  only  l)y  tlie  pi'oni[)t  nieasuic:, 
taken  by  the  viceroy  to  insure  a  sufficient  .sup[)ly.-" 

MuiMuui's  began  to  be  heard  on  all  sides,  and  nut- 
AvitlistaudiuLj  the  streiuious  eflbrts  of  the  vicerov  to 
provide  a  .supply  of  gram  the  sus[)icious  and  unrea- 
soning populace  would  not  credit  the  reported  failure 
of  the  crops  until  a  special  commissioner  was  sent 
into  the  valley  to  verify  the  report.  From  the  begin- 
ning Galve  adopted  every  measure  that  experiLiicc 
and  prudence  could  suggest  to  prevent  or  at  least 
luitigato  the  suffering  and  dangers  of  a  prolonged 
famine.  Officials  were  sent  amon-jf  the  farmers  of  the 
valley  and  interior  districts  to  purchase  all  the  surjilus 
giain,  and  with  orders  to  seize  it  if  necessary.  'J^ho 
sale  of  grain  and  flour  in  the  city  b}^  })rivate  in<li\  id- 
uals  was  forbidden,  all  that  could  be  found  beiii',' 
collected  oj  the  government  for  distribution  at  the 
]Md»lic  granary."^  The  use  and  cultivation  of  the  tri'j" 
bliiiiquUlo  which  was  unwisely  forbidden  in  1G77,"" 
M'as  also  permitted,  the  viceroy  having  induced  the 
church  authorities  to  remove  the  interdict  against  it. 

The  public  granary  was  now  placed  in  charge  of  the 
niuiucipal  authorities,  and  grain  could  be  jiurchased 
only  there.  In  November  of  1G91,  the  daily  allow- 
ance for  each  individual  was  one  quart  ilia, -'^  an-l  the 
dail}"  consumption  from  one  thousand  to  thirteen  hun- 
dred faneii'as.-*    In  the  surroundinu*  country  the  sulfei- 

-''The  fliinciilty  with  the  bakers  occurred  on  the  L3th  of  Sept.,  ami  im  the 
fdlliiwiiiL,'  diiy  tliero  was  no  bruail  to  be  hud.  llohlcx,  Diurio,  ii.  U7;  i'aria  dt 
VII  Ji'ilii/io.iii,  in  JJor.  Jli,-<l.  J/cx'.,  surio  ii.  toni.  iii.  810-11. 

-'  'Saliiido  lo'(Sept.),  'cnibiii'go  el  corregidor  tod.a  la  harin.a  it  Hurtiulii  V 
:l  ( liii'tto  y  la  trajo  a  la  alliontliga.'  Hobtcs,  Diurio,  ii.  07. 

--"rhc  triijo  hhniquUlo  was  a  .species  of  wheat,  ehiefly  cultivated  in  tlie 
bishopric  of  puebia,  of  enormous  yield,  and  superior  in  every  retijiect  to  nil 
other  kinds  produced  in  New  Spain.  For  some  reason  not  clearly  e.\iil:iini'l 
it  was  denounced  as  unwholesome,  ami  its  use  and  cultivation  ]jrohil<itiil 
under  heavy  penalties  by  both  government  and  church.  Moiitciiiiujur,  ,^i m"- 
riiis,  (10-1;  Sii/inirji.  y  Ooiiijora,  Car/a,  MS.,  37-0;  (Jtiiia  dc  an  licihjivi'O,  Wvl. 

■'^  Ivjual  to  about  two  quarts. 

-'  A  fanega  is  about  et^uivaleut  to  a  bushel  and  a  half. 


4 


K4w.i  i 


i#. 


\l 


ADVANCE  IN  PKICKS. 


231 


iii'4  was  still  n'rcah^r  tliuii  In  tlio  cKy,  as  the  j^'ovcnioi* 
liaviiiLj  seized  most  of  their  grain,  many  of  the  inluib- 
ii;iii*^s  were  compelled  to  beg  food  in  the  cai)ital. 

>rean\vhile  the  viceroy  did  not  relax  his  efforts  to 
maintain  the  snpply.  In  April  IG1)2,  a  meeting  of 
till'  principal  civil  and  ecclesiastical  authorities  was 
lallcd  for  this  purpose,  and  connnissioners  were  kept 
constantly  busy  in  the  neighboiing districts  as  well  as 
ill  those  more  remote,  collectinu' and  ftjrwarding  corn. 
111  May  an  abundant  cro[)  of  wheat  was  harvested 
fnuii  the  irrigated  lands  in  the  valley,  and  under  the 
luliif  that  the  ])revailing  high  price  would  induce  the 
Ihiiucrs  to  bring  their  grain  to  the  cajjital  permis- 
sidii  for  its  free  sale  was  given.  ]Man3',  however,  .sold 
it  rlscwhero,  and  this,  together  with  the  partial  failure 
ill  tlie  remoter  districts,  owing  to  a  snow  storm  early 
ill  A})ril — a  rare  occurrence  in  the  valley  of  Mexico — 
ciinscd  the  stock  in  the  capital  to  run  low  toward  the 
(■ml  of  May.  Vigorous  measures  wei'o  now  recjuired, 
and  fresh  commissioners  were  despatched  with  ordei's 
ti^  confiscate  all  grain  wherever  found.  The  daily 
alli  iwanco  of  corn  in  the  city  was  also  reduced,  although 
a  .siillicient  quantity  of  grain  was  obtained  by  the 
cnnnnissioners  to  insure  a  moderate  su})ply  until  the 
iirxt  harvest. 

J)y  this  time  the  price  of  grain  had  increased  so 
ennimously  that  a  load  of  wheat  which  usually  sold 
I'nr  three  or  five  pesos  could  not  now  be  purchased  for 
kss  than  twenty-four  ])esos."'' 

-''I'hc  lond  of  com  which  wna  onlinarily  solil  at  alxnit  two  and  a  quarter 
pesos,  was  now  worth  sovi'ii.  1'ho  loaf  of  whoatcu  hroail  ti.sually  wiighi'cl  six- 
tirii  ciuiux'S,  and  was  sold  for  half  a  real.  Its  prior  oontinncil  thu same,  ))Ut  its 
«Li::lit  was  now  rcduet'il  to  scvuii  ounces.  Siijitvir.a  1/  O'6111/ora,  Carta,  MS., 
■-"■I,   1  !-•_';  Uobh'S,  Diario,  ii.  7--o ;  Carta  dc  uu  Ji'vtl'jio»o,  lil'2. 


PI 


I'il 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


CORN  RIOT  IN  TUE  CAPITAL. 
1G92-1C90. 

Increased  ^IrRMrns — RnMOUKn  Grain  SPEcnLATioxs  of  tue  VicERnv— 
An  Imprcdent  Preacher — The  Leperos — Pclqce  Shops — Ineffriknt 
Forces  at  Command — Awaitino  Opporthnity — Affair  at  the  (1i;\n- 
ary — The  Viceroy  Threatened — Outbreak — Death  to  the  Uiii- 
cials! — The  Palace  Set  on  Fire — The  Plaza  Stalls  also  Firkd— 

RoliRERY   AND   MCRDER— EXECPTIONS — ReVOI.T   AT  TlASCALA— SaI.M  hF 

Pn.Qi'E  Prohibited— Uebuiluino  of  the  Palace— Affairs  in  Nkw 
Mexico. 

The  suppressed  murmurs  of  the  populace  previously 
heard  against  the  governuieri :,  now  gave  place  to 
comi)laints  in  which  the  viceroy  was  openly  accust'd 
of  speculating  ingrain;  and  notwithstanding  the  pul>- 
licity  of  all  his  measures  and  the  character  of  tlio 
j)ersons  commissioned  for  the  collection  and  distrihu- 
tion  of  supplies  this  unjust  charge  gained  a  ready 
credence  among  the  natives  and  lower  classes.  This 
grave  accusation  and  the  hostile  attitude  toward  tho 
ijovernment  to  which  it  ijave  rise  were  encouraged  liv 
the  imprudent  language  of  a  Franciscan  friar,  durliiij;' 
a  sermon  preached  in  the  cathedral  at  the  heginninn' 
of  Easter.  Notwithstanding  the  presence  of  the  vice- 
roy, oidores,  and  the  officials  of  the  various  tribunals, 
he  alluded  in  such  terms  to  the  existinij:  scarcitv  as  to 
confirm  the  suspicions  of  his  audience,  who  loudly  ap- 
plauded him.^ 

'  Sicriienza  y  fJAngora,  Carta,  MS.,  40,  states  tluit  ho  prcacliod  'no  In  i|iio 
Re  <l(Mii;i  ])ai-a  ooiisolar  al  piichlo  on  la  caivstia  sino  Id  fjiic  so  dkWt  \v>r  Im  im- 
jii'uik'ni'ia  ])ara  irritarlo.'  llolilcs,  lYiarin.  ii.  I'22,  who  contirnis  the  foivyniiiL', 
states  that  the  I'liur's  iiumu  was  Antonio  tie  Escai'uy. 

(2321 


STATE  OF  SOCIETY. 


233 


R  VlfF.rvOY— 

-Inkfii('ii;nt 
T  TIIK.  (!i:an- 
D  TIIK  Urn- 
LHO  FlUKli— 
LA — SAI.r,  lip 

LiRS  IS  Ni;\v 


reviously 
place  to 
r  accusocl 
the  ])ul)- 
r  of  tlio 
distiiltu- 
a  iv.uiv 

an  I  tliu 
•aii'od  liy 
duriii''" 


)S 


eo-uiniiiL;' 
the  vicc- 
lilmiials, 
ity  as  to 
>ud\y  a|t- 


(1  'no  In  i|iio 

])(ir  l,-i  iiii- 

11'  toru;j,iiiii-i 


Tlio  popnlaco,  urged  l)y  tlie  pani,^s  of  Iiungcr  and 
liy  their  fancied  jri-ievaiices,  were  now  in  a  mood  wliich 
liodcd  ill  for  the  licace  and  safety  of  the  capittd.  Yet, 
nlllioir^h  previous  outoreaks  had  shown  their  turlm- 
Idit  nature,  no  precaution  whatever  np]iears  to  havo 
Ijccii  taken  to  jx'iard  ai^ainst  a  disturbance.  Ailairs 
M(  10  ripe  for  an  outbreak.  The  city  was  divided  into 
nine  -wards,  six  of  wliich  were  inhabited  wholly  by 
natives  having  their  own  governors.  The  total  })opu- 
lation  was  over  one  hundred  and  forty  thousand,  of 
wliDiii  the  Spaniards  and  mixed  races  formed  but  a 
'iKill  proportion.  A  large  part  of  the  lower  classes 
\vc'ro  idle  and  dissolute,  and  among  them  were  many 
oriiiiinals.  The  name  mramullvs  was  then  applied  to 
thrill  and  later  they  were  called  Upcvoi^} 

The  usual  resorts  of  this  class  were  the  shops  where 
piil()ue  was  sold,  and  the  haratillo,^  where  the  natives 
also  congregated,  and  where  all  plotted  against  and 
(kiiouuccd  the  government  at  will,  free  from  the  inter- 
fciL'ii  e  of  the  officers  of  justice.* 

The  natives  at  this  period,  especially  the  men,  were 
restless,  indolent,  and  vicious,  and  so  addicted  to  the 
use  of  pulque,  the  consumption  of  which  had  never 
Im  (11  so  great,  that  all  contemporary  writers  concur  in 
allii'ining  that  they  were  daily  under  its  influence. 
Tlicv  were  the  chief  complainers  as^^ainst  the  govern- 

I  loo 

iiKut,  and  were  constantly  encouraged  by  the  sara- 
iiiullos,  who  eagerly  desired  an  outbreak  because  of 
the  opportunity  thus  afforded  them  for  plunder. 
To  o[)pose  these  dangerous  elements  there  vras  in 

^'La  poLlacion. .  .dc  las  gramlcs  cimlades  intcriores  de  la  coloiiia,  cu\-a 
niayiiiia  imncnsa  so  componia  cntonces,  coino  so  cuiuiiouo  tixiavi'a  Imy  \>"r 
dts^rai.i:i,  do  csa  plche  vagaiminila  y  degradada  pur  la  igiioiancia  y  la  luisi-'ria, 
I'Oiuiciila  coll  el  iiifamante  apodo  de  Irpei'os. '  Lcnlo  de  Tijiulu,  Ainud.  Hid., 
3ij(j.     S(.'u  also  .S'/';/«( «;a  ?/  Guinjoni,  ('(tr'u,  MS.,  37. 

'  A  shop  or  collection  of  sliops  in  the  inaiii  plaza  where  cheap  and  second- 
class  w:ii\  a  were  sold,  and  wheio  stolon  articles  wero  also  disposed  of.  It  waa 
fiii|iuiiti'd  liy  vaj,'alioiids  and  criminals,  and  several  attempts  hail  already  lueu 
iiuulcliy  tlie  aiitlioritiea  to  aliolish  it.  llirciu,  JJiirio,  T-;  l!olili\<,  JJi'irio,  ii. 
-0.  Tlio  Ijaralillo  was  not  abolished  until  several  years  later,  although  u 
coilul.i  prohiljiiing  it  was  published  in  Xovenilier  KiS'.l. 

*  ■  Las  [mli|Uorias  dondc  por  cdndisioii  iuicpia  y  contra  Dios  fpic  se  lo  coii- 
cediu  ul  Aseutista  no  cutra  justicia.'  Hijucica  j  Uunijora,  Carta,  MS.,  42. 


234 


CORX  RIOT  IX  THE  CAPITAL. 


■■s 


the  capital  but  a  single  company  of  infantry,  of  li 
than  one  hundred  men,  who  did  duty  as  palace  guard, 
and  oven  these  were  indifferently  armed  and  equipjied. 
There  was  no  artillery,  no  store  of  small  arms  and 
annnunition,  and  no  organized  militia.  The  bettor 
class  of  Sjoaniards  for  the  most  part  possessed  weapons 
of  their  own,  but  as  subsequent  events  showed,  they 
would  not  act  together  in  time  of  need.  Without  the 
city  the  nearest  available  troops  were  the  distant  gar- 
risons of  Acapulco  and  ^^Ta  Cruz.  Not  even  an 
organized  police  force  existed  which  could  bo  nuidu 
available  in  quelling  an  incipient  outbreak. 


'( 


Palace  of  Mexico. 

The  palace,  as  shown  by  the  accompanying  [jlan, 
was  provided  with  loopholes  for  infantry  and  oiii- 
brasures  for  cannon,  but  in  the  disturbance  wliich 
followed  there  was  nothing  to  indicate  that  artillery 
was  placed  there.  In  the  construction  of  the  other 
buildings  of  the  capital  there  was  no  provision  niado 
for  their  defence  save  that  aftbrded  by  the  thick  walls, 
heavy  barred  doors,  r  id  strong  shutters  and  ii'on  bars 
of  the  windows;''    but  these  were  connnon  to  most 

'■  Sigiicnza  y  Gniignra,  Carta,  M.S.,  49,  suiimmiizcs  tliis  comlition  of  airnirs 
n«  tlu!  "'uul[jal)ilisiiii()  doscuiilo  I'ou  (juc  viviinos  t'litro  tanta  plcue  al  iiiismo 
tieiiipu  ij^uc  prt'eiumiiuos  do  fji'iiiidablcs. ' 


ABOUT  THE  PLAZA. 


23d 


ly,  of  Irss 
aco  guard, 
:  equipped, 
arms  and 
'ho  better 
(1  weapons 
)\ved,  tliey 
itliout  the 
istaiit  gar- 
b  even  an 
I  bo  iiiadu 


h*} 


Miig  plan, 
and  oni- 
loe  Avhicli 
t  artillery 
the  other 
■lion  made 
lick  walls, 
iron  bars 
1  to  most 

itioii  iif  ^itlairs 

L'UO    ill    llli-lllO 


Spanisli  houses,  and  of  course  ineffectual  against  the 
atta(  l<.s  of  a  mob,  unless  a  strong  armed  force  were 
!5tati-)ned  within. 

Although  the  greater  portion  of  the  dwellings  with 
tliiir  massive  walls  of  stone  or  adobe,  their  tiled  roofs, 
aii(l>()lid  doors,  afforded  some  protection  for  life  and 
property  in  the  event  of  a  riot,  the  immense  quantity 
of  merchandise  contained  in  the  sialls  situated  in  the 
main  })]aza  had  no  such  protection.  Hero  were  built 
without  order  two  hundred  and  eighty  light  wooden 
>trnetures,  styled  cajoncs,  in  which  native  and  foreign 
wares  of  all  descriptions  were  sold.  Among  them 
and  scattered  over  other  portions  of  the  public  square 
were  numberless  booths  of  caiio«i  and  rushes,  for  the 
,sile  of  fiuit,  vegetables,  and  provisions,  giving  to  this 
plaza,  which  was  one  of  the  finest  in  the  ^vorld,  the 
auiiearance  of  an  irregular  village  of  huts. 

LI  O  O 

J 11  1058  several  of  the  stalls  were  destroyed  by  fire, 
and  (luring  the  confusion  which  ensued  many  were 
]ilan(lored.  In  the  following  year  orders  were  given 
I'lir  the  plaza  to  be  cleared  of  both  stalls  and  booths," 
but  tiie  danger  from  fire  and  thieves  being  quickly 
fuigottcn,  they  were  soon  restored  to  their  former 
Iniatioii.  Later  the  attention  of  the  authorities  was 
called  to  tlie  dano'cr  to  which  this  collection  of  un- 
^^uarded  inllammable  structures  was  exposed,  but  with 
tli'ir  usual  ajiathy  they  paid  no  heed  to  the  matter 
until  a  second  and  greater  disaster  compelled  the  ap- 
lilii  ation  of  a  permanent  remedy. 

SiK.li  wi!S  the  condition  of  the  capital  in  the  begin- 
nhvj;  of  June  1(;92.  Though  the  scarcity  of  grain  still 
euntiiiued,  the  careful  distribution  of  the  su])[dy  daily 
ivciiv'Hl  at  the  public  granary  saliiced  to  keep  star- 
vation from  the  city.  The  natives,  however,  daily 
i;rr\\  bolder  and  more  insolent,  and  awaited  but  a 
]iiv|(xt  to  I'ovolt,  encouraged,  as  they  were,  by  the 

'^Tlii'  st.ills  Wire  romnvccl  to  tlio  riazncla  <lil  ^lanini's  Mliiili  o]un.s  into 
till'  iii.iiii  |.la/:i,  and   the  bootlis   to  tlio   I'laxuila  du  la  Uuivfibidail.     J'kc. 

i'n,'-.,  V.  7;)7. 


I'lill 


236 


COr.N  RIOT  IN  THE  CAPIT^iL. 


inaction  of  the  authorities  which  they  construed  intc 
fear/ 

The  desired  opportunity  soon  arrived.  On  Friday 
June  7th  the  corn  at  the  pubHc  granary  gave  out  at 
six  o'clock  in  tlie  evening,  whereupon  several  native 
women  who  remained  to  be  served,  gave  vent  to  tlieir 
disappointment  in  shrill  outcries  and  insulting  epithets, 
On  the  folloAving  day  they  were  still  more  disordcily, 
shouting,  fighting,  pushing,  and  crowding  each  otlui'. 
so  as  to  make  it  impossible  for  the  officers  to  procnil 
with  tl)-,:  distribution.  Takino:  advantajie  of  this  ton- 
fusion,  several  attempted  to  help  themselves  to  corii, 
whereupon  one  of  the  officials,  finding  peaceful  in(  as- 
ures  ineffectual,  seized  a  whij),  and  by  laying  if  on 
right  and  left  succeeded  in  driving  them  back,  in  a 
few  minutes,  however,  they  surged  forward  again, 
headed  by  one  more  daring  than  the  rest.  The  ulli- 
cial  again  made  use  of  his  whip,  and  seizing  a  caiir 
rained  a  shower  of  blows  on  the  head  and  shoulder- 
of  the  leader  and  her  companions.  Exasperated  by 
this  treatment,  some  of  them  seized  their  Iciuler,  ami 
raising  her  on  their  siioulders  rushed  out  of  the  gran- 
ary, whence,  followed  by  nearly  two  hundred  of  tluir 
companions,  they  hastened  across  the  plaza  io  tl)e 
});dace  of  the  archbishop  and  demanded  to  see  liiui. 
The  attendants  refused,  but  listened  to  their  com- 
plaints, consoled  them  as  best  they  could,  and  dis- 
missed them.  Not  content  with  this  reception,  the 
crow'd,  still  carrying  the  injured  woman,  proceeded  to 
the  viceregal  palace,  filling  its  lower  corridors  and 
clamoring  for  an  interview  with  the  viceroy.  On 
being  told  that  he  was  absent,  they  tried  to  leiv 
their  way  into  the  viceregal  a|)artinents,  but  \\eiv 
j)Ushed  back  by  the  gutirds.  Tliereu])on  they  returned 
to  the  archiepiscopal  palace,  not  a  single  man  ha\inL;' 
joined  them  thus  fai',  nnd  were  met  by  the  primate. 

'  In  the  piililic  granary  tlio  Iiidiau  women  wvro  soim'tiinos  scrvnl  lubMi  :\ 
Spaiiiaril.  ami  tliis  cciiilirnitil  tlii'.  iiativus  in  tlirir  lu'lit'f  that  the  autliciiai  a 
Wuic  iil'niidof  thum.  Si'jiitnzu  ij  ilOmjimt,  t'luia,  M.S.,  4'2. 


EXCITEMEXT. 


237 


struct!  into 

On  Friday 
jave  out  at 
oral  untivf 
)nt  to  tlieir 
igcpitlicts, 
disordcilv, 
?ach  otlui', 
to  proceed 
)f  this  con- 
es to  corn. 
icful  lucas- 
ying  it  on 
ick.      Jiia 
ird    aoain, 
The  oili- 
ng a  cane 
shouldi'is 
)eratcd  !)v 
oacler,  ami 
'  tbo  14'ran- 
xl  of  their 
2a   to    the 
)  SCO  ]iini. 
heir  com- 
,  and  (ii>- 
ption,  I  lie 
)cccdcd  to 
iclors  and 
sroy,     ( )n 

1  to  lore.' 
but  wi'iv 
'returned 
m  haxini;;' 
prinialc. 


tlic 


him  thoy  repeated  their  complaints,  adding  that 
injured  woman  liad  just  died.  Through  an  inter- 
iiictcr  he  nought  to  pacify  them,  and  despatched  a 
messenger  to  the  granary  officials,  requesting  that 
the  Indians  should  in  future  be  treated  with  more 
ninsideration.  After  another  fruitless  attem])t  to 
ohtain  an  intervirw  with  the  viceroy,  the  tumult 
ended  for  that  day." 

On  the  return  of  the  viceroy  in  the  evening  he  gave 
orders  that  in  future  an  oidor  should  be  present  dui'- 
iny'  the  distribution  of  corn,  for  to  a  lack  of  system  in 
this  matter  the  outbreak  was  attributed.  Instruc- 
tions were  also  issued  to  the  captain  of  the  palace 
guard  to  take  every  precaution  to  prevent  any  repeti- 
tion of  the  disturbance.  Pikes  were  to  be  made 
ready,  anniiunition  to  be  distributed  to  the  troops, 
and  all  fire-arms  to  be  kept  loaded."  No  uproar  oc- 
curred during  the  night,  nor  does  any  attempt  appear 
to  have  been  made  by  the  autliorities  to  ascertain  tlie 
.><tate  of  aflairs  in  the  native  wards  or  among  the  sai-a- 
luullos.  On  the  following  dav,  the  8th  of  junc,^"  the 
native  women  appeared  as  usual  at  the  jniblic  gi-anary, 
and  with  the  exception  of  pushing  and  crowding  in 
their  attempt  to  gain  the  foremost  place,  the  presence 

'A  sdHiewhiit  different  version  of  tliis  iiffiiir  is  given  in  the  Carta  de  iiii 
U'l'hfiusii,  ."IK").  Tlierc  it  is  staleil  tliat  l)iit  t)nc  visit  was  iiuule  to  tlie  arcli- 
lii-liii]i,  wlic)  ailvised  tiiat  one  or  two  of  tliena  should  go  and  lay  the  matter 
lO'nic  the  viceroy,  liut  that  his  counsel  was  disregarded,  and  the  women  dis- 
liciM(l  to  their  homes.  'J'his  author,  however,  was  a  reeluse  friar,  and, 
;.hlinUL;ii  a  contemi>oraneo\is  writer,  ileri\ed  his  infoi'niation  from  others, 
vhik'  .si«.'Lien/a  y  (iongora,  who.se  version  I  have  adopted,  was  a  ]irominent 
iiKiii,  on  intimate  terms  with  the  \  ieeroy  and  oilier  government  otlieials,  and 
oil'  nf  the  most  eelebratt-d  writ-rs  of  tiie  period. 

'••Areurding  to  the  Ciirt<i  dc  nn  lti'Ji<jiii.^o,  3l,")-l(i,  previously  cited,  the 
viici'uy  upon  learning  of  the  oeeiirrenee  inujiediately  sent  fnr  the  enrregidor, 
wlii'ia  i  e  onlered  to  investigate  the  complaints,  and  severely  punish  the  dis- 
tiihiiturs  of  corn.  The  corregidor,  however,  soon  returned  declaring  that  the 
riuiiL'is  iif  the  Indian  women  against  the  ollleials  at  the  granary  Mere  fal^e, 
ii"'':i'iu'  unustuil  having  occurred  there  during  the  day.     J'eassured  by  this 


btjitiiui  nt  and  the  opinion  o 


jf  seviial  irentlemen  that  it  was  onh 


druid;< 


ihiir  of  tlie   natives,  tlie   viceroy    contented   hiinsidf  "it.i  orderiii!.'  that  an 
liiLiid  (if  his  own  selection  shoidd  snperintiiiil  the  distribution  on  the  fol- 


ii-i\iuig  I  lay. 


'/. 


t.'avii 


Trot  S'kjIoi,  ii.  81,  rrn 


sly  g 


'ives  ,inno 


nti 


I  ns  tli(>  I 


latf 


iiiKiniis,  //,V.  J/f.c.,  v.  4.")S,  X.  i;'.(i'J,  that  of  June  ISth.    This  hitt 


er,  now- 


I'Vii,  ihuiigh  occurring  in  two  dill'crcnt  places,  is  evidciUly  a  misprint. 


h 


I 


f 


23S 


CORN  RIOT  IN  THE  CAPITAL. 


of  the  oidor  prevented  a  repetition  of  tlie  previous  dis. 
o.xlcr.  During  the  early  hoars  qui  t  reigned  throii^li- 
out  the  city,  and  the  authorities,  fearing  no  danger, 
neglected  to  take  further  precautions. 

The  viceroy,  however,  was  ill  at  ease.  Leaving  his 
breakfast  untouched,  he  repaired  to  the  convent  o( 
Santo  Domingo  to  hear  mass,  and  his  appearance  was 
gT'oetcd  with  a  murmur  of  disapproval  by  the  asstin- 
bled  worshippers,  who  regarded  him  as  the  cause  of 
their  present  sufferings.  About  four  o'clocic  in  the 
afternoon  he  attended  service  at  the  Augustine  con- 
vent, and  thence  proceeded,  as  was  his  custom,  to 
the  convent  of  San  Francisco.  The  usual  procession 
ended,  he  entered  the  convent  to  converse  with  the 
friars,  when  suddenly  the  sound  of  tumult,  aceoni- 
panied  by  the  report  of  fire-arms,  was  heard.  Tlie 
viceroy  started  up  to  go  to  the  palace,  but  in  this  he 
was  prevented  by  his  few  attendants,  and  by  the 
friars,  who,  gathering  about  him,  represented  tlie 
danger  of  such  an  attempt,  the  streets  being  already 
filled  with  excited  natives,  who  with  loud  cries  \\  civ 
hurrying  from  all  quarters  toward  the  plaza. 

But  five  hundred  fanesfas  of  corn  were  received  at 
the  [)ublic  granary  on  this  day,  and  by  five  o'clock  in 
tlie  afternoon  the  supply  was  exhausted,  while  tli'ie 
were  still  many  to  be  served.  This  caused  a  great 
commotion  anions  the  native  women,  during  which 
one  of  them  fell  to  the  ground,  whether  iutcntionally 
is  not  known,  and  was  ti-ampled  upon  and  injured  hy 
her  companions. 

The  role  of  the  previous  day  is  again  performed,  hut 
with  more  fatal  results.  The  injured  woman  is  placed 
on  the  back  of  an  Indian,  who  runs  with  her  to  the 
baratillo,  and  thence,  having  been  joined  by  a  miiiihcr 
of  the  saramullas,  to  the  palace  of  the  archbishoi),  the 
crowd  following  with  wild  cries  and  shouts  of  lau'e. 
A  demand  to  see  the  archbishop  is  again  made,  and  is 
again  denied  by  the  attendants,  whereupon  they  are 


THE  SOLDIERY  DEFEATED. 


239 


assailed  with  tlic  vilest  language.  Growing  impatient 
at  the  non-appearance  of  the  archbishop  the  constantly 
increasing  mob  proceeds  across  the  plaza  to  the  vicc- 
ivgal  palace,  the  women  taking  up  a  position  at  the 
corners  of  the  streets.-'^  Then  they  begin  to  abuse 
the  viceroy  in  set  terms,  and  to  throw  stones  at  the 
liiilcony  of  the  viceregal  apartments,  which  are  soon 
destroyed.  After  some  delay  a  dozen  or  more  of  the 
guard  appear,  and  joined  by  an  equal  number  of  vol- 
unteers charge  the  rioters,  now  mustering  about  two 
jiuiidred.  The  latter  fly  for  refuge  to  the  stalls  and 
tlio  cathedral  cemetery,  but  being  reiinforced  rally 
and  drive  back  their  assailants.  A  few  of  the  guard 
ascend  to  the  roof  and  fire  blank  catridges.  This  of 
course  only  enib(jldens  the  rioters,  who  answer  with 
i?li;)uts  of  derision  and  volleys  of  stones. 

As  the  first  party  return  from  their  charge,  driven 
back  by  overwhelming  numbers,  a  squad  of  soldiers 
come  forward,  and  are  joined  by  the  count  of  Santiago 
and  a  few  other  gentlemen;  but  the  rioters  are  now 
assembled  in  such  force  that  the  troops  are  compelled 
ai^ain  to  retire.  It  is  then  resolved  to  close  ^he 
palace  doors,  which  is  done  with  such  haste  that  two 
or  three  of  the  guard  are  shut  out,  and  are  seized  and 
torn  in  pieces.^^     A  shout  of  triumph  arises  from  the 

"  Itobles,  D'ario,  ii.  88,  in  liis  account  of  the  events  wliich  led  to  the 
(nitlmak  iiKikcs  no  mention  of  tlio  distiu'ljance  of  tlicTtli,  and  in  regiird  to  that 
ot  till'  Mh  stati':^  that  the  atlLudants  of  the  arohiiishop  sent  them  to  the  vice- 
it'Liil  palace,  whcneo  tiiey  weio  driven  away  liy  the  guard.  For  tlie  lea.sons 
aiiraily  staled  preference  is  given  to  tlio  version  of  Sigiienzay  Uongova,  which 
is.  with  few  exceptions,  followed  for  this  and  all  sulisequent  events  relating 
tij  these  troulilcs.  Aecoriling  to  the  Carta  de  ini  Jicli'iloso,  the  archbishop 
iil'licarcd  and  denied  that  they  had  any  cause  to  coniplain  against  tiie  viceroy, 
wliii-c  every  ellort  was  directed  to  maintain  the  svipply  of  grain. 

'-'ItoMes,  JJiario,  ii.  8S-'J,  states  that  hy  the  advice  of  the  attendants  at 
tlie  archicpiscopal  jialace  the  Indians  proceeded  to  the  viceregal  palace  whence, 
having  liccn  refused  ailiidttance  by  the  guard,  tliey  went  to  their  homes,  with 
the  exception  of  some  twenty  who  persisted  on  entering,  and  the  guard  cuntinu- 
iiiu  til  oppiise  thcni  they  began  to  storm  the  palace  doors  and  balconies.  The 
ensign  witli  nine  soldiers  charged  and  drove  Ijack  the  i-ioters,  now  reenforced 
liy  over  two  hundred,  but  was  coini)elled  to  retreat  w  itli  the  loss  of  two  men. 
Tlie  doois  \\ere  then  closed.  According  to  the  Carta  de  «'  llcllijhiso,  the 
('a|itain  of  tlic  guard  led  tl'ree  charges,  being  severely  wounded  in  the  third 
I'V  a  bhov  liiiiii  a  stone.  It  is  there  stated  that  the  Indians  liad  bows  and 
arrows,  blunderbus.ses,  pistols,  ami  knives,  and  that  their  intention  was  to  bet 
tile  U)  the  [alace,  and  rub  the  royal  treasury. 


M 


m 


240 


CORX  RIOT  IX  THE  CAPITAL. 


■I  I 


crowd,  now  numbering  ten  tliousand."  "Dcatli  to 
the  viceroy  and  correyidor,"  they  cry,  "death  to  those 
who  have  all  the  corn  and  are  killin<j  us  with  hunger!" 
It  is  half  past  six;  and  though  thirty  minutes  have 
scarcel}^  elapsed  since  the  beginning  of  hostilities,  the 
]>laza  is  filled  with  the  populace.  Eager  for  plunder 
they  join  in  the  cries  against  the  government,  shout- 
ing, "Death  to  the  viceroy  and  all  who  defend  him  I" 
while  the  echo  from  hundreds  swells  the  U[)r(iar, 
"Death  to  the  Spaniards  and  gachupines  who  are 
eating  our  corn!"" 

At  this  juncture  the  archbishop  approaches  on  fofit 
with  uplifted  cross,  and  surrounded  by  his  attendants. 
Little  regard  is  shown  him,  however,  for  his  coacli- 
nian,  who  was  sent  on  before,  is  knocked  from  liis 
seat  bv  a  stone,  and  missiles  beo-in  to  fall  so  thicklv 
that  the  primate  and  his  companions  are  glad  to  make 
good  tlieir  escape.  The  guards  in  the  palace  make  uu 
further  attempt  to  disperse  the  rioters.  After  some 
thirty  shots  from  the  roof,  firing  ceases;  for  not  only 
are  many  of  the  soldiers  disabled,  but  their  aunnuui- 
tlon  is  exhausted. 

The  rioters  continue  to  storm  the  palace,  but  find- 
ing that  little  harm  is  done  they  resolve  to  burn  it 
dtnvn,  no  lonijer  fearing  those  within.  The  booths  in 
the  plaza  afford  an  abundance  of  combustible  material, 
and  dry  rushes  and  reeds  are  soon  hea[)ed  against  tlio 
wooden  doors  and  set  ablaze.  The  city  hall  is  also 
fired;  and  while  some  are  thus  engaged,  others  seize 
the  coach  of  the  corremdor,  whose  residence  forms  a 
portion  of  that  building,  set  fire  to  it,  and  with  the 
mules  attached  drive  it  in  trium[)li  around  the  plaza, 
fin;dly  killing  the  wildly  affrighted  animals.  The  eor- 
regidor  and  his  wife  are  fortunately  absent;  else  their 

'•''Tliis  stultlcn  increase  in  the  niiml)e!'s  of  tlie  mol),  from  '200  to  10.0(1(1,  is 
Rccoiuit'"!  for  l)y  tlic  fact  that  the  jjhiza  could  bu  reached  within  less  duiii 
half  an  hour  from  all  |)arts  of  the  city. 

•'  According  to  lloMcs,  at  the  iirst  alarm  most  of  the  Spaniards  shut  them- 
selves irp  in  their  houses,  whence  hut  few  i.ssued  till  tlie  riot  wan  over.  J'iiiiin, 
ii.  00.  Sigiienza  y  (iimgora  fails  to  account  for  this  lack  of  courage  on  the 
part  of  his  countrymen. 


J  it 


eatli  to 
to  tliose 
ungor!" 
;es  have 
tics,  the 
pluude'i' 
b,  sliout- 
(1  liini!' 
upi'nar, 
who  arc 

5  on  f(H)t 
pendants. 
IS  coacli- 
froin  Ills 
0  thickly 
.  to  make 
make  no 
ftcr  some 
not  only 
anununi- 

Ibut  find- 
)  burn  it 
)ooths  ill 
material, 
ainst  tlie 
1  is  also 
ors  seize 
forms  a 
,vith  the 
10  plaza, 
The  cor- 
Ise  their 

I  to  10.000,  is 
jiiu  less  tluiii 

Is  shut  tlu'iii- 

IviT.     J)<(lil<>, 

luragc  on  tiie 


FIRE  x\ND  MURDER. 


241 


livis  were  lost.  The  opportunity  for  plunder  souglit 
I'.ir  Itv  the  saramullos  lias  arrived.  With  the  exeep- 
tiun  of  the  burning  of  the  gallows,  also  situated  in 
tlic  ])laza,  none  of  the  lower  classes  appear  to  have 
taken  part  with  the  natives  in  the  work  of  destruc- 
tion, hut  there  is  little  doubt  that  they  w'ere  the 
cliief  instigators  in  the  matter.  Almost  simulta- 
iiiiiusly  with  the  burning  of  the  palace  the  adjacent 
stalls  arc  set  on  fire. 

And  now  follows  a  scene  which  no  pen  can  fully 
describe.  It  is  between  seven  and  eight  o'clock,  and 
the  s|)acious  jilaza  is  made  as  light  as  day  by  the  con- 
tlagration.  Filling  the  plaza  and  adjoining  streets, 
the  maddened  populace  may  be  seen  surging  to  and 
ii'n  in  dense  masses  like  an  angry  sea,  and  above  the 
roar  of  the  flames  rise  hoarse  shouts  of  exultation 
tis  the  work  of  destruction  goes  on.  Few  Spaniards 
niv  visible.  From  the  palace  corridors,  with  despair- 
iii^;'  form  and  features,  the  archbishop  and  his  attend- 
ants gaze  in  silence,  while  on  the  outskirts  of  the 
jilaza  groups  of  citizens  watch  in  speechless  terror  the 
]iro<4ress  of  the  conflagration.  Suddenly  the  crv  is 
raisid,  "  To  the  stalls!"  "To  the  stalls!"  and  the' hu- 
man sea  surges  in  that  direction.  The  places  where 
lianhvare  was  sold  are  first  attacked,  and  knives, 
machetes,  and  iron  bars  secured,  the  last  named  for 
defense  as  well  as  for  breaking  ojicn  doors.  And  now 
let  ( liaos  come;  innocent  and  guilty,  friend  and  foe, 
arc  line;  robbery  and  rape,  fire  and  blood;  the  people 
liave  become  raving  maniacs!  As  fast  as  the  houses 
arc  liroken  open  and  robbed  the  torch  is  applied 
(hauually  the  infuriated  3'ells  sink  to  a  low  murderous 
liuiii  (d' voices,  interrupted  only  by  the  crash  of  falling 
huililiiigs.  Rapidly  the  flames  spread,  and  by  the 
lurid  light  may  be  seen  the  dusky  forms  of  the  rioters 
flitting  in  and  out  and  among  the  buildings,  or  disa[)- 
peariiig  in  the  darkness  laden  with  ]ilunder. 

A  singular  phase  of  rit)t  and  robbery  now  presents 
itself.     Among  the  rabble  are  many  owners  of  stalls 

Uiai.  Mes.,  Vol,  III.    lU 


T-r^pf 


if  411* 


,IW.. 


'HI* 


H-M 


242 


CORN  RIOT  IX  THE  CAPITAL. 


iiu 


who  (laro  not  openly  protect  their  property,  ,vet  ;iro 
unahle  to  witness  its  loss  with  indifference.  Merchants 
yesterday  they  arc  robbers  now,  and  may  as  well  lolj 
theniselves  as  be  robbed  by  their  comrades.  So  tlicy 
join  in  the  attack  on  their  own  stalls,  being  some- 
times the  first  to  enter,  and  if  possible  to  seize  mik] 
carry  to  a  })lace  of  safety  soine  of  their  own  effects. 
Otliers,  affecting  an  air  of  resignation,  encourage  tlie 
jiillage  of  their  stalls,  and  then  stealthily  follow  the 
])linKlerer  and  relieve  him  of  his  load  by  a  snddc  ii 
blow  or  deadly  thrust.  Many  of  the  rioters  are  ir.ii 
thnjugh  at  the  entrance  to  the  streets  by  the  gioups 
of  exasperated  Spaniards,  as  they  arc  tauntingly 
defied  by  the  passing  rabble,  and  not  a  few  perish  in 
the  flames. 

While  the  many  are  thus  engaged,  a  few  hasten  to 
the  palace  of  the  mnrques  del  Valle,  to  fire  it.  The 
flames  have  reached  the  balconies,  when  the  treas- 
urer of  the  cathedral,  ]Manuel  de  Escalante  y  ISloi- 
doza,  anives  aeconipanied  by  a  few  ecclesiastics,  and 
bearing  the  uncovered  host.  All  other  means  proving 
unavailing,  this  pious  proceeding  is  ado])ted,  in  tlie 
hope  of  saving  the  city.  Exhortations  accompany  the 
act  of  elevating;  and  finally  a  number  of  the  more  re- 
ligious rascals  temporarily  extinguish  the  flames  in  tlie 
j)alace  of  the  marques.  Here,  however,  their  for- 
bearance ceases,  for  they  at  once  hurry  away  to  jdiii 
their  companions  in  the  work  of  plunder  elsewhere. 
To  add  to  the  solemn  terror  of  the  occasion  all  tlie 
bells  begin  to  ring,  but  it  is  the  call  to  prayers,  and 
not  to  arms.  Following  the  example  of  the  catlie- 
dral  treasurer,  the  religious  orders  next  appear  mareli- 
ing  in  procession,  with  uplifted  crosses  and  soKinii 
chants.  Their  efforts,  however,  avail  but  little;  tluy 
are  greeted  with  a  shower  of  stones,  and  dispers((l; 
and  although  singly  or  in  groups  they  continue  tlicir 
exhortations  in  different  parts  of  the  plaza,  the  rioters 
disregard  them,  or  reply  with  jeers. 

These  exciting  events  have  occupied  but  a  short 


THE  SPANIARDS  ASCENDANT. 


243 


tiin(\  for  it  is  yet  liardly  nine,  and  the  pl.aza,  wliicli 
for  the  last  tliree  liours  has  been  thronged  witli  tlic 
cniiaille  of  the  cajatal,  is  fast  l)ecoming  deserted.  The 
rioters  have  for  the  most  part  retired  with  their  phin- 
(k'r,  and  among  tlie  few  that  remain  the  rehgioiis  still 
(.diitinue  their  fruitless  exhortations.  Despite  the 
ctt'orts  of  the  guard  and  those  of  the  few  citizens  who 
liavo  ventured  to  show  themselves,  the  fire  in  the 
viiTiogal  palace  and  city  hall  still  burns,  and  the  stalls 
aiifl  hooths  are  one  mass  of  flames. 

At  this  juncture  the  count  of  Santiago  with  a  num- 
licr  of  armed  citizens,  collected  by  order  of  the  viee- 
inv,  njipear  in  the  plaza  and  open  fire  on  the  crowd, 
iiiit  are  induced  to  stop  by  the  religious,  who  declare 
tiiat  many  innocent  [)ersons  will  thus  be  slain.  As 
tliti'o  is  nothing  further  to  be  feared  from  the  j)eo])le 
itiiKiiiiing  in  the  plaza,  the  citizens  direct  their  efforts 
tn  suhduinu  the  flames.  With  the  aid  of  the  ])rison- 
I  IS  tVom  the  palace  jail,"  who  have  barely  escaped 
with  their  own  lives,  and  of  the  inmates  of  the  vice- 
ix'^al  jialace  who  are  forgotten  by  the  mob  while  intent 
I'll  phnidering  the  stalls,  everything  of  value  in  the 
vircicgal  apartments  is  saved,  and  the  females  of  the 
Imuschold  are  conveyed  in  safety  through  the  plaza  to 
till.'  palace  of  the  archbishop.  Prominent  aniong  those 
ti>  wliose  energy  and  presence  of  mind  the  saving  of 
iiiaiiy  valuable  papers  is  due,  is  Carlos  de  Sigi'ienza 
V  ( ii'iun'ora.  EnterinGf  the  plaza  before  the  flames  are 
kiln  lied,  he  remains  throughout  the  disturbance^,  ac- 
fiiiiipanying  the  bishop  on  his  mission  of  jieace,  and 
latir  the  cathedral  treasurer;  then  helping  to  fight 
till  lire  in  the  viceregal  palace,  where  he  personally 
!'i  -^I'lios  important  archives,  and  finally  repairing  to  the 
lity  hall  in  time  to  snatch  from  the  flames  a  [(ortiou 
otthf  cabildo  records. 

The  riot  was  now  virtually  at  an  end,  and  additional 

' '  In  ofiiisiileration  of  tlieir  services  the  prisoners  were  all  pnnloiied.  Sii/ii- 
(K'l  ;i  (nhi.iarii,  I 'arlii,  }il>i. ,'0-1;  Caro,  7V('j*.S'(y/ofi,  ii.  Sl-'J.  HoIjIcs,  i>a(;-i'o, 
li.  V'i  \,  says  simply  that  prisoners  escaped. 


■  ill'.i 


■i   'k 


•'•ts^ 


::.) 


t^^^' ' 


244 


CORN  RIOT  IN  TITE  CAPITAL. 


.!ssistancc  arriving,  tlio  fiirtlicr  prorrrcss  of  tlio  fin-  \\,'n 
clieeked,  altliouL^li  it  eo'itimietl  to  burn  fiorccly  iinlil 
the  followinij^  Tuus(.U\y.  Mcanwliilo  tlio  viceroy  was 
still  at  the  Fran  iscan  convent.  At  the  first  al.niu 
the  doors  of  the  huiklinjj^  were  clo.sed,  and  notJiin,; 
could  imhice  tlio  tcrrilied  imnates  to  open  them,  exccjit 
I'or  the  admission  of  the  countess,  whose  absence  had 
Iteen  an  additional  cause  of  anxiety.  Early  in  the  dav 
she  had  set  out  on  a  visit  to  the  gardens  of  San 
Cosmo,  and  was  already  r oturning  when  the  outbreak 
occurred.  U})on  neai'ing  the  plaza  the  coachman 
seeing  the  disturbance  tui'ncd  back  and  drove  huri'icdlv 
to  the  convent,  where  the  countess  arrived  without 
mishap.  As  the  riot  progressed  several  persons 
knocked  at  the  doors  for  admission,  but  the  friais 
ibaring  for  the  safety  of  the  vicer(jy  and  countess  re- 
fused all  admission.  Later  in  the  evening  .several 
]irominent  persons  came  to  offer  their  services  to  Galve 
and  were  admitted. 

Informed  of  the  condition  of  affairs  ho  immediately 
issued  sucli  orders  as  seemed  necessary  under  tlie  cir- 
cumstances. As  we  have  seen,  the  count  of  SantianD 
with  another  official  was  ordered  to  summon  the  citi- 
zens and  disperse  the  rioters ;  the  rogidor  Juan  Aguinv 
de  Espinosa  received  instructions  to  proceed  without 
delay  to  the  province  of  Chalco,  seize  all  the  corn  1k' 
(;ould  find,  and  forward  it  to  the  city,  so  that  it  should 
arrive  by  morning;  another  commissioner  was  sent  te 
meet  the  mule  train  with  corn  from  Celaya,  and  biini;' 
it  with  all  possible  speed  into  the  city;  all  the  bakers 
were  notified  to  nuiko  three  times  the  usual  quantity 
of  bread,  and  the  butchers  and  fruit  and  ve<ietal»lc 
dealers  were  enjoined  to  provide  full  supplies  for  the 
following  day.  Next  the  viceroy  despatched  couriers 
to  Puobla  and  other  principal  towns  to  warn  the  au- 
thorities, lest  the  example  of  the  natives  in  the  cajiital 
should  be  followed  elsowdiere. 

Armed  citizens  i)atrolled  the  streets  in  the  Spanisli 
quarters  during  the  remainder  of  the  night,  but  no 


REAITEARANCE  OF  THE  VICErOY. 


:i:) 


t'lirther  disturbance  occurred.  Tlui  sun  rose  upon  a 
iii.iss  of  smouldering^  ruins  in  the  jtla/ii,  while  the 
liddies  of  the  dead  lav  scattenul  here  and  there  anionic 
till'  various  articles  of  i)lun(ler  dro])ped  by  the  rioters 
ill  their  hasty  lliLi^ht.  The  greater  ])orlion  of  the  vice- 
iv.;.il  jtalace  was  destroyed,  as  were  the  halls  of  the 
iUiilicneia,  the  jail,  and  several  ,i^(^veriunent  (^tlices, 
(•(Staining  many  valuable  documents.  The  city  hall 
was  almost  in  ruins,  and  with  it  pei'ished  the  i^reater 
paii  of  its  archives.  The  public  granary  and  the  a<l- 
jniiiiiiM-  l)uildin_^'s  ixUo  suffered;  and  but  ibr  the  timely 
itlnits  of  the  cathedral  treasurer  the  lire  would  have 
ixtcnded  not  only  to  the  residence  of  the  marques  del 
Valle,  but  also  to  the  archie[)isco]ial  })alace  and  ca- 
thedral. The  loss  of  property  caused  l)y  this  outbreak 
was  estimated  at  three  million  pesos.  The  nund)er  of 
li\cs  lost  did  not  exceed  fifty,  and  was  pt)ssibly  not  so 
ui'iat;  nor  is  there  any  evidence  to  show  that  except- 
ing' the  two  or  three  victims  amonsjf  the  palace  guard, 
a  single  Spaniard  was  seriously  injured."' 

()u  Monday  morninu^  the  viceroy  and  countess,  ac- 
iMiiipanied  by  the  chief  authorities,  over  two  hundred 
lai united  gentlemen,  and  an  innnense  number  of  the 
liojiulaco,  set  forth  from  the  Franciscan  convent  for 
tlir  ])laza,  being  joined  on  the  way  by  the  archl)ishop. 
Jla\iiig  reached  the  spot  the  ])roeession  marched 
aioiiii<l  it  in  order  that  the  viceroy  and  countess  mii>ht 
vhw  the  ruins,  aiid  then  proceeded  to  the  palace  uf 
tilt'  inarcjues  del  Yalle,  where  Galve  temporarily  took 
iiji  his  residence. 

There  was  still  mucli  apprehension  lest  the  Indians 
■  liquid  return,  and  this  was  increased  by  the  disc()Verv 


'  contemporary  antlioritios  linvo  nlfiniicil  tliat  tlio  ImliMiis  woro  ]i 


|iii'_'   tl: 


litli  all  kiiiils  of  weaiions,  hut  tlio  surjirisiiiulN 


mall  iuni]l)i.'r  ol  VKtiiiis 


Wltll. 


V  Spaniarils,  anil  tlio  statumcnts  ot  otin  r  authoritit^s,  onu  an  rve- 


.f  tl 


ifsu   evc.its,  rctntc  these   an.sertions.     Other  ^Titers   h, 


lis 


•^'"-'lit  1o  Lfive  t(i  this  outbreak  of  the  natives  a  uioi'e  serious  charaeter.  that 


tit 


:i  jMenieilitatecl  attempt  to  tlirt)\v  oil'  the  Spanish  J'oke,  hut  it  is  only  too 
viileiit  iroui  their  own  aeeounts  of  the  riot,  whieh  auree  essontiallv  with  the 


l:iets  hore  ,i.'iven,  that  they  seek  to  draw  attention  ficim  the  eu 


il))al)le 


■-li 


giMiiM' of  tiic  authorities.   Sifjlii  nzn  1/  (iiii/'jord.  (J'irfd,  MS.,  41— 1,  46-'J;  Carta 
dcitii  lldiijhjso,  ai7,  3"_'0,  331-i!;  It'obk^,  JJiuriv,  ii.  1)7. 


iy 


\     (,•: 


246 


COllN  mOT  IX  THE  CACITAL. 


that  llic  native  ward  of  Santiago  Tlalteluloo  Mas 
(Ic'sortctl.  Thu  nuKst  active  nu;asuivs  were  there  tun.' 
taken  to  prevent  anotliei*  uprising,  and  tor  the  arrest 
and  punishment  (tf  the  lioters,  and  the  recovery  nf 
the  stolen  }tr(H)erty.  Onhji's  were  issued  for  tlir 
iunnediate  enrolment  of  all  citizens.  Several  coiiijia- 
nies  of  infantry  and  cavalry  were  organized,  two  df 
the  latter  at  the  ex[)ensc  of  the  i-oyal  treasury.^'  I'm' 
fseNcral  days  the  troops  patrolle(l  the  streets;  and. 
althoui'li  save  a  few  false  alarms  evervthim;  reniaiin  il 
tjuiet,  the  stores  and  schools  continued  closed,  and  t'ni 
three  days  no  church  bells  were  rung  nor  service  luld.'" 
The  saramullos  were  to  be  feared,  however,  no  1(» 
than  the  natives,  and  their  conteni})t  for  the  authi  i- 
ities  was  expressed  by  [)osting,  duiing  the  night,  in 
conspicuous  places,  pasquinades  I'idieuling  them  lor 
their  want  of  couran'e  and  enerijfy,''* 

Great  care  was  now  taken  that  the  su]i[)l3^  of  giaiu 
should  not  fail;  and  although  for  a  time  there  was  dc- 
casional  evidence  of  scarcity,  within  two  months  tln' 
weiiiht  of  bread,  which  a  short  time  before  the  be'^iii- 
ning  of  the  riot  had  been  reduced  to  seven  ounces,  was 
increased  first  to  ten  and  finally  to  fourteen  ounce.^.  ' 


'"Robles,  D'nirio.  ii.  QTi-C>,  99,  says  eiglit  companies  of  cavalry,  licsi.l'S 
two  of  iiuilattoi's  ami  two  of  negroes.  A  eoiiiineicial  battalion  and  a  cuiiii^iiiy 
of  negroes  are  mentioned  in  <  'inta  <lr  vii  Jt'd^ijiw^a.  .S'JO-oO,  and  Sigiienza  y  I  m.ii' 
gora,  C'tr/ii,  MS.,  7*!,  mentions  two  eompanies  of  eavalrv  only. 

""On  June  'Jtli,  and  again  tw(j  days  later,  eoiisideralilo  friglit  was  cau#(ii 
l>y  the  report  that  a  body  of  armed  Indians  were  entering  tlie  eity.  A 
leeonoi.-^sance,  however,  showed  that  there  was  no  cause  for  alarm.  J,''.''!", 
Diiirio,  ii.  yS-!». 

'•'On  the  morning  of  the  9th  two  ]ias4ninadcs  were  found,  one  fastmiil 
to  the  walls  of  the  palaee,  one  of  wliieli  read,  '  Kstc  corral  so  alquila  i>a!;l 
galliis  de  la  tierra  y  gidlinai^  de  Castilla;'  the  other,  '  llepresentaso  la  euimilia 
fam.isa  de  I'eor  esta  ipie  estabii.'  Itniihs,  JJinrin,  ii.  9()-T. 

■-"  I'uring  .luly  the  retailing  of  grain  was  forbidden  hy  both  governimiit 
and  ehui'eh.  Jtuh/e-i,  J)iarii),  ii.  103.  According  to  Sigi'ienza  y  Gongora,  ('"r'n, 
!MS.,  7<i-7,  on  tlio  l»th  the  viceroy  ordered  that  the  whole  supply  of  ;:iaiii 
should  be  di.-stributed  gratis  among  tlie  populace.  Meanwhile  a  viginMiis 
f-earch  had  1)ch'ii  made  lor  the  plunder,  and  resnlt.'d  in  the  recovery  of  ii  l:ML'e 
])ortion  of  it,  and  the  airest  of  many  natives  in  whose  possession  it  was  funnel. 
!Mo¥t  of  the  clothing,  dry  goods,  and  other  articles  stolen  from  the  .stalls 
was,  howevei',  fouiiil  during  subserpient  days  lying  on  the  streets,  wlicie 
it  had  been  thrown  during  the  night,  in  all  probal'ility  by  the  saraiiiu'lns, 
tor  few  of  them  appear  to  have  been  arrested.  Uy  Tuesday,  goods  t"  tlu' 
value  of  70,000  pesos  had  been  recovered  und  returned  to  the  owners.  /.' 'i'", 
Jjiurio,  ii.  yS-'J. 


H 


nEVOLT  AT  TLASCALA. 


lie  nii't  ;st 

ovei'v  of 

for'  tlu- 

.1  C(>lll)i!l- 
,,   two    (if 

its;  iiiid. 
fcniaiind 
I,  and  Inl 
colu'M." 

Q  aiuli''!'- 
nii^lit.  in 
tlieui  fnr 

•  of  firaiu 
e  was  (ic- 
)utli.s  tin; 

le  iK'uiii- 
iK'cs,  was 

ounce;-.-' 

airy,  bcsiilos 
ul  a  i'uiii]i;iiiy 
iit'iiza  y  ( uiii- 

t  was  caiisi.ii 
the  citv.  A 
tiriii.  /''.'./'-•., 

one  fasti'iM''! 
nli|iiila  I'iiia 
se  la  cinariiia 

goveriiHH'Ht 
ij.'ora.  '  '"/■'". 
)]ily  (if  y.'iMi 
e  a  vi,L;"i'iiiH 
.•ry  of  a  I'.ii';;^' 
it  was  fiMiM'l. 
)ni  the  :-U(lli 
:rect.s,  wlica- 

saraiiiulli''. 

foods  to  the 
hlLTS.    I!' J''-, 


Althon;j;'li  tlio  f^araiiiulloH  tor)k  part  in  tlu;  jiillaii'o 
(-f  \\\v  stalls,  if  not  in  st-ttini,'  tirt'  to  tho  viceroy's  pal- 
aic.  tlicy  lor  the  most  part  eseajx-d  punishment,  tho 
|iiiiH'i|>al  victims  IjeinL;  iMtives.  The  first  execution 
took  place  on  the  11th  of  June.  Three  Tiiilians,  taken 
ill  the  act  of  settinj^  tiri'  to  the  ))alace,"^  were  shot  in 
the  jilaza  under  the  gallows,  erected  in  ])lace  of  the 
diic  destroyed;  and  in  the  afti'rnoon  their  hands  wei'o 
(lit  otf,  and  S(jme  nailed  to  the  ^jallows,  and  others  to 
t'.c  door-posts  of  tlie  palace.  Between  this  date  and 
tlie  twenty-first  of  the  followini,''  Au^^'ust  thirty-six 
IiKhaiis  of  both  sexes  and  a  few  mestizos  were  ])ub- 
li /ly  whi[)ped,  and  eleven  natives  and  one  mestizo 
\v(  r(!  lian^ed.  A  Spaniard  who  took  part  in  the  riot, 
and  died  of  his  wounds  in  hospital,  was  exposed  on 
the  gibbet.  The  last  one  put  to  death  was  a  lame 
liKhaii,  who  was  believed  to  have  been  the  captain 
of  the  rioters.-^ 

A  few  days  kator  news  was  received  in  tho  capital 
of  an  Indian  revolt  at  Tlascala.^^  The  outbreak  had 
taken  ])lace  on  the  previous  Saturday,  that  beini^  tlie 
usual  market-ilav,  on  which  tho  inhabitants  oi'  tho 
fcuriounding  country  repaired  to  the  city  to  purchase 

■-'  Ffnu-  wei'c  captured,  Imt  one  had  died  on  tho  night  of  the  10th,  cither 
fidiii  ]ioisou  self-adniini.stered  or  from  iil-trciitinent.  Sifeiienzii  y  (Joiiu'ora, 
<'iir>'i,  MS.,  7!S,  says  ho  conmiitted  suiciih',  Imt  Jiohlcs,  JJiurio,  ii.  t)S,  states 
'1"  111  uno  so  niatu  antes  con  veueno,  segiin  se  dijo  entonces,  y  parece  (jue  del 
iiuil:)at()  (jue  le  dierou.' 

■■J,\i!il'X,  J)i<ino,  ii.  08-100.  Siqiienza  y  Gi'mcrora,  ('(irta,  ]M.S.,  7S,  writ- 
in,'  .\u;.'iist  ;i()tl»  of  this  year,  say.s  that  iiesidea  tho  tlirec  wiio  were  shot,  li\o 
tir-i\  weio  hanged  and  one  burned;  and  that  a  few  days  aft''i'ward  many  wero 
wlii[ij)eil,  while  others  were  detained  in  iiris(^n  awaitiiii,'  trial.  Jn  tlie  Cart  i 
('■'  int  Ji'i lln'O.vi,  it  is  stated  that  tlio  four  Indians  eaptiired  at  the  palaet!  wei'e 
executed  on  Monday  tiio  Uth,  and  mention  is  made  of  tho  otiier  exeeutions. 
(avd,  'J'ir.'!  Si'jio,-,  ii.  8"J,  says  that  eight  of  the  ii(.i|)uhiee  who  were  fnuiid  to 
luivelieen  implieatcd  in  tho  outbreak  were  cxeeuted,  and  many  others  con- 
deiinied  to  he  whipped,  lie  is  indorsed  by  llivera,  Oob.  Mc.r.,  i.  2~'>.  Tlio 
PtaUments  of  Ilobles  arc  to  be  preferred  in  this  instanee,  as  ho  gives  from  day 
tiiday  tho  more  important  events  of  this  period.  Varinus  deeiees  were  i.-siud 
rihitiiig  to  the  conduct  of  tho  natives.  On  .June  10th  they  were  ffirbiddeii 
iiiidir  )i(  iialty  of  death  to  collect  on  the  streets  in  groups  of  more  tlian  live; 
tun  (hiys  later  all  those  residing  in  tho  .Sjiaiiish  quarter  wore  ordered  to  ro- 
iiinve  til  tlie  native  wards,  but  this  ordinance  does  not  appear  to  have  Ix'cn 
oIk  \  (d  until  the  l.jth,  when  it  was  repeated. 

•'On  the  lOtli  of  June,  during  tlie  absence  of  the  governor  .aid  principal 
lurds  ol  'i'laacula,  who  had  repaired  to  the  capital  to  tender  their  services. 


■I.! 


-Ml 


■tA\ 


»  -Sii 


248 


CORN  RIOT  IX  THE  CAPITAL. 


provisions.  The  load  of  maize  was  then  wortli  fi\o 
pesos,  but  the  natives  from  two  adjoining  towns  de- 
manded tliat  it  sliould  be  sold  for  less,  whereupon  the 
idcalde  mayor,  Fernando  de  Bustamante,  finally  cdu- 
sented  to  make  a  reduction  of  one  peso.  This,  hdw- 
evt'r,  did  not  pacify  them,  and  they  immediately  sei/id 
upon  the  maize  lying  in  the  plaza.  Without  a  sutK- 
cieiit  iorce  to  sup])ort  his  authority,  the  alcalde  m-'iyor 
huew  that  it  would  be  vain  to  oppose  them,  and  tiny 
Avere  allowed  to  carry  otf  the  maize  umnolested 
.Vbout  midday,  however,  noting  an  increasing  excite- 
ment amon!>'  the  natives,  and  fearing  an  outbreak  siin- 
ilar  to  the  one  in  the  capital,  ho  caused  a  drun.  to  be 
beaten  in  the  streets  as  a  signal  for  the  Spaniards  to 
muster  at  the  city  hall.  It  was  now  two  o'cloclc,  aihl 
but  six  Spaniards  had  answered  the  summons,  when 
a  large  body  of  natives  gathered  around  the  buikli'.ig, 
and  meeting  with  no  o}»position,  set  fire  to  it.  Tb.o 
alcalde  and  his  com[)anioiis  stood  to  their  post  until  a 
leenforcement  of  twenty  citizens  enabled  them  io 
attack  and  disperse  clie  rioters.  Assistance  soon  ;n- 
rived  from  dill'erent  points,  including  a  company  el' 
cavalry  from  the  capital.  Order  was  restored,  and 
the  }ii'incij)al  rioters  i^unished;  but  during  the  dis- 
tui'baiiee  the  gn-ater  part  of  the  city  hall  was  de- 
stroyed, and  one  bundled  natives  and  three  Spaniaiils 
kilk'd.2^ 

Quii't  "was  now  restored^'  in  tlio  capital  and  througli- 
out  the  kingdom.     On  the   IGtli  the  cabildo  met  I'er 


-'Sixty  of  tlio  riotors  wen  oxecutcd.  Siijiicir.a  i/  CluDijora,  C'  ia,  MS,,  >'); 
liiihlif-,  IHario,  ii.  IIS- 104.  1  iu;  <'art/i  dc  tin  /u/ii/iimo,  "JJiT,  )  vus  a  sunn.- 
wliiit  cliU'iroiit  accmiiit.  Tlie  sccno  of  the  riub  ':?  placi'il  at  i''  iiita  Cnr:,  a 
native  town  of  some  7.000  inlialiitantH,  in  tiie  vicinity  <>f  'Jlascf  a.  Tiie  i  iot- 
ciH  Houglit  to  kill  the  a.lcalde  iiiayor,  whi  however,  eseaj>eil  the  reliui'iiis 
aiipeaicd  with  the  host,  hut  were  stoneil  a  ai  i(in'.;v  dec]  to  taU  refill,'!!  :i  tlic 
ehiirih;  a  foit'e  of  ,'{(10  infantry  and  100  ea'  idiy  wa8  ordered  fi'i  i  i  Vera  Cm/; 
and  theTlasealan  Indians  !<ent  a  niessai^'e  t<j  the  vieei'oy  protestini; their  ii'iin- 
cence,  and  oll'c  riiiy;  to  finnisli  lUO  warriors.  Cavo,  Tn h  Si'iifo.-^.  makes  no  imii- 
tioii  of  this  alt'air.     Itivera,  'I'o//.  Mc.r.,  i.,  ;_'iveHah  erroneous  neeount. 

-'  JIoIjIcs,  l>iariti,  ii.  10,'{,  states  tliat  on  .Inly  lOtli  intelli^enecMas  irti  ivid 
at  the  capital  of  ii  riot  in  ( luaclaliijarii,  in  whii'h  two  oidoifs  had  heen  ^.lolM^I. 
'f'his,  however,  was  n)  dou'ot  a  false  rumor,  as  no  further  rcferuiico  is  made  to 
it,  aor  is  it  mentioned  hy  any  other  authority. 


ip»J 


rULQUE  rROIIIBITIOX. 


249 


the  first  time  since  the  riot,  l)ut  the  sessions  of  the 
audioncia  were  not  resumed  until  the  ;>Otli.'-"  On  this 
latter  date  the  viceroy  made  a  {'nil  report  to  the  crown 
dl'  the  riot  and  of  his  sub.seque' .  t  measures,  wliich  were 
ajiju'oved."' 

Jlabitual  iritoxication  among  the  natives  was  justly 
iv^arded  as  one  of  the  chief  causes  of  the  lute  t)ut- 
luxak,  and  the  use  or  sale  of  pulque  in  the  city 
was  strictly  forbidden,  though  the  order  was  little 
rr^arded,  and  to  deprive  the  natives  of  a  bevernge  t'.- 
tilt'  use  of  which  they  had  been  accustomed  from 
childhood  was  a  measure  of  doubtful  policy.''^'*  On 
tlic  19th  of  Julv,  the  dav  on  which  the  manufacture 
and  sale  of  the  li([U(n"  was  jirohibitcd  throughout  New 
!S|iaiii  under  heavy  penalties,"'^  a  mestizo  was  whipped 
ill  the  capital  for  having  in  his  poss(^ssit>n  a  pitcher 
111'  [luhjue.^"  In  a  few  years,  however,  its  use  and  sale 
\w\v  again  permitted/'^ 

Xcither  stalls  nor  booths  were  again  allowed  to  bo 
erected  in  the  plaza,  and   in  their  place  a  spacious 

■'The  ciiliildo  Ii;i(l  sok'(?tc(l  as  tempornry  council  rooms  the  new  hull  of  tho 
pulilii'  i^'raiiiiry,  ami  llu'  aiulii'iaia  ocfiipii'il  a  portion  of  tlie  palace.  I'tirhiii, 
i'l'l.  J)iK\,  11-1;>,  in  I '«;rw //;///)•( ,s'o<.  i.;  liohlix,  JJinrio,  ii.  lO'J. 

-'  /''irimi,  Ciil.  J)oc.,  14;  llirtrn,  (,'<//..  M(.i-.  i.  "JT").  tialve  .suspcnilcil  the 
i'a|itaiii  of  tlic  palace  giiaicl  and  sent  him  to  the  furtress  of  Ulna,  jieiulin.Lr  tho 
iiivisti^atiiin  of  his  conduct.  1'iiis  act  caused  no  little  Kuri>vi.seau(l  comment, 
as  his  comluct  on  the  eveninir  of  the  licit  wa.s  j:cneially  ajiphiiided.  ('crla  ila 
iiii  I'lliiiioso,  ;JSS-!).  Moreover  it  was  remarked  ilii  :  durini,'the  riot  the  vice- 
roy liad  remained  ecoirely  gu.'irded  within  thu  wallt.  '  f  a  convent.  The  cap- 
tuiii  was  reiii.st;iteil.   J'til>lis,  JJiario,  ii.  !l<!,  100. 

■"'I'lie  viceroy  had  ]irevionsly  written  to  tlic  kin;:;  in  rcu'ard  to  its  evil 
ilfi'its,  but  noLliing  appears  to  iiave  lieea  done.  Sii/iit'iizd  if  (•u/i'junu  I'urlK, 
Ms.,  7H.     Cavo,  7V<s  S/'jIan,  ii.  i>•2-'^,  )>elieves  thiit  ii  Ijook  wrHten  ahout  tliis 
tiiiH-  en  the  evils  caused  liy  the  excessive  use  of  pulc|ne  was  due  to  t)ie  inllu 
lUii' (if  \'iecroy  (ialvo.     Sei^  also  A'n/iA's,  JJia.-io,  ii.  !li! 


bn-.l  Inl 


i'he  jik'iialfy  for  Spaniaids  was  •JOO  pesos,  and  for  Indians,  wi 


iiiinin''  aiu 


i;,,!'/,:-:,  jj;, 


n.  lo;t  4. 


'  l>nrini,'  Au^u.st  the  use  of  m;ittiii;.'s  in  tlie  plaz.i  was  prohiliited,  and  iPi 


t  I-  l.'iiji  (if  tliis  month  all  ;-'iof.;  composed  of  shiPLdis  wi 


re  (irdei'eil 


to  1 


le  I'c- 


wilhin 


•_'4  h 


ctl! 
slide 


All  natives  \,  ere  foilii.lden  to  a])iic;ir  'U  tin    svreetfl 


'aiiital  after  dark;  and  a  few  days  later  tlicy 
r  cloak 


were  Jorhuh 


jMest 


izos  A\ere  com 


IKlt    iilhl 


;-;/(, 


(1  to 


pc 


lied  <•, 


cari'v  swo 


rds.   n,Ms,  jr, 


I'Ut   tlielMsclve: 

lo;!-4,     Accdrlii 


len  to  wear 

and  wero 

to  ('a\(), 


tlie  I 


lulians  Mere  Cdiinicllei 


tii(  rc.ificr  10  conform  to  the  native  cust  mi  in  tl 


1  t. 


aii.ldr 


it  oil'  llu  ir  fdielock.  ami 
ic  manner  of  weariii;'  tiieir  luiir 


i'he  htiratillo  \va.s  not  linally  aholislied  until  lOlKi.   Cidultia  lieaU.-!,  r>lS. 


'i|i'''»4iiiBi!i' 


'  'I'^'ir 


.!!:5s 


iMj 


IhiI 


250 


CORN  RIOT  IN  THE  CAPITAL. 


I 


'!''1 


stone  building  was  begun  in  1G95,  and,  with  the  cx- 
cejition  of  certain  parts  of  its  interior,  finished  in 
1703.  It  was  first  called  the  Alcaiccria  do  la  Plaza 
!M;ivor,  because'  built  after  the  manner  of  the  ruM- 
silk  market  in  ^Manila.  Its  name  was  soon  afterward 
changed  to  the  Parian.^^ 

P)uring  the  next  year  nothing  w^orthy  of  iioto 
occurred  in  the  capital.^^  In  1G93  the  rebuilding  <<{' 
the  palace  was  begun,  and  in  course  of  time  this 
stiaict'.U'e  assumed  magniticent  proportions.  Althoiinh 
occu))ietl  in  1G97  by  Viceroy  Montezuma,  it  was  not 
com]>leted  until  nearly  a  hundred  years  later. ^* 

About  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  palace 
is  described  as  a  magniticent  building,  covering  lum- 
srpiares,  and  exceeding  in  extent  the  largest  building' 
in  ^Madrid.  It  had  a  handsome  fajade,  and  within 
were  three  courtyards,  each  conununicating  with  the 
other.  FaciuLj  the  largest  of  the  three  were  situated 
the  halls  of  the  audiencia,  with  all  its  ofllices,  and  tliosc 
of  the  other  tribunals.  This  w-as  called  the  pnlaoo 
court  to  distinguish  it  from  the  others,  and  a  fountain, 
whoso  central  figure  was  a  bronze  horse,  occupied  its 
centei'.  Hi'ro  also  was  the  principal  entrance  to  the 
palace.  AdjcMning  this  court  was  that  on  which  thi' 
^•i<•cregal  a})artments  faced,  a  series  of  sjiacious  rooms 
occu[ tying   the    upper   portion  of  the    building   and 

^-'So  call(>(l  liooii.uso  its  intofior  rcsenil)lo(l  that  of  tlio  oriental  l)azii:ii'.  In 
}~(y.i  tin;  Imililiiij;,  with  (IS  fit;ills,  was  (_'oiii]ili'tiMl,  at  a  ciist  of  i)7.<i''i-  [ ' -"~: 
lietveen  17"j7  ami  I'il-l-  f^'i  nioic  woiv  aihUnl,  making  in  all  ISl  stalls,  ami  the 
tiital  cost  of  thr  hiiikliiig  141,070  pesos.  J'nridii,  Cul.  Doc,  l-'i,  -J,  I'.i; 
Uio-.  f'lilr.,  V.  7:iS-;). 

''■'J'lioniaintc'iianeo  of  order  in  the  city  was  henceforth  assured  by  tluii- 
^'ani/ation  of  two  it'u'inieiits  of  militia.  XotwitlistandiiiL;  the  fn^iiuent  oiiltH 
of  the  ei'o\vii,  the  two  cavali'y  conipanies  foi  med  on  tin:  !)th  of  .June  and  ^np- 
jiorted  ]>y  the  rovid  trea-.ury  were  not  aliolished  until  the  end  of  Ki'.Kl.  /'■'/'(./, 
CJ.  Jhic.  l.l-Ki'.     'J'he  lina"l  decree  aliclishini;  Iheni  was  dated  Oct.  !»,  Hi'.Hl. 

■"Work  on  the  jialace  was  he^un  about  the  middle  of  I'diruary  under  tlio 
dJKction  I'f  I'lay  l>iet;o  de  \'alverde,  an  Augustine  friar.  Jluhl' k,  J>itir'f<.\\. 
I'J.i-  (i.  Ihiring  the  administration  nf  Viceroy  (lalve  the  sum  of  l!l."),r)4l  ]'i  -us 
was  eNj)eiided  in  the  work.  In  future  administratiims  approiJiiatinu-  "1  :i. 
f.reateror  less  nmciunt  were  made,  that  durinu;  tla^  rule  of  A'iceroy  l'l"r«-. 
17^7-'),  liiin^;  the  last.  Accordin;.' to  an  otUcial  I't'iiort  made  in  171."-  iijiii'i' 
of  Vii'croy  Kevjila  (iigedo,  the  total  iinonnt  exjiendid  in  its  lecjustni'iiuu 
was  7'<l,(J!i7  pi.-Ms.  AlniHuii,  Jyf-ul.  Jli.</.  J/i.c,  iii.  upp.  100-2. 


«f!i 


the  ('\- 
islicd  ill 
la  Plaza 
the  raw 
ftcrwaid 

of  note 

ildiuLT  "1' 
inio  this 

llthcilnh 

Avas  not 

3i 

10  palace 
:'u\<f  lour 

buildiiiL; 
d  \\itliiii 
wit! I  the 
:  situated 
mtl  tlio>-e 
10  palace 
fountain, 
■ui)io(l  its 
CO  to  the 

hich  the 
US  rooms 

ino'    and 

o 
liMZiKir.    In 

T.tliVJ   prsDs; 
illlht,  illlil  tho 

il  liy  tlu'i.r- 

|lU'llt  (Ullt'l'S 

iiic  and  <\\\'- 
I'.Ml.    P'lr'fid, 
■t.  ',1,  ni'.Hi. 
y  iiiiili'i'  the 
N,  J>i(iriii.  ii. 

!l,"),.')4-t  ]H>nS 

iiitiniis  (if  a 

•vvuy  I'l'ins, 

!,'L'"iiy  I'l'iii' 

CJiisti'iii-liou 


XEW  MEXICAN  :*IATTERS. 


231 


fi'ontiuu'  on  tlio  main  jilaza.  In  tlio  rear  of  this  was 
j-ituated  the  third  court,  occupied  by  the  quarters  of 
th''  palace  guard,  A  series  of  spacious  apartments 
also  fronted  on  the  plazutda  delA'olador;  and  besides 
tiio  mint,  a  separate  building  within  the  palace  walls, 
tlh  ]'(■  Avas  an  ext(..'nsive  garden  for  the  recreation  of 
till'  viceroys.^" 

Though  the  scarcity  of  grain  continued  during  the 
thnc  Ibllowino"  years,  it  was  only  in  a  slio-ht  deo-reo 
ami  for  bi-ief  periods;  but  in  1G9(J  the  danger  of  famine 
was  so  great  that  another  outbreak  was  threatened, 
ami  was  prevented  only  by  the  most  (mergetic  iweas- 

U1VS."'« 

During  Galvcs  rule  the  province  of  New  Mexico 
was  reconquered  after  a  series  of  attempts  extending 
(i\.  r  a  [)eriod  of  nearly  fourteen  years.  In  August 
K'l'O  this  "("orritory  was  the  scene  of  the  most  serious 
rr\  idt  tha:  ]i;,;l  occurred  since  the  conquest  of  ]\[exico. 
All  was  arranged  for  a  given  day  throughout  the  ter- 
litory.  Four  hundred  Spaniards,  including  twenty- 
Ji\o  Franciscan  fiiais,  were  slaughtered  by  the  natives, 
and  the  survivors  compelled  to  abandon  the  province. 
During  subsequent  years  numerous  expeditit)ns  were 
Sent  out  by  the  successive  governors  to  reoccu})y  it, 
hut  notwithstandinjif  the  quarrols  amonijf  themselves 
tlh'  natives  successfully  resisted  all  attempts  to  sub- 
iuuate  them  until  1G04. 
Jn  1G92  an  expedition  recaptured  without  blood- 
s' iV/Y/'«,  xxvi.  2r,4-7,  27S-0. 

'■■J,'i.l>/ci,  l>i<irio,  ii.  j;i()-71.  Cavo,  Trifi  ,S'/yo.^  ii.  Sl-f.,  sl;iti'.s  tliat  in 
]C<'M.  (iwiiig  ti>  the  ^'iiat  sciircity,  aii  opidi'iiiii.'  iippiarcd  uliicli  caiiiid  clt 
lli"i.>iinds  of  till' iKHijilo.  Lorcii/.aiia,  J/i.^t.  iV.  N/""'/', -S,  and  Taiii's,  Vir<iii<, 
Ms,,  al.-i)  s]u'ak  iif  a  jicstili  iici'  iu  tliis  yea)',  wliieli  llicy  inijily  \\asa  di\ii:(; 
]'iiiii~liniciit  vitiiti'd  on  tlic  ridtiTs.  I  am  disposcil  to  rcjii't  ilifse  .'jlati'nii  nts; 
I'll'  Hollies,  \\lio.-<o  JJiario  is  a  diary  of  tlio  iiiii"iitaiit  events  of  this  jn  riod, 
iiiiil.is  lu)  inintion  of  any  iie.stilencc  hefwccn  |ii!i'_'  ;;iid  lii'.K!,  exfciitinu  an 
I  iiiiiciiiic  in  a  convi  nt  of  tlu'  eaiiital  wliieli  in  Ajiril  Iti'.i,"!  cari  ieo  oil  .'~i\  nuns. 
All  r|,uKinie  of  nioasle.s  aii]i(-'ared  in  tho  city  of  I'mMa  in  Se]ileinliei'  l(l!i-_', 
iiini  III  one  parish  aloiu'  oanied  oil'  ;!,()()(l  iliildieii.  Jiuhli's,  JJUwi  i,  ii.  I  Id;  A'/- 
ii/(i,  ll'iiirio.  7.").  This  lalter  authority  calls  this  e\ciit  'a  liuniMc  ]n>tilence, 
■  .  itti'iliutcd  to  the  in'ohiliitiini  of  )iiil(|iu'.'  ( 'ai'los  Maria  Ili'staniantc  was 
till  .  dilor  of  this  Work,  as  also  that  of  (Javo,  'J'n.-i  iV/'/Zi/.s,  lii'tii  of  wliicli  ci.ii- 
♦iiiii  mail)    intupolutious,  and   the  eonnectiou   IjcLv^ccu    the   above   ahsuid 


mi 


1!  f5;]  w 


CORX  rjOT  IN  THE  CAriTAL. 


slu'd  tlic  capital  of  Now  ]\rexieo,  antl  received  tin 
subiiiissioii  of  several  other  towns.  In  1G9G  aiiotln  r 
revolt  occurred,  in  which  five  missionaries  and  twenty 
colonists  lost  their  lives  and  many  towns  were  al);ui- 
doned,  but  before  tlic  end  of  the  year  quiet  was  iv- 
stoi-ed.  Henceforth  the  natives  continued  submissi\  t- 
to  Spanish  rule/" 

Owinuf  to  ill-health  the  viceroy  had  several  times 
asked  to  be  relieved,  and  his  })etition  was  finallv 
sjfrantcd  in  July  of  1G95.  He  left  Mexico  City  ou 
the  10th  of  ]May  of  the  following  year,  and  died  soon 
after  his  arrival  in  Spain.  His  justice,  moderatidii, 
zeal,  and  abiht}'  won  for  him  the  esteem  of  the  ]»('()|.le 
and  the  appn)val  of  the  crown.  At  his  residcmcia  llio 
oidor  Cliarcon  brou<>'ht  thirty  cliarcres  aii'ainst  liiin, 
but  failing  to  prove  them  was  banished  from  the  city."'* 


'lij 


Prominent  among  noted  Mexicans  of  colonial  times  stands  Cilrlos  dc  Sit,'- 
i'lcnza  y  Gongui'a,  a  man  of  loaniin!,'  and  varied  attainments.  A  native  nf  tlio 
capital,  where  lie  was  liorn  in  KM."),  lie  inlieiited  his  taste  for  study  fnnn  iiis 
fatlier,  Carlos  do  Sigiienza,  a  man  of  superior  intelligence  wlio  hud  in  his 
native  country  been  instructor  to  the  prince  Don  IJaltazar  Carlos.  At  :ui 
curly  age  he  gave  indication.^  of  possessing  talents  of  a  higli  order,  jind  at 
seventeen  such  was  the  proliciency  which  ho  had  attained  in  literiitiuv, 
mathematics,  ]ihysics,  and  astronomy,  that  in  Mexico,  a  country  then  ahriiwt 
Void  of  educational  facilities,  he  was  regarded  as  a  prodigy.  This  dre\\-  updu 
him  tlie  attention  of  the  Jesuits,  in  wliose  order  at  that  time  ceutreii  the 
learning  of  New  Spain.  Seduced  by  the  wiles  of  these  CTafty  fathi  is.  as 
some  authors  assert,  Sigiienza,  after  a  novitiate  of  less  than  two  years  at  the 
ecilli'go  of  Tepotzotlan,  took  his  lirst  vows  on  tjie  liftcentii  of  Augii-si  iriij'.*. 
I'nder  the  instruction  of  the  Jesuits,  whicli  at  this  period  produced  a  i  la- 
vigero  and  an  Alegrc,  Sigiienza  continued  his  studies,  perfecting  hiiii.'ielf  in  I  ho 
classics,  and  accpdring  the  superior  literary  judgment  and  taste  lor  areiiaulu^'- 
leal  studies  which  in  later  times  added  to  liis  fame.  After  a  few  yeaiv'  >tay 
among  the  Jesuits,  in  his  twentieth  year  ho  abandoned  them  an<l  retin  ,1  to 
the  hospital  of  Amor  de  Dios  in  Mexico  ("ity,  of  wliicli  he  liad  been  appniiilnl 
chaplain.     Cavo,  Trcx  tSiijlns,  ii.  1)1),  is  the  only  author  wiio  gives  any  nii'tivo 

statement  and  that  of  Cavo,  already  cited,  disproving  the  proliiliiti'Hi  r.f 
puli|ue,  is  only  too  apjuirent.  ISesides,  Jiobles,  who  derived  his  infoiiiiatinii 
from  the  same  source  as  the  so-called  liinm,  Dktvio,  makes  no  allusiini  to 
this  fact. 

=>'  //(V.  N.  Mi  r.  S'fnti.<,  i.  ,^7  (-.">,  this  series. 

''" /.'o/'/-'.s-.  Dliirii',  ii.  I!»3-^  'Jit;  OnkiK.^tlc  la  Corona,  MS.,  iii.  (kS;  /,',- 
veru,  O'uIj.  Mix.,  i.  -7S. 


II:  i! 


SIGUEXZA  Y  GOXGORA. 


2.-.3 


fill'  tliis  act.  He  states  that  it  was  dune  at  thu  instance  of  f>ig(icnza's  father. 
Tliuu-ii  his  fame  was  now  daily  increasing  and  honors  ))egan  to  be  showered 
ujinii  him,  nothing  could  induce  him  to  leave  his  retirement.  Carlos  11. 
jiimointed  him  royal  cosmographer,  and  confirnied  his  appointment  to  tho 
chair  of  mathematics  in  the  University  of  Mexico.  His  fame  even  reached 
till'  inurt  of  Louis  the  Great,  who  vainly  offered  hiin  appointments  and  pen- 
i-'iiim.  When  not  engaged  in  attending  to  his  duties  at  the  hospital,  or  in 
i,its  I  if  charity,  his  time  was  devoted  to  study. 

Associated  with  the  celebrated  writer  on  ancient  Mexican  history,  Ixtlil- 
xmhitl,  (Sigiienza  perfected  his  knowledge  of  the  language  and  history  of  tiio 
Aztecs.  Ixtlilxochitl,  at  his  death,  left  all  his  papers  to  Sigiienza,  as  tiio 
].rr>nn  best  fitted  to  write  the  history  of  his  ancestoi-s,  and  of  whom  he  .«pol-:e 
;,-  his  '  friend  in  tlie  sciences  and  teacher  in  virtue.'  In  1(!03  ho  was  comiiiis- 
sinH  il  liy  Viceroy  Galve  to  assist  in  tlie  exploration  of  tlie  gulf  coast.  He, 
(sijuined  the  coast  as  far  as  Mobile  Buy,  which  he  explored,  as  also  that  (jf 
iViisacola,  and  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver.  VclnwiTf,  Traf.  Mr.c, 
].  x;  di-atindoK,  Tanks  Amer.,  414;  Museo  Mex.,  ii.  471-3.  His  rejiort  of 
liiis  I  xpedition  was  Mritten  upon  his  return,  under  the  title  of  Ik'scniir'nni  ilc 
I'l  1','iliia  (h-  Suiifa  Maria  de  tUdre,  dc  la  Mohda  y  r'lO  di'  laPalhtKlad  Jfl^yi.'i- 
-,.)•'■.  Ill  la  coKfa  Kepteidrional  del  iSeno  Mexicanci.  A  manuscript  signed  by 
>iL'innza,  entitled  licronorhiiknto  de  In  IJahia  dr  Paiizacohi  en  Flor'/dn.  prob- 
i.lily  the  same  as  the  foregoing,  has  been  preserved  in  the  collection  cf  the 
hw  I»iin  Jos(?  Fernando  Ramirez.  His  first  published  work  was  tlie  Pi-!- 
inui'ii-ii,  Iiidkma,  a  sacred  poem  describing  the  apparition  of  our  Lady  of 
(.iiiiiiahipe  of  Mexico.  Beristain  states  that  it  appeared  in  IGti'i,  and  siil)se- 
(lUiiitly  in  lOliS  and  1083,  Init  Vetancurt,  T<atro  Mix.,  p.  x,  mentions  the 
I'litinnof  KjCS  only.  Between  l(i(!7  and  1(JS'2,  two  more  poems  of  a  sacred 
diaiiicter  were  published,  and  in  ](i81  his  celebrated  Matiijicnfo  Jilonojiro  rnii- 
ira  lim  cometni^  appeared.  His  theory  m\is  immediately  attacked  by  three 
liroiniiieut  scholars,  among  whom  was  the  subsequently  fanions  Jesuit  niis- 
^ioiiai'v,  Father  Eusebio  Kino,  recently  arrived  in  Mexico.  To  this  latter 
>iL.'iirnza  successfully  replied  with  a  paniplilet  entitled  IJhra  Astronoinirn, 
luliUslied  in  ItiliO.  To  another,  Martin  de  l.i  Torre,  a  Flemish  gentleman,  he 
U'lilied  with  his  El  Belorofontc  Matimut'iro,  contra  la  quhncra  astroMi/irn  dn 
]>.  Miirlhi  di-  la  Torre,  wliicli  according  to  ]?cristaiii  was  never  issued.  In 
lilM  tlie  Parayio  OrridentaJ,  was  published.  From  1000  to  lOt*.'!,  sevc  lal 
v.diks  were  printed  treating  of  special  historical  subjects,  and  in  1093,  tho 
.Vir'irrio  Vulanti-  appeai'cd,  which  was  extendeil  to  four  volumes,  ami  ^^■a.s 
iroliiilily  the  first  newspaper  published  in  New  Spain.  His  last  work  Mas  El 
"ntnlal  Plancta  Evanijelko,  which  appeared  in  1700,  shortly  after  his  deatli. 
Tlic  most  valuable  as  well  as  the  most  numerous  of  his  writings,  however, 
Wire  those  lie  left  in  manuscript.  Besides  the  papers  of  Ixtlilxochitl,  he  pos- 
Mi^stil  those  of  Chinialpain  I'oniar,  Gutierrez  de  Santa  Clara,  and  Zurita.  all 
V  liti  IS  on  antiquities  excepting  the  last  named.  With  the  aid  of  tlu.-r  lie 
]'!i-iiril  his  researches  in  the  lanc'uage,  origin,  and  hi.^tory  of  the  Aztecs,  and 
;;.'  ii  suits  of  his  lalKns  were  ««ibodied  in  several  voliiines,  among  which 
Miic  tlie  Aho  Mixiriiiio,  /iiijn  !-■)  C/iichiiii'  Cn.  Feiiir  di  I  ( >rriil<'iit, ,  and  '.'■  iii'i- 
lj/';t  di  lua  EiiijLuradores  Mn^icaiion..     Niv<.4iis  Antonio,  liib.-JIis^i.-yoca,  i. 


):1-i' 


.'l''»'; 


^^m 


■'f;i(;i[  ^i 


■■'!in^iiBi:J 


"^ffi 


.<"•, ii  fit.]' 


rii 


m 


c.>i 


CORN  RIOT  IN  THE  CAPITAL. 


232,  citos  tlic  Tniprriii  Chich!mcro,  as  Dil  Orh/m  dc  Ion  JinUoa  ^fi xirruw.^:  tie 
Fcitix  (hi  Ocridnile,  as  JJe  la  pr<  d'carinii  de  Saiilo  Touiua  ApostuI,  these  aii'l 
t'lc  Ckhijrajla  M<xi<aiia  nnil  MiUihujia  Mcxiauia  being  the  only  ■worl---  of 
Sigiienza  mcntionnd.  The  most  definite  information  we  have  of  those  \\»\V->, 
is  from  his  friends  and  companions,  Sebastian  dc  Guzman  y  Cordohn,  uimI 
Vetanciirt. 

(Jiizman,  in  the  preface  to  Sigiienza's  Libra  Axtronomka,  •which  he  ]iiili- 
lished,  s.iys  of  tli';  Arm  Mfxicuiio,  'tliis  book,  thongli  not  large  in  body,  hn.s  a 
gigantic  soul,  and  Don  Carlos  only  could  have  given  it  bein'_,.  I*^.  is  a  tn  .,tiso 
on  the  Mexican  system  of  chronology.  Beginning  with  the  deluge,  by  ;  om- 
p.. ring  tlio  oceurreuocs  of  eclipses  and  other  events  as  recorded  by  both  Agrees 
and  th(^  nations  of  the  old  woild,  the  historical  epochs  of  the  former  were  .id. 
justed  to  the  chronology  of  the  latter.  The  CkJo(]rufta  Mcxkana,  !l!^e  a 
mannsciipt,  and  devf>ted  to  the  same  subject,  is  cited  by  Nicolas  Antniiio, 
I'inelo,  and  other  bibliographers  as  a  distinct  work,  but  I  am  disposed  to  le- 
gard  it  with  Bcristain  as  another  title  of  the  same  work.  The Inipirio  Vl(''-I,i- 
iiiccii,  according  to  Guzman,  was  a  history  of  the  different  nations  comii'iMni; 
tlie  (hichimec  empire,  tlieir  customs,  religion,  and  political  and  military  in- 
stitutions; the  knowlcilge  of  their  system  of  chronology  cnaljling  the  author 
to  correct  the  errors  of  previous  writers.  The  Fcni.v  dil  Occidadi\  to  wliirii  in 
modern  times  baa  also  been  given  the  title  of  J'<  nLcdalaA  nicr'icn,  was  an  att<  nii't 
to  prove  that  the  apostle  Saint  Thomas  liad  preached  in  New  S]iain,  by  iileii- 
tifying  him  Avith  Quct-.akoatl.  V(;tancurt,  writing  between  1(102  and  li)!)S, 
mentions  the  Gencologia  tie  los  Emperadores  Mcxicanos.  iJdOrlijciidc  hnlnd'ihi 
J/c.vi<yuioi<,iin  account  of  the  origin  of  the  Toltees,  is  mentioned  by  Votaui  nit 
and  Nicolas  Antonio  among  Sigiienza's  manuscripts,  and  the  latter  also  cites  the 
Mildloij'ia  Mrxkana,  or  the  Mexican  gods  eonii)ared  with  those  of  the  aiuirnt 
Itomaiis,  Greeks,  and  Fgyptiars,  whose  existence  some  authors  are  inrlimd 
to  doubt,  believing  that  tlie  mythology  of  Torqucniada  is  confounded  w  ith 
the  Aiiotaciones  crUkan,  a  lnn  aliras  de  Denial  Diaz  dd  Castillo  y  de  J'r.  ,!•'■' n 
de  Tvi'ijiionada,  another  iiianiiseripl  by  Sigiionza.  Several  other  inanuscrijits 
on  religion,  politics,  science,  and  biography  are  mentioned  by  the  varini^ 
bibliographers,  the  most  complete  list  lieing  given  by  Bcristain,  in  his  7'  '■. 
Jlisp.  Aiiicr.,  KJOetserj.  I'iuvh),  h'pilonn;  ii.  ."iSI  etsei].,  gives  tlie  cxtensivo 
list  (if  Sigiienza's  printed  ami  manuseiipt  works,  but  it  is  far  from  conij'l'  to, 
anil  tlie  list  of  manuscripts  is  taken  wholly  from  Vetoiuurt  Oiul  pikuhi.i  \ii- 
toiiiii.  Among  tlie  other  autliorities  who  give  lists  more  or  less  coi/ipletc, 
eliielly  compilations  or  copies  of  the  foregoing,  are  Orliz,  Mvx.  tiidi ii,  y  I,  '/v, 
102-7;  Mnxi'oMi'x.,  ii.  4Tl-t);  Gdllo,  Ilomhim  II m.,  ii.  3."il-5-2;  ZamUi'lih,  Uid, 
M<j.,  v.  400-1.  Of  all  these  valuable  manuscripts  Imt  few  now  remai'i,  .'ui'l 
those  are  e.xce- dingly  rare.  In  the  preface  to  his  Paruiiso  <Jv<  idi  nlal,  p.  \iv, 
Sigiien/ii  laments  the  want  of  means  to  inildish  his  works,  anil  feiirs  tlmt 
they  will  die  with  him,  a  fear  which  was  in  jiart  realized.  At  his  tle.itli, 
which  occurred  at  Mexico  I'ity  August  22,  1  ,"00,  lie  h  f t  to  the  Jesuits,  hesj.li  n 
his  library,  twiaity -eight  volumes  of  manuscripts.  At  the  expulsion  of  tlii< 
order  in  17li7  tliey  were  tiansferred  to  the  university  of  Mexim,  where  lait 
some  eight  or  nine  volumes  existed  about  the  beginning  of  tlie  present  ■  eii- 
tury.     Among  the  manuscripts  which  have  survivtil  the  inexcu-sable  nejjlect 


BIBLIOGRAPITY.  2.-5 

pf  his  countrymen,  I  luavc  had  the  good  fortune  to  acquire  tlic  rare  ami  vahl- 
jilili,'  /■'''///■:  ilt^l.  Orclileiite,  Anotarloms  Crillca-i,  and  Abornto  i/  Mt,iiu  dc  lo.f  In- 
il'iii^  (Ic  Ml  xico.  This  last  is  a  full  and  detailed  account  of  the  meuKirablo 
rii't  ill  Mexico  City  of  the  Stli  of  Juno  1092,  written  in  tlie  form  of  a  letter  to 
the  Spanisli  admiral,  Andrea  do  Pez,  with  permission  for  its  publicat'im.  It 
consists  (»f  eighty  closely  written  folio  paires,  in  the  author's  graceful  style, 
and  V  ilJi  what  appears  to  be  his  autograph  signature.  Tliis  was  never  jjuIi- 
lisiicil,  and  ia  now  quoted  for  the  lirst  time.  No  mention  of  it  is  to  be  found 
in  any  of  the  existing  works  on  bildiography. 

Sigiicuza  counted  among  his  friends  all  tlio  prominent  persons  of  his  tiino 
who  were  attracted  to  him  no  less  by  his  modesty  and  other  qualities  of  heart 
tlnui  liy  those  of  liis  superior  mind.  One  of  tliese  was  the  cekl>rati'd  Me\i- 
c;in  iiDctess  Sor  .Tuana  Ines  dc  la  Cruz;  and  on  her  deatli,  in  l(i!),'),  lie  wrote 
liir  eulogy.  Gemelli  Careri  sought  his  friendship,  and  in  liis  Giro  <ld  Mviulo 
has  ui  knowledged  the  assistance  generously  given  him,  and  paid  a  j\ist  trib- 
ute to  tiie  genius  of  Sigiienza.  His  countrymen  showed  tlieir  appret  iatiim  of 
his  services  and  their  sorrow  for  his  death  by  a  magnificent  funeral  and  gen- 
eral Miourning,  but  no  fitting  tribute  has  otiierwise  been  paid  to  the  memory 
(if  this  benefactor  of  his  race. 


r 


..fiill 


^M 


u 


m 


;i''  I 


',"    !l 


■H'; 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

VICEROYS  MONTASEZ  AXD  MONTEZUMA. 

lGnG-1701. 

More  iNsrnuECTioNs  ix  the  Capital — The  Bakatili.o  Srrrp.EssED— X.,k- 
now  Escape  of  the  Tkeascre  Fleet — Another  Famine — Monte/i-\ia 
8r(,'CEEi)s  I\IoNTANE7.— Fair  at  AcAPrLco — OiiSEQriEs  on  the  Death  hf 
Caiilos  II.— Rejokincs  at  the  Accession  of  Felipe  V. — Montezi  ma 
SrsPECTEU  OF  Disloyalty — A  Worthy  Ruler  Deposed — Jesuit  Exie- 
DiTioNS  TO  Lower  California. 

On  the  27th  of  February  IGOG  Juan  do  Ortci^a 
IMontafiez,  Iji.shop  of  Michoacan,  succeeded  Galvc  ;is 
viceioy  of  New  Spain,  his  rule  lasting  only  until  the 
18th  of  December  following.^  J^Jetwcen  1GG2  and 
1G7;3  he  was  inquisitor  of  Mexico,  and  in  the  latter 
year  was  appointed  bishop  of  Guadiana,  but  did  not 
take  possession  of  that  see,  since  in  1G75  ho  was  pro- 
moted to  the  bishopric  of  Guatemala,  and  being  con- 
secrated the  same  year  left  Mexico  in  December.  In 
1G82  he  was  again  transferred,  and  assumed  the  ]>r<'l- 
acy  of  Michoaean  two  years  later.  A  rigid  discipli- 
narian in  church  government,  he  was  no  less  exact  in 
the  performance  of  his  political  duties;  and  though 
zealous  in  maintaining  the  dignit}'  of  his  rank,  he  was 
generous  withal  and  kind-hearted. 

Exactly  one  month  after  the  instalment  of  M^u- 
tahez  a  serious  riot  occurred,  headed  by  the  students 

'  It  'On.")  tlic  condo  do  Cafieto  was  appniiitod  viceroy,  but  did  not  arrive, 
owing  to  liis  inability  to  ]iay  H()(l.(K)()  jicsos  wliicli  lie  had  promised  for  tlio 
oHiee.  On  the '.M.st  of  January  ICi'.IU  n  despatch  was  received  appointinj;  lU' 
Mantiel  Fernandez  de  Santa  Crux,  the  bishop  of  I'ucbla,  viceroy,  but  he  refux  l 
to  accept  the  adniiuistiation.  A  second  desp.iuh  named  Oite^'a  as  viceroy. 
BuUts,  Diurio,  in  />oc.  Jlinl.  Mix.,  1st  ser.,  iii.  140  1,  Ibl,  \m,  IS'J-'JI. 

{ 2  Ji'  I 


(if  the  w 
jiiiMii'  s 
tlir  ;mlh 
tl'iiis  to 
(itlh  r  pi 
talilrs,  w 
jiihl  more 
ami  stok 

Mil'h'd  t( 
Mils,        t. 

iiii'lmlinL 
Mijiid'cssi 

OMIIT. 

I'lili  ling 
tlic  liarat 
\\\v  city  1 
iiic'iNurcs 
rari'ird  o 
time  ti'oo 
In  spit 

for  ;i  grin 

of  April, 
lact  that 
Santa  Ck 
cnnspii'at* 
ly  which 
Mexico. 
tcctcd  th 
una  I'll  do 
sccUl'c  pCi 

•'The  vice 
ftrects  or  aloi 
Iwir  alter  the 
/■'..  I!l."i.  ,Sh 
t"ini(l  attacli 
//..  111.-!. 

^Tliecro'W 
instnuticjuH  t 
iiiiil  suppress 
i'"y  was  uiad 
part  would  n 
tiiilniN'iit  pel 
iWkuhes:  o 

Ills 


*:•! 


AXOTITFJ;,  lUOT, 


257 


(if  ilu>  iiiiivcTsitv,  dnrino"  Avliidi  {]\c  iiillorv  in  tlio 
jiiiMic  s(]iiaro  was  buriu'd.  On  the  i'ollowinijj  day 
till'  authorities,  haviiiL*"  taken  th(^  jiecc.'ssaiy  pi'eeau- 
tiniis  to  prevent  disturhanee,  proeecdeil  to  erect  an- 
(itlit  r  pillory.  Tlie  collection  of  stalls  and  traders' 
taMi's,  Avliieh  had  l>een  re])laeed  after  the  tire  of  HVJ2, 
iuiil  more  especially  the  harati/lo,  where  second-hand 
and  stoliMi  o-oods  were  hont^lit  and  sold,  were  still  rv- 
Mirted  to  l»y  idlers  and  vaij^ahonds,  thieves  and  assas- 
sins. Thitlier  congrepjatcd  the  vicious  of  all  classes, 
inrliidini^  also  the  students  of  the  university,  and  ilie 
su]iiirt'Ssion  of  such  haunts  of  yice  and  crime  was  nec- 
osai'v.  The  new  viceroy  accordini>ly  issued  a  decree 
iii'ilriinL,'"  the  removal  of  all  trading'  stalls,  especially 
the  Iiaratillo,  the  reiirection  of  which  in  any  part  of 
the  rjty  he  prohibited  under  pain  of  death.  Ortega's 
measures  met  with  opposition,  but  were  nevertheless 
carried  out,  thougli  it  was  uecessaiy  that  for  some 
tinn'  troops  should  constantl}'  patrol  the  streets.^ 

]n  spite  of  all  precautions,  however,  a  serious  ])lot 
t'nr  a  general  insurrection  was  discovei'cd  at  the  end 
iif  A]iiil,  which  was  the  more  dangerous  from  the 
fad  that  the  Indians  of  the  wards  of  San  Juan  an<l 
Santa  Olara  possessed  lire-arms.  The  intention  of  the 
riins|)irators  was  to  rise  on  the  departure  of  the  Hota. 
I'V  whicli  a  large  nund)er  of  Si)aniards  would  lea\e 
.Alrxico.  ]iut  the  watchful  care  of  the  viceroy  de- 
li Ltcd  the  plot;  troops  were  mustered,  the  ])alace 
uuaid  douljled,  and  all  necessarv  measures  taken  to 
Miure  peace." 

Tile  viceroy  cnioiiicd  the  relit'loiis  orders  not  to  njipear  fre(|neiitly  in  the 
ftiVfts  ( II' alone.  1'hi:  .students  of  the  university  were  ordered  to  wear  Uieir 
luiii' niter  the  fashion  of  those  of  Salunianea.  and  also  to  ailopt  siiuihir  eoUars. 


I.').     Shortly  after  tlie  erection  of  the  new  pilloiv,  a  ]ias( 


I"iiiid   attaelied  to  it  1 

I'l..  HI.-, 


iiinaiic  was 


K^innuii:  wi 


th    tl 


10  vvorii 


Is:    'Nos   I 


OS   imiui.-^i 


.Ion 


crown  luLddy  ajijn-ovcd  of  ^^ontanez'  action  at  tliis  crisis,  and  sent 


iiistni.  tioiis  to  him  and  tiie  criminal  jud;,'es  to  make  every  etl'oit  to  kec])  ord 


K'V 


press  assend)la''es  of  the  idle  and  vici 


At  th: 


:ame  time  tlie  \  ice 


I'Vuiis  iiiado  to  understand  that  any  neL'lifrenco  or  want  of  activity  on  iiis 


liirt  w.iidd  meet  with  sevi 


mil  pu 


tuihiiliiit  persons  of  the  lowest  class  were  to  lie  ] 


^11(1  la. 


slnnriit.     Itcfractory  and 

iV  the  inllictinli  of 


thers  in  jirojioitinji  to  their  rank.    C'riuiinal  Spaniards  were  to  h 


Mi 


iii»*i 


Hist.  Mi:.\.,  Voj-.  UI.    17 


2.'8 


VICEROYS  MONTA^sKZ  A\D  MONTEZUMA. 


Tlu'flotawns  riclily  ladcii  tills  year,  ai id  its  (l('|)iii  tnii' 
wns  postponed  until  lon^'  afttT  tlu^  usu;d  date  Al- 
tluni'Liii  tlii^  I'ault  of  the  ofliciids,  it  was  a  lott iin.iti' 
(•li'cumstaiicc,  lor  soon  it  \v;is  kn(»\vn  that  a  l''i(  iirh 
s(pi;i(lfon  had  \)vvn  cruisinL;'  lor-  niiiny  wcrks  oil'  1I;|. 
hana  in  tlu'  hopi-  of  capturinL''  the  treasure  sliips. 
So  lon^'  was  tlu!  lleet  detained,  howewr,  thai  iii.' 
enemy  supposed  their  plans  discovered,  and  on  ihr 
same  day  the  Spanish  \'essels  sailed  iVoie  \'era  (luz 
they  turned  their  j)ro\vs  toward  Kurope.' 

Tile  lamint>  which  had  occuired  (hn^inL>'  the  I'ei^n  nf 
Galve  was  not  yet  at  an  end.  ]''i'oni  all  paits  of  tlic 
counti'V  natives  thronged  to  tlu'  capital,  be^'^in'^  I'nr 
hel|)  to  save  their  i'amilies  from  starving'.  The  mule 
load  of  corn  which  usually  sold  lor  six  reales  had  imw 
risen  to  ten  pesos;  au<l  other  provisions  wen"  pidp'^r- 
tioiiately  hi;_;'h.  ( 'attle  perished  in  lari^e  nuniher- iiir 
v.ant  ot"  water,  anil  even  [toultry  droppi'd  dead  ai  the 
liomestead  door."  ]^very  extortion  Avas  made  hy  ilu' 
viceroy  and  cler«jfv  to  relieve  the  id'cvailiuL;'  di>tif->. 

4.'  Clt'  1  i^ 

Ecclesiastics  of  the  city  even  sold  their  hoohs  in  oiilrr 
to  sup[»ly  food  to  thost'  in  need,  hut  in  the  ciumtiy 
thousands  were  left  to  staT-ve.  The  rural  clergy  serin 
to  have  ac(]uiivd  the  passion  for  wealth  which  marl;'il 
the  encomeiideros,  and  dui'in^'  this  period  of  sutl'i  riu^ 
they  withheld  the  corn  which  had  been  sown,  reaped, 
and  gathered  into  their  garners  by  the  natives.'^ 


ii 


■»  ■'■ 


:^  1 


J, 


suit  to  W(>rk  Tiiulor  (,nuinl  in  the  Philiiipinc  Islaiuls,  Santo  Domingo,  Culia, 
mill  cl^fwlifiv,  'con  lo  cnal  no  .solanu'nto  so  lograria  castigar  sine  evaciuir  l;ij 
cihvolus.'  L'lirrn,  Jli^t.  ilvh.  Mcx..  i.  •2.S1-2. 

U'aro,  Trm  ,s;,,/„s,  ii.  )S(!-7;  1,'in'm,  Ilht.  Gob.  Mcr.,  i.  280-1.  Sli'itly 
after  the  dupaiture  of  tlic  lloet  news  veaehed  Mexico  of  the  tliroateiied  d.ui.i  r. 
I'rayer.s  were  oll'ered,  and  a  religious  ]ii'oeession,  attended  liy  tlie  vieeioy  .nil 
the  arelilii.sho]>,  niarehed  soKninly  tludugh  the  streets  of  Mexii.'o  in  linn  'I't 
Nuesti'a  Scniira  de  Ins  Keniedios. 

•'■j'he  ei  >H  I  nil  m  articles  of  food  rose  to  prices  beyond  the  rcaeli  of  the  ImliaiiN 
Flour  was  sold  at  ))riees  \aryiny;  from  L',")  to  WO  pesos  the  earga;  lieiins  iit  tlio 
same  price;  sugar  at  10  jiesos.  Dui'ing  the  niontli  of  August  llour  fell  1"  Hi 
and  14  i>esus,  owing  to  a  large  ertip  having  been  gathered  from  irrigated  l.nii-. 
y.'i.W.v,  iJinrlo,  ii.  "l!t7,  "-'O;}. 

''Tile  archbishop  of  ^lexicoin  ,luly  of  1090  informed  the  king  that  i  ■  ■  n  -i- 
astics  who  had  farms  neglected  to  carry  out  his  orders  to  supply  grain      Uu 


SCARCITY  OF  rROVI«iIOXS. 


2.-9 


The  last  (lays  of  ^loiitancz'  adniliiistration  Avoro 
(l.iys  of  luoiuiiiiii;  caused  by  nows  of  tlio  death  (tftiio 
(|H.'('ii  of  Spain.  For  tliivo  weeks  tlie  city  wasdi'iiped 
with  I'uiieral  eiiiMeius,  and  relij^'ioiis  observances  were 
]i(  1(1  ill  honor  of  the  dead.'' 

In  October  intelligence  reached  New  Spain  that 
Jose  Sarniieiito  A'alladares,  conde  de  ^[ontezunia,  ]i;id 
lii'cn  appointed  viceroy.  Connected  with  the  (hikes 
dt'  licssa,  this  rider  obtained  his  title  by  niarria^'e  witli 
(Mii'iniiiia  !^[ari'a,  a  lineal  descendant  of  the  ]\lexican 
(■iii|K  ror,  and  third  countess  of  ]\[()nt(.v.unia.'^  Acconi- 
]i;iiiied  by  his  wife  he  to(dv  possession  of  the  govern- 
iiuiit  oil  th(!  18tli  of  December,  and  on  the  2d  ()f 
February  following  made  his  public  entry  into  the 
city." 

During  January  and  February  the  attendance  at 
tlir  .unnial  fair  at  Acapulco  was  uiuisually  large.  The 
galleon  from  the  IMiilii)[»ines  arrived  safely  with  so 
laigi;  and  valuable  a  cai'go  that  eighty  thousand  pesos 
were  paid  in  custom  (iuties.  Merchants  from  all  |»aits 
(if  New  S])aiii  hastened  to  the  fair;  but  what  ( .lused 
till'  assembly  to  be  so  numerous  this  year,  andtiiuHng 
sn  luisk,  was  the  arrival  of  a  forty-two  gun  frigate, 
with  a  number  of  Peruvian  merchants,  who  brought 
v.ilh  them  two   million    pesos    for   the    purchase    of 


iiiiiese  o'oods. 


10 


\\  hilc  wealth  was  thus  flowing  into  the  country  the 

Xiivniil)or  4,  IfiDT,  JV  royal  cc^'ilula  was  issued  ordoring  that  in  fuliiio  tlioy 
slimilil  lie  coiiipcllrtl  it'  iieiH'.ssai'V  to  iirodiicu  all  surplus  grain.  I'roikknduii 
llvi'i^,  iMS.,  7'J-SO;  Cidii/ii.-i  /.'(((/m,  MS.,  Kil. 

' /,'o/</('.s-,  Dhirio,  ii.  "JO.VS. 

^Tiie  viicniy's  vifc  Mas  (k'sccnded  from  Pedro  .T(jliualicaliuat:<iii,  whoso 
'fill  aci'cimpMiiird  Martin  (  Virtt's,  the  second  iijar(|U('s  del  \'alle,  to  S[iain,  where 
1'  iii.inii'd  FraneisLO  de  hi  Cueva.    WlriitrvH,  'J'talro  Mt.c.,  ])t.  ii.  ."il-'J. 

'■'W'liilo  passing  r  iler  the  triumphal  areh  eieeted  near  the  ehurrh  cif  Santo 
I'muiiigo,  the  vieori  ^  .s  horse  shied  and  tiirew  him.  'V  se  le  eayi'i  la  ealje- 
11' ra.'  J,\JjI<.-<,  Jjiur'io,  ii.  'Jll.  'J'his  oeeurreiiee  augured,  it  was  said,  that  his) 
ialiiijiiistraticiii  would  he  far  from  ]irosperous. 

'Many  of  the  visiiors  died  as  usual  from  the  eff'eets  of  the  elimale.  'J"ho 
tan-  <  li.si'il  (in  Feliruary  the  •_',")tli,  on  whieh  day  and  the  following  s.  viie  slioek.s 
1 1  rail  li(|uake  caused  much  damage  in  Acapulco  and  the  city  of  Mexico.  L'aco, 
Tixs  ,'iiijlo.-:,  ii.  H'J. 


'-  ''''ifo 


■:.'  m 


^rK. 


r 


pm 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


1.25 


^ 


y) 


/a 


7W 


W 


/A 


PholDgra{iiic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WiST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


■J     ^ 

<> 


250 


VICEROYS  MONTANEZ  AND  MONTEZUMA. 


unfortunate  inhabitants  of  tlie  capital  were  aci^ain 
throatonod  with  famine,  the  crops  having  failed  fioni 
the  usual  causes.  Provisions  became  scarce  and  dear, 
and  on  the  8th  of  March  a  famished  multitude  ru.slicd 
into  the  square  in  front  of  the  viceregal  palace,  and 
with  fierce  cries  demanded  bread.  Decisive  measures 
had  to  be  adopted  to  prevent  an  outbreak.  The 
viceroy  caused  cannon  to  be  planted  at  the  entraiiCLs 
to  the  principal  streets,  and  with  the  assistance  of 
influential  persons  succeeded  in  restoring  quiet. 
Orders  also  were  issued  to  the  farmers  to  forwaid 
at  once  to  the  city  all  the  grain  on  hand.  A  supply 
sufficient  for  two  months  was  thus  obtained,  and  liv 
the  beginning  of  May  corn  and  wheat  began  to  ariive 
iVoni  the  tierra  caliente,  where  the  second  crop  of  llio 
year  had  been  plentiful." 

This  serious  trouble  being  ended,  the  viceroy,  "u 
the  25th  of  May,  took  possession  of  the  new  palace, 
which,  as  the  reader  is  aware,  had  been  for  some  time 
ill  course  of  c  nstruction.  The  occasion  was  celebrated 
with  befitting  ceremonies.  The  floors  ^'  ■  sprinkled 
with  holy  water,  and  the  archbislu  .  sacerdotal 
robes,  with  uplifted  hands,  implored  a  nlessing  upnu 
the  future  residence  of  the  viceroys  of  New  Siiaiii. 
The  benediction  availed  little  however,  for  in  less  than 
two  short  months  the  condede  Montezuma's  daughter 
lay  dead  within  the  palace  walls.^^ 

Intelligence  having  been  received  of  the  arrival  in 
Spain  of  the  fleet  which  had  sailed  from  Vera  Cruz  in 
the  previous  year,  the  safety  of  which  had  caused 
much  apprehension,  a  solemn  thanksgiving  was  ofl'en  <l 
in  the  cathedral,  at  which  service  the  viceroy  and 
members  of  the  different  tribunals  attended.  The 
value  of  the  prize  which  had  thus  escaped  the  Froneh 

"  Two  crops  were  nnmially  raised  in  the  tierra  caliente  districts.  /'/.,  '•<), 
The  excitement  was  nllayed  in  jiart  by  tlic  arrival  of  tiio  royal  decree  i>o- 
inittin^  the  use  of  jjtdijue.  Id.,  !M-'2;  Jiinni,  llixt.  iloh.  M<x.,  i.  'J84. 

''^  Dona  Fausta  Doniiniea — called  hy  Rivera  and  Zaniacois,  Doniiuga— tliiJ 
of  smuU-yux  on  the  lUth  of  July  1UU7.  Ilvbks,  JJiario,  ii.  214. 


DEATH  OF  TlIE  KI>TG. 


201 


may  1)C  recognized  from  the  fact  that  the  duties  pai<l 
nil  tlic  treasure  and  merchandise  amounted  to  tour 
lunithed  and  twelve  thousand  pesos.'^ 

The  conmiand  of  tlie  seas  hy  tlie  French,  English, 
anil  ])utch  had  not  oidy  a  depressing  effect  on  coni- 
iiK  r<o,  hut  on  all  the  industries  of  the  countr}^  and 
tsiKcially  that  of  mining.  Quicksilver  M^as  so  scarce 
this  year  that  the  quintal  rose  from  eighty-four  pesos 
to  three  hundred,  and  the  viceroy  addressed  the  gov- 
erm»r  of  the  Philippines  on  the  matter,  requesting  him 
t(t  jiiocure  a  quantity  of  the  metal  in  China  and  ship 
it  to  Acapulco.  News,  however,  arrived  in  1098  that 
a  tiratv  of  peace  had  been  concluded.  Great  was  the 
jov  at  this  intelligence;  and  for  a  time  conmiercc  and 
iinhistries  revive<l.  The  rejoicing  was  short-lived 
h(»\v(  ver,  for  in  May  1701  desjnitches  were  received 
I'lom  Spain  ordering  the  authorities  to  put  their  ports 
ill  ii  state  of  defence  against  invasion  h}'  the  English 
ami  Dutch;  and  though  in  the  following  month  these 
iiistiuctions  were  countermanded,  in  August  two  slof)ps 
aiiivcd  from  the  Hal>ana  with  intelligence  that  war 
had  nut  been  averted." 


]\reanwhile  the  deatli  of  a  Spanish  monarch  had 
faiiscd  the  celebration  of  royal  obsequies  to  be  held 
ill  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  in  all  the  j)rinci[»al  towns 
lit'  Xt'W  Spain,  with  the  solenmity  oliserved  on  such 
iiicasiuns.  Carlos  II.  died  on  the  1st  of  November 
1700,  and  intelligence  reached  the  cai>ital  the  7th  uf 
Miirh  (tf  the  following  year.  A  courier  clad  in  black, 
ami  hearing  a  banner  of  the  same  color,  brought  the 
tiiiiiigs.  Each  lialf  hour  of  his  journey  he  lin-d  olf  his 
['ii.ie  as  a  salute  in  honor  of  the  dead  king.     The  de- 

"r„rn,  rcf.')  %/rt.s  ii.  no. 

"  /.''././,.v,  lUiiriii,  ii.  ;n.'{-l.'),  .^QO-T.  In  .Tiiiio  nn  KiiL'li'^li  vessel  wns  diivrn 
into  \'cni  ('niz  l)y  »<tios8  of  Wfiitlicr,  nml  its  crew  <if  17  iiu'u  wtTc  (It'tJiiiud  us 
I'li.-^'Piu'rs  until  an  (ipimrtiiiiity  oci'iirri'd  of  nundinj,'  tlicm  to  Spain.  'I'vo 
iimIcs  u  (lay  were  alloweil  eatli  man  for  liis  iiiaiiitenanee.  /(/.,  ',i'20.  \\'i\r 
lii'i  i^^•  out  auaiii  ill  17<M>,  anil  in  I70_'  the  wiiole  Spanisli  llotii  Ma.-i  laptiiic  I 
Ivtlic  coinbinuil  EnL'li«li  and  Dutch  tiuctii.  Ltiulo  ik  Tuiula,  Aiitmt.  lliM., 

I'll-'  :t. 


202 


VICEROYS  MONTANEZ  AND  MONTEZUMA. 


Hpatclics  he  bore  convoyed  the  instructions  of  tlic  qiKrii 
rc'trent  Mariana  do  Neoburgo  relative  to  the  certiiid- 
nials  to  bo  observed,  and  were  opened  with  the  usual 
lorniaUties. 

In  accordance  with  her  commands  the  viceroy  pro- 
cocdod  to  arrange  the  obsequies.  Two  ministers,  con- 
versant with  the  prescribed  etiquette,  were  promptly 
appointed,  and  orders  despatched  to  the  authorities 
ot'  the  different  towns  instructing  them  how  to  con- 
duct the  ceremonies.  The  ayuntamicnto  of  the  caiii- 
tal  was  notified  to  proclaim  that  the  IGth  of  Maich 
was  appointed  for  the  public  demonstration.  Ac- 
cordingly on  that  day  a  cavalcade  with  trumpets  and 
mufilod  drums,  draped  in  the  insignia  of  mourniiiL;, 
left  the  cabildo  between  ten  and  eleven  o'clock  in  tlu; 
Ibrenoon.  These  were  followed  by  the  mace-bean  is 
dressed  in  black,  and  after  them  came  the  memln  is 
of  the  audioncia,  the  alcaldes,  alguacil  mayor,  aiul 
other  authorities  with  their  rods  of  office.  The  l\i- 
noral  cortege  m  dismal  drapery  slowly  marched  to  tlio 
residence  of  the  viceroy,  where  the  king's  death  wns 
publicly  proclaimed;  then  at  a  given  signal  the  great 
boll  of  the  cathedral  was  tolled  three  hundred  tiiiies.' 
With  the  same  ceremonies  similar  proclamations  were 
matlo  at  the  archiepiscopal  palace,  and  at  the  buildings 
of  the  inquisition  and  the  cabildo. 

]\Iarch  the  22d  was  appointed  by  Montezuma  as 
the  day  on  which  he  would  receive  visits  of  condo- 
lence from  the  different  tribunals,  royal  officials,  ec- 
clesiastics, and  gentry.  The  obsequies  were  celebiat( d 
on  the  2Gth  and  27tli  of  April,  on  the  first  of  wliii  li 
(lays  in  the  afternoon  all  the  bells  of  the  city  toll'  d 
the  vespers  for  the  dead,  and  the  ceremonies  wvw 
concluded  by  the  delivery  of  a  Latin  oration  in  oulo^v 
(»f  the  late  king.  On  the  following  sunrise  the  m  r- 
vice  for  the  dead  was  chanted  in  the  churches,  tli«' 
viceroy,  archbishop,  and   nobility  attending  at  the 

"*  'A  que  correspondieron  las  cninpanas  de  sotcntn  y  unaiglcsias,  qucliuliia 
eu  MOxicu,  y  en  bus  uiTubulfs. '  Varo,  Trtu  Hhjlos,  ii.  'Jii-'J. 


ACCESSION  OF  FELIPE  V, 


2C3 


rotliedral.  A  funeral  sermon  terminated  the  obsorv- 
iin.vs.'« 

l>ut  previous  to  the  performance  of  the  latter  ccre- 
iiiniiics,  others  of  a  different  character  were  celebrated 
(III  tlic  4th  and  5th  of  April  on  account  of  the  acces- 
sion of  Felipe  V.  to  the  throne  of  Spain.  Appointed 
siAcnign  by  the  will  of  Carlos  II.,  his  reign  was  a 
tuil)ulcnt  one  for  many  years;  since  the  transfei*  of 
tlif  regal  [)ower  from  the  house  of  Austria  to  tiiat 
of  the  Bourbons  involved  both  Spain  and  France 
ill  a  war  with  the  combined  nations  of  Eurf)pe;  nor 
tan  Felipe  be  considered  to  have  been  securely  seated 
(111  tlie  throne  until  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  in  January 
17 IJ.  During  the  first  years  of  the  struggle  the 
|i(i\\(r  of  Spain  was  weakened  by  civil  factions,"  and 
iiuK  h  opposition  was  shown  to  the  change  of  dynasty; 
\vt  ^lexico  at  once  espoused  the  cause  of  Felipe's 
jiiirty.  Thus  it  was  that  on  the  first  named  djiy  the 
clmrrli  bells  were  pealed,  the  royal  standard  unfurled, 
am!  the  viceroy,  audiencia,  and  all  authorities  and 
dtlicials  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  on  a  beautifully 
(iiiiaiiieMted  platform  erected  in  front  of  the  palace. 
This  l)eing  done,  numbers  of  caged  rabbits,  pigeons, 
and  (it her  birds  were  set  free,  while  a  royal  salute  was 
till  1 1  by  the  nmsketeers.  On  the  following  day  tlianks- 
i;i\  ings  Were  offered  in  the  cathedral,  the  mass  of  the 
lllo^t  holy  trinity  chanted,  and  a  procession  formed. 
Ill  tlie  afternoon  a  parade  of  infantry  was  held  before 
the  jialace,^'^  and  during  the  night  pyrotechnic  dis[)lays 
t-iihvcned  the  scene. 

Although  the  viceroy  took  the  customary  oath  of 
allegiance  to  Felii)o  an  opinion  seems  to  have  j»re- 
vailed  that  before  the  death  of  Cilrlos  he  was  opposed 

""'  Mouniing  was  orilcrcfl  to  l)e  worn  for  six  months.  linhUn,  Diario,  ii. 
307.  .'I I •_'-!. "t.  The  viceroy,  in  order  to  prevent  tlie  exaetions  of  merchants 
\vhii  li:, (I  bought  0,11  the  mourning  material,  fixed  the  jiriec  of  it.  t'«ro,  Tna 
^"jli'S  ii.  !t7. 

'■  -As  lute  as  .Tune  1707  the  incpiisition  issued  an  edict  ordering  nil  subjects 
eociilar  or  ei-elcsiastic  to  oljey  tiic  king,  under  pain  of  excomnumication.  Or- 
(/('((..<  lie  la  Cfinnia,  MS.,  vi.  1;!'>. 

'"liiree  hundred  and  seventy  men  nmstered  on  the  occasion,  liuhks, 

IJmiiu, 


264 


VICEROYS  MONTANEZ  AND  MONTEZUMA. 


to  tlic  prosf)ect  of  a  Bourbon  successor  to  the  tlunim 
of"  Spain;  but  more  than  this,  it  was  whispered  tlmt 
in  tlie  event  of  the  Uionarch's  decease,  he  niij^ht  !»»• 
inchned  to  favor  the  independence  of  New  S|i;iiii, 
and  establisli  liimself  as  its  king.^''  Whether  F(  lijie 
apprehendetl  any  such  possible  defection  or  not,  it 
is  certain  that  he  recalled  Montezuma  shortly  Jitti  r 
his  accession,  for  in  November  1701  a  cedula  arrixnl 
from  Sj>ain  appointing  the  oidor,  Juan  do  Escahiutc, 
as  the  juez  de  resideiicia  of  the  outgoing  vieerov,-' 
!Montanez,  having  been  reappointed  to  the  viceregal 
chair  six  months  previously. 

On  the  irjth  of  ^fay  following,  the  conde  de  Mon- 
tezuma left  i'or  Spain,  the  countess  having  prect di d 
hiui,  accompanied  by  tlie  wives  of  the  oidores.  3l()>t 
writi'rs  concur  in  reijarding  his  administration  ;is  a 
Avise  and  ])rudent  one.  He  certainly  exerted  hiiiixlf 
in  improving  the  social  condition  of  the  cai)ital,  and 
was  es})ecia]ly  active  in  the  suppression  of  robin  rs 
and  criminals.  With  this  object  he  organized  an 
efficient  police  force,  and  enacted  severe  regulatinns 
for  the  punishment  of  evil-doers.'*^     The  riots  in  KlD^ 

'•Mr  Vernon,  English  secretary  of  state,  in  letters  addressed  at  tlic  ]k\[<«\ 
t(i  tlio  (luko  of  Slirew.slmi-y,  niukes  the  I'ollowiiig  statement:  '  It  is  siiiil  tli.it 
Miintc/.unia,  viceroy  tif  Mexico,  would  not  sull'er  their  plate  to  eonie  iiit'i  ;lie 
hands  of  the  French,  and  the  orders  from  Spain  woidd  not  he  oliiycd  wliile 
they  were  looked  upon  to  he  inider  the  inlhuiiceof  ]•" ranee.'  A  more  ri'ni;iik- 
uhle  passiige  written  in  .June  Kill!)  reads  tints;  'The  Indians  there  tn-e  \ try 
earnest  with  tlie  eoiintcssof  M(jntezuma,  who  is  <le.scen(h'(l  of  their  liice,  iliat 
she  Monld  tfike  npon  her  the  title  of  (iticeii,  which  she  seems  wiUinj  Im 
accept;  Imt  tlie  conde,  her  hiishand,  refuses  it  as  yet,  thon^h  it  i»  thnii:.'lit 
if  the  king  of  Sjuiin  die.s  he  will  set  np  for  himself.'  EiHitlmr'jh  ll(  rh'tr,  >)d. 
JS.',/,  1,'U.  Completely  at  variiince  with  the  aliove  is  l>iist;iinantc"s  st;ito- 
incnt  thiit  he  caused  tlie  destinction  of  all  Aztec  relics  in  order  to  cihlitviMte 
nil  traces  of  his  ancestors  '  por  eongraciiirse  eon  la  corte  de  Mtnlrid.'  /,■••»// 
iliuiia,  Don  l'iii/ni>',  SI-'J,  note.  j\s  I  etmnot  discover  that  Monte/nni;' «a9 
eonnecttMl  with  the  roytil  family  of  the  Aztec  monarch  othei  wise  tiiaii  I'V 
innrriaj^e  and  the  assumption  of  the  name,  ]{iist.iimante"s  deduction  sums 
groundless,  and  1  jiri'fer  to  attrilinte  the  viceroy's  action  to  relij,'ioiis  liiL'otiv. 

-'"The  auto  de  residencia  Wiis  proclaimed  on  the  IJItli  of  the  same  nioiitii, 
hoth  in  the  Castilian  and  Mexiciui  langu.i^'cs.    Jiulilcn,  Jjiurlo,  'A'.M;  cmi^ult 

jil.so.'Wi, ;«;{. 

■-'  On  the  loth  of  .Tune  there  Mere  200  prisoners  confined  in  the  priMciiwl 
jail  of  the  city.  On  the  'J.Sth  of  August  the  miscreants  attempted  to  csi  .i|«'. 
J'liey  maile  a  liirge  iiole  in  the  outer  wall,  and  severely  woundeil  the  j.ulii^ 
nnd  porter  heforc  tln'y  were  overpowered.  On  the  following  day  scvm  of 
the  nngleaders  were  publicly  llogged  thruugh  the  streets,  /(/.,  3'J(>-8. 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


20j 


10  tlnoin! 
jrcd  that 
mii^lit  1)0 
\v  Si>;iiii, 
or  F(li|H,' 
tr  ii(»t,  it 
rtly  Jitter 
a  arrive* I 
i^.scalaiitc, 
viceroy,-' 
viceregal 

do  ^r«Mi- 

precttlrd 

tion  ;is  a 
d  liiiiix'lf 
I)ital,  ami 
t'  rol)l Ill's 
iiiizod  an 
'gulatiniis 
s  ill  l(i:»2 


at  till'  ]>iiii"l 
t  i.s  saiil  iliiit 
Hill'  iiitn  the 
lit-ycil  while 
mil'  ri'iiKuk- 
cit'  iiiv  viiy 
fir  r;\cc.  that 
IS  williii.'  Ill 
;  iti  tlmiiL'ht 
/A  r'li  ir,  I  h  I. 
iliitc"s  st:ito- 
to  olililii.ite 
Ilia.'  /.--i.V 
itiVlini:'  «:i3 
iso  tlmii  ny 
utioii  M  iiiis 
iims  liiL.'1'tiy. 
s.Miic  month, 
;{:ill;  coiiMilt 


L'l 


he  in-iii'il'iil 

I   to  cM.iiie. 

led  tlio  i;u!er 

l\-  m;Vi  II  ct" 


iiidifatod  to  him  tlio  neoossity  of  a  moro  ffcnoroii.s 
In  atiiiont  of  the  Indians,  anil  tho  nieasuivs  which  ho 
adi'iitod  ibr  thoir  rohof  during  times  of  scarcity  were 
(iii'iU'etic  and  efteetivc.  lie  caused,  moreover,  tho 
f.'i  tilications  of  tho  city,  which  were  in  a  wretched 
(oiidition,  to  be  put  in  a  better  state  of  defence,  wliilo 
ii;t  asiires  wore  also  taken  for  tho  protection  of  tho 
mast  tkirinf^  war  time. 

I  )uriiig  his  administration  physical  phenomena  from 
tiiiM'  to  time  caused  distress  and  damage.  Earth- 
(|iiakcs  destroyed  houses  and  occasioned  loss  of  life; 
ami  an  eruption  of  tho  volcano  Popocatepetl  in  1G'J7 
caused  mucJi  destruction  in  the  surrounding  country. 
The  same  year  tho  ca|)ital  was  ngain  inundated,  owing 
tn  the  unusually  heavy  rains,  whereupon  the  viceroy, 
ftidrd  by  contril)utions,  caused  tho  drainage  and 
siwcrs  to  bo  put  in  order  and  improved.  Indeeil,  in 
all  cases  of  calamity  ho  was  ever  prompt  in  devising 
imaus  of  relief.  Though  for  [jolitical  reasons  tho 
king  may  have  deemed  it  ))rudent  to  recall  him,  it 
cannot  bo  denied  that  ho  did  his  utmost  for  the  wel- 
fare uf  Now  bpain." 

It  was  during  the  administration  of  ^lontezuma 
that  tlie  pacification  of  Lower  California  was  begun 
liy  the  Jesuits.  The  settlement  of  this  country  had 
inrn  freijuently  attempted  during  the  last  century, 
liiit  no  success  had  attended  previous  efforts.  Expedi- 
tiiin  after  exj)edition  under  dillerent  leaders,  most  nota- 
I'lc  among  whom  were  Ortega,  Casanate,  and  Otomlo, 
had  successively  failed,-^  and  in   1080  the  audieiicia 

•-'III  1(1!)0  Carlos  II.,  Iiy  c.'dula  of  <lu'  ■JTtli  of  Fcl.niary,  granted  to  Mon- 
tiziniia  ,111(1  his  Iitirs  a  jicn^ioii  of  -l.tKM)  ducados,  with  tho  title  of  diiko  of 
.\th\i'c).  Tiiis  grant  waa  ratitifd  by  Foliiie  V.  in  17114,  uikI  again  l>v  Fir- 
iMii'hi  VI.  ill  17.V_'.  n,(tl(,i  CiiliildK,  MS.,  10-11,  ;>l>-4-_'.  In  r<rtif.  "</.  iiu 
iUinihs,  MS.,  KSl-'2,  tlie  nnuniiit  la  given  u.s  4.tMM)  jiisos,  and  the  date  of  tho 
(uhihi  a.i  I'olii'uaiy  17,  l(i!l!».  Tho  incoiiio  \va.-i  jiayahle  f.-oin  Indian  tiilmtis 
ill  I'dii,  Ciiiiitoiiiala,  and  Caiiniociio.  Latorordois  niado  it  iiayahlo  tioin  trili- 
uii>  rollcotod  in  Vnoatan.  The  tluqiiomi  ile  Atli.xoo  was  tho  last  lair  to  wlioiii 
ii  ».i>  paid,  proliably  in  17">8. 

■  I  oi-  till!  jiarticulars  of  these  expeditions  see  lllsl.  X.  J/cx.  Siali ",  i.  l.j;} 
It  siij.,  this  tieriea. 


200 


VICEROYS  MONTANEZ  AND  MONTEZUMA. 


ftbaiuloncd  the  idea  of  conquest  by  force  of  arms.  Tin 
oiilores,  however,  considcre<l  that  the  subjugation  cf 
the  Indians  could  bo  acconiphshcd  by  tlic  Jesuits  and 
jtroposod  that  they  should  make  the  attempt,  the  ( x- 
penses  incurred  being  paid  by  the  crown.  The  pro- 
vincial of  the  order  saw  fit  to  decline  the  offer,  alle^inir 
that  the  civil  and  temporal  duties  which  their  mission- 
aries would  be  oblirjed  to  undertake  would  be  incon- 
Histent  with  the  constitution  of  the  society. 

Urged  by  renewed  instructions  from  Cslrlos  II.  to 
omit  no  means  of  accomplishing  the  settlement  ot' 
Lower  California,  the  vicerov  in  1G90  consulted  with 
Otondo  relative  to  the  annual  cost  of  the  maintenance 
of  a  juvsidio  on  the  Peninsula.  Otondo  was  of  opinion 
that  thirty  thousand  pesos  a  year  would  be  sufficient, 
and  the  viceroy  gave  orders  for  an  appropriation  to 
that  amount,  but  the  demand  from  the  court  lor  a 
large  sum  of  money  prevented  immediate  action,  and 
the  meditated  expedition  was  indefinitely  postpoiitd. 
And  now  notwithstandincr  their  former  action  the 
Jesuits  came  forward,  and  in  1G96  proposed  to  under- 
take the  reduction  of  the  natives,  and  eonnnonccd 
collecting  alms  for  that  purpose.  Viceroy  Ortega 
warmly  approved  the  plan,  but  deemed  it  proper  to 
consult  the  audiencia  as  to  the  advisability  of  extend- 
ing tlie  necessary  license.  The  oidores  displayed  an 
inconsistency  almost  equal  to  that  of  the  Jesuits,  and 
long  debated  whether  it  would  be  right  to  intrii.-t 
such  a  matter  to  a  religious  order. 

This  hesitation  caused  much  astonishment,  but  it 
was  finally  arranged  that  the  commission  should  he 
granted  on  condition  that  the  society  should  not  make 
any  denjand  upon  the  royal  treasury,  and  that  tluy 
should  take  possession  of  the  country  in  the  name 
of  Cdrlos  II.  The  audiencir,,  ixowever,  concedcil  to 
fathers  Salvatierra  and  Kiro,  the  promoters  of  the 
enterprise,  and  to  their  successors,  the  right  to  seleet 
the  troops  and  officers  which  might  be  required,  and 
to  discharge  them  when  they  deemed  it  necessary,  ui'ter 


OPERATION'S  OF  THE  JESUITS. 


207 


fiist  advlsinnr  tlio  vioor<\y.  The  particulars  of  the  op- 
tiiitions  of  the  Jesuits  belong  properly  to  the  history 
(if  Lower  California,  in  which  an  account  of  their  pro- 
(•('((Hns^s  will  be  given;  suffice  it  to  say  that  their  ef- 
forts were  successful,  and  permanent  settlements  were 
e still  ilibhed  in  the  country.** 

"Cumilt  Crtr,\  TrntSirthn,  il.  C3-4,  09-70,  75-C,  87-8,  and  IHat.  North 
J/tx.  .ituUii,  i.  pusaiin,  this  ucriua. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


NKW  SPAIN  AT  THE  OrEXIXO  OF  THE  EKJIITEEXTII  CEXTlIlV. 

1700- 1  Tii. 

MdntaSbz  Vicerov  run  a  Skcond  Tkum— His  Formal  Entuy  into  hie 
Capital— Loss  ok  Theascrk  Siiii^s — The  Hf.kmaskad  axi»  A<iii.i.\. 
i>A— MoNTANKZ  Ai'poiNTKii  AKC'iritisiiop  OK  Mexko— ALr.ii!yri:i(i,'i  i:'s 
Kkids— His  (.'hauac  tkr  Ii.listuatkk — Caitain  Dampier  ()n(  k  Mi.i;e 
IS  THE  SoiTH  Sea— A  rRiVATEERiso  Expedition  Fitted  Oit  uy  Hms. 
TOL   MERrnANTs— A   Motley  Crowd  on    ]'m)ard  the   .Ships— Tin  iu 

VoYAOE  ROIM)  the  WoRLD — EsoRMOIH  PROFITS  OF  THE  EnTERPUIM  - 

I-iNAREs'  Administration— Eauthqi'ake,  Famine,  and  Fl<k)D    ( ..\. 

TRAIIAND  TlIADINO — VaLERO's  UlLE— AtTEMITED  Asi<\SSINATIO.S— Cull- 
HAIRS   IN    YllATAN. 

On  tlic  4th  of  X<)vcml)cr  1701  Montanoz  for  the 
•socoihI  time  took  office  as  vicerov,*  tliou<j:li  his  formnl 
entry  into  the  city  was  delayed  until  the  29th  of  .l.ni- 
\iary  in  the  following  year.  On  that  day  the  di^ni- 
tai-ies  of  the  church  were  ordered  to  assist  at  the 
ceremony,  arrayed  in  their  suqiHces,  and  the  rcli^iinis 
orders  to  a|)i)ear  in  fitting  garh,  carrying  ujililt.d 
crosses."  The  catliedral  was  handsomely  decoiatiil; 
the  pillars  were  luuig  with  tai)estry ;  and  on  the  grand 
altar  iimumerable  tapers  stood  ready  to  light  up  llic 
buildinuf,  should  the  viceroy  make  his  entry  by  ni''!it. 
{Stages  were  erected  in  suitable  places,  and  arches  "t" 

'  On  tlio  (lay  of  liis  nssuniiiig  oHlcc  ho  received  the  papal  bulls  aiiij  the 
palliiiin.   Jtiililcn,  J>i(iri(>,  in  /'<)'•.  i/isl.  Mix.,  'X\'l. 

■'AH  olH'yeii  I'xci'pt  thu  CiUnn'ii  and  San  Hipolito  orders.  The  fmi  nr 
refused  wilder  tlie  pleii  tliat,  nocordiiig  to  their  eonstitiitioii,  and  tlie  pri'i- 
leiies  granted  tlielli  liy  the  apostolic  see,  they  were  not  reiiuired  to  apjirai'  in 

imu'esMions  cxoept  at  ptllilio  prayers.  Nevertheless,  nut  ot  euinpliineiil  to  liin 
•Xcelleiicy,  they  allowed  six  of  their  nuiiil>er  to  attend.  Tlie  hitter  th'iliin  ■! 
(ui  tlic  n^oiind  that  tlioy  wore  not  allowed  to  take  preeedcneo  over  the  Di  ill- 
lehemites.  /(/.,  aUJ-U. 

(2C8J 


VICEROY  M0XTA5JKZ. 


209 


CEXxriiV. 


jtills  aii'I  t!iO 


ttil-'  extended  fioin  tlie^  e-atliodral  to  the  stnct  of  San 
I'l.iiK'isco,  wluic  stood  till'  |>rofV'sa.  I'lu*  clmrch  of 
\r\n  Cruz,  wlieiice;  tin;  |>rocLssioM  was  to  s»t  I'oith, 
w  I-  (Itfke'd  with  eM)stly  (Irapeiie's;  tlioso  in  the  liall 
(  f  kiii^dits,  wlieTc  seats  wi-ie  provided  for  his  Kxeel- 
liH  V  and  the  nienil»ers  of  the  cliaptcr,  exeellinjjf  all 
(tin  IS  ill  taste  aiul  he'aiity  of  ilesi^jn. 

W  hen  all  was  in  reaeliness  the  archhishop,  escorted 
liy  Iiis  IkhI}' <4'iiard  of  cavalry  an<l  a  company  of  luijher- 
(li(  IS,  proceeded  to  the  church  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  half 
nil  hour  later  the  nienihers  of  the  chapter  left  the 
jiiiiiripal  eloor  of  the  cathe<lral  to  pay  their  rcspe'cts. 
Ill  front  re»elo  the  veri^er  in  his  Vkhite  roho  of  ottice. 
Til'  11  came  the  prebendaiies  in  carriages,  in  the  emler 
(if  their  seniority,  foUoweel  by  the  precentor,  the  dean, 
ami  the  secre-tary  of  the  cabildo.  As  soon  as  the 
(•(•(  l(  siastics  hael  withdrawn,  the  city  cavalr\',  [)recedeel 
hy  trumpeters  anel  drummers,  escorted  to  the  chuich 
the  ministers  of  state,  the  alj^^uaciles,  re;^ielores,  alcal- 
(Ks,  and  the  corregidor,  who  in  the  oreler  mentioned 
saluted  the  viceroy.  The  procession  was  then  fornu'el, 
and  Montanez  was  conducteel  to  the  presbytery,  where 
lie  t(>(»k  liis  seat  on  the  viceregal  throne;  auel  his 
mantle  being  removed,  he  was  robed  in  the  vestments 
ami  regalia  of  ofiice.  Incense  was  then  burned;  the 
tc  (Icum  chanted;  the  vicere^y  returned  to  his  palace, 
ami  the  procession  was  dismissed. 

The  first  administration  of  Montailez  lasted,  as  will 
he  icinemltercd,  button  months;  the  seconel  continuenl 
for  less  than  thirteen  months;  anel  during  his  latter 
tiiiii  of  office  the  events  which  e)ccurred  in  Europe 
1mm1(  (1  evil  to  the  Spanish  provinces.  After  the  com- 
I'li'  .itions  that  followed  the  decease  of  Carlos  II.  had 
t-uliiiiiiated  in  the  war  which  commenced  in  Austria, 
ill  -May  1702,  the  shores  of  New  Spain  were  liable 
to  invasion  from  the  armaments  of  the  two  greatest 
naval  powers  in  Europe.  Moreover  the  oceans  were 
.-till  scoured  l)y  cruisers  ever  on  the  alert  to  pounce 
oil  the  Spanish  treasure  ships,  anel  no  vessel  contain- 


tro 


OrE%1N(}  OP  THE  EIOIITEEXTn  CENTURY. 


injT  treasure  was  now  (Icspatr-liod  without  tho  osport 
of  several  men  of  war.  At  \*'\ii  Cruz  a  vast  aiiKnint 
of  iL^old  and  silver  was  stored,  awaitinj^  convoy,  and 
on  the  arrival  of  a  Freneli  squadron  under  the  eoinit 
d(!  Chateau  Ilenaud,  was  placed  on  board  the  lit  rt. 
lOhiding  an  Enjjflish  8(juadron  that  lay  in  wait  in 
T«ntui;uilla  Sound,  the  llota  arrived  in  safety  ojl' 
Cadiz;  hut  finding  tlmt  harbor  closely  blockaded  ly 
the  enemy,  sailed  for  the  port  of  Vigo.  There  tiny 
Were  attacked  by  a  powerful  squadron;  several  vessels 
were  captured;  the  remainder  were  sunk,  and  treasiiro 
amounting  to  at  least  seventeen  million  peso.s  lic-i 
buried  to  this  day  on  that  portion  of  the  coast  nt" 
Galicia,  all  efforts  to  recover  it  having  as  yet  provid 
unsuccessful.' 

At  tho  close  of  1701  ISfontanez  received  orders  to 
garrison  Vera  Cruz  with  a  force  of  six  thousand  iinn; 
for  during  that  year  it  became  evident  that  war  coiiM 
not  be  averted,  and  the  Spanisli  provinces  in  Amciira 
offered  no  more  tempting  prize  to  a  hostile  armann  nt. 
Tho  viceroy  lost  no  time  in  placing  this  and  oIIrt 
ports  in  Now  Spain  in  a  thorough  state  of  defense. 
On  the  4th  of  February  1702  he  issued  a  proelaina- 
tion  warning  his  subjects  of  tl  ^  impending  dan^vr, 
and  inviting  all  single  men  to  ^  roceed  to  Vera  (  rnz 
in  the  service  of  his  Majesty,  promising  them  libi  ral 
pay  and  kind  treatment.  He  also  caused  the  antst 
of  all  idlers,  thus  inducing  many  to  enlist  as  volun- 
teers. It  is  related  that  on  one  occasion,  after  visit- 
ing the  jail,  he  repaired  to  the  criminal  court,  nnd 
finding  there  a  number  of  men  listening  to  tho  i)lrnd- 
ings  of  tho  lawyers,  marched  them  off  to  prison,  de- 
claring  that  persons  who  had  nothing  better  to  tlo 
were  not  earning  an  honest  livelihood,  and  must  be 
treated  as  vagrants. 

But  New  Spain  had  within  her  own  borders  cuo- 

'  Alaman,  Disert.,  iii.  app.  4G-7;  confirmctl  by  IHfera,  I/int.  Jahijin, 
i.  100.  Zainacois  states  tliat  tlic  amount  shippcil  on  I>oard  tlie  treaatii'i'  lli^'^t 
was  38,500,000  pesos,  of  which  sum  the  Spaniards  landed  1*2,000,000  at  \  iij'o, 
Icaviji;,'  'J(),o00,000  pesos  unaccounted  for.  Uial.  Mij.,  v.  513-14. 


SANTA  IlKHMAXDAD. 


271 


mlis  no  loss  dreaded  tlinii  wvro  the  Kii«^dish  and  tlio 
Dutch.  The  Chichimees,  Otoniis,  and  (tthcr  native 
tiilit'-^,  wlio,  thoniLjh  often  defeated,  had  neviT  heeii 
lii(.iii,'lit  lUMler  Huhjwtion,  infested  the  provinet's,  |»hin- 
(IiiinLj  the  settlements  and  rencU'!  •  .f  travel  unsafe. 
Tiiiidd  to  this  evil  the  eonnnunity  was  k^;>i  in  et)nstant 
aliirui  hy  orj^anized  hands  (►f  hrijjjands,  who  almost 
luld  possession  of  many  of  the  puhlic  hi,,d»ways,  and 
lit  il  her  treasure,  merehandise,  nor  traveller  eould  pass 
aloii'/  them  without  a  stronj^  eseort. 

All  ell'orts  to  remedy  this  tivil  had  proved  unavail- 
iii'^'.  The  eourts  of  justice  were  e()rru|)t,  (>sju'eially 
tlic  criminal  eourt.  In  Vieero}'  Linares'  instiuetions 
tn  Iiis  sueeessor  we  iiave  a  startlinj^  description  of  the 
irivn-nlarities  which  prevaih'd  durinii^  his  administra- 
tion and  long  previoi..Iv.  The  despatch  of  husiness, 
11(1  matter  how  i'nportatit,  was  continually  K-ft  to  the 
clerks,  and  perjury  and  false  testimony  constantly 
admitted  without  any  attempt  to  punish  the  falso  wit- 
nesses. Ilich  criminals  lau,t,died  at  the  idea  of  meet- 
hv^  with  their  deserts,  hut  the  poor  were  treated  with 
the  utmost  ri;^or,  the  wives  an<l  children  of  any  who 
escaped  from  justice  heinj^  reduced  to  slavery.  The 
iiiciiihers  of  this  trihunal  paid  no  heed  to  the  orders 
'if  the  audiencia,  and  the  alcaldes  mayores  perjured 
tliciiisclves,  violated  their  ohligations,  and  Ijoth  j;avo 
and  receivetl  brihes.  A  ['-ortion  of  the  j^ains  of  brij^- 
audage  sufficed  to  [)rocure  inununity  i'or  the  robber, 
and  even  the  judges  sent  l)y  the  audiencia  to  investi- 
pitc  cases  of  appeal  gave  their  decision  in  favor  of  the 
lirlicr  e(»ntestants.* 

la  view  of  this  state  of  affairs  the  viceroy  deter- 
niiiiod  to  invest  the  court  of  the  .santa  lurniandad 
with  greater  and  more  unrestricted  powers,  and  the 
dicaded  tribunal  known  as  the  acordatla  was  linally 
fstahlished.  I  will  now  give  some  account  of  the 
t'uiictions  and  previous  operations  of  the  santii  her- 
niaudad  from  which  the  acordada  was  developed,  to- 

'Jiidtnic.  Vinyes,  MS.,  6-10,  13-14,  08-71. 


272 


OPnXIXG  OF  THE  EIOIITKENTII  CENTURY. 


jLT'-tlier  with  a  brief  doscnjitifni  of  tlio  operation^  i,f 
t!ie  latter  until  it  was  abolished  early  in  the  niiieteeiith 
eeiiturv. 

As  carl\'  as  1553  highwaymen  had  become  so 
t«<»ublosoiiie  that  for  the  security  of  the  ])ublic  roads 
the  saiita  hennandad  was  estabhshed  in  Xew  S[)alii.' 
This  force  originated  in  Spain  at  an  early  date,  aul 
Avas  composed  of  bands  of  associate<l  citizens  or  broth- 
ers— as  the  name  implies — who,  unassisted  by  tlie 
government,  patrolled  the  highways  as  a  protect i<:i 
against  bandits  and  robbers,  and  as  a  check  agaiii-t 
the  lawlessness  of  the  aristocracy.  The  utility  of  .sm  !i 
arnierl  bodies,  and  the  benefits  which  peaceful  persons 
and  coinnuuiities  derived  from  their  vigilance,  gaiiu  il 
for  them  various  privileges  from  the  kings  of  Spain, 
as  Well  as  the  distinguishing  title  of  holy  brotherhood. 
In  time  they  became  a  recognized  power  in  the  land, 
and  laws  were  pronuilgated  conferring  on  them  a  »•(  i-- 
tain  jurisdiction,  and  defining  their  duties.  In  14lis 
the  original  system  of  confederated  associations  was 
ab<»li>hed,  owing  to  the  establishment  of  better  order 
in  the  kincfdom,  and  the  santa  hermandad  was  con- 
Verted  into  a  police  force  and  tribunal.  An  organizrd 
court  of  the  santa  hermandad  was  presided  over  !y 
two  alcaldes,  and  was  composed  of  a  proportionate 
i!uml>er  of  alguacilcs  and  the  officers  of  the  patiol 
jiarties.  It  had  the  power  to  arrest  malefactors  and 
try  them.  In  1G31  a  royal  cedula  was  issued  order- 
ing the  appointment  of  alcaldes  do  la  hermandad  in 
all  cities  and  towns  of  the  Indies.  These  officers  were 
distinguished  by  the  name  of  provinciales.^ 

But  little  is  known  of  the  operations  of  the  saiiti 
berniandad  in  Xew  Spain  down  to  the  end  of  tlie 

*  ( V( ro.  Tf'i  S'nh",  i .  1 62. 

*  Till- iii-fjvinoialcs  received  a  salary  of  100,000  maravedis  paya))lc  out  'A 
the  lines  of  the  tribunal  court.  As  a  matter  of  coiirso  these  l1oaitioll^^  ^^  ■  :■; 
iiiaile  galal'le  to  the  highest  biihlor.  TJiey  were  '  reniinciahle.s  lu'ijiii  ;.i- 
iiiente.  en  I.i  foriiui,  v  con  el  jjraviiniun,  que  los  deinas  oticio.s  vcmlihle.-f  d'-  !  li 
ln-lia«.'  /.V"/,.  «/.'  //»/.,  ii.  i;j:{-4.  Calle,  Mrm.  1/  Xol.,  119,  has  this  11  ■;.  : 
'  Escnuan'i  publico  <kl  j^izgailo  del  I'loiiincial  do  lu  liunnaiidud,  cs  utuiu 
uueuu,  vcudido  c-u  70U.  tustoues  en  el  alio  de  lli-lo.' 


WOIIKINCS  OF  TIIK  TRinUXAL. 


:::\ 


^vas  fun- 


s'\.iiteciit]i  fciiturv;  l)ut  to  judo'i'  (Voiii  the  roiitiii- 
r,;i!ly  iiKTcasini^'  uuinhc-rs  and  (lc[ii'c(lati<)n.s  ot"  i-oIjIkts, 
it  (tuild  not  ])ave  \)vv\\  an  ctHciont  ioicc'' 

III  1710,  at  llio  ui'^rnt  iccjni'st  of  tlio  inliabitants 
ot' (^)urr('tai'o,  !^fiL;lu■l  Wla/.tiiicz  <lo  I^()i-ca,a  native  of 
liinl  ''ity,  was  ai>|)oint('(l  as  pidvinriiil  al^aldu  i»("  the 
saiita  licrniandiid  in  that  district."^  Tlio  enori,'y  ot" 
tills  orticer  and  his  success  in  tlie  sii|)|)ivssion  of  hriu- 
itii(laL,^o  were  so  great  tliat  later  his  pr>wers  wei's 
"ivallv  increased.  ]ritherto  tlie  trihunal  of  thi; 
Miiita  herniandad  Jiad  been  sulxirdinate  and  responsi- 
Mc  to  tlie  criminal  court  at  ]\Ie.\ico;  in  1719  it  was 
('!i|(i(il  that  the  .sentences  pronounced  hy  A\'laz(]Uiz; 
slmiild  he  final,  and  he  was  exenipted  from  tht- ohliga- 
ti'Ui  of  n'portinu'  his  <lecisions  to  that  tiil)unal.'^  J^v 
iiyal  cedula  dated  ]May  2'2,  17'2"2,  his  conduct  was  a])- 
]'i<ivcd  and  he  was  confirmed  in  office.  From  this 
till!"  tlie  acorduda  may  ho  considered  as  estahlisiiecl 
ii-  an  indept'udent  tribunal.  Velaz([uez,  retaining  his 
jiMsition  of  provincial  alcalde,  wiis  appointed  judge  of 
llir  new  court,  and  rigorously  did  he  perform  the 
juihcial  duties  of  his  calling.  Scouring  the  country 
with  his  men,  he  assailed  the  brigands  wherever  he 
ci>uld  tind  them,  and  none  escaped  who  fell  into  his 
liiiiids.  A  huri'icd  trial  over,  the  inexorable  j'ulgment 
\v;!s  jiassed,  and  in  a  few  minutes  the  culi)rit,  having 
1-'  1  u  thrived  bv  the  court  chaiilain,  was  damjling  from 
tilt'  nearest  tree,  or  was  slujt  through  with  arrows.'" 

■  Vircvoy  Alburquorqiie,  whose  rule  will  l>c  nieiitiniicil  hitci',  cNcrtccl  liiin- 
fi!t"itli  git'iit  ciic'.'jrj' to  suppress  briguiidiiu'i'.  A  iimiilu'r  o(  liiLthwayiiit  a 
vm  re  1  :i]itiireil  aiid  severiil  executed  on  a  (-iiiLrle  diiy.  Yttuin-rrt,  Tnit.  Mi.r., 
IV  In  Mmv  IO'i."!  ;i  Iiij^liwiiyniiin  was  taken  tVoni  a  eliurcli,  wliitini'  lie  li^.d 
1'  1.  iuid  notwitliistanding  his  claim  of  privilt "je  of  saiu'tiiary,  and  <U'spuc 
t  ;■   cMonMiniiiieation  fuhninuted   by  the  bish>ip,  he  uas  tried  anil  put  lo 

I'.'-.itli.  diiijii,  j)i(ti;'<i,  ;!()7-s. 

■(\'li,h<,-:i>,  MS.,  iii.  lliVIG. 

'•'The  ]>nielauiatiou  \va:<  jmhlislicd  'conaeuercioilf  In  audieneia,'  fi'oin  %\lii.h 
ii  •  t'  future  trihunal  received  its  name  of  aeonlada.  See  Cai'o,  Tnx  Sii/tus, 
i>.  hij. 

'  siiriieuza  y  fn'mgnra  supplies  us  with  the  number  of  ciiniinalH  vhom  he 
1  •ini-hcd  duiiiig  the  period  from  ITI'J  to  IT.'t'J:  'lli/o  jti.-ticia  eu  iiuareiita  y 
t't-  niis  (|Ue  .diorco,  en  eii'uto  y  cincuenta  y  uno  (pie  a.saeteo,  y  en  srteeienJo.i 
t  '  iita  y  tn  s  ijue  mando  desterrudos  ;i  vulios  I'residioa  de  este  Iteynu. "  b'lu- 
.       •'.  (Jill  riliini,  ;ii). 

Hisi.  Mux..  Vol.  III.    18 


274 


OrF.XINO  OF  TIIK  EirillTFKNTIT  CENTURY. 


Tins  severity  was  eonuneiided,  nnd  Velazquez  \v;i< 
enjoined  to  extei'iniiiate  the  liaiiditti  whose  auufiin  iit- 
h\<^  miinhers  liad  plaeed  the  safety  of  the  kin<j;'doiii  in 
jeo[iardy.  His  energy  and  liis  inteL,n'ity,  wliieh  [d.K  (d 
inni  above  pureliase  l)y  hiihery,  won  ior  liini  alike  llic 


th 


.f  tl 


.le.      He  (li. 


1  (ii' 


laiiKs  oT  tne  KMii;-,'    viceroys,  and  jk'oj) 
at  Mexico  on  the  7th  of  Septemhi-r  I7:i2,  at  the  ii. 
of  sixty-two,  and  was  buried  in  the  Jesuit  churcl 
la  Profesa.'^ 

Jose  Velazquez  suooeoded  to  his  father's  positi 
and  made  himself  e(|ually  consj)icuous  as  a  supjiri 


'II. 


oi  orii;an( 


lai;i 


On  his  death,  which  occurred  in  I 


the  former  implored  his  son  not  to  accept  the  suco--- 
sion  to  the  oliice  which  had   been   conferred  in    p(  i- 


1' 


■tuitv 


an< 


I  it 


was 


tl 


leretoro 


best 


owea  on 


aciiit't 


^lartinez  de  la  Concha,  who  proved  a  no  less  foriiiitl- 
able  foe  to  hi''hwav  lobbeis  than  were  his  ]»redecess.>i>. 
To  the  end  of  the  century  competent  ciiiefs  in  tuiu 
jtresided  over  the  ti'ibunal,  amonii' whom  may  be  niti!- 
tioned  Mainiel  .Vntonio  de  Santa,  Maria,  who  hel«l  tin' 
office  from  17S"2  to  I  SOS,  and  made  himself  celebivitnl 
by  the  capture  and  capital  ]»unishment  of  two  hm- 
torious  robbers  named  l*iedra  y  Paredes  and  V\\\<> 
Mad 


era 


However  1)eneficial  such  a  tribunal  was  by  the  |>iit- 

"  Felipe  V.  in  the  criliihi  of  M;iy  --,  17--,  coiivoyod  his  •special  thai.l;* 
to  Vclaziiuez  fur  tin-  /cal  Iw  liad  (lis|.la\cil. 

'-' \'claz(jiu'Z  was  deeply  iniiieiited;  dlisecpiies  were  paid  liiiii,  and  tlie 
'Od-.itc  (If  J/i.iiri)  liizii  sll  diiilicp  el('i;iii.'   /«/.,  .'tO    1. 

'■' For  jtartieuiars  lit'  llie  luiiinnms  liands  of  r(il)l>ers  wliieh  he  destrnv.  1 
eoiisnlt  J'miif!,  I'i/v //(>■,  in  Mun.  Jioii.  J:'"/'..  MS.  IIS.     l"i'..ni  an  fitlicial  r.  M'nt 

da  tec  I  is  1 1  giving  the  nnnilier  of  e\  il-dcieise.iptnred  and  ]>unislied  hy  (In  i 

daila  diiwn  to  |N(I!(,  it  ajijiears  tliatduiing  .lose  ^'e!u/.(|Ue/.'  teiin  ot  illi... 
from  17I>-  to  17'"i'>,  .'f.;fS4  niaielai'tois  were  made  prisonur.s.  Of  the.^e  Il.O  >iil- 
feri'd  ea|iit;il  piini.shiiient ;  1!I.V»  weie  distiiliiitcd  aincjng  the  pre.sidii'- :  ''.) 
wci'e  llo,i:yed,  and  4Ii'_'  disehai'ged  after  punishment  or  proof  of  innim  ii' t'. 
(/ijliiiiiiKi'fi  Utpoii  ii'  Ahiiiinii,  Hist,  Ml).,  i.  a|H).  'i. 

"^.V(/c(C,  Jii.^lruc.,  in  Jliis<n  Mi.r.,  i.  ;!(Hl. 

'■'Santa  Maria  ca])tiired  I'iedra  y  I'aiede.s  .'(onietinic  previous  to  hi.s  .fei/iiie 
of  Miidera.  'J'his  gave  rise  to  the  fulliiM  in^r  popular  <piartutte'>'hich  was  suii;; 
at  that  period: 

'i:i  Srni.r  Saiitii  Miiriii 
Tii'iH'  <|iii'  liai'if  unit  oaxn, 
Yii    riiilni  y  I'liiiilis  tiiuo 
BlmU'ia  s(ili)  Ic  liillu.' 

Ahnnaii,  Hist,  Mi'J.,  iii.  app.  73 -A. 


THE  ACORDADA.  27.5 

tri^fitm  wliloh  it  affonU'tl  to  the  royal  treasures duiiii"' 
ti;ii;>|iortation,  mid  to  the  eoniiiiuiiity  at  large,  it  did 
11(4  Liivo  luifjiialified  satisfaetioii.  Its  al isolate  j^ower, 
iiiid  the  preeipitancy  with  whieh  it  huiried  tliiiui^ji 
the  trials  of  oa[)tives,  led  to  the  coniiiiission  of  ahnsts 
iiiiil  iiiiustice.  Thoiiuh  collisions  uith  other  iiuhcial 
luitliorities  occurred,  and  complaints  from  jirivate  iu- 
(Ilvi(hials  were  frequently  preferred  against  the  action 
(if  lieutenants  and  coniisarios  of  the  acoidada,  it  was 
fiiiiily  supported  hy  viceroys  and  king's  during  a  long 
jHriod.'"  Both  tlic  civil  and  territorial  jurisdiction 
ol"  tlie  tribunal  was  greatly  cxtcnde<l,  and  rohhci-s  in 
till'  distant  jirovinces  of  Xueva  Galicia  and  Xueva 
A'i/(  aya  K>arned  to  (head  the  name  of  the  acordada, 
vliich  cniitloved  nearlv  two  thousand  five  hundred 
111.  11  in  its  services,  while  sniuiju'lers,  vauabonds,  and 
]M  tty  thieves  avoided  its  servants  as  they  would  the 
iwciiuc  guards  or  the  city  })olice/^ 

l''iiially,  such  rejiresentations  were  made  to  his 
M.ijtsty  with  regard  to  the  easy  indifference  with 
\\I:ir]i  tlio  lives  of  his  vassals  were  disposed  of,  that  a 
i"\;i]  ccdula  was  issued  orderin<jf  the  sentences  of  the 
;m  "idada  not  to  be  carried  out  without  the  aj>]ir()\al 
1 1"  tlie  viceroy,  who  was  invested  with  the  powci-  to 
ir\(ik(>  or  niocUf'y  every  form  of  punishment.'"*  The 
ivsiilt  was  that  within  a  few  years  the  list  of  cases 
tiird  by  this  tribunal  was  reduced  to  one  eighth  of  its 
tniiiicr  number,  and  the  viceroy  was  of  ojiinion  tliat 
it  ill*'  ordinary'  courts  of  justice  were  ])i()}ierly  athniii- 
i>li  red  there  would  be  no  lurtherncc*!  Ibr  the  ibiiiur. 


uf  imiiicrii'  0. 


'"'\'].r  nibitrary  U'tm  of  triiil  Avns,  liowcvcr,  Mumvliiit  TiKuliticil  liy  loyal 
T'll'ilii  <if  L'ist  lU'ccinldT  17<M,  liy  \\  liiili  it  was  (ndcitil  that  the  judp'  ^honhl 
I'c  iissi>t((l  ))y  two  asc'soics,  cir  l('i,'al  advisers,  and  Ihat  the  .seiiteiiecs  ].asse<l 
iitti  r  hrarilij;  tlie  defeiiiler  of  the  aecusod  shou'd  l<e  sij;iieil  l>y  all  tlir<  e.  Ijiit 
till  I.   v;is  nil  ajipeal. 

'  Till.'  jurisdiction  in  matters  connected  with  proliil)ited  li<|U(iis  w.is  al-o 
I'lili  111  d  upon  the  aooidacla.  'J'he  titles  of  the  ehief  vcie  al^i  )iiulli|ili.cl. 
lliiy  v.iie  alcalde  ]irovincial  de  la  herniandad,  juez  de  la  acoidada.  ;.'iiaid!i 
iii;i\  !•  de  los  caiuilios,  ami  jne/  de  liibidos  in'ohiliido.s.  Cnliildrin,  MS.,  iii, 
li;(  -Ml;  l,',ril!<i  (//>»/{,,  hixinir.^  -.U. 

'"'('on  el  dictiinjen  <le  una  junta,  coni]iuestii  de  un  alcaldi'  de  cmte,  el 
iisisnr  ,1,1  \  iiiiyiiiito,  y  uii  aljuwulo  du  toda  su  uonliau/u."  ld.,'lo.  A.aii;n, 
l'"V;v.,MS., -Jo. 


276 


OrKNIXG  OF  THE  KIOITTKENTfl  CENTURY. 


Tliis  (linnpfc  of  s^'stcin  did  not  fail  to  moot  with  o]i|h.. 
sitioii,  and  occasional  disaufi'ccinciits  arose  betwooii  the 
acordada  and  tlio  snp(;rioi' junta;^"  but  these  were  ov(  r- 
conic  by  the  ))er8istonce  of  the  viceroys.  The  junta 
could  not  at  fi)'st  kco])  pace  with  the  number  of  cases 
which  ic(|uircd  its  cognizance.  When  Azanza  (■><\i\- 
nicnced  his  administration  in  1798,  there  were  filtii  u 
hinidrcd  prisoners  awaiting  trial,  and  his  com]ia.ssiiiii 
induced  Jiim  to  add  ten)porarily  two  additional  coim- 
sellors  to  the  junta  in  order  that  the  decisions  miglit 
lt(>  rendered  with  more  despatch.'*'  The  measuits 
Avhich  Were  successively  adopted  from  this  liim 
I'educed  the  terror-inspiring  acordada  to  a  mere  sluidow 
of  its  former  power. 

The  ]»ris<)n  in  which  offenders  were  confined  by  tliis 
tribunal  was  built  close  to  the  court-room  of  tliu 
acordada.  In  1 77(5  it  was  destroyed  l)y  an  earthquaki . 
but  was  I'ebuilt  on  an  cnlarued  scale.  ]]y  order  ol"  tin' 
odites  of  (Vi'^iz  this  building  was  demolished  in  ISIJ, 
and  tile  iVowning  walls  and  loathsome  dungeons  of  tin 
acordada  j)asseil  I'roni  the  sight  though  not  from  t!  l 
luemoiy  of  the  people  of  Mexico.''^^ 

On  the  conclusiim  of  ]Vrontanoz'  first  term  as  vicc- 
ro}'  he  had  ivturned  to  Ids  diocese  of  IMichoacnn, 
where  f(»r  two  years  and  a  half  he  remained  in  tlie 
active  discharge  of  his  duties.  In  1G98  the  ardi- 
l)ishopric  of  ^lexico  became  vacant  by  the  death  it' 
Francisco  de  Aguiar  y  Seixas'*'^  on  the  14th  of  August. 


p. 


'"Pilling  Az.nnza'H  iHlniinistrntion  fmin  1708  to  ISOO  tlic  jiicz  tlu  la  hm 
iliida  claiiiud  that  lie  ctmld  try  casis  Avitli  only  one  astsor  jncsi'nt.  '11 
vii'oroy  coiiiiicllid  tlic  jml^'c  to  Cdiifurni  .strictly  to  tlie  terms  of  tlieinv 
ei'ilula,  '  iirdiiuiaiaiiilo  sienijire  siis  sinteiicias  ii('S[iiies  lie  liulier  oiilo  la  rcku  v 
ilil  )>r(iceso  (|iu'  deliia  liaeir  el  Kseriliano  y  el  dietanieii  delosdos  Asiesin> 
Di  tViisur  de  la  Casa.'  /(/.,  30-;!l. 

-"A/.,  -Ja-^.-i-'. 

•' Aieurdiiig  to  the  ofTuial  report  of  Cohnnua,  in  Alaman,  J/i^l.  M'i.. 

njip.  ;i,  during  the  period  from  1703  to  ISO!),  0'J,'J0O  persons  were  impri^ 

liy  tiio  ti'ilmnal. 

-'-'  I'laneisei)  dc  Aguiar  was  born  in  Betanzos,  Oalicia.  lie  miccessivtl.s  ' 
enjiicd  the  niiseopal  chairs  of  ( iti.idalajara  and  Miclioacan;  he  was  aiipi'iiit' 
III  (■illli^^hllp  of  Mexico  ill  lOSl,  Jlivcra  having  ileilincd  U)  accijit  tiie  h  ii' 
Aguiar  was  the  principal  founder  of  the  college  at  Ninas  de  IJelen;  buill  i! 


DKATII  OF  M0NTA5ri:Z. 


277 


ith  o|i]iii- 

WCCll  l!lr 

ore  ovci- 
hc  junta 
'  of  cases 
nza  (■( Hii- 
ro iil'tnli 
inpas^i.iii 

IKll  COUll- 

ms  miulit 
ineasuiv> 
;his  liiiir 
•o  shadow 

'dl)ytl!i< 
111  of  tliu 
rtli(]unkr. 
lerdi'tli'- 
ill  IMJ, 
)ns  oftlii' 
from  tliL 


[1  as  VK'o- 
ichoncnii. 
L'd  in  tlir 
lie  aivli- 
death  if 
'  Au<'n>t. 

;'.  do  la  ii'Oi- 
iii'iscnt,  'I!.' 
;  (if  the  in\.il 
iilo  la  I'l'hii  .'11 
us  Asi.'si'iv.'i  y 


llixl.   M'.l.  .  i; 

•c  iuiiiii~"ii"i 

COL'Ssivtlv  I" 
rtlH  ll|'li"ill'"' 
t     till.'     ll     li'   !■ 

Icii;  biiiit  iln. 


fii'd  in  October  1090  the  appointnicni  of  ^lontafii/  as 
ii~  successor  arrived  in  ]\lexi<-().  In  ^Marcli  17U(»  ho 
todk  formal  possession  of  his  see,  and  on  the  ild  of 
January  1702  was  invested  with  the  pallium  which  hail 
1h(  11  received  with  the  pope's  hull  eonhrmini;'  his  ;ip- 
jiiiintment  in  the  j)revious  November.  On  the  l.Otli 
i't'.laiiuary  the  new  archbislioj)  gave  the  custoinai'V 
liaii<|uet  in  celebration  of  the  ceremony.  The  <i^uests, 
\\\\n  wore  members  of  the  cha])ter  and  the  au(hencia, 
writ'  renaled  with  everv  luxnrv  that  the  countrv  could 
jaoduce,  no  less  than  thirty  tlishes  of  ditferent  kinds 
(.f  lidi,  meats,  game,  poultry,  and  coid'octioneiy  being 
]i!ar((l  in  succession  upon  the  table.-''  ]?ul)licpagoantry 
-iRvcrded  religious  ceremonies  and  private  I'easting. 
On  the  20th  of  the  same  month  tln^  archbishop  made 
his  jiublic  entry  into  the  capital  with  a  solemnity  and 
>ji]('ndor  raivly  witnessed."^ 

The  ecclesiastical  administration  of  ^rontanez  was 
marked  by  severity;  and  his  measures  of  reform  were 
caiiied  out.  His  integrity  was  unimpi-achablo,  and  it 
was  on  this  account  that  the  king  api»ointed  him  a 
-(•(•(ind  time  vicerov.     The  zeal  which  ho  disitlavcd  in 

t/  it 

t'lnthoring  the  completion  of  the  chui'di  of  Our  Lady 
itf  ( iiiadalupe  })ronn)ted  him  })ersona]ly  to  solicit  alms 
ill  the  streets  of  ]\lexico  for  that  }iurpose.  His  ad- 
vaiicid  au'o — for  he  was  seventv  vears  old  when  ho 
a-sunu'd  the  archbishopric — prevented  him  from  visit- 
ii;.;  his  diocese,  but  his  duties  wero  faithfully  performed 
\'i  the  last.     The  date  of  his  decease  is  uncertain,-'  but 

,i-yliiiii  fur  insane  foniiilos,  ni  i  i,.i.l  tlio  fust  stone  (if  the  cliurili  nf  Our  I.aily 
ul'CliiKl.iluiie  (,n  Manli  -Jli,  hilt.").  ('ui>ri/.  I'm,-.,  ],•_•,•_'■_'•_':!,  .S-J!)-;,0;  Hn' rn, 
h'iii-in,  I'.l;  hi'n-ild.  Ml  (11.  /list.,  )it.  i.  '.'S.  ill  17-1  liis  11  mains  ■«•>  TO  iininvcil 
'ii'iii  the  jlaoe  wliire  tlicy  liad  Ik'Om  iiitcrrcil  ami  (Kiiiisitcd  in  a  f'i'jiuirln".'  cii 
till'  li^lit  hide  uf  tlie  eliapilof  San  I'eliie  dc  .Je.sus.   JJuf.  lll^t.  Mv.r..,  i;ii.  .svriti 

iv.  '.'i;s. 

■''Otvos  diceii  (jue  Imlici  cinciienta  de  (liversa;i  viandas,  nsi  tlv  ])i'zcad'iv( 
(Sl|lIi-i'o^l,  como  lie  eaineti  y  axes  difc^'ientcs.'  y/uWo',  iJiuihi^  ii.  ;i(il-'_'.  Tlio 
l)aii.|nct  lasted  from  I'J  M.  tUl  '1:'M  v.  y\. 

•'  A  fidl  aceuiint  uf  the  eireindnial  w  ill  he  fmind  in  Id.,  ."llS-T-. 

•'In  CdiicU.  I'riiv.,  I,  '2,  '_'!)•_',  it  i  ■■  stated  tliat  he  died  in  17(14;  .liiarros  says 
in  1710,  Sosii,  K/iisfii]i.  Mi'.r.,  IliS,  makes  this  remaik:  'no  hay  la  mciiir 
i"ii!iailii.(.'ion  en  los  antores  (|ne  seflalan  el  ano  de  17(IS  como  el  de  la  muelte 
ikl  Sr  Ortega  y  M(jntaiii'S.'  L'ahnnt,  Excttdu  dv  Annus,  oU7  et  seq. 


,lri,'j 


278 


OrKXIXG  OF  THE  ElfillTEENTII  CENTURY. 


{IS  liis  siicccsHor  was  not  appointed  till  171 1,  it  is  pr«il>- 
aMc  tluit   his  death   oeeiirred  duiiiiL:"   the   precediii- 


Vt'Ml 


The  next  archbishop,  Fray  Jose  Lanciego  y  Ei;ui- 
la/,  <lid  not  take  p(^,-isessiuu  nntil  the  bej^inniiig  >>[' 
171:!,  and  his  eonseeration  took  jilaee  in  XowiuIhi' 
of  the  f'ollowinLJ  year,  lie  administered  the  ailiiiis 
ol"  the  church  until  1728,  and  was  conspicuous  lor  his 
jiiety  and  chai'ity.  Xunierous  institutions  receisrd 
his  HUpport,  and  the  most  j-emote  districts  of  his  din- 
cese  were  visited.  Lanciego  Mas  an  especial  iViciiil 
of  the  Indians,  and  every  month  his  palace  was 
crowded  with  beggars  to  whom  he  distributed  a]ii>. 
lie  died  on  the  25th  of  January  1728,  and  Avas  in- 
toned in  the  cathedral,  a  funeral  oration  being  deliv- 
ei'ed  by  the  canonigo  magistral  Doctor  l^artoldnn.' 
Feli}>e  de  Ita  y  l*arra.''^" 

In  October  1702,  tlie  duke  of  Alburqucrquc,  llic 
newly  appointed  viceroy,  arrived  at  Vi'ia  Cruz.-'  A 
i'ew  weeks  later  Montahez,  having  fir.st  des])at(li<  d 
his  ne})hew,  the  captain  of  the  gnard,  to  welcome  tin 
duke,  set  forth  in  person  to  meet  him,  accompaninl 
by  a  sj)lendid  cortege.  Alburcjuerque  was  a  man  if 
many  titles,  and  somewhat  given  to  display;  ne\ ei- 
theless  his  career,  A\hich  lasted  ibr  more  than  eiglit 
years,  fully  justitied  the  enthusiasm  with  which  all 
classes  greeted  his  entrance  into  the  capital. ^^     lie  was 

-'"'  /Id  ;/  Parra,  Si  rnioii  Finn  nil  ihl  Sr  Lfui>'!i'ijo,  papsim. 

'-•  ill  till'  Siiliic  iimiitli  Lr(lul;i.s  am  re  ivciiviil  in  w  liicli  ^^ontnfK■z  «ii3 
lf]irc)M  il  lur  alk'j;i'<l  liuiU  ti':iwiiitjf,  dcjirivcil  of  liis  (iliiio  iuid  title  uf  victii'V, 
iiiiii  liirl>iilileii  to  ride,  iis  was  liis  eu.stom,  in  n  earriane  drawn  liy  .six  Iimimj. 
Hi'  was  also  eeiisured  lor  letiisiiiic  to  f;ive  jireeedenee  to  the  monks  ol  t!io 
i>idev  of  San  l)iego,  and  forwaiit  ol'  itsjuet  t^j  the  vieereinc.  In  Au'_'ii.>t  IT'i's 
inrlhef  (■(■dida.s arrived  threatening  hiui  with  the  inijtiisitiou.  JluOlca,  Jjiini'i, 
40:M1.  4li:!-4. 

'■'^'J'he  titles  of  the  new  vieeroj-  were  ducjuc  do  Alburquerfnic,  nianpn's  ilo 
CiK  liar,  eonde  dc  Ledesnia  y  Jluelnia,  senor  du  las  villas  ile  Moiilpeltr;'.ii, 
(  (pdosera,  Lan/aita,  Mijares,  I'edro  Jiein.-irdo,  Aldea  J);'ivila,  S.  Kstevjiii,  ^  i- 
llanjo  y  C'nevas,  colnendador  tie  Oiiailahanal,  y  l>en.s;iyan  of  tho  orders  if 
Santiago  and  .\leantara;  ehandjerlain  to  the  king,  general,  and  vieeroy  of  -Ni  "' 
Sjiaiii.  lli.s  wife  was,)nana  de  la  Cerdii  y  Aragon,  diiehess  of  AMnniiiui  |ite, 
tte.  Sail  Miijuil  ( A.  ill  J,  Si  niiiiii  ilc  In  Siiiiiuriluini,  title-jiage.  no.  1(1;  /'■;'. 
!'('/■.,  ii.    Jlis  daughter,  who  was  conliii.ied  in  1703,  received  uo  less  than  liu.V- 


til.lS 

tile  ,.; 
f'f  the  i 

Ki:!sl 


m 


\aCEKOY  ALBtRQUERQUE. 


!79 


a  slii'cwd,  fair-dealing,  and  energetic  ruler;  one  well 
iittiil  to  bo  at  the  head  of  aftairs  during  the  eventful 
viai.s  of  the  war  of  the  Spanish  succession. 

All  incident  which  is  related  of  the  duke  a  short 
ti);it'  after  his  arrival  may  serve  to  throw  some  liglit 
up')ii  his  character.  A  certain  widow  obtained  audi- 
ciK  r  of  his  Excellency,  and  produced  certain  docu- 
liKiits  whereby  it  appeared  that  a  resident  of  the 
city  was  indebted  to  her  in  the  sum  of  four  tlif»usaiid 
]>is()s;  "but,"  said  the  apjilicant,  *' he  is  unwilling  to 
]i;iy.''  The  viceroy  examined  her  papers,  and  after 
a>kiiig  a  few  questions  bade  her  return  on  a  day  wliieh 
]ir  a])[)!)iiited.  He  then  sent  for  the  debtor,  whom  he 
ivitivod  cordially,  and  after  a  pleasant  chat  iii([uiiv(l 
\\i:ttlier  ho  were  in  easy  circumstances.  The  mau 
ivjilied  that  ho  was  in  the  receipt  of  an  ample  income; 
will  reu])on  the  duke  requested  that  ho  would  l;i\'or 
liiiii  with  a  loan  of  four  tliousaiul  [josos.  "Not  only 
i'niir  thousand  pesos,  but  my  entire  estate  is  at  your 
l^xeelleiicy's  service;"  exclaimed  the  debtor.  Ho  was 
ivijiiested  to  bring  the  amount  on  the  next  nioiiiiiig, 
n\u\  tlien  took  his  departure.  TJKJUgh  loath  to  part 
vitli  liis  g<jld,  he  was  loud  in  his  praise  of  the  vice- 
■'ly's  ati'ability  and  coiidosceiisioii,  ami  spared  no  pains 
tn  ])ublish  the  interview  among  his  comrades.  On 
iiiaking  his  a[)peaiance  the  following  day,  however, 
lie  was  confronted  with  the  documents  and  with  the 

tlnir  iimiics  oil  the  register.  Donniifh,  I/'i-<f.  flu  M>\v.,  i.  2>^i.  On  tlie 'Jlst 
f'l  (M-t.-'lier  tlie  vieercu'iil  paity  reaelieil  Ja!ap:i,  ami  (^ii  the  '2'>tl\  a  eoiimiittcu 
fi"ia  .Mexieo,  eoiisistiiiirot  the  inacstrede  eainjiiiainl  otheis,  went  luith  to  wel- 
I'liiir  him.  On  tlie  l.')li)  of  Novi'nilur  it  is  imiidid  that  a  s)i<'iial  iiiii-ach' 
vus  wniiiglit  in  I'lieVihi  for  hi.s  lieiielit,  ami  tliat  huth  he  au>l  thi^  vieireiue 
cairied  away  .soiiio  tUvine  ichor  from  the  l)oiI\-  of  tlie  Invito  A[iariiio.  J,'oli'i-<, 
li'iiii-n,,  in  Alt',  llifit.  J/,.c.,  408-1-1.  On  lhu'-27th  of  Novcmher  he  took  [ms- 
K'jsiua  of  the  goveiiinient  and  on  the  Sth  of  l)eieml)er  (toneeiition  day)  niado 
lii^i  imhlic  entry  into  the  city,  lie  was  met  at  the  -ates  l>y  tlie  audieneia, 
lity  ulhrijiU,  university  autlioritie.s,  uiul  the  ineiuljers  of  the  ditl'erent  tiilm- 
i:;il.v.  i'n'hind  1dm  came  the  vicereine  and  her  lailies  of  honor,  and  tlie:i 
loUiiwid  o],  sumpter  imiles  with  silver  bits  and  headstalls,  royally  eajiari- 
s^'iiud.  At  the  eeinetery  ho  was  met  liy  the  archliisho|i,  and  tiieii  ]iroeeeihd 
tvi  his  ]iahice.  A  royal  salute  was  lired,  several  persons  lieiii;^  injuieil  throiivji 
tile  ^artlessue.ss  of  the  gunners.  Jivljlif,  JJiurio,  418-20.  Kveii  the  trilmnul 
t'f  the  iiKjiiisition  joined  tlie  procession,  an  lioiujr  which  had  never  beloro 
If  ell  shown  eveu  to  a  viceroy.  Mex.,  A'ot,  Ciud.  Mex.,  21)5-7. 


■jri 


880 


OPENIXO  OF  THE  EKTHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


widow,  whose  flaiiii  lio  was  compcllod  to  sati-ly. 
tlioui'li  tliu  loss  of  tl)«j  inoUL'3'  was  as  iiothiii;^'  <":;i- 
])arv(l  with  the  inortifieatioii  which  sunk  (lee|>  intu 
the  soul  of  the  crestfallen  man  as  ho  slunk  from  t!if 
duke's  presence  chamber. 

Th(>  dispute  between  the  grand  monarch  and  tlic 
(■ni|»eror  Leojtold,  which  cost  Europe  ten  years  <>[' 
v.;ir,  and  divi<led  even  the  Si)aniards  into  rival 
I'aclions,  concerned  not  the  pi.'ople  of  New  Spain. 
The  empiu'or's  son  was  acknowledL^^'il  by  all  as  tho 
rightful  heir,  and  the  brilliant  cami)aigns  of  ^rai'- 
]>oroU!jfh  causetl  no  more  excitement  in  the  8[)ani>li 
]»rovin<*es  than  the  bloodless  revolution  which  a  t'tw 
ycais  before  placed  Willijim  111.  on  the  throne  ni' 
Kuijland  aroused  ainon*''  the  colonii-s  of  ]:}ritish  A:ik;'- 
ica.  The  new  viceroy  re;ij^ulated  the  internal  ai^ai!^ 
of  his  pro\  ince  without  dithculty,  and  at  once  madi' 
jtri'parat'ons  to  re[)el  the  attac-ks  of  foreign  pouci-. 
and  of  corsairs  who  still  hovered  on  the  coast,  lie 
increasetl  the  navy,  strengthened  the  fortiticatieiis, 
I'eenforced  the  garrisons  with  two  thousand  veteiaii 
troojts  irom  Spain,  and  appointed  olhcers  of  knnwa 
valor  and  ability  to  the  command  of  the  foitre»i  n. 
]f  a  less  cajiable  man  than  the  duke  of  Albur(pUTi|ik' 
had  now  been  at  the  head  of  ati'airs,  it  is  probaiili' 
that  some  serious  disaster  miglit  have  befallen  tin' 
provinces,  for  evil  tidings  were  constantly  being  i>  - 
ceived  in  the  ea{)ital. 

In  ^Tay  170;]  a  despatch  was  forwarded  to  the  au- 
thorities in  ^Mexico,  stating  that  the  peoj>le  of  \  >  ;a 
Cruz  were  leavini;  that  citv  with  their  elfects,  thrnii-h 
dread  of  foi-eign  invasion.  In  .lune  of  the  same  vi  u' 
the  govei-nor  of  Tabasco  defeated  the  crew  of  a,  Ihii  i>li 
man-of-war.  many  of  the  JCnglish  being  killed,  aii'i  a 
liundred  and  iifty  ])risoners  cai)tured.  In  the  autinmi 
of  1704  Ca})tain  William  Dampier,  whose  raids  in 
Central  Ameiica  have  already  been  described,-'  a[t- 

"* llitst.  Cent.  Aiiur.,  ii.  O-tl  et  seq.,  this  series. 


nOGERS  A\P  PAMriER. 


2Sl 


pcirc'd  once  more  in  the  waters  of  the  South  Sea,  in 
ciMiiniand  of  the  ship  Sn'tit  (fcuiyc,  intent  on  <-;i[>- 
turiiiijf  the  treasure  galleon  Ironi  Aeai»nIco.  After 
t.ikiiiii"  two  vessels  whose  cargoes  were  of  little  value 
lie  ^ightetl  the  treasure  ship.  Hoisting  the  S[)ani.>h 
(mIiiis  he  sailed  close  up  to  her  and  o[)ened  lire.  \ 
|iiisitner  on  board  the  pirates'  vessel  ct)unselled  them 
t'l  linard  at  once,  during  the  confusion  caused  hv  the 
tii-'t  volley;  out  there  was  a  difference  of  opinion 
;iiii<iiiLr  tiie  ofHcers,  and  Mhile  the  matter  was  yet  un- 
(l(  I-  discussion  the  galleon's  heavy  <>'uns  were  hioutiht 
tit  hear  on  the  crai't  of  the  corsairs  with  such  elfect 
t!i;it  they  were  glad  to  esca])e  in  their  sinking  vessel. 
Duiiiig  the  same  year  one  Captain  CIi|)[)erton,  who 
arcoiiipanied  that  famous  adventurer,  separat''d  fi'oni 
liiiii  when  off  the  eastern  coast  of  Mexico,  and  with 
a  vessel  of  ten  tons,  mounting  only  two  pieces  of 
(aiiiKiii,  defied  the  town  of  Ilealejo,  and  ca[itured  two 
Sjiaiii.^h  ships  which  lay  there  at  anchor,  one  of 
which  contained  treasure  to  the  value  of  four  thou- 
sand jiesos. 

Five  years  later  certain  wealthy  merchants  c»f  Rris- 
t"l  lifted  out  two  vessels  for  a  "voyage  of  discovery 
and  [irofit,"  the  explorations  to  be  extended  to  the 
ni'eaiis  on  either  side  of  the  American  continent,  and 
tile  |iroiit  to  be  dei-ived  from  the  pillage  of  Spanish 
x'ttlenients  and  Spanish  treasure  ships.  Two  ves- 
sels were  chartered,  the  Dtike  and  the  Dhc/u'^-s,  well 
:!i!iied  and  efpii[)ped,  having  on  board  a  complement 
"tahout  three  hundred  and  thirty  men,  and  carrying 
oiiiiiiiissions  from  the  king's  consoi-t  and  lord  liigh 
admiral  of  I'^ngland  to  attack  and  jtlunder  the  Spaii- 
iaitU  and  French  on  the  coasts  of  Peru  antl  Mexico. 
Captain  Woodes  llogers  was  ]»laced  in  command,  and 
auKiiig  other  olHcers  was  William  ])ampier,  though 
ii'iw  ill  a  subordinate  jKisition.  It  was  a,  motley  ciew 
that  sailed  IVom  Cork  harbor  on  the  i!7th  of  August 
I7i^  to  undertake  the  circumnavigation  of  the  world. 
Ihi  10  were  on  board  tailors,  pedlers,  tinkers,  tiddlers, 


a 


i 


"S" 


OrrXIXO  of  the  ElfillTEEXXII  CEXTIT.Y, 


W  I 


k'»  I 


]»l()ii'^liiii('ii,  liiiyiiiakcrs,  Ijihorors,  and  men  roprosoiitiii,' 
nearly  all  the  occupations  by  wliicli  the  poor  cam  ;. 
lixcliliood,  except,  that  of  fseanian. 

]{oini(liiin'  ('ape  ]Iorn  in  safety  the  vessels  arilxnl 
oirtlie  island  of. Juan  Fernande/on  the  1st  of  Feliiu- 
aiv  170'J,  and  tJie  same  afternoon  a  pinnace  was  m  iit 
on  shore  for  water.  At  dusk  a  ]i<jlit  was  ol)ser\i«l 
on  the  i>land,  and  the  comnian<ler,  supposinj^'  thiit  it 
was  kindled  l»y  the  (i-(>w  of  a  Spanish  or  French  ui.in- 
of-war,  fired  uims  iVom  the  (|Uarter-deck  to  recall  tlir 
]>iniiace.  and  })rei)ared  his  ships  for  action.  No  siil 
was  in  >i''ht  on  the  lollow":.;;  morninLT.  and  itwascnn- 
eluded  that  tin."  enemy  had  been  frightened  away  ly 
the  sound  of  the  firing.  Tiie  cause  of  the  straiii^r 
light  was  soon  explained,  however,  for  the  piniiaci: 
heiiig  again  sent  ashore  returned  with  a  man  clad  in 
goat-skins,  and  as  wild  of  aspect  as  the  animals  IVdiii 
which  ho  had  jirocured  his  ap2)arel.  His  name  \\;i^ 
Alexander  Selkii'k. 

The  exj)edition  then  sailed  for  Peru,  and  after  tid^ini^ 
a  nuniher  of  prizes  and  capturing  the  tt)wn  of  (Ju.iv- 
a(juil,  for  which  a  moderate  ransom  was  received,  pi"- 
c(('(]ed  to  the  island  of  Gorgona,  whence  some  of  \\\r 
prisoners,  hiing  sent  to  I'ananui  for  the  pui'pose,  i'- 
turned  with  money  to  redeem  a  jK)rtion  of  the  ]iii/i' 
cai'L!<ies,  the  bari^ain  beini:"  honorably  fulfilled  on  heth 
bidis.  Kogers  soon  afterward  sailed  for  Mexico,  ;iih1 
righted  land  near  the  spot  where  Dampier  was  de- 
feated l>v  the  treasure  t-alleon.  Thence  a  few  d.ivs 
later  he  shai»ed  his  course  for  the  coast  of  Lower  ( ':il- 
ii'oi  Ilia,  made  Cape  San  Lucas  on  the  1st  of  Novenilx  r, 
and  cruising  southward  a  few  weeks  later  captured  a 
large  and  well  maimed  twenty -gun  ship  bound  lieiii 
jManila  to  Acapuleo. 

The  prison^'rs  gave  information  that  a  still  lavLirr 
vessel  had  left  Manila  in  company  with  them,  imt 
being  a  better  sailer  had  long  since  parted  company, 
and  wa>  now  nrobablv  Iving  at  Acapuleo.  Witliin  a 
lew  da\s  this  ship  came  in  sight,  but  now  the  priva- 


Tin:  UBIQUITOUS  nuccAxnrRs. 


CS3 


1. 1  IS  luuiid  iimiv  tliaii  tlicir  iiintclu  Slic  |>r<»v«'(l  to 
Ir  ilic  Vi<i<nila  mouiitiiin'  sixty  ^'ims  and  willi  u  coiii- 
] !( iiaiit  of  four  ]inii<hx(l  and  liltv  iiifii.  AlUra  sl-vcu 
lioui.-' liudit  the  Kiij^lish  wtT'j  iliivtii  oll'witli  licavy 
l(i>-.  and  w  itli  MUiiilxTs  uTtatly  icduci-cl  tla-  expedition 
s.ii!i(l  Iioineward  a  loitninht  latt.r  \>y  way  of  tlio 
(  ,i|it  (if  Good  lIo))e,  aiiclioiinjjf  in  tlie  Downs  oi»  tlie 
1-t  (pf  ()('tol)el-  1(1 10.  Tlie  cost  of  llio  Vova<je  <lid  not 
i\r(t(l  7r),0()(J  pesos,  an<l  the  j)ioceeds  anionnted,  as  a 
cli'niiicli'r  of  tliat  period  allirnis,^' to  8jU, 000  j)esos,  of 
whlili  the  pi'on)oteis  received  two  thirds,"'  or  a  elear 
jiintlt  of  more  than  7jO  per  cent  on  tlieir  outlay. 
Tins  did  the  worthy  nurehants  of  Bristol  i^row  rieli 
liy  lici used  piracy,  and  learn  to  despise  the  .slow  gains 
dl'  li'Liitiniate  eonimeree. 

Aliitut  the  year  1712  the  burcancors  mustered  in 
foKc  for  a  raid  on  Vera  Cruz,  and  once  more  tau'^ht 
t!i'  Spaniards  how  <lefenceless  were  their  forts  and 
!:;nrisons  when  assailed  by  a  l)and  of  resolute  men. 
Til  •  iiiiates  anchored  out  (»f  sisiht  of  the  city,  and  six 
liuiidicd  of  them,  laiidiniL,^  by  nl„ht,  arrived  undiscov- 
nv.l  at  the  sandhills  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  town. 
Jf  IV  they  lay  hidden  till  after  midnight  of  the  fol- 
lowing day,  timing  their  advance  on  A'era  Cruz  for 
tip'  hour  of  dawn  when  the  gates  were  opened.  A 
WW  of  the  l)arty  who  could  converse  in  Spanish  were 
sriit  forward  disguised  as  peasants,  and  as  soon  as 
till'  nearest  gate  was  opened,  one  of  them  mounted 
I'V  ;i  ladder  to  a  neighboring  bastion  and  begged  the 
M'litiiiil  to  give  him  a  light  for  his  ]>ipe.  The  sentry 
.ipl'inached  with  alighted  brand,  and  as  he  drew  near 
i!ii  liiircanecr  shot  him  dead  with  his  pistol.  The 
iviiialiider  of  the  j>arty  then  secured  the  gate,  and  the 
iiuiiii  body  instantly  marched  into  the  town  and  t<»ok 
Uji  a  position  in  the  jiarade  ground.  The  Spaniards, 
!'iu>t'!l  Irom  their  slund)ers,  <|uickly  collected  their 
luici's,  and  mai-ched  with  horse  and  foot  through  one 

'  ll'irrU,  Col.  Vn;/.,  i.    lOS. 
■M  »ijc  half  accordiiiL;  to  Ilairis. 


u 


l?w 


'^lluf;^ 


I*;    1, 


f'  i; 


csi 


ori:NiN<;  or  tiif.  nniiTriNTii  ri'XTniY. 


•  if  llic  widest  slrctls  <<»  ;itt;i(k  ihf  iliv;i(1»  I's.  Tin. 
jiiiiilcs  welt'  drawn  u|t  in  tlirrr  lines,  each  of  ulii'li, 
nt'ter  liriiiLC  h  volley,  withdrew  to  idond  «nd  nllww 
those  in  the  rear  to  deliver  their  lire.  The  S|taiii-li 
troops  lietran  to  waNcr;  tlieii-  horses  taking'  IVI  !,t 
jtlnnu'ed  throiiuh  their  I'anks,  aiwl  soon  the  L;aiii.,,|i 
wcrc!  routed  and  tied  tln'ou'-h  the  city,  liotK'  i»ur.-ii'il 
hy  the  imccaneers,  until  they  i-(  ached  i>noortho  ,i(;iti  > 
and  scattered  over  the  adjacent  country. 

Meanwhile  the  alaiin  had  heen  iniven  at  the  rnstl' 
of  San  .luan  <le  I'h'ia,  and  a  l)ii>k  lire  was  o|)en<'(l  dii 
the  town,  ^riie  pirates  then  held  a  council,  and  it  \.;is 
resolved  to  sei/e  tlw;  ])atlres,  and  alter  cutlin;jj  otl'  ihc 
li(\'ids  of  several,  to  send  others  to  th(.'  cattle  wiili 
instructions  to  present  them  to  the  e-overnor  and  1^  11 
him  that  unless  tlu'  (irin<4  ceased  tln>  remainder  weiiM 
he  treated  in  the  same  wav.  'J'he  u-o\'ernor  answnvd 
Ity  I'cdouhlint;  his  tire;  whereupon  the  l»uccan<(is 
closed  all  the  nates  and  drove  the  iidiahitants  in  ;i 
l)0(ly  to  the  part  of  the  city  which  was  most  I'xpoxd 
to  the  shot  from  tin;  t'oit.  Orders  wer(>  now  uiven  In 
ci'ase  tiring',  nnd  the  freehootel's  wen;  left  midisturlnil 
to  plunder  the  town;  hut  tindinu;' no  threat  hooty,  tiny 
carried  off  to  their  ships  a  iiumher  of  the  j)i'inc:p;il 
citizens,  and  demanded  a  large  sum  for  their  I'ansnni. 
Soon  after  their  de]>artur(>  the  S|)aniai'ds  erected 
watch-towers  and  jiosted  sentinels  along  the  coast  to 
guard  against  surprise  for  the  future. 


1 II' 


No  other  inci  'cuts  worthy  of  note  occurred  (hii'- 
ing  the  reign  of  klhur(pier(|Ue.  Toward  the  cl(»se  "{' 
his  administrati(  ''"  he  was  invested  with  the  (trdcr 
of  the  golden  tli  '^'e,  the  honor  heing  conferrecl  eii 
him  by  the  seni  r  inquisitor,  Francisco  do  Dc/.a. 
During  his  long  t  rm  of  olHco  lie  lived  in  royal  state, 
givuig  magnificent  banquets,  and  freely  distributing' 


'-In  170!),  according  to  Lnrfvznmi,  f/iyf.  Xifrn  f-J^jiaiin,  29-30,  coiiii '1  in 
Zini}(ivijh,  tlisl.  Mfj.,  and  Jlifini,  Hist.  Jalcjui;  in  Alanuui,  and  ot!;!--, 
17US. 


vicp.noY  LiXAiir.si. 


2S.-I 


111- v.i-t,  wciiltli.  Hi-.  ri;]('  w.'is  \n\\<_f  rciiiciiilicrcd  in 
til'  r.ipit.'il,  i'lir  it  was  said  tliaf  in»  monarch  cniild  livf 
ill  iiinic   priiicily  !4vlc   than  did  thi.s  viccTt)}'  ul'  Xcw 

Spain. 


'•ii  the  lath  ol'  .la)iuary  1711  tlic  snffcssoi"  <»f 
Alliiir'|n('i'i|ni',  J)itn  l"riiiaiidi>  di-  .Maiicasti-c,  Ma- 
imia  y  Silva,  dM(|ni'  dc  Linai'i's,  niai(|nt':^  do  A^-dda- 
tui  nlcs,  made  Ids  ]»nhlii-  entry  into  Altxico.  lie  is 
(!i  (Tihcd  l»y  tin-  (ln'oniclci's  of  Ids  a^'o  ns  ji  laithtnl, 
( in  r'^rtic,  and  hcrR-Ndlcnt  man.  ]'\irf'>"  ycai-s  anti  a 
lialt'lic  lii'ld  th(j  reins  of  jtowrr,  and  (hirin<4  that  time 
jii-ticf  was  ))rom|ttly  an<l  imparlially  a(hninisti'ri'd ; 
juil'lii'  ollicials  wt  re  not  allowed  t(»  nei^leet  theii- 
(luiics;  education,  art,  and  scieiici^  found  in  him  a 
wiiliii'^-  ])atron,  and  the  ail'airs  of  the  crown  a  zealous 
L;i:ai(han.  Nevertheli'ss  the  new  \iceroy  liad  laden 
iipnii  evil  times,  and  the  first  ])oition  of  his  aihninis- 
1  lit  lull  is  in  marked  contrast  with  the  ])i'os[)erity 
wliiili,  with  some  ilrawhacks,  seems  to  have  jirevaileil 
iluiiiiL,^  the  ruh'  of  liis  predect^ssor.  '^Die  scourij^es  of 
taitli(juake,  famine,  and  ]>eslilence,  followinLf  in  cl<»se 
succession,  fell  on  many  portions  of  New  S[>ain,  biit 
iin\\li(>i'e  more  heavily  than  on  the  capitid. 

(.)ii  the  IGth  of  August  in  this  year  a  severe  earth- 
(|U;il;c  oceurred  lastiuij  for  half  an  hour.  Tlie  stron<n'st 
hiiililiiigs  could  not  withstand  the  shocks;  and  thougli 
^Vl•  liave  few  I'ecords  of  this  disaster,  exee[>t  in  jNLexico 
iiiid  J*uebla,  it  is  ])robahle  that  other  cities  suffered 
iin  less  severely.  A  short  time  before  there  ha<l  been 
Jill  almost  total  eclipse  of  the  sun;  and  row  t)ie 
}i:iiiic-stricken  inhabitants,  thinking  that  the  worM 
\\ii>  surely  at  an  end,  thronged  to  the  churches  to 
ftiiiUss  their  sins  and  leceive  the  .sacrament.  For  a 
tiiiic  there  was  no  more  religious  community  on  earth 
tli;iii  that  which  was  leathered  in  the  valley  of  Mex- 
I'".     The  thief  brought  back  his  stolen  ^'oods  ;   the 

11  •  •  •  *^  . 

,ii;niil)ler  restored  his  gains;  the  rich  man  gave  to  hini 
tli:il  had  not;    and   nuuiv  a  lon<i-standing   feud  wahs 


'«iS 


't 


\ 


111  Ml 


1 '» 


if 


IV, 


OPEXING  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


roeonfilcd  in  anticipation  of  the  pfrcat  day  of  rcclvoi,. 
\u'^  wliifh  all  believed  to  be  innninent.^^ 

J  Jut  the  threatened  judgment  was  postponed  for 
a  wlille,  and  soon  men  gambled  and  quarrelled  iiinl 
cheated  each  other  as  in  the  good  old  days  of  C<Mif,'s 
and  .\lvarado.  As  for  the  poor,  those  who  were  1  itt 
]n>n>eless  and  penniless  by  the  disaster,  they  begu< d, 
and  generally  in  vain,  for  assistance  in  repairing  tin  ir 
shattered  dwellings.  Fortunately,  however,  they  hk  t 
with  a  good  friend  in  Linares,  who  spared  neither 
income  nor  private  fortune  in  relieving  their  wniits; 
supi^lied  funds  for  rebuilding,  and  kept  the  pulilic 
graiiaries  filled  with  maize,  which  he  distributed  to 
the  destitute  at  his  own  expense,  and  to  the  less  nei.dy 
at  the  lowest  possible  price. 

Disastrous  as  was  the  year  1711,  it  vas  but  tlio 
precui-sor  of  3'et  more  calamitous  days.  In  171.']  j)ii- 
mature  frosts  conrpletely  dcstro^^cd  the  crops,  not  oiily 
in  the  valley  of  !^Iexico,  but  in  all  the  table  lands  nf 
Xew  Spain.  The  viceroy  bestirred  himself  with  liis 
usual  energy,  and  at  great  personal  sacritice  suececii'il 
in  filling  the  granaries  of  the  capital.  But  during  the 
following  year  the  supply  became  exhausted,  or  at 
least  the  suf)ply  available  for  the  poor.  Soon  ])C>ti- 
lence  followed;  and  through  the  fair  streets  of  iho 
metrop<^>lis  wandered  gaunt  and  jdague-stricken  figuivs, 
],(<_f>jriu>r  with  feeble  voice  and  vainly  stretchin!-'  nut 
tln-ir  hands  for  bread.^^ 

The  wants  of  the  sick  and  destitute  were  to  si'ino 
extent  relieved  by  the  viceroy,  the  archbishop,  niid 
the  charitable  institutions  of  Mexico;  but  elstnvhi  re 
even  greater  sulferings  were  experienced,  and  iVi  -h 
catastr<»phes  added  to  the  prevailing  distress.  ( )a 
the  night  of  the  15th  of  May,  1714,  the  province  of 

^  Zoinnrnh,  Hint.  M^j.,  v.  aC.VO;  Alvjrc,  Ifif!f.  Oomprvd.,  iii.  hiS.  Dmini; 
1711,  a  Miow  storm  occuni'd  in  the  Viilluy  of  Mexico,  the  only  on';  inentiiin'l 
fpMii  that  date  until  17(i7. 

^'Tlie  jrlcmi,.  now  p'Tvadiiig  the  city  wns  increased  by  the  r.ews  th.it  the 
wife  of  I-VliiK'  v.  was  dead ;  the  jK'ople  being  ordered  to  wear  niuurning  in  lar 
lucmory.  JUrfra,  J/iat,  Jubtpa,  i.  iOi), 


LOSS  OF  COMMERCE. 


287 


VoiM  Cruz  was  visited  liy  a  severe  e.'irtliqnnke.  In 
tliL'  town  of  Cordoba  tlie  shocks  c-aiiie  iu  so  ra}»id  sue- 
Hssion  and  with  so  increasiiinj  intensity  that  the  en- 
tirr  ])opulation  ruslied  forth  into  the  streets.  Women 
t'lr^ct  their  modesty  and  lun'ricd  almost  naked  from 
tluii-  dwellings;  men  forgot  their  manhood  and  left 
their  little  ones  to  perish  ainidst  the  wreck  of  i;dling 
liouses;  while  man,  matron,  and  maid  knelt  sidu  hy 
>i(lr.  bare-kneed  on  the  pavement,  and  oiKivd  fervent 
sup]ilications  to  the  virgin  for  deliv(>ranc(,'."'' 

])tfore  the  people  of  C()rdoba  had  time  to  recover 
from  their  fright  another  calamity  befell  them  and 
one  iar  more  disastrous.  On  the  2;ld  of  June  in  the 
saiise  year,  dense  black  clouds  rolled  in  from  the  ocean, 
and  torrents  of  rain  fell,  almost  without  intermis^i^^n 
tni'  lifteen  days.  The  houses  were  flooded;  and  those 
who  lived  on  the  mountain  side  were  in  danger  of  de- 
stnution  from  the  huge  bowlders  and  trunks  of  trees 
>\V('j>t  down  by  the  swollen  torrents.  All  connnuni- 
cation  with  the  neighboring  hacienilas  was  cut  off; 
lattk'  perished  by  the  thousand,  and  their  owners 
hardy  esca])ed  with  their  lives.  When  the  storm 
clcaicd  away  it  was  found  that  the  surface  of  the  coun- 
try was  greatly  changed.  Enormous  barrancas  were 
I'nriiiod  and  the  streams  diverted  i'rom  their  f(jrmer 
channels. 


During  all  these  calamities  the  people  of  Xew  Spain 
found  some  consolation  in  the  relief  which  they  now 
iiijoyxl  from  the  raids  of  freebooters  and  privateers; 
hut  Jiis  inununity  was  secured  under  conditions 
A\liiih,  ere  long,  caused  Spain  the  loss  of  in  r  New 
Wnild  commerce.  ]^y  the  treaty  which  was  signed 
at  I'trecht  on  the  11th  of  A])ril,  171:!,  I'Jigland  ob- 
tain(  (I  the  privilege  of  shipping  negro  slaves  to  the 
i>hnuls  and  mainland  of  America,  and  of  maintaining 

'■  r.y  this  carth(]uakc  the  church  ot'  San  Antonio  was  so  much  shattcreil 
that  il  Ijccunic  necessary  to  rebuild  it.  Iludriijutz,  Carl.  JIi<sl.,  41. 


t  ji. 


2S8 


OPENING  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTNRY. 


i 


depots  and  trading  factories  in  tlic  Spanish  Amorir-an 
possessions;^"  tliis  being  a  part  of  the  price  at  wliidi 
France  and  Spain  secured  the  withdrawal  of  Great 
Britain  from  the  grand  alHance. 

His  Cathohc  Majesty  Felipe  V.  and  her  Britannic 
Majesty  Queen  Anne  were  to  receive  each  one  fourth 
sliare  ia  the  profits  obtained  from  the  sale  of  tliof^e 
human  chattels,  the  former  agreeing  to  advance  (nie 
million  pesos  for  carr^'ing  on  the  trade,  or  in  case  lie 
could  not  raise  such  an  amount  to  pay  interest  thciv- 
upon  at  the  rate  of  eight  per  cent  a  year."'''  Before 
her  decease,  which  occurred  in  the  following  year, 
the  English  sovereign,  finding  her  share  unprofitable, 
transferred  it  to  the  South  Sea  Company,  thougli  it 
docs  not  appear  that  the  latter  reaped  much  beueiit 
therefrom.^^ 

"Commercial  houses,"  as  they  were  termed,  were 
at  once  established  at  Vera  Cruz  and  elsewhere  eii 
the  coast  of  the  North  Sea;  but  their  owners,  not 
content  with  the  enormous  profits  of  the  slave-trade, 
violated  the  terms  of  the  treaty  by  introducing  carL'^es 
of  foreign  merchandise.  England  was  now  permiiud, 
as  we  have  seen,  to  send  3'early  to  Portobello  a  five 
hundred  ton  vessel  freighted  with  merchandise;^'^  Imt 
each  slaver  that  landed  its  living  cargo  on  the  shores 
of  New  Spain  brought  also  a  quantity  of  contraband 
goods.  In  vain  the  custom-house  officers  atteni|)te(l 
to  stay  this  traffic;  and  in  vain  tlr3  penalty  of  death 
and  confiscation  of  property  was  threatened  agaiii!>t 

'"An  asicnto  for  the  sale  of  slaves,  with  power  to  regulate  their  price,  was 
also  granted  to  the  French  about  the  year  1702. 

'■  S(jnie  of  the  clauses  of  this  asicnto  are  given  in  Moro,  Inforrite  (Mexico, 
17-4),  1-4,  and  all  of  tlicm  in  an  abridged  form  in  Salmon's  Moilrrn  Ulti  l.'M 
cd..  London,  1740),  iii.  220-2.  The  asiento  had  been  previously  giautid  (in 
1702)  to  the  French  Guinea  Company  and  was  transferred  to  tlie  croviuif 
England  at  the  treaty  of  Utrecht. 

'*■  In  a  speech  delivered  before  the  company  in  1731,  Sir.Tohn  Eyles  in  giviiij; 
an  account  of  tliis  branch  of  their  business  during  tiie  previous  ten  yvM-', 
states  tliat,  though  the  report  of  their  having  lost  £2,000,000  by  the  tradi'  wm 
untrue,  tliey  had  incurred  such  losses  tiirough  tiie  seizure  of  their  elicits  iiy 
the  Spaniards  during  tlie  wars  with  Spain  tliat  tlieir  gains  were  very  small. 
Tlicy  were  not,  however,  out  of  pocket.   Id.,  222. 

^'•' Wft.  Cent.  Amir.,  ii.  o8G-7,  this  series. 


CONTRABAND  TRADERS. 


2S9 


all  Spaniards  who  engaged  in  it.  It  was  an  easy 
matter  to  bribe  the  not  over-conscientious  or  over- 
vigilant  officials,  and  thus  to  procure  goods  at  cheap 
rates  instead  of  paying  tribute  to  the  merchants  of 
Seville.  For  twenty-eight  years  the  South  Sea  Com- 
paiiy  and  private  adventurers  carried  on  a  contraband 
trade,  ahuost  to  the  exclusion  of  Spanish  commerce, 
until,  at  the  convention  of  Madrid  in  1750,  the  former 
ai;recd  to  annul  the  asicnto,  receiving  in  return  certain 
(iiiiinicrc'al  privileges,  and  a  money  compensation  of 
,100,000  pesos.  During  this  period  the  commerce 
liL'tween  the  Spanish  provinces  and  Europe  was  esti- 
mated at  286,000,000  pesos,  of  which  amount  English 
smug|]^lcrs  and  slavers  absorbed  no  less  than  224,- 
UOO.OOO  pesos,  and  only  02,000,000  pesos,  or  less  than 
•I'l  {ler  cent  of  the  entire  sum,  fell  to  the  share  of  the 
Spanish  galleons.*" 

During  the  last  years  of  his  administration  the 
viceroy  was  constantly  engaged  in  petty  warfare  with 
the  contraband  traders ;  but  to  no  purpose.  All  that 
man  could  do  he  did.  The  troops  were  kept  on  the 
alert;  the  armada  de  Barlovento  also  rendered  good 
service,  in  consideration  of  which  they  received  their 
pay"  at  no  very  long  intervals,  and  sometimes  even 
vith  regularity,  the  latter  a  rare  incident  in  those 
ilays.  But  on  the  thinly  peopled  coast  of  New  Spain 
were  many  excellent  and  secluded  anchorage  grounds, 
uud  the  population  being  for  the  most  part  in  league 

*"Znmarot\  Hist.  M&}.,  v.  531. 

"  In  liis  instructions  to  hia  successor  the  viceroy  saj's  that  the  armada  do 
r.arluvi.iito  had  received  assistance  from  himself  and  hia  predecessors,  as  the 
tiMojis  Wild  iu  arrears  of  pay,  but  that  if  a  trustworthy  j person  were  sent  to 
iNiiiiiiin;  the  accounts  of  the  difl'erent  garrisons,  it  might  be  found  that  the  king 
v.as  a  Licditor  leather  than  a  debtor.  Tlie  instructions  rehito  to  other  matters, 
ami  arc  nniarkable  for  their  terseness  and  vigor  of  expression.  Lbiarai,  In- 
finiri-'viii.  li  mi  mtcesor,  iu  Vireyex  de  Mcx.  Iiistnic,  M.S.,  ful.  i.  49,  ii.  '23.  Iu 
•I  ;iio  I(i>7  the  seiimcn  and  troops  belonging  to  the  armada  mutinied  at  Vera 
<':uzon  ui'cuunt  of  not  having  received  their  pay,  which  was  at  the  rate  of 
dliiiiit  eleven  pesos  a  month,  and  because  they  were  not  s.atisfied  Mitli  this 
iniiiiiiit.  Un  receiving  a  portion  of  their  back  pay  and  a  full  pardon  they  re- 
tmunl  to  their  duty.  Jilvrra,  Gob.  Mex,,  i.  262-3.  Robles,  470,  states  that 
u  tuicc  of  nmlattoes  waa  sent  against  them  and  tliat  three  of  the  mutineers 
wtru  killed. 

Hut.  Mn.,  Vox..  UI.   1» 


'lilt   :  K. 


290 


OPENING  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


IS  ( 


1 


with  the  Enghsh,  httle  could  be  done  to  check  their 
unlawful  traffic. 

On  the  15th  of  August  171G,  Linares'  term  of 
office  expired,  and  his  decease  occurred  during  the 
following  year.*^  He  had  proved  himself  a  ImiDauo 
and  benevolent  man;  but  it  was  not  until  after  hii 
death  that  the  full  extent  of  his  charities  was  known. 
It  then  appeared  that  besides  devoting  large  suni«  to 
the  relief  of  the  poor,  he  had  established  free  dis[)cn- 
saries  at  the  different  barriers  of  the  city,  and  in  his 
will  he  bequeathed  a  further  amount  for  similar  pur- 
poses. All  his  bequests  were  faithfully  carrieil  out 
by  his  executors,  and  among  them  was  one  of  five 
thousand  pesos  in  aid  of  the  Jesuit  missions  in  CaH- 
fornia.*^ 

Linares'  successor  was  Baltasar  de  Zdniga,  mar- 
ques do  Valero  and  duque  de  Arion."  The  salary  of 
the  new  viceroy  was  fixed  at  twenty-seven  thousand 
pesos  a  year,  a  larger  stipend  than  was  usually  })aid, 
and  its  amount  excited  unfavorable  comment  from  his 
predecessor.*'  The  condition  of  affairs  in  New  Spain 
was  not  in  keeping  with  such  extravagance.  The 
country  had  not  yet  recovered  from  the  disasters  nf 
1714,  and  two  years  after  Valero  had  assumed  office, 
tidings  arrived  of  a  severe  famine  in  Texas.  So  great 
was  the  scarcity  of  grain  that  the  troops  stationed 
there  threatened  to  desert.  Provisions  were  at  once 
forwarded  to  the  governor  of  Coahuila,  and  iu  the 
hope  of  making  that  territory  self-sustaining  persons 

*'■'  He  died  in  Mexico  on  tlic  3d  of  June,  and  his  deatii  was  much  rogrctteil. 
Ho  was  l)uricd  in  tiic  Ciirnicu  convent,  which  was  afterward  known  as  the 
church  of  San  Sebastian.  His  portrait  was  preserved  in  the  nunnery  of  Santi 
Teresa  la  Nueva. 

"  Linares  was  the  first  secular  of  the  congregation  of  the  Buena  Mucrte. 
and  the  spacious  edifice  belonging  to  the  society  was  erected  mainly  at  Ins 
expense.     It  exists  at  the  present  day.  Aleijre,  Hist,  t'ompend.,  iii.  IT". 

**He  took  office  August  10,  1710. 

^^Liua'cs  remarked:  'HabrtJ  vivido  seia  afioa  en  opulencia;  y  auiKiue 
ahora  no  mo  hallo  en  abundancia  volver<S  i,  los  pi^s  del  lley,  gustoso,  li  haceile 
ver  que  con  veintisiete  mil  pesos  de  sueldo,  ein  abuaar  de  auB  caudakii.  ni 
vcnlcr  la  justicia,  me  restituyo  satisfecho  (I  ellos.'  Zamacois,  Jlkt.  J/i,  "'■ 
536. 


f 


VICEROY  VALERO. 


291 


wore  sent  to  instruct  the  natives  in  the  science  of 

airricuiturc. 


On  the  IGth  of  June  1718,  while  returning  from 
tlio  procession  of  corpus  christi  in  company  with  the 
oidoivs,  an  attempt  was  made  on  the  viceroy's  Hfe. 
When  about  to  ascend  the  stairs  of  liis  palace,  a  man 
iianiod  Nicolas  Camacho  grasped  at  Valero's  sword, 
drew  it  half  way  from  the  scabbard,  and  would  prob- 
ably liave  plunged  it  into  his  body  had  he  not  been 
seized  by  the  attendant  halberdiers.  On  being  ques- 
tioned as  to  his  motives  it  was  found  that  the  would- 
Ite  assassin  was  a  lunatic,  and  after  a  brief  trial  he  was 
sent  to  the  hospital  of  San  Hipolito/" 

During  the  remainder  of  the  viceroy's  administra- 
tion, which  lasted  until  the  loth  of  October,  1722,  the 
provinces  of  New  Spain  were  in  a  [prosperous  condi- 
tion. The  mines  were  unusually  productive,  the  yield 
(if  quicksilver  being  especially  large ;  the  crops  were 
abundant;  and  the  volume  of  trade  was  greatly  in- 
creased,'*^ 

The  sole  drawback  to  this  flourishing  condition  of 
aftliirs  was  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  between  France 
and  Spain,  occasioned  by  a  dispute  between  the  duke 
of  Orleans,  who   was  appointed  regent  duriiig   the 

^'Tlic  trial  lasted  only  two  clays.  A  report  of  it  is  given  in  Die.  i^iiir. 
Iiy.  (/•■.(/.,  app.  i.  470-1.  It  is  the  opinion  of  the  writer  that  Camacho  was 
iii't  insaiK',  Imt  tlic  victim  of  an  intrigue  on  the  part  of  the  viceroy  who  pur- 
jiiisid  ti  1  ikprive  Iiim  of  his  wife.  The  same  view  ia  taken  in  UojiMro  Triwoitrc, 
i.:)S.")-4i)7.  The  editormakcs  the  following  commenton  the  trial :  'Ksta  causa 
I'rma  una  cspecio  do  contrastc  con  la  que  dimos  en  lo  nunicro  anterior,  y 
iimiijue  Ins  juccea  aparccen  mas  cquitativos,  queda.sicmprc  una  sospecha  I'l^jipio 
il  ilis;.'iv,iiado  Camaclio,  iui;  victima  de  una  intriga  para  ciuitarle  ;'i  isu  muger. 
I'or  111  (liinas  se  adviertcn  cosas  dignas  de  notarso  on  csta  causa.  Tal  cs 
piirci' iiipli),  el  que  en  un  hecho  sucedido  ii  mediodia  y  a  muy  poca  distancia 
ill  IIS  tistigos  presenciales,  solo  Muelas  asegiu'e  que  Camacho  arrcmeti(')  con  el 
t^-iailiii  ul  viicy,  dicicndo  nuicamente  los  denuls  (jue  .sc  lo  estrajo  de  la  vaina. 
l.s  taiiilpiin  notable  el  dictiinien  liscal,  que  fundado  en  la  idea  cquivocada  do 
il'ii'  111) )  iicdc  haber  un  completo  trastorno  mental  sin  furor,  pidc  la  pena  cor- 
iis|i(iiiiliciitc  al  delito  dc  Lcsa  Magcstad  in  primo capite.  Ciecmos  que  tambicn 
is  lie  iiotur  el  pareeer  del  protomedicato,  pues  que  su  dictamcn  nada  ticne  do 
miilicDv  cuahpdera  pudiera  deeir  lo  mismo  sin  halter  saludado  los  principios 
I'd  u:tc.  Sin  embargo,  csta  cs  una  causa  formada  con  csmero,  pues  per  lo  sin- 
i\\\in  ikl  oaso  se  niaud<')  al  rejr  copia  dc  ella.' 

''  111  17-1  the  fleet  from  New  Spain  reached  Ciidiz  with  treasure  and  mei'- 
diaiulisf  to  the  value  of  11,000,000  pesos.  Maytr's  Mix.  A-J,,  i.  228. 


292 


OPENING  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


minority  of  Louis  XV.,  and  Cardinal  Alberoni,  the 
minister  of  Felipe  V.  On  the  lOtli  of  May  1719  tlif 
garrison  of  Pensacola  surrendered  to  the  French,  and 
the  colonists  and  missionaries  of  Florida  and  Texas 
were  compelled  to  take  refuge  in  Coahuila.  But  the 
French  could  not  maintain  their  foothold  in  the  coun- 
try. When  the  news  of  their  invasion  reached  ^Eex- 
ico,  Valero  quickly  despatched  against  them  a  force 
of  five  hundred  men  under  command  of  the  marquis 
of  San  Miguel  de  Aguayo,  governor  of  Texas  and 
Coahuila.  The  French  retired  from  Texas;  the  mis- 
sions were  reestablished;  and  the  peace  which  was  con- 
cluded in  1721  put  an  end  to  further  aggressions.^^ 

IVIcntion  has  already  been  made  of  the  bu^  meer 
settlements  in  Yucatan,  where,  as  we  have  seen,  the 
freei^ooters,  when  not  engaged  in  making  raids  on  the 
Spanish  settlements  or  cruising  in  quest  of  Spanish 
treasure  ships,  occupied  themselves  with  cutting  dye- 
woods  and  mahogany.*''  A  favorite  rendezvous  of 
these  adventurers  was  the  Isla  Triste,  or  as  it  is  now 
known  the  Isla  del  Cdrmcn,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
bay  of  Terminos.  During  the  war  of  the  Spanish 
succession  they  frequently  attacked  Spanish  vessels 
trading  between  Campeche  and  Vera  Cruz.  In  1708 
Fernando  Meneses  Bravo  de  Saravia,  when  on  liis 
way  accompanied  by  his  family  to  the  province  nf 
Yucatan,  of  which  he  had  been  appointed  governor, 
was  taken  from  his  vessel  in  the  bay  of  Campcclio  by 
the  pirate  Barbillas.     Saravia  was  set  on  shore  and 

^'^On  the  31st  of  Mai'ch  in  tlie  same  year,  the  Slarra  Fdmilia,  a  vt'ssel  of 
300  tons,  with  (5  guns  and  TO  men,  was  captured  liy  Captain  Sliclvocku  iii  the 
jiort  of  Sousonate  (tlic  modern  Acajutla)  at  tlie  mouth  of  tiie  river  v(  the 
Bame  name.  The  jirize  contained  only  small  arms,  liaud  grenades,  andaimmi- 
nition,  and,  as  the  captain  remarks,  was  hardly  worth  the  risk  and  tnmMeut 
ta]iture,  I'oi/.  df  Shdcorke,  in  llmtiit/rr.  Coll.  \'o;/.,  iii.  3-4,  SO-l'io;  ami  /v'  rr's 
Coll.  Voy.,  X.  nOO-l.  In  the  latter  a  detailed  account  of  the  voyajie  is  }.'i\cii, 
compiled  from  the  narratives  of  Shelvocke  and  Captain  William  Jicta;:li,  tlie 
connnaudcr  of  the  marines.  They  sailed  from  I'lyniouth  on  board  the  Sjni'l- 
viU  on  tlic  13th  of  February  17H),  bound  on  a  privateering  cxpcditiun  uii 
the  coasts  of  Chile,  IVru,  and  New  Spain,  but  met  with  little  success. 

*^  JJist.  Cent.  Aincr.,  ii.  023  etse(i. ,  this  series. 


K  :i 


FIERCE  FIGHTING. 


293 


his  wife  and  children  detained  as  captives  until  a  ran- 
som of  14,000  pesos  should  be  received.  As  the 
ayuutamicnto  refused  to  pay  the  money,  the  pirate 
made  his  demand  in  person  at  the  town-hall;  where- 
upon the  governor,  feeling  that  his  family  might  come 
to  luirm,  ordered  the  amount  to  be  paid. 

Xine  years  later  an  expedition  was  despatched  from 
Mexico  by  way  of  Vera  Cruz  to  Campeche,  and  being 
lecinforced  by  the  troops  stationed  there,  drove  the 
iiitriulers  from  all  their  settlements  on  the  bay  of 
Tenninos.  The  attack  was  made  on  the  IGth  of  July 
1717,  the  feast  of  the  virgin  of  Ciirmen,  and  hence  the 
inland  received  its  name.  A  large  amount  of  booty 
wab  wrested  from  the  buccaneers,  many  of  whom 
\vcrc  slain,  those  who  escaped  harboring  in  Belize, 
where,  being  joined  by  others  of  their  craft,  they  or- 
ganized a  force  of  three  hundred  and  thirty-five  men 
and  returned  to  the  bay  of  Terminos.  Landing  on 
t!io  Isla  del  Ciirmen  they  sent  a  message  to  Alonso 
rdipo  (le  Andrade,  the  commander  of  the  Si)anish 
flit  which  had  been  erected  during  their  absence, 
nidei'ing  him  to  withdraw  his  garrison.  The  rejdy 
was  that  the  Spaniards  had  j)lenty  of  powder  and  bull 
witli  which  to  defend  themselves. 

The  i'reebootcrs  made  their  attack  during  the  same 
nii^lit  and  ca[)tured  the  stronghold  without  difficulty, 
takiiiM-  three  of  the  four  field  i)ieces  with  which  it  was 
ik'feiulcd.  But  Andrade  was  a  brave  and  capa'jlu 
"fiicer,  and  his  men  were  no  dandy  warriors.  Placing 
liini.sclt'atthe  head  of  his  command  he  led  them  against 
the  eiicmy,  forced  his  way  into  the  fort,  recaptured 
"lie  oi"  the  field  pieces,  and  turned  it  against  the  i'oe. 
l)uiing  the  fight  a  building  filled  with  straw  was  set 
••11  liie  by  a  hand  o-renade.  This  incident  favored  the 
opaiiiards,  who  now  made  a  furious  charge  on  the  lu- 
vadris.  Their  commander  was  shot  dead  while 
leading  on  his  men;  but  exasperated  by  the  loss  of 
their  gallant  leader,  they  sprang  at  the  buccaneers 
^nth  .so  fierce  a  rush  that  the  latter  weie  driven  back 


<"■ 


204 


OPENING  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 


El 


1^1 


I 


to  the  shore,  whence  they  reembarked  for  BcHzl 
and  thenceforth  returned  no  more  to  the  bay  «•!' 
Terminos.''" 

^'' Soc.  Mex.  Gcofj.,  ii.  ep.  i.  220-2;  ep.  iii.  442;  your.  J»Mf(/c.<,  I'ov.,  c. 
62.  The  account  given  in  tlie  former  work  is  absurdly  exaggeratt'd ;  Imt  itii 
tlie  only  one  that  pretends  to  give  a  detiiiled  narrative  of  the  expulsion  nf  tlu' 
huecaneera  froni  the  isla  del  Carmen.  It  there  stated  that,  after  heing  diivcn 
from  the  fort,  the  Spaniards  mustered  but  42  men,  while  the  buctaiietis 
according  to  this  version  nuist  have  immhered  more  than  200,  aUowingfnr 
their  losses  during  the  assault  and  for  tiiose  who  were  left  to  guard  tlici- 
vessels.  That  this  force,  now  in  possession  of  three  pieces  of  artillery,  sliuui'l 
have  been  defeated  by  a  handful  of  ISpaniards,  seems  ridiculous  to  all  wlio  are 
acquainted  with  the  records  of  buccaneer  warfare. 

Herewith  I  give  more  complete  references  to  the  authorities  ?onsultiil  f.ir 
the  preceding  chapters:  Cidiilario,  MS.,  i.  1.S2;  iii.  03-4,  ll">-l(i;  iv.  i'!; 
J'inlrx  Cvdulas,  MS.,  i.  5  et  seq. ;  ii.,  passim;  ProrUloncius  livultK,  M.'«i.,  79- 
101,  222-3,  20(!-8;  Jiohle-t,  JJiario,  i.  ii.,  passim;  ()r<l(U(--<  ilc  la  Coroun,  il,><., 
ii.  2.\  31-2;  iii.  00-1,  l«G-7;  iv.  SOetseq.;  vi.  ll.'i-lO,  1.3')-7,  153;  vii.  ,s-4.1; 
J'(ijii/is  Frniicisraiios,  MS.,  serie  i.  tom.  i.  2t>S-74,  314-21,  411,  47S,  .'KiT:  ii. 
l.")4,  178- 2(K),  321-0;  liivvrn,  Dinrlo,  vi.  lo-i)0;  L'umnK,  Insiniccioucx,  MS., 
0-88;  Cirtijirucinn  do  lax  Morccile^,  MS.,  13-21,  182;  Ditpoxirlonis  ViirU'f, 
MS.,  vi.  3-13;  Sii/iii'iiza  y  Gdinjora,  Car/a,  MS.,  passim;  JJoi:  L'rlix.  .)/./., 
MS.,  i.  1-32;  ii.  2-0,  2."),  47-">2,  74;  Viri'i/c-i  de  Mc.v.,  Iii<tnti:,  MS.,  sOiiei. 
40;  Serie  ii.  8,  23;  Mallrrdamicnlo  dc  Iiid.,  l-l.T;  L(iz<'oiio,]'idadi 1 1'.  (iii"lo, 
70-101,  140-07;  Fiijii<ro(i,Viiidicift>i,'SlS.,  12,  74,  78,  123;  Villatiutiinr,  ll'i^K 
CoiKj.  I/zu,  102-9,' 211-40,  2yi-0.">0;  Ali',/)-,',  Hist.  Cowp.  Jixw^,  i.  41-3;  ii. 
223-4;  iii.  31-40,  100-21";  Paiu'lis  dr  J(.siiitas,  MS.,  5;  L'sphiom,  Ci,ro,}. 
A/iost.,  405-0,  488-534;  CaU,',  Mim.  y  Not.,  70;  JJaviht,  Mem.  Hist.,  yt  i. 
10-28;  iii.  252-90;  Mouiimeidos  Domin.  Esp.,  ^IS.,  104  9,  132,  152-5;  Vilk- 
tSiTior  ji  Suiirhvz,  Thi'utro,  i.  122etse(|. ;  Vflnncrrt,  C'roii.  S<tii.  Evaiit/..  7')-',l, 
135;  Id.,  Tcitro,  51-2;  Jd.,  Tmt.  Mix.,  10-17;  Cortvs,  Hist.  X.  L'sp'.,  -JD-oO; 
Arridviln,  CrOii.  S-rdf.,  94-7,  109-70,  241-312,  .583-5;  Cirriii/o,  K.-IikIm 
J  list.,  110;  ilnutvmaln.  Col.  Crdidan  /'crdcit,  pass^im;  Parhevo  aiul  ('urdi  iin>; 
Col.  Doc,  ix.  133-49,  150-79;  Doc.  I/ift.  Mcx.,  serie  i.  tom.  i.  ii.,  piissim; 
serie  ii.  iv.  50  ct  seq.;  vi.  17-90;  Arlcjiii,  Pror.  dc  Zac.,Sl-2,  92-1 -'3,  'J()l-(i, 
2.50-2;  hW-amilld,  Noticing,  4;  Itevop.  ile  Jiid.,  i.  599;  A'.  Mlx.  Ci'diihts,  .MS., 
80-2,  14!)-04,  281-4,  322-9;  Dn-rolero  pm-a  Nan>j.,  MS.,  13-22,  8S-W; 
KijidoH  di-  Mix.,  MS.,  01;  Jailldiidii-r,  Kxtruilc,  ^IS.,  passim;  Anii-riiu  Lh- 
nn-ip.,  MS.,  1,55-8,  100,  177-0,  190-8,  207-39;  AWizraijn,  Doc.  Mi.r.,  iv.  U- 
21;  Texas,  Dor.  JJist.,  MS.,  455-9;  Morf,  Doc.  Mcv.,  iv.  442-4;  />.-'«(,■, 
liriva  Trat.  OriL,  MS.,  passim;  Berrotaniii,  Doc.  J/c.r. ,  i.  171-7;  I'l'iic, 
Exlinidoii,  MS.,  passim;  Iiiulis  Ordiues,  iii.  50-72,  308-12;  iv.  410-19; 
Moniii,  Faxli  Nod  Orbig,  505-10;  Mayer  MSS.,  passim;  Lact,  A»i<r.  Ik- 
Kcript.,  250-9;  Alamun,  Discrt,  iii.  38-53,  211,  390;  Lc.do  de  Tiiud",  Ai'i^n'. 
JUxt.,  no.  .5,  289-94,  300,  380-92;  Arvrnlo,  Conipind.,  29-30;  /lin,il''M, 
Exsiii  Pol.,  i.  270-81;  Id.,  New  Spain,  ii.  20.3-22;  Jd.,  Tahlm  E'slad.,  MS., 
7-40;  Id.,Virstich,  ii.  178-80;  Gonzales,  Col.  N.  Leon,  39-58;  Anmiiz,  IM. 
y  Cron.,  122-39;  Hernandez,  Estud.  MiJ.,  17-18;  Nayarita.i,  pilar.  Coiiqm.<i, 
0;  Caro,  Tres  Sii/los,  ii.  59-119;  Verona,  Paronioloijia,  ^IS.,  1-93;  l.nrmrjt, 
J)iscarsiis  Hist.,  no.  xxxv.,  503-9;  Podriipicz,  Cnudro  IIi.it.,  41-2;  >S'<"'.  .'/u'. 
Ceo,/.,  JJol.,  ii.  29;  iii.  2.39-42;  iv.  19;  v.'312;  ix.  54;  xi.  504;  Jd.,  2d;i  ip.  i. 
218-22;  ii.  337;  iii.  175-0;  3a  ep.  iv.  258;  Niieca  Expaiia,  JSreve  J>is.,  .MS., 
141-222;  Jnstnirciones  d  Ion  Vireyps,  302-17;  Kerr'n  Cc'.Voy.,  x.  'Iih>--1-, 
337-40;  Correal,  Voy.,  i.  44-5;  Ortiz,  Me.v.  Indep.  Libre,  425-33;  Z<('((/o, 
Ji'er.  Mix.,  4-5,  ,508,  525-7;  Mo/ran,  J/JCxplondion,  ii.  104;  Zinnoni,  U'l''- 
Ley.,  ii.  253-5;  iv.  442-4;  Vrteiju,  Alcijucion,  1-50;  JUccru,  CobirnunUndi 


AUTHORITIES. 


295 


.v....  i.  2.")2-C8;  Som,  Ephrop.  Mir.,  152-73;  Xour.  Annnlen  flfuVoi/.,  c.  .')2; 
diii.  ^;  nivcra,  Ilixf.  Jtilnpa,  i.  9iS-llO,  ISl-.'J;  Var'iw  /iiipirno<,  in.,  imssiin; 
}',,.. ■«  1(1  }j  UrrnCm,  Hi'id  J/ae.,  i.  28-Ho,  324-5;  Orhnhi,  iknrrvHrintt  eii,  1  et 
«i|.;  n<'ii'i»t)'o  VKcntcco,  ii.  5-10;  Mexico,  Not.  Cu'uhtd  Mrx:,  22,  205-8; 
Z'liiinrois  llht.  M(j.,  V,  439-553,  723- (i;  x.  13G2-3;  J'ap.Vui:,  ii.,  passim; 
clxvii.  3-!);  cxcvi.  II  t'tse<|.;  Alranz,  Entinlinn  Ili.<t.,  iii.  2()3-4;  tiaiinithuuj 
(i\l  !•  ]iil«h(Kch.  xii.  38(i-403,  534-52;  xiii.  484-9;  Mniiroi/,  (tnirioms  Paniij., 
jxi.vsiiii;  Auroiin,  IIUI.  Yiic,  ii.  31(i;  Mukco  Mex.,  i.  51-3,  99-102;  iv.  73  80; 
Ahtii,  Oari'tds,  iii.  441-2,  404;  CartaH  Kilifiruiiti n,  vii,  258-9;  (litri'ta.  Mix., 
i.  ii.  iii.,  passim;  iv.  9  ctseij.;  v.  18-370;  vi.  3')-70;  viii.  277-309;  x.  98, 
J\i-(;;  J,'o/>:iisuii's  Mix.,  J.'ei:,  ii.  299-302;  Lii.ssan'.'i  Joimtul,  143-5,  348-84; 
}l<iili-r''i  Mrx.  Azfec,  i.  213-34;  Stiji/nn'H  Yiir.,  ii.  195-8;  Mixico,  Notm  on, 
■2%;  Wirsoii'n  Mcx.,  24-5;  World  I)isp/ai/i-,l,  vi.  49-05,  178  85;  We.-<t.  JinlioH 
t;n„i.,  124-55;  /(/.,  Descrijit.,  02-5;  Jhnlin'.t  Cosmo;/.,  1009  80;  JJoKyltit' 
.i'liiiiii'irii,  72,  88;  (Viapjii;  Voi/.,  17-25;  /o.«wy.  Mix.,  9;  Mdrjihirson'it  An- 
ii'il-i,  iii.  57;  Airh'vhollz'.-i  J/i<f.  I'int/i'/i,  78-84;  BiriiK/ei-'H  Col.  Voi/.,  i.  377-9, 
40i>  3:  iii.  3-4,  89-128,  309-10,  355-72;  SpiiiiishJwn/nn'.inAm.,  i24-5;  Iloh- 
n-f.'Oii's  Hint.  Am.,  ii.  919,  1024;  Mi.<a  y  Liow/mrt,  J/int.  A>n.,  i.  487-91, 
:ui^\  Laharjir,  Ahriiic,  x.  80-93,  102-7,  124-31;  Oe.aiidiii,  J/i.<  dn  lTd>.,  i. 
•:i:i-7i);  ii.  285-301;  i'ii.  273-300;  Mii/hr,  Jtiiwii,  iii.  195;  llnssil,  Mi'.r.  et 
Viiiif.,  229-43;  Mosaico  Mix.,  i.  399-407;  iv.  50-7;  vi.  102-3;  Ldrennndii're, 
yi'X.  it  Gnat.,  Vidlejo,  Vidn,  passim;  l)rab',  C(iiiemll'<h  and  Dumpier,  JAre.s, 
•201-2,  270-1;  IJimiei/'ii  Disrov.  South  Sen,  iv.  127-8,  227-30;  Ilii.'itrm-ion  Mex., 
iii.  14()-51;  Fiutcoiir'CH  Jlist.  Yiic,  277-85,  292-310;  Dice.  Univ.,  i.  80,  410, 
470,  525,  007;  ii.  04-C,  .301-2;  iv.  800;  v.  53;  vi.  150  et  seij.;  vii.  341,  517-18; 
viii.  142,  passim;  ix.  287-4.32;  x.  90  et  scq. ;  Viai/ero  Unir.,  xxvi.  204, 
27t>-0;  xxvii.  58-70,  82-4;  Piidrrton\i  Modern  Oeoij.,  210-14;  (lwit''it  Survei/, 
•^^-">.•^:  Id.,  Voi/ni/c,  i.  50-08;  yoi/cn/es,  A  Xew  Col.,  iii.  183  200;  /-/.,  J/'lu- 
ln,-h:(il,  i.  332-00;  ii.  45-00;  /(/.,  Xeio  Un,v.  Col,  i.  141-8,  219-24;  Zuin'iaj/ 
(>.,  CulnnL,  109-200;  Sharji's  Voy.,  11.V20;  Puyne'ft  llixt.,  07;  Dunlxtr'a 
ilex.,  197-8;  CaMillo,  Dice.  Hist.,  09,  183-0;  Ventcruzano,  i.  34;  JMmjiier'n 
To//.,  i.  254-71;  Ca.-^tellanos,  Dereeho,  pa.ssiin;  Sartorinn,  Mex.,  3l^\  Ca.storena, 
Sacoiic^,  1-40;  Salesii,  De  Von/esgionihus,  passim;  Dillon,  Hid.  Mcx.,  70-9. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


NUEVA  GALICIA. 
1601-1803. 

BorXDARIES  OF  THE  TERRITORY— 1x3  GOVERNORS — ThE  AcDIEXCIA  OF  Cvx- 
DALAJARA — ItS  JuUlSItlCTION'  ANU  PoWERS — LoCAL  GOVERNMENT— C'rii;. 
EEGIM1ENT03  AND  AlCALDIAH  Ma YORES— CiTIES,  ToWNH,  ViLLAOKS,  AND 

Mining  Districts— The  Capital — A  City  of  0  fice-iiolders — Tukas- 
CRY  Department— Industrial  PnoGRESs- Mines — QncKsiLVEii  Md- 

NOPOLY    AND    ITS    EiTECTS — AgRICILTURE   AND    StOCK-RAISING— L.MiOF!, 

Commerce,  and  Siiip-building — Population  and  Local  Statistics. 

During  the  seventeenth  and  eiG:hteenth  centuries, 
Nueva  Gahcia  ahiiost  coincided  with  the  teiiiti»rv 
which  now  forms  the  states  of  Jahsco,  Aguas  C';i- 
lientes,  and  Zacatecas.  On  the  south,  however,  tlioso 
parts  of  the  Avalos  provinces  that  lay  south  of  Au- 
tlan  and  Zayula,  now  forming  part  of  Jahsco,  apjuar 
to  have  then  belonged  to  New  Spain,  and  were  f-uli- 
jcct  to  the  viceroy,  while  in  the  north-east  Nutva 
Galicia  included  the  western  portion  of  what  is  now 
San  Luis  Potosi,  the  boundary  line  running  near 
Charcas  and  Matehuala.  The  territory  was  undor 
the  political  rule  of  a  governor,  who  was  also  prcsidont 
of  the  audiencia  of  Guadalajara,  and  was  appointed  by 
the  king,  though  nominally  subject  to  the  vicerov.^ 
In  case  of  his  death  or  inability  to  perform  his  dutirs 
the  senior  oidor  of  the  audiencia  ruled  ad  iiitLiiiu 
until  a  new  appointment  could  be  made. 

In   the  seventeenth  century  the  governors   wlic 

'  During  the  latter  part  of  tlie  18th  and  the  beginning  of  the  lOtli  i m- 

tury  their  titles  were  gobernador,    jiresidente  de  hi  real  audiencia,  <. m- 

dilute  general,  and  inteuduiite.  See  Cedtilario,  MS.,  i.  114,  '209;  iii.  I7<',  '-■'"'; 
Ji'dil  Orilcii,  in  Mni/er  J\1SS.,  no.  i;  Uijarte  y  Loyola,  lid.,  iu  Soc.  M>-''- 
(Jto<j.,  Boktin,  2d  ep.,  iii.  307. 

(2S6) 


GOVERNMENT  OFHCIALS. 


207 


usually  lawyers,  and  their  duties  in  connection  with 
till'  rivil  administration  of  the  country  were  by  no 
lilt  aiis  arduous.  Later,  military  men  were  more  IVe- 
(jiuntly  appointed,  and  held  under  the  viceroy  the 
rank  of  captain-getieral;  but  their  responsibilities 
Wilt;  li«ijht,  for  peace  prevailed  throughout  the  land 
exit  pt  in  Nayarit,  where  a comandante  was  stationed, 
sulijcet  in  military  matters  to  viceregal  orders,  and  in 
]i((]itieal  and  judicial  affairs  to  the  governor  and  audi- 
tiH'ia.  The  election  of  subordinate  local  officials 
set'ins  to  have  belonged  originally  to  the  audiencia; 
liiit  after  long  disputes  between  that  body  and  its 
juvsiilent,  during  which  both  parties  several  times 
apiH  ali'd  to  the  crown,  the  latter  received  the  right 
of  making  appointments — a  license  which  he  liad 
gradually  usurped.^ 

The  governor  subsequently  named  the  alcaldes 
mayores  and  corregidores  of  the  different  districts, 
with  the  exception  of  Zacatecas  and  perhaps  one  or 
two  others,  where  the  king,  for  some  special  reason, 
ivtaiiied  the  privilege.  He  also  appointed,  down  to 
iri4('),  many  of  the  officials  of  Nueva  Vizcaya.  All 
this  power  would  seem,  however,  to  have  been  vested 
in  him  as  president  of  the  audiencia,  for  the  revenues 
W(,io  administered  by  special  treasury  officials  ap- 
jiDinti'd  by  the  king,  the  governor  receiving  a  regular 
stipend.' 

There  are  few  incidents  worthy  of  record  conccrn- 
iii<4  the  governors  of  Nueva  Galicia,  and  these  relate 
fill'  the  most  part  to  trivial  matters,  as  the  quarrel  of 
out:  with  a  bishop  about  some  petty  formality;  the 
unusual  brilliancy  of  the  bull-tights  at  the  iiii^tallation 
of  another,  while  the  building  of  a  church  or  even  the 

- Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  508.  is  tho  authority  for  tins  usurpation, 
and  he  ^'ivea  the  inunher  of  ap;;oIiitnicnts  in  174'J  as  al>ovo  .')•_';  but  <-'iilli', 
.'/''/(.  II  Sot.,  9'J,  states  tliat  a  century  earlier  the  }:overnor  Iiail  the  appoiut- 
nitnt  of  o4  olHcials  in  \ueva  tTulicia  and  Nueva  Vizcaya. 

^Tlie  revenue  collected  in  Guadalajara  from  all  souices  from  1730  to  IT-tO 
was  2,.S,'i'2,3;{5  pesos.  Mota-PmUlla,  i'miq.  X.  O'al.,  318.  The  .same  author 
Iwasti  of  the  promptness  with  which  Nueva  Galica  always  paid  her  tiuota  of 
taxation. 


ii!l: 


COS 


NUEVA  r.ALICIA. 


tmnsfcrora  sacred  imajjfo  during,'  a  ruler's  adnil!)istr;i- 
tion  was  considered  hy  the  cliroiiicler.s  of  tliis  |)iiiii(l 
tin  event  sufHciently  remarkable  to  place  his  niinic 
si<le  1)V  side  with  that  of  a  viceroy.  iSIany  of  i\u\n 
were  ahle  men,  as  was  the  case  with  Juan  de  Villi'l;i. 
whose  rule  lasted  from  1(507  to  1G1.'3.*  The  adminis- 
tration of  Die<(o  Nunez  de  Morquecho,  who  held  olHcc 
from  l()iil)  to  1G32,°  is  noteworthy  from  the  fact  tliat 
he  enfoiccd  the  laws  which  forbade  the  ill-treatiiicnt 
of  Indians.  The  custom  had  become  prevalent  of 
])raetically  evading  the  royal  decrees  aijjainst  slavirv 
by  advancing  to  native  workmen  sums<jf  money  which 
they  could  never  pay,  and  which  thus  became  a  lili- 
lien  upon  their  labor.  The  governor  accomplished  liis 
])urpose  by  limiting  the  amount  of  a  native's  credit  to 
five  ])esos.*'  Antonio  de  Abarca,  who  was  apiioiiitnl 
in  1702,  was  the  last  of  the  legal  profession  who  IhM 
office  as  ijovernor,"  and  Toribio  liodrifjucz  de  Solis, 
whose  administration  lasted  until  171G,  the  first  who 
bore  the  title  of  captain-general.'* 

The  audiencia  of  Guadalajara  held  jurisdiction  over 

*His  prcileccssor  wns  Santiago  Vera,  who  ■was  in  offico  from  1000  to  Miinl, 
and  it  i.s  .siiitl  that  lie  interested  himself  in  the  conversion  of  tiio  Imliiuisin 
the  inith-western  sierra,  init  it  is  not  recorded  that  he  accomplisheil  imuli. 
On  March  0,  1010,  Francisco  Pacheco  de  Cordoba  y  liocanegra  was  apimiiitLil 
ndela;itado  of  Xueva  (Jalicia,  hut  his  name  does  not  appear  as  oiic  of  tlio 
governors.  In  1(J1'2  liis  wife  and  his  son  ohtaincd  a  rental  on  tiic  .Mcxi«m 
treasury  of  l,.'{12,r)00  niaravedfs  and  in  the  following  year  his  daughter  r- 
ceived  an  encon)ien<hi  of  Indians  in  New  Spain.   Cullc,  Man.  y  Nut.,  !I0. 

^llis  ])redecessors  were  Alonso  I'erez  Merchan,  who  was  in  jiowir  fjnm 
10I;Ho  1017,  and  Pedro  de  Otiirola,  who  held  otiice  from  the  latter  date  to  Ki'.'l). 
l>uring  the  rule  of  the  former,  earth  jU.kes  and  floods  occurred  in  the  pidvimc 
Otarola  was  a  religious  enthusiast,  ai:d  a  suid  to  have  conunictcd  a  kiml  of 
pious  suicide,  since  ho  died  of  ;;istinii. 

•*  His  successor  was  Jiuin  Cause 'i)  v  Quiiioncs,  who  was  governor  from  lli;!li 
to  104;{.  It  is  said  that  he  s(pu:.!<'uf  d  the  revenuesof  the  state  on  huU-liglits, 
and  festivities  for  the  popuhicc,  although  he  spent  large  sums  on  puliliu  im- 
provements. 

'  It  is  said  that  he  died  of  melancholy,  caused  in  part  by  the  imprcpsimi 
made  on  his  mind  by  a  tragedy  styled  'Life  is  a  Dream,' which  was  pc  rfoiintil 
at  his  reception.  Tiie  partial  destruction  of  tiie  governor's  palace  liy  lire  iii:iy 
have  increased  his  malady.  On  state  occasions  he  made  his  appcaiaiuc  m 
shabbily  apparelled  as  to  cause  the  audiencia  to  make  complaints  at  coint. 

*lie  was  appointed  in  1708.  His  successor,  Tomds  Teran  de  los  bios, 
who  undertook  the  tiisk  of  bridging  the  Rio  Grande,  or  Tololothm,  was  in 
otiice  fioni  1710  to  17-4.  (Jovernor  Nicolas  de  Ribera  y  Santa  Cruz,  wlio  rukd 
from  17-4  to  17-7,  was  constantly  involved  in  difficulties  with  subordiii.itts, 
ecjuals,  and  superiors.     He  escaped  removal  at  the  hands  of  the  India  I  uiiii- 


rOUTICAL  DISTRICTS. 


all  tlio  roL^ions  f)ocuj)io(l  by  the  Spaniards  north-west 
(if  N'ueva  (lalicia,  incUidinj^  also  the  Avalos  prov- 
iiK  I  s,  and  at  tinius  Colhua."  It  chiinuMl  jurisdiction 
IIS  Will  over  the  north-western  rejxion  of  Coahuilaand 
'l\'Mis,  hut  the  kind's  decision  in  1079  was  adverse  to 
this  pretension.'"  It  does  not  appear  that  the  au- 
llioiltv  of  the  audiencia  in  Nueva  Galicia  ditfered  in 
any  respect  from  that  in  Xucva  Vizcaya,  although  on 
account  of  distance  and  consequent  expense,  only 
cases  of  considcrahlc  importance  came  as  a  rule  from 
the  latter  territory."  The  oidores  of  the  audiencia 
were  alcaldes  in  criminal  proceedings,  but  hail  no  voice 
ill  matters  pertaining  to  war  and  exchequer;  and  after 
the  time  of  Governor  Ceballos,  who  ruled  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  they  lost  the 
] lower  of  making  highci-  appointments  which  origin- 
ally they  seem  to  have  held.  The  president,  who,  as 
we  have  seen,  was  also  political  governor  of  Xueva 
(lalicia,  sinq)ly  held  the  right  of  presiding  over  the 

( il  niily  liy  ileath,  mid  was  miccoedcil  by  liis  son.     The  few  and  meagre  rec- 

iiiil-  ili.'it  ]i:ivc  Ik'ch  liaiidcd  down  to  us  conccrniuj^  these  officials  are  taken 
liniii  Miita-I'MdiUii,  the  oii^'iiial  liistoriaii  of  Xutva  (ialici.a. 

"  III  17!H)  Coliiiia  was  siihjoct  in  civil  aft'airsto  Nucva  IJalicia.  In  matters 
cnlrMiistic  it  was  entiioly  under  tlic  bishop  of  Michoacan  till  Augusts,  17!M), 
\iluii  it  WHS  tinally  decided  tliut  it  belonged  to  the  diocese  of  tiiiadalajara ; 
ami  thus  Colima  continueil  belonging  in  all  branches  of  adniinistratiuu  to 
Xiie\ a  Galicia.  L'uiiiiui,  l!i]in-« ittaciou,  MS.,  4.  During  the  ITtii  and  18th 
cintuiies  tiic  province  (jf  C'oHnia  made  little  progress  owing  to  its  isolated 
liij.-iti.in.  Tlie  Villii  dc  Colima  continued  to  hold  its  rank  as  the  chief  town 
iiiitl  ■  :i]iital  of  the  province  and  was  the  residence  of  the  princi[>al  part  of  the 
S|i;ihisli  popuhition.  Some  dozen  or  more  smaller  towns  conijwscd  the  remain- 
in,'  >•  tticnicnts,  whose  inhabitants,  for  the  most  part  natives,  were  employed 
ill  l;iiiiiiiig.  liesidcs  the  usuid  agi'iciiltural  products,  a  limited  amount  of 
sii:.Mr  and  cotton  Was  produced;  a  few  natives  were  employed  in  the  manu- 
l.i(.ture  of  matting;  considerable  salt  was  made,  and  a  variety  of  fruits,  among 
MJii'h  were  the  cocoanut  ami  plantain,  grew  in  abundance.  Upon  the  cstab- 
lisluiuiit  in  1787  of  the  system  of  intemlencias  this  province  became  a  ))art  of 
the  iiiterdencia  of  Guadalajara.  Iluiiilioklt,  L'uxni.  I'ol.,  i.  2d9;  Callc,  Mem.  y 
X'li..  ~S;  Cue.  de  Mex.,  i.  '273;  ii.  'iS'J,  342;  I'illa-Sifior  y  Suiichiz,  Thtatro 
Am.,  ii.  83-S. 

"According  to  royal  cddnla  of  October  15,  1778,  the  audiencia  of  Ouadala- 
.iiirii  then  had  jurisdiction  to  a  certain  degree  over  six  jirovinces:  Xueva 
''uli.  i,i,  Zaeatecas,  Nucva  Vizcaya,  Sonora,  Is'cw  Mexico,  and  tlie  Californias. 
<"!rl.,rin,  MS.,  iii.  <)-IO. 

"  The  audiencia  was  conipo<>ed  of  four  oidores,  or  judges,  and  a  fiscal,  or 
attorney,  each  with  a  salary  of  "J, 000  ducats.  There  was  also  (piite  a  nunilier 
of  minor  officials  of  who. (1  a  few  were  appointed  and  received  a  salary,  but 
most  of  them  Ixmght  their  ofliees  at  anetion,  paying  from  I.IKX)  to  10,000 
l">o,s,  according  to  the  privileges  and  emoluments  connected  with  each. 


f  f  4|  i! 


soo 


NUEVA  GALICIA. 


court,  and  of  taking  the  place  of  honor  on  occasions 
of  state,  but  had  no  vote  in  judicial  niatters.^'^ 

In  Xuova  Galicia  there  were  in  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century  thirty-two  districts  under  corieni- 
dores  and  alcaldes  inayores,  although  a  century  earlier, 
according  to  Calle's  list,  they  numbered  forty-one. 
There  were  three  cities,  Guadalajara,  Zacatecas,  nnd 
Compostela;  eight  towns,  Lagos,  Aguas  Calicntcs, 
Jerez,  Fresnillo,  Purificacion,  Villagutierre  de  Aguila 
or  Viilanueva,  Sonibrerete,  and  San  Josd  de  Monte- 
zuma, near  Tepatitlan ;  and  twenty-one  reales  de  minus. 
or  niiniiig  towns.^^  So-called  pueblos  and  other  small 
settlements  scattered  over  the  territory  numbered  up- 
ward of  two  hundred.  The  officers  who  ruled  the 
large  towns  with  their  districts  annexed,  known  as 
alcaldias  or  corregimientos,  were  with  few  exceptions 
a[ipointed  by  the  president  of  the  audiencia,  and  1 1  - 
ceived  salaries.  Under  these  officials  in  each  city  and 
town  were  one  or  more  ordinary  alcaldes,  an  algiuuil 
mayor,  four  regidores,  and  a  notary,  forming  virtually 
an  ayuntamiento,  though  not  often  called  by  that 
name.  There  seem  to  have  been  no  salaries  attacluil 
to  the.se  minor  ])ositions,  and  that  of  alguacil,  or  on- 
stuble,  was  nearly  nlways  sold  at  auction,  at  different 
times  and  places.  Ordinarily  alcaldes  in  some,  aid 
]>erhaps  all  the  towns,  were  elected  yearly,  requirinu', 
in  the  larger  places  at  least,  confirmation  by  the 
president. 

Guadalajara,  the  capital  of  Nueva  Galicia,  tlio  catlu- 
dral  city,  the  seat  of  the  audiencia,  and  the  jilace 
where  the  I'oyal  treasury    was    kept,  swarmed   willi 

'*A1xiut  1070  there  was  a  quarrel  between  tlie  president  mid  the  amliin- 
ci.i  as  to  the  ri;.'ht  to  appoint  a  governor  ad  inteiini  of  Xuuva  A'izcaya.  The 
king  at  first  dtei<!ed  in  favor  of  the  prcsiih'nt,  but  Inter  reversed  liiHileeisinii ; 
and  later  btjii,  ;  •■ivc  the  president  and  fiscal  a  vote  on  the  .-^ubjict.  J/afti-l'"- 
tlilhi,  Voii'i.  N.  U.I.,  4(X>-1.  See  also  ou  audiencia  Ikcop.  de  Iml.,  i.  ."-'i; 
rv«.'/. ,  J// //(.  y  Xol. ,91-2. 

'•'lu  Calle's  time,  l(i4(),  there  was  yet  a  villa  tie  Kspi'ritn  Santo  at  'I'l  pi'  ; 
Fresnillo  was  only  a  i-eal  de  niina;  and  neitlicr  \'ilhii.'uticrre  nor  San  JosO  had 
bffu  fouuded.     This  author  names  13  reales  de  niinas. 


MIXES  AND  MIXING. 


301 


iifficials,  and  ho  was  a  humble  Spaniard  indeed,  who 
tilkd  no  pubHc  position.  It  is  not  necessary  to  enter 
luoio  fully  into  the  details  of  the  municipal  machinery 
(ir  tlio  somewhat  intricate  relations  of  the  different 
branches  of  power  in  this  much  governed  city."  The 
troa>;ury  department  was  under  a  staffof  officers  whose 
iliicf  duty  it  was  to  receive,  tax,  and  stamp  silver  bull- 
ion, and  to  deliver  quicksilver  for  use  in  the  mines.  At 
diic  time  the  administration  of  the  exchequer  seems 
tit  have  been  intrusted  to  the  governor  and  audiencia, 
liiit  they  did  not  long  retain  control,  for  the  king 
always  took  care  that  the  precious  metals  in  transit 
between  the  mines  and  the  royal  coffers  in  Spain 
sbmild  pass  through  as  few  hands  as  possible.  A 
branch  treasury  was  also  established  at  Zacatecas, 
wh'.re  the  revenue  for  a  sinsjle  decade,  commencincf  in 
1730,  amounted  to  nearly  four  million  pesos. 


Before  IGOO,  as  Ave  have  seen,  rich  mines  were  dis- 
covered, and  during  the  next  two  centuries  many  were 
developed,  often  with  rich  returns  in  spite  of  great  dis- 
advantages. The}''  were  nearly  all  of  silver-bearing 
ore,  though  according  to  Mota-Padilla,  very  fine  gold 
was  taken  out  at  Mezquital,  and  in  such  abundance 
as  to  be  used  secretly  in  trade  throughout  the 
country.  This  yield  ceased  however  toward  the  mid- 
dle of  the  eighteenth  century.  IlespccHng  liiothods 
of  mining  and  of  reduction  we  have  liitle  or  no  con- 
temporaneous information,  while  of  the  yield  we  have 
lor  statistics  only  a  few  meagre,  disconnected,  and 
diHihtless  in  most  instances  inaccurate  statements 
bearing  upon  different  localities  at  different  periods. 

Bullion  was  presented  it  the  treasuiy  at  (hiadala- 
jara,  Zacatecas,  ai^^^  '  \  later  years  at  Llerena,  and  was 
tlicre  properly  stamped  after  the  royal  dues  had  been 


'*  Villa-Scfior,  Tmfro,  ii.  204-f!,  names  the  secular  cabiliio  of  Ouadalnjara 
ill  IT-}.")  as  consisting  of  twelve  re^'idorea,  alferez  real,  alguacil  mayor,  two 
ol'iililes,  contailor,  i)rocurador,  and  notary.  He  also  speaks  of  a  custoui- 
lioiise  stall'. 


302 


NUEVA  GALICIA. 


paid.  Thence  it  must  be  transported  to  Mexico  for 
sale  as  th^re  was  no  nearer  mint.^''  The  labor  was 
mainly  performed  by  Indians,  under  Spanish  over- 
seers, nominally  working  for  wages  of  from  two  to 
five  pesos  a  month,  yet  practically  held  in  bondao-e 
during  much  of  the  time  and  in  many  sections.^*'  The 
severest  toil,  however,  fell  to  the  lot  of  negro  slaves. 
Notwithstanding  the  richness  of  the  ores,  the  min- 
ing industry  was  well  nigh  paralyzed  by  the  govern- 
ment monopoly  of  quicksilver,  which  restricted  the 
production  of  that  metal  to  the  mines  of  Almaden  in 
Spain.  Rich  deposits  are  said  to  have  been  discovered 
in  Nueva  Galicia,  especially  in  the  Sierra  de  Pinos, 
but  its  extraction  was  prohibited  by  cedula  of  1730. 
The  immediate  effect  was  of  course  to  make  the  jirico 
of  quicksilver  so  excessive  tha+  only  the  most  produc- 
tive mines  could  be  profitably  worked,  to  say  nothini,' 
of  the  occasional  failure  of  the  supply  on  account  of 
interrupted  communication  with  Mexico.  But  those 
were  not  the  only  disadvantages  of  the  monopoly;  for 
not  only  must  the  quicksilver  be  brought  directly  from 
the  government  ofHcials,  but  must  be  bought  only  in 
lorge  quantities.  No  subsequent  transactions  were 
allowed,  nor  any  retail  trade  in  this  commodity.  It 
was  not  enough,  however,  that  quicksilver  must  lie 
bought  in  large  quantities  and  at  exorbitant  rates; 
the  purchaser  must  at  the  same  time  b'^come  responsi- 
ble for  the  payment  of  the  tax  on  the  amount  of  sih  tr 
bullion  which  the  supply  purchased  would  enable  him 
to  produce!  This  was  intended  to  prevent  frauds  in 
evading  the  payment  of  taxes  and  tithes;  but  the 
l>ractical  effect  was  that  if  the  discoverer  of  a  mine 
happened  to  be  a  man  without  means  he  was  com- 
pelled to  take  others  into  partnership;  and  when  the 


'°In  1007  a  royal  order  was  obtained  ordering  a  mint  to  be  establislieil  at 
Zacateias,  but  notbing  waa  done  in  the  matter.  Bernardez,  Zoc,  38,'  VUli- 
tScrior,  Teatro,  ii.  'J'J3. 

'"Dnnipiir.  Voi/ai/e,  i.  209,  speaks  of  some  hundreds  of  Indian  slaves  ^vho 
Worked  in  the  silver  mines  near  Contizpac  iu  1086,  carrying  ore  toCom^wstila 
and  suppHca  back  to  tlic  mines. 


AGRICULTURE  AND  SIAXUFACTURES. 


303 


mine  proved  valuable,  litigations  would  follow,  and 
the  discoverer  would  too  often  lose  his  interest." 

At  this  period  the  industries  of  agriculture  and 
.stock-raising  were  fairly  prosperous.  There  was  no 
lack  in  Nueva  Galicia  of  fertile  land,  which  produced 
an  abundant  food-supply,  while  in  ocean  and  river 
there  were  excellent  fisheries.  Several  small  vessels 
were  built  on  the  coast  for  expeditions  to  California, 
the  workmen  being  sent  from  Mexico  and  encamping 
at  some  suitable  spot  near  the  mouth  of  a  river,  where 
they  ^el  '^d  the  timber,  built  the  craft,  and  then  aban- 
doh:.!  th>  .  'amp.  Of  manufactures  there  were  none, 
except  ihu  jude  articles  made  by  the  natives  for  their 
own  use,  and  the  commerce  of  the  country  was  carried 
on  by  native  carriers,  pack-mules,  and  wagon-trains, 
by  means  of  which  agricultural  products  were  carried 
to  the  nearest  market,  ore  and  bullion  forwarded 
from  the  mines,  and  tools,  machinery,  quicksilver,  and 
clothing  brought  overland  from  the  city  of  IMexico. 
To  the  capital  were  also  sent  the  few  articles  of  prod- 
uce which  would  pay  the  cost  of  freight,  together 
v.itli  herds  of  live-stock.  At  times  the  privilege  of 
killing  and  exporting  cattle  was  restricted  by  the  gov- 
ernor on  complaint  of  the  ecclesiastical  authorities 
that  the  amount  of  t'thes  was  thereby  diminished. 

The  city  of  Mcv  o  derived  much  greater  benefit 
from  the  resioarcs  of  Nueva  Galicia  than  did  the 
province  itself.  In  ho  <  loital  ulone  could  any  products 
except  those  of  mine  or  field  be  exchanged  for  money. ''^ 
Men  were  not  wanting  who  understood  these  disad- 
vantages,  and  foremost  among  them  was  Mota-Padilla, 
who  never  ceased  his  efforts  to  separate  the  country 
from  New  Spain,  to  obtain  for  her  ports  a  trade  with 
China  and  wi'h  Central  and  South  America;  to  estab- 
lish a  mint,  ..'  \  make  Guadalajara  a  centre  of  trade; 

"  '  Ya  se  ticnc  i  . arto  '(Uc  cuando  sc  litiga  eobre  mina  so  pierden  las 
li-ycs.'  Mola-PadUlu,     'or,q.  A'.  Gal.,  .321. 

'^'Mixico  sc  lia  hccho  garganta  precisa  por  dondc  haya  do  pasar  todo.' 
il(jlu-l'aditlu,  Conq.  X.  Gal.,  'JG3-4. 


304 


NUEVA  GALICIA. 


but  tlie  pressure  brought  to  bear  on  the  king  from 
the  Now  World  metropohs  was  always  too  stron^, 
and  the  interests  of  the  province  were  disregarded.'* 

The  total  population  of  Nueva  Galicia  in  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century  was  estimated  at  not  loss 
than  two  hundred  thousand,  of  which  number  sixty 
thousand  were  Indians  and  the  remainder  of  Spanish 
and  mixed  blood.  Though  this  seems  a  comparatively 
high  figure,  Mota-Padilla  certainly  had  excellent  ap- 
portunities  for  -^otaining  correct  statistics.^"  During 
the  second  hah  ,  "  '  >  century  the  population  seems 
to  have  increased  .e  rapidly;  for  we  find  that  at 
the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century  the  popula- 
tion of  Guadalajara  was  variously  estin)ated  at  from 
nineteen  to  thirty-five  thousand,  and  that  under  tho 
jurisdiction  of  the  audiencia  as  high  as  six  hundred 
and  thirty  thousand.^' 

It  will  be  remembered  that  at  the  close  of  the  six- 
teenth century  Zacatecas  was  the  new  El  Dorado  which 
attracted  settlers  and  adventurers  from  all  parts;  tho 
population  rapidly  increased;  mines  were  being  dis- 
covered and  developed,  and  a  great  future  seemed  to 
be  in  store  for  the  new  colony.  At  that  time  the  site 
of  the  city  of  Zacatecas  seemed  anything  but  pleasant 

"From  lT48-r)3,  accorJing  to  the  Notlcias  Bioff.  of  Icazbalccta,  tho  liis- 
toriau  made  efforts  to  have  tho  four  juriadictioiis  of  the  coast,  Piirificacion, 
Topic,  Acaponeta,  and  Centizpac,  formed  into  a  new  govcrumeut,  to  be  plucfd 
under  himself  as  ruler. 

^"Mota-1'adilhi'.s  actual  basis  is  the  number  of  Indian  tributaries,  which 
vas  8,000,  representing  1G,000  persons,  not  including  chiefs,  the  aged,  or 
children,  i'oiuj.  X.  Gal.,  509.  Gil,  Soc.  Mex.  Gco'i.,  xiii.  4i)3,  says  the  popu- 
lation in  about  IToO  was  estimated  at  about  115,000. 

-'  (iil,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geoij.,  viii.  493,  insists  however  that  in  1807,  on  taking 
tribute,  the  population  was  found  to  be  only  130,000,  having  increased  hut 
15,000  since  1750.  There  is  no  doubt  that  there  was  a  misunderstanding  as 
to  tho  territory  included.  Humboldt,  Ensai  Pol.,  155,  and  New  Sjiiiiii,ii. 
180-3,  gives  for  the  intendencia  of  Guadalnjai-a  6.'>0,50O,  and  for  the  city 
19,500;  0,381  square  leagues  with  023,57- inhabitants  avo  mentioned  in  Tn- 
hunal  (Id  Co)i-<iil(Hlo,  1805.  Ortiz,  Mex.  liahj  ,  7'J,  gives  030,000  for  1^03. 
According  to  Xurarm,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Gcofj.,  2da  (y).,  i.  291,  in  1810  the  inten- 
dencia of  Guadalajara  comprised  9,012  square  leagues;  28partidos,  lOOcuracirs, 
9  missions,  2  cities,  7  towns,  326  villages,  33  mining  districts,  370  haciendas, 
1,511  ranchos,  and  118  stock  ranches.  There  were  29  convents  and  7  nun- 
neries; 441  elerigos,  192  friars,  ami  225  nuns;  there  were  104,420  .Spanianls, 
172,070  Indians,  and  179,720  of  mixed  blood,  making  a  total  population, 
including  the  religious,  of  517,074. 


ZACATECAS  MATTERS. 


305 


to  tlio  Spaniards,  The  soil  was  little  adapted  to  the 
lultivation  of  wheat,  maize,  or  even  fruit,  exceptinj^ 
t'  ■'  Indian  fig,  tlie  cactus  apiudia  covering  the  neigh- 
liiirliood  in  every  direction.  Nevertlieless  its  location 
hail  many  advantages.  Tiie  climate,  thougli  cliange- 
;il)k',  was  liealtliy,  being  never  excessively  hot  or  cold. 
Li  Ihe  vicinity  variety  of  temperature  favored  the 
(ulti ration  of  different  agricultural  products.  Cattle- 
raising  became  an  important  feature  at  an  early  day, 
niRl  besides  silver,  copper  lead  and  other  metals  were 
found  in  abundance.'^^ 


City  of  Zacatecas. 

The  three  or  four  persons  in  charge  of  the  treasury, 
and  the  corregidor,  appointed  directly  by  the  king, 
V, I'll'  the  only  officials  who  were  paid  a  salary  at  Zaca- 

■Tlio  veins  ai'onnd  Zacatecas  city  yielilcd  in  IGOS  an  average  of  niorotlian 
twii  iHiiK'es  per  cental.  Tlierc  were  20  liurii'iitlun  dc  viukik,  whose  owners  were 
v.nrtli  Inan  liO.OOO  to  100,000  pesos  each,  iuicl  eniployeil  about  100  Spaniards, 
tlio  siiiiie  nuinhei"  of  negroes,  and  1 ,000  Indians.  Each  hacienda  worliid  about 
Ml  ii'iitids  a  day.  No  smelting  was  done,  and  only  niulo  power  was  u.sed. 
/.'''•"/.  •,(,<,  ItcL,  in  Pac/icco  and  Vardi'iia^,  Col.  Doc,  ix.  1S2-7.  At  San 
Amlir.s  (ieneral  Mcndiola  tore  down  his  stone  buildings,  the  material  yieldiniJ 
tlnee  marks  per  cental.  The  product  of  the  nunes  at  Zacatecas  iiad  declineil 
I "ii'^i'li  lably  in  1732;  there  wero  only  2-1  roductic/n  works;  the  expenses 
l.:!Oli,i)00  pesos  per  year;  and  the  king  received  257,350  pesos.  Btrnank.:, 
Uisr.  Mex.,  Vol.  III.    if) 


lillil* 


.'I 


n 


306 


NUEVA  GALICIA. 


tcoas,  and  the  salable  offices  brought  at  auction  fiom 
six  to  eight  thousand  pesos."^  The  province  had  al>o 
a  lieutenant  captain-genrral,  and  a  force  of  troops  for 
protection  in  case  of  outbreaks  among  the  natives.-' 
In  wealth  and  probably  in  population  the  city  was 
superior  to  the  capital  of  Nueva  Galicia.'^ 

The  mining  districts  of  Fresnillo,  Sombr^retc,  Fi- 
nos, Nieves,  Mazapil,  and  Zacatecas  were  all  ilcaKlias 
mayores,  subject  to  a  corregimiento,  to  whicl.'  grade, 
in  17 oG,  the  so-called  province  of  Zacatecas  was 
raised,  the  districts  of  Aguas  Calientes  and  Jucliipila 
being  added  three  years  later.  When  the  alcaMias 
mayores  and  corregimientos  were  abolished  by  tlio 
ordinance  L'^^Lal)lishing  intendencias,  these  latter  dis- 
tricts were  made  a  part  of  the  intendencia  of  Gua- 
d'^^-'jara,  Ui.til  j'nnei.1  to  that  of  Zacatecas  by  royal 
tiucree  of  December  30,  1791. 

The  town  of  Aguas  Calientes  derived  its  name  from 
the  thermal  springs  in  its  immediate  vicinity.-"    la 

Zac,  42-50.  In  1750  the  mines  tlid  not  yield  more  than  500,000  pesos;  bit 
the  output  increased  in  a  few  years  to  ten  times  as  muck  through  the  elToit^ 
of  one  Lahorde.  Jarnha'  J/ist.  Iiiq.,  ii.  153.  The  wealthiest  inhahitjuit  ii 
Zacatecas  was  Agustin  de  Zavala,  who  in  20  years  had  paid  in  silver  UIiil's 
lifths  to  the  amount  of  80v/,lKH)  pesos,  which  .shows  that  during  that  tiiiiL-  I  ; 
had  sent  to  ho  marked  4,0(K),(K)0.  Subjudo,  Vida,  23.  This  is  the  same  Za\  i.l.i 
who  was  governor  of  Xuevo  Leon. 

'^^ ZacKttcdn,  lid.,  in  I'acheco  and  Curdanns,  Col.  Doc,  ix.  184-0.  Mf  r  'j 
Caniyio,  in  linnata  Lien.,  ii.  HI,  savs  the  royal  treasury  was  cstahllirlieil  i.i 
1707. 

'■"  In  1C08  Cristobal  de  Cardivar  is  named  as  holding  the  position  of  '  tciii- 
elite  do  capitan  general.'  Ili'id.  The  same  writer  speaks  of  a  govcniur  I 
Zacatecas  appointed  every  six  years  by  the  council  of  the  Indies.  A  'caiiitaii 
d  guerra'  is  also  mentioned  about  1745  in  V'd'a-Scnor,  Ten  fro,  ii.  2'J3. 

^^The  population  of  the  province  of  Zacatecas  for  1793  as  given  by  lli'.ii- 
boldt,  E.-<.i((i  J'dt.,  i.  57,  155,  was  1 18, (127 ;  that  of  the  capital,  25,4',)5,  .iml  i  i 
1803,  153,300  including  city  and  province.  For  description  of  priiieip  1 
places  see  /(/.,  2(i0-{ll ;  also  I'iai/iro,  (Iiiir.,  xxvii.  105-0.  For  the  lattT 
year  the  tribunal  del  consulado,  in  Soc.  Mcr.  (Ifioij.,  Bolefin,  ii.  0,  gives  !(M 
square  leagues  and  151,74!)  inhabitants.  ^lui'illo,  6'eo,'/.  Hid.,  811,  ^iv'-i 
40,000  for  the  city  in  1778-0,  and  Cancclada,  Itiiiiia,  73-5,  the  same  liL'nn-i 
as  the  consulado.  Navarro,  in  Soc.  Me.f.  iUoij.,  Jlolctin,  2d  ep.,  i.  2111,  1  '■' 
in  1810  for  the  intendencia  of  Zacatecas  2,355  s(juarc  leagues,  witli  2J.-'.' i 
Spaniards,  40,S72  Indians,  and  77,555  otiicr  races;  0  partidos,  17  curatis,  i 
city,  2  villas,  28  pueblos,  10  roales  de  niinas,  108  haciendas,  4.'!8  randioh,  ;iii4 
10  cattle  ranchos.  See  also  l'fiiit\i  Ofo;/.,  ii.  132;  Snc.  J/c.i".  (leoij.,  JJofrihi,  iv. 
275;  111  niliiit,  Zac,  4;  Zitn'nja  ij  O.,  Ccknd.,  110-17;  N.  Ettp.,  Bra:  J!i^.,  ii. 
31!)  20. 

'■"'The  town  useil  the  royal  arms,  having  no  coat  of  arms  of  its  '!""■• 
Aijuirre,  Doc.  Aiitij.,  in  Soc.  Mtx.  O'eoy.,  Boktln,  2d  cp.  iii.  10.     For  utli'.r 


V 


OTHER  MINING  DISTRICTS. 


307 


3tion  from 

0  had  a]>u 
troops  i'(ir 

natives.-' 
!  city  Avas 

^•■irctc,  Pi- 

1  ilcakluis 
ici.'  grade, 
tecas    was 

Jucliipihi 
)  alcaldi'as 
3d  by  tin; 
latter  di.s- 
a  of  Gua- 
;  by  royal 

lamo  from 
iiity.-«    111 

000  resos;  \v\l 

ugh  tlio  otl'or'- 

iiilial)ii;iiit  i  f 

ill  silver  Kin.  -i 

g  tllllt  tilllu   I.  : 

10  same  Zav:,!,i 

IS4-0.  Mn  r  y 
cstaljlislifil  i.i 

sitioii  of  '  tin:- 
a  govcninr  ■  f 
;s.  A  '  capitaii 
ii.  2-';J. 
;ivcn  by  Ilnri- 
l2."),4!t.'),  ai}il  i  1 
\  of  priiiiii'.l 
For  till'  lattT 
i.  (i,  gives  !('-l 
.it.,  isll,  ,-iv.^ 
c  same  liu'iii' ' 
31>.,    i.  -.".ll,].:- 

s,  with  •2-2::'M 
9,  17  eui'ates.  I 
!8  raiu'hii>.  ini  I 

T/.,  Jlol'l'il',  i  >. 

'jinr.  J,y^..  li. 

ns  of  its  ii\i::, 
I'J.     Fuf  uili"' 


1794  it  had  a  parish  church  and  three  convents  with 
al)out  thirty  friars,  and  as  many  other  clergymen. 
There  was  also  a  public  school  supported  by  funds 
l)erjucathed  l)y  a  resident  of  that  town.  Toward  the 
end  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  population  was 
rapidly  increasing,"  and  mining,  commerce,  agricult- 
ure, and  stock-raising  had  made  great  progress. 

Frcsnillo  had  at  this  period  about  five  thousand  in- 
habitants and  was  governed  by  a  lieutenant  under  the 


■rt.Juiin.clfl  liio  '..J' 
'  is 


Zacatecas,  Aquas  Caliextes,  San  Luia  Poxosf. 

alcalde  of  Jerez;  there  was  a  largo  parochial  church 
and  a  Dominican  hospice.  The  site  was  little  better 
than  that  of  Zacatecas.  The  mines  iii  the  hills  of 
Proailo,  south-west  of  the  town,  belonged  fur  the  most 
part  to  the  marquis  of  Apartado.-"* 
Most  of  the  settlements  in  the  province   of  San 

(k't.'iils  concerning  it  see  Id.,  ii.  18;  Dice.  Univ.,  i.  77-8;  .5.  Mi'jnel,  lirp. 
Mix.,  i.  7. 

■In  1794  the  town  Iinil  8, .370  inhabitants.  .-inKhrc,  Doc.  Ant  i;/.,  in  Sor. 
,l/c,i'.  (iVoi/,,  Bolctln,  'Jil  op.  iii.  '21-5.  Sec  for  other  details  Dla.'i,  j\Itx\,  v. 
li'2'2;  (I'uuta  M<r.,  i.-xv.,  passim. 

■~'rhe  ciiiacy  of  Fresnillo  was  said  to  be  the  most  lucrative  in  Nueva 
Clalieia,  paying  Sl'J.OOO  per  year.  Morji,  in  Doc,  Hist.  Mex.,  3dser.  iv.  333-5. 


m 


808 


NUEVA  GALICIA. 


Luis  Potosi  wero  founded  toward  the  close  of  the  six- 
teenth and  during  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  there  is  nothing  that  requires  record 
concerning  their  progress.  The  capital  of  the  same 
name  is  situated  on  the  eastern  declivity  of  the  great 
plateau  of  Andhuac,  in  a  fertile  and  extensive  valley, 
bounded  on  the  west  by  the  mountains  of  San  Luis. 
The  oldest  records  of  the  town  council  date  back  to 
1(512,  the  title  of  city  being  awarded  by  the  king  in 
1050.'°  The  population  in  1G04  consisted  of  eight 
hundred  Spaniards  and  some  three  thousand  Indians; 
and  about  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
Yilla-Senor  states  it  at  sixteen  hundred  families. 
Most  of  the  natives  were  distributed  among  the 
mines  of  San  Pedro  and  the  neighboring  haciendas, 
and  fi'om  this  time  forward  the  population  seems  to 
have  increased  rapidly.** 

San  Pedro,  Charcas,  Villa  del  Valle,  Guadalcazai", 
Pdnuco,  and  other  towns  were  also  in  a  llourislilnj,' 
condition. ^^  The  mining  town  of  Catorce,  so  named 
on  account  of  the  murder  of  fourteen  soldiers  by  sav- 
ages in  ancient  times,  appears  to  have  been  founded 
in  1772,"-  though  some  place  the  date  as  early  as  li 


.  /  oo. 


''■^  Iliirrihavr'ia,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  lioletiii,  \ii.  300.  According  to  Arlc- 
gui,  57,  ill  lt](»0. 

"''  Statistics  concerning  the  population  of  San  Luis  Potosf  run  •widely  apart. 
ITuniboldt,  I'Jssal  Pot.,  i.  57,  gives  for  1793  in  tlio  city  8,571,  and  in  tliu  ]iin- 
viiicu  l24'J,"2SO:  iur  1S03,  1 -2,000 and  ;W4.!HK) respectively.  Castillo,  iu,9.-c.  .l/>.<. 
Vcoij.,  JJoldln,  M  ep.v.  407,  gives 'J'2,(KX) for  tliecity  iu  1787 — an  nlisunl  stiiti- 
liient.  Taladez,  Aof.,  in  Id.,  58,  01,  in  17"J4  for  tlie  province  H)S,(KJ"_'.  Aot.  (hi 
L'-^p.,  in  /(/.,  ii.  10,  for  1805,  180,.V.).S;  so  TrUt.  Coji.^nl,  in  /'/.,  Hi;  sco  for 
population  at  dilTerent  ])eriods  Id.,  Id.,  ix.  27'2;  for  1808.  C'ancelada,  Uv'in'i, 
7;!-5,  gives  Sll,5();i.  Navarro,  in  Svc.  Mex.  doij.,  Bolelhi,  'Jd  eji.  i.  •J!ii, 
gives  for  tlie  intendcncia  of  San  Luis  in  1810:  2.357  square  leairues,  \\  itli 
2--',009  Spaniards,  SS,040  Indians,  02,007  of  mixed  race,  a  total  of  17.'i.i;">l. 
There  were  10  ]iarti(los,  "23  curacies,  ami  19  missions;  one  city,  2  villiis.  41) 

iiuelilus,  15  rcales  de  minas,  124  haciendas,  431  ranclios,  and  IS  cattle  i;im  li"'-. 
'roiierly  there  ^vcre  14  pi'rtidos,  10  under  the  viceroy,  and  four  uiuhr  tlio 
comiiianiler-general  of  the  proviuciaa  oricntales.  Sec  also  IJunticl,  IIui<dliii<h, 
Mfx.fuiddudt.,  224-0. 

^'  In  1740  San  I'edrohad  100  families  of  Spaniards,  mestizos,  nnd  muliittdc.s. 
uitli  some  2,000  Indians  in  the  vicinity;  Charcas,  40or50,  and  ViUadcl  \  allc 
240  Spanisli  families.    ViUa-Scni^r,  Tlvatro,  i.  54-9. 

^■-See  Caitqio,  Sue.  Mki'.  O'coij.,  Ilolifhi,  2d  cp.  iv.  374.  Five  tliousaii'l  iii- 
liahitants  arc  given  for  tlie  year  1770.  in  ]\'(ird\i  J\f<\>:,  ii.  132-3,  vhich  .•-•  uns 
oxaygerated.  According  to  llassel,  Ilundbuch,  the  mines  vere  discovcVLil  in 
1770. 


PROGRESS  IX  SAX  LUIS  POTOSt 


800 


Crdral  was  established  in  1780,  and  became  a  doc- 
trina  in  1790.^ 

The  alcalde  mayor  of  San  Luis  Potosi  held  the 
title  of  lieutenant  captain-general,  the  appointment 
luing  made  on  account  of  the  proximity  of  that  prov- 
ince to  the  Chichimec  frontier,  where,  however,  the 
friars  were  actively  engaged  in  the  work  of  conversion. 
The  ayuntamiento  of  the  capital  consisted  of  twelve 
ri">!(lores,  alcaldes,  alguaciles,  and  other  necessary 
otticials.""'*  The  title  of  city  was  granted  by  viceroy 
Alljurquerque  in  1050,  and  was  confirmed  by  Felipe 
III.  August  17,  1058.  On  the  25th  of  October  1787 
the  province  was  made  an  intendencia.^' 

Of  the  mining  and  other  industries  I  shall  have 
occasion  to  speak  later.  The  only  disturbances  wliich 
seem  to  have  occurred  in  San  Luis  Potosi  are  those 
oil  tlie  occasion  of  the  Jesuit  expulsion  in  1707. 
When  these  were  suppressed,  the  province  made  ex- 
traordinary progress,  remaining  free  from  political 
convulsions  until  in  1810  the  country  was  aroused  by 
the  revolution  of  Dolores.^" 


•"'  See  article  on  San  Luis  Potosf,  in  Dice.  Univ.,  x.  321,  and  Iturriharria, 
ii\Si'r.  }[cx.  Crcog.,  liolctin,  vii.  304. 

•"At  nn  early  date  the  city  had  five  convents  and  a  Jesuit  college.  Ccdie, 
ilivn.  y  Xi-t.,  77;  Santos,  Citron.,  407. 

'''Thu  fu'st  iutendente  was  Bruno  Diaz  Salcedo,  who  took  possession  on  the 
panic  (lay.  Castillo,  in  Soc.  Hex.  Geof/.,  liolctin,  3d  ep.  v.  4"J7.  Sec  also  in 
/'/.,ii.  l!l--20,  9G-110;  llumhohU,  EssaiPol,  i.  282-5;  Ziinoja  y  O.,  Caleud., 
117;  C'cjia  Jfc.v.,  i.-xvi.,  passim. 

^''Iksides  Mota-Padilla  the  following  authorities  have  been  cousuUcmI  for 
matters  treated  in  this  chapter:  Torquemada,  iii.  333-4,  ,342,  384;  Ajmslo/icon 
A/chir.s,  passim;  Villa-Seiior  y  Sanchez,  I'lten fro,  ii.  2()4-2(l;  Zarultrai',  Ilrl., 
in  Pi(r7;((0  and  Cdrilt'iia-'i,  Col.  Doc,  ix.,  179-91;  Ala/ri',  Hint.  Coin]).,  i.  205- 
l.'l),44«);  ii.  24-5,  52-3,  81-2,  15G-9,  241,  41Get  seq.;  iii.  20-1,04-9.91-2,  191-2; 
Arli-'jiii,  Cron.  Zuc,  passim;  Bcrnanhz,  Zac,  20-90;  JMiclwaran,  Prar.,  95, 
ll.VKi;  Arririvita,  Cron.  Sn-df.,  92,  590;  E<j)iiioi<a,  Cron.  Ajioxf.,  415,  499- 
■"i07;  Ayela,  Dcj'iiisa  V<rdad,  passim;  lllba.'i.  Hist.  Triumiihos,  729;  Mnrijil 
iJ('Jt<ii)>,  Xoli-Je,  passim;  Venei/a.'!,  Not.  Cul.,  ii.  51.5-lG;  Dhr.  Univ.,  iv. 
HT.VII;  ix.  800-2;  x.  ICS,  10.32-88;  Inslruceion  Vircyt.i,  3,  12,  120;  Lilcsio.'i, 
I!':!..  2S9-310;  Jalisco,  Not.,  10-23,  GO,  141;  M^ifru.%  'Exjdor.,  i.  200;  L>i:nnio, 
Viil'i  lie  Ovii'ilo,  149-50;  Alj'uro  y  Pina,  Cat.  de  Giiad.,  5-14;  Casliitu,  L'yjuji), 
]--lt7;  lifvlsta,  Scifn.,  ii.  110-11;  Morji,  Diario,  329;  Jacoh'n  Ilint.  Ini[.,  ii. 
l"i:?;  Dmnpi,'r\f  Voy.,  i.  257-72;  Salvador,  in  Doc.  Hint.  Mex.,  3d  soiios,  iv. 
tM,');  Cam,  Tres  Siijtos,  ii.  1G3-4;  Mnseo  Mex.,  2d  cp.  i.  2;  Funncll'a  Voy., 
Dl;  Cil,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Oeoij.,  viii.  493. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 


THE    CONQUEST   OF   NAYARIT. 

1701-1722. 

Thb  Last  Refuge  of  Idolatry  in  Nceva  Galicia — Geography  of  Xaya- 

RIT — CUARACTKEIS 1 ICS  OF  THE  XaTIVES— PARTIAL  SUCCESS  OF  ArISIIAHA 

IN-  1G18— Trocple  AT  Acapoxeta — Massacre  of  Bracamoxte  and  his 
Party  IS  1701 — Revolt  at  Colotlan — The  Barefoot  Friars— Mk.n- 
DioLA'a  PjXI'editiox  and  The  First  Jesuit  Attempt — The  Tonati 
Visits  Mexico — His  Treaty  and  his  Flight— Preparations  and  Ob- 
stacles at  Zacatecas — Camp  at  Peyotlan — Flores  ix  Command- 
Assault  ON  Til'.  Mesa — The  Xayarits  Suudueu  and  Conquest 
Achieved — Progress  of  the  Missions. 

After  the  conclusion  of  the  Mixton  war*  it  was  be- 
lieved that  the  powerful  blow  administered  by  Vice- 
roy ]\Iendoza  to  the  revolted  savages  of  Xueva  Galicia 
liad  been  final.  The  uiter  defeat  and  rout  of  the 
(Jhichimecs,  who  then  made  a  last  heroic  eftbrt  to 
throw  off  the  Spanish  yoke,  had  been  decisive.  Tlie 
Spaniards  enjoyed  the  peaceful  possession  of  the  terri- 
tory in  the  firm  belief  that  no  further  attempts  would 
ever  be  made  by  the  scattered  natives  to  assert  thck* 
ancient  rights.  The  Indians  had  not  been  finally  sub- 
dued, however,  and  two  centuries  later  the  strufji'lc 
was  to  be  renewed.  Many  of  the  natives  who  had 
escaped  death  or  captivity  at  Cuind,  Nochistlan,  and 
Mixton  had  taken  refuge  in  what  was  later  known  as 
the  sierra  of  Nayarit.'^ 

'See  Hist.  Mex.,  ii.  400-515,  this  series. 

^Tlie  region  so  called  is  situated  in  modem  Jalisco,  north  of  the  Tololo- 
tlan,  on  and  south  of  tlie  Durango  boundary,  cast  of  tlie  coast  province  of  Aca- 
poueta,  west  of  Zacatecas,  on  and  near  the  river  San  I'edro.  In  Xaijiirif'n<, 
Ji'i'l.,  4-5,  Nayarit  is  described  as  a  province  of  '22  pueblos,  lying  witliiii  a 
triangle  formed  by  the  towns  of  Zacatecas,  Huajucjuilla,  and  Guazainota.  It 
iuc%Ued  a  valley  enclosed  by,  high  mountaind  broken  only  by  the  Kio  X'ara- 

(310) 


NATIVE  NATIONS. 


311 


Vciy  littlo  has  l)oc'n  learned  about  the  country 
!.incf  its  so-called  roncjuest  in  the  first  quarter  of  the 
la-^t  reiitury.  It  is  still  inhabited  tor  the  most  part 
liv  ahorigines  seemingly  but  little  under  the  control 
(if  Mexican  authority,  and  has  become  famous  of  late 
yi  ill's  as  the  central  stronghold  from  which  the  native 
thiLltain  Lozada  attempted  valiantly,  but  in  vain,  to 
ivstore  the  independence  of  his  nation.     One  or  two 


Nayarit. 

difficult  passes,  easily  defended  against  a  superior  in- 
vading force,  lead  to  a  succession  of  wooded  peaks, 
iiiid  mesas,  huge  chasms,  and  small  valleys  of  consid- 
Lialile  fertilitv.  The  natives  inhabiting  this  rcijion 
kr;tiiic  known  to  the  Spaniards  as  Xayarits,  Coras, 
and  Tecualmcs;  there  were  also  other  minor  tribes, 
who  together  with  them  claimed  descent  from  the 

i.ia— Iiy  which  may  be  meant  the  Tololotlan.  The  entrance  is  ten  leaguea 
li  1)111  <  1  iiaziiniota.  According  to  AposldHcon  Afaiies,  173,  tlie  cliief  river  i^^  tho 
•lisiis  M;iria  y  Joseph,  proljrLly  the  nioflern  .San  Pctlro,  whicli  is  trilmtary  to 
tiif  Tnliilutlan.  Mota-Paililla  and  Alegro  content  tlicniselvcs  with  giving 
latitude  and  longitude,  with  general  bearings  from  m'cU  known  jwints.  It  is 
tvitkiit  that  the  early  writers  knew  nothing  of  Nayarit  geography. 


y 


*1s.t'! 


nii: 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 


Aztecs,  a  diiiiii  suppcjitccl  to  some  extent  by  tli  ir 
languaj^e.' 

in  tlie  central  partis  of  Xayarit  are  two  plntcaiis, 
known  as  the  mesas  ilcl  Tonati  and  del  CanyiH  jn.  (ni 
the  I'ornjer  of  wliicli  were  the  nation's  sacred  teniplo. 
The  i)eople  were  a  hold  race  of  mountaineers,  ior  tin 
most  [)art  savages,  their  Aztec  forefathers  havinn' 
handed  down  to  them  only  a  few  religious  forms,  .ind 
a  knowledge  of  agriculture.  They  enjoyed  a  line-  and 
healthy  climate.  In  their  territory  was  an  abundiino 
of  wild  fruits,  and  no  lack  of  i^ame.  They  dwelt  in 
security  under  the  protection  of  their  own  gods,  witli 
whom  they  wei-e  content;  hut  what  they  seem  to  liavi' 
prized  above  all  was  their  long  immunity  from  Span- 
ish and  christian  intermeddliui;.  Nevertheless  tlirv 
beheld  with  distrust  the  progress  of  the  Spaniards, 
and  gradually  found  themselves  entirely  surrounded 
by  numerous  missions.  From  their  observations  and 
the  reports  of  fugitives  they  had  ample  opportuiiit 
to  study  the  eft'ects  of  the  new  institutions  that 
encircled  their  retreat;  but  their  conclusion  was  iiu.i. 
their  old  gods,  customs,  and  rulers  were  good  enouuli. 
Like  most  other  natives,  they  doubted  not  their  ahil- 
itv  to  resist,  with  the  aid  of  their  natural  defeneo, 
notwithstanding  their  small  numbers — perhaps  never 
more  than  three  or  four  thousand.  Circumstances 
contributed  to  strenejthen  their  self-confidence  as  the 
Spaniards  long  delayed  active  measures  to  suhdue 
them. 

The  Indians  in  their  visits  to  the  coast,  where  tliev 
were  wont  to  obtain  salt  in  large  quantities  for  baiter 
with  inland  tribes,  or  to  the  Zacatecan  towns,  came 
often  into  friendly  contact  with  the  friars  and  sol(licr>, 
always  declining  their  invitations  to  become  christians, 
find  gradually  forming  the  idea  that  submission  was  to 

^See  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  Slates,  iii.  719-20.  The  regiun  is  dftni 
called  sierra  dc  los  Coras.  According  to  Apo^toltcos  Afanes,  8-i),  the  Nay 
arits  were  there  when  the  Mexicans  marched  south  in  search  of  lioniis,  niiil 
the  long  lines  oi  iutrenehments  by  which  they  defended  their  land  v  cic  still 
visible  in  1752. 


EARLY  EXPEDITIONS. 


818 


liL'  altogc'tliur  optionul.    The  friars,  however,  had  other 

views. 

J II  tlic  aixtconth  century  there  is  no  record  of  any 
(Iclinite  communication  with  Nayarit;  but  we  are  told 
t!i;it  in  the  first  years  of  the  seventeenth,  Captain 
(jcKuiiino  de  Arciniega  penetrated  to  Guainamota, 
t(K)k  thence  two  thousand  Indians,  and  with  them 
luiiiided  four  settlements.*  Then  we  have  a  vaj^ue 
iianative  of  the  expedition  in  IGIG  to  1G18  of  Cap- 
tain Miguel  Cadera  with  several  companions.  They 
are  said  to  have  set  forth  from  Comjwstela  and  to 
liavo  spent  some  time  about  the  entrance  to  the  for- 
l)i(l(len  realms,  meeting  the  king  and  his  attendants, 
icctivinfj  four  children  as  a  ijift,  and  making;  so  favor- 
a  I  lilt  an  impression  that  some  of  the  Nayarits  came  to 
Tr|)ie  and  even  submitted  to  baptism.  About  the 
same  time  a  band  of  rebellious  Tepehuanes  from 
Duiango  sought  refuge  in  the  southern  siena,  and 
Cajitain  Bartolome  Arisbaba,  pursuing  them,  met 
Caldura  and  the  Indians  at  Guazamota.  Here  was 
a  cliiuice  for  the  great  chief  to  give  a  practical  demon- 
stmtion  of  his  new  friendship,  as  in  fact  he  is  said  to 
Lave  done,  by  offering  to  join  in  the  pursuit.  Of  the 
result  we  only  know  that  Arisbaba  left  on  a  stone 
})i(^s('rved  in  the  church  at  Guazamota  as  late  as  the 
middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,  an  inscription  recit- 
i 111,' that  in  1018  he  conquered  the  province  of  San 
Jose  del  Gran  Naj'ar.  His  conquest  however  cannot 
have  been  a  very  effectual  one,  probably  consisting  of 
certain  ceremonies  of  formal  submission,  of  which  the 
\vily  natives  were  ever  prodigal  outside  of  their  own 
territory;   and  Guazamota  was  on  the   frontier  and 


* Mota-Pudilla,  Coiiq.  N.  Gal.,  458-9.  Other  Iiulians  were  adilcd  in  ICO.S, 
.111(1  ill  l(i05  the  king  thanked  Arciniega  for  his  st-rviues.  The  .sauio  aiitlior 
ivliitt.s  that  in  1013  fatiicr  Miguel  de  Aranzii  valked  barefoot  up  the  Siena 
ill.' ic)s  Cuvas,  meeting  many  natives  under  a  one-eyed  ehicftain  who  said  his 
iiaiiic  was  Nayai'it,  tlius  originating  a  name  for  the  provin'-e  ami  for  the  peo- 
lile.  It  is  probable  that  the  name  <lid  come  from  a  native  ruler.  According 
U>  Ai'miulicos  Aj'(inf's,2,  9,  it  was  from  El  Naye,  the  tirst  who  attained  to 
legal  (lower.  PjI  Gi'an  Nayar  is  another  and,  according  to  this  author,  nioro 
vulgar  fonn.     He  however  calls  the  chief  ruler  iu  1010  El  Gran  Nayarit. 


314 


THTi  COXQUEST  OF  XAYARIT. 


t  '1' 


not  within  the  pass.  From  tliis  time,  the  Franciscans 
j-eein  to  have  Jiad  a  station  thcrc.^ 

It  was  also  in  1G17  that  A.caponeta  was  atta*  ko*! 
and  destroyed  by  a  force  said  to  have  come  from  1  )n- 
rancr<^,  and  which  seems  to  have  incited  a  revolt  of 
the  natives  in  this  region.  Aid  soon  came  from  (iua- 
dahijara  and  Guadiana  however,  and  peace  was  le- 
stored.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  Arishaba  was  in 
command  of  the  reenforcement  sent  on  this  occasinn. 
and  vhat  it  was  acjainst  the  destroyers  of  AcapoiKta 
that  the  alliance  of  the  Gran  Nayarit  was  atili/id. 
In  1GG7,  and  rgain  a  few  years  later,  the  Franciscans 
drew  fr(»m  Xayarit  some  converts  for  their  outside 
missions.  According  to  a  royal  decree  of  1G73  the 
friars  were  to  be  aided  in  their  efforts,  but  nothing 
more  was  done  during  the  century.^ 

In  1701  Captain  Francisco  Bracamonte,  who  sccins 
to  have  been  military  commander  on  the  frontier,  liad 
gained  the  friendship  of  the  Nayarits,  and  was  cvcii 
kn«:>wn  as  ]>rotector  of  the  Gran  Xa^'ar.  Govciimr 
Gutierre  of  Xueva  Galicia  now  proposed  to  use  liis 
influence  in  the  subjugation  of  their  territory.  ]!i'a- 
•amonte,  not  without  misgivings,  accepted  the  oU'lI", 
and  with  several  priests,  escorted  by  a  dozen  sokliiis, 
sot  about  his  task.  The  Xavarits  were  indignant  at 
this  action  of  their  friend,  and  forbade  all  furtk"r  aa- 
vances.  Foolishly  Bracamonte  was  induced  b}'  his 
(•om[»anions  to  go  on  and  enter  the  pass  known  as  El 
Simon.  The  result  was  that  only  one  of  tlie  ill-fated 
band  escaped,  badly  wounded^  the  rest  being  slain 
with  their  commander.^ 

The  n.'itives  now  became  more  ai^gressive  in  their 
])ulicy.  In  1702  there  were  tunudts  on  the  frontioi', 
during  which  the  Nayarits  not  only  sheltered  fugitives, 

^  Apoftoll'-os  A  fanes,  28-H4;  Akgre,  Hist.  Comp.,  iii.  197-S.  AiKu'i, 
Crov.  Zdi-.,  17-.  tells  us  that  his  order  lirst  entered  Nayarit  in  1(j3j. 

«Seo  Mui,i-I'(i,lillu,  Conq.  N.  Out.,  -IM). 

'  The  OL-euiint  of  this  occurrenrc  in  Ajioi<t(iUcoK  A/aius,  34-5,  is  nindi'  ii]' 
fmin  a  written  Kt;itement  by  the  survivor,  and  from  the  testimony  ol  t'nuc 
ludiaiis  >vho  were  present  at  the  maiiBacrc. 


Franciscans 

IS  atta* ked 
c  from  ])u- 
a  revolt  lit' 
!  from  ( Jim- 
ice  was  i-e- 
iba  Avas  in 
is  occa.sid'.i. 
Acap:niL'ta 
as  atilizi'd. 
L^ranciscaiis 
eir  outside 
f  1G73  the 
Hit  notliiii''- 

,  who  sccins 

roiitier,  liad 

d  was  even 

Governor 

to  use  liis 
:ory.  ]  )i'a- 
(1  the  olUr, 
;en  soldiers, 
idicnaiit  at 

furtl."r  ad- 
ced  by  liis 
uowii  as  Kl 
hlie  ill-fated 
beiu"  slain 

ve  in  tlit'ir 
be  frontier, 
)d  fugitives, 

197-8.  Avligui, 
n  1G3j. 

4-"),  is  made  up 
atiniony  of  tuiuo 


A  PLACE  OF  EVIL  OCCUPATION. 


315 


liut  sent  a  ibrce  under  the  chief  Tzomon  to  aid  the 
;:]ai(  ( "utents.  Pepredations  were  committed  from 
time  to  time,  and  though  open  rebellion  was  finally 
jireveiitcd  on  the  west,  the  dissatisfaction  spread  east- 
ward, and  in  1703-4  as  we  are  told  by  Arlegui,  the 
Indians  of  the  Tololotlan  sierra  rose,  killed  Captain 
Silva,  their  protector,  threatened  their  curate,  and 
Mdle  everything  within  their  reach.  They  were  four 
thousand  in  number,  held  meetings  at  Xostic,  and  sur- 
Kiniided  Tlaltenango;  but  Count  iSanta  Rosa  marched 
against  them  with  three  hundred  men  from  Zacate- 
las,  and  defeated  them  with  considerable  slaughter. 
Vrhetlier  the  Nayarits  took  any  active  part  in  this 
ivv'dt  we  are  not  informed.^ 

Tlie  Nayarits,  though  often  professing  friendship 
tir  even  submission  on  the  border,  allowed  no  white 
man  to  enter  their  province;  and  thus,  by  the  weak- 
ness of  Spanish  effort  rather  than  by  any  achievement 
nf  their  own,  became  day  by  clay  more  firmly  con- 
vinced that  they  could  not  be  conquered.  Various 
litteiiipts  were  made  to  reduce  them,  but  with  insuffi- 
rieiit  forces.  Then  a  party  of  devoted  Franciscans 
I'liiiH  Xueva  Galicia  started  barefooted  from  Guada- 
lajara for  the  dominions  of  the  devil  and  Gran  Nayar. 
])Ut  not  even  bare  and  saintly  feet  were  })ermitted  to 
enter  there,  and  the  sorrowing  friars  turned  l)ack 
Inun  Guazamota.  All  this  occurre'd  before  1700. 
The'  Xayarits,  liowever,  as  proved  later,  were  by  no 
means  invincible;  all  that  was  required  for  their 
ivdiietion  was  a  determined  effort  by  a  few  hundred 
P'liH'd  men.'^ 

The  time  for  decisive  action  had  not  vet  arrived. 

M,/ ,'/)'«,  Cron.  Znc,  89-00,  ^01.  Mota-Padilla,  Comj.  X.  CaL,  459,  gives 
tiicdiiti-  of  tlio  defeat  of  Uracainonto — wlioiri  lie  calls  Juan — in  1709. 

'TliL  Jesuit  chronicler.s,  lilcc  the  author  of  the  Society's  ^}w,s/(//."p<i  yl.'rt/c', 
w  Aiiiistdlic  Labors,  though  ilonbtless  conversant  with  the  facts,  delight 
iiitxiiL'Licrating  here  as  elsewhere  the  fruitless  efi'orts  of  state  and  church  to 
'liiig  L' utiles  to  law  and  faith  before  the  task  was  undertaken  liy  tlie  con\- 
imiy  I'i  .U'au:^.  The  Jesuits  were,  like  other  orders,  zealous  and  aide  workci's; 
liitthry  iijso  had  the  good  fortune  in  several  iiotaljle  instances  to  undertake 
1.  ilitlirnlt  task,  just  when  the  government  Wc  3  ready  to  Icani  by  past  ex- 
liiidiLc  and  adopt  uii  effective  policy. 


31G 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYAEIT. 


Pursuant  to  the  recommendation  of  oidor  Paclieco  of 
Guadalajara,  a  royal  decree  of  1700  ordered  both  the 
viceroy  and  the  audiencia  to  intrust  the  spiritual  con. 
quest  of  the  savage  district  to  the  famous  Franciscan 
friar  Margil  de  Jesus.  Delays  occurred,  and  the  |il;!n 
of  Padre  Margil  was  not  matured  till  1711.  His  sun. 
_C;estions  were  adopted  and  all  needed  aid  promixil, 
but  he  was  instructed  in  case  of  failure  to  make  cuv- 
ful  observations  M'hich  might  be  useful  in  the  futiiiv. 
The  good  friar,  with  his  companion,  Fray  Luis  j)tl- 
gado  Cervantes,  and  six  frontier  caciques,  set  out  tor 
(iruazamota.  The  Nayarit  chief  was  notified  of  tlieir 
intention,  and  permission  to  advance  was  denied.  Tin 
Nayarits  would  sooner  die  than  become  Christian.-. 
Still,  Father  Margil  pressed  forwaid  until  stopped  liy 
hostile  demonstrations.  No  miracle  took  place  tn 
soften  the  barbarian's  heart.  The  chief  insultingly 
gave  the  friars  for  supper  a  fox-skin  stuffed  with 
straw,  and  retired  with  his  men  to  the  mountains. 
This  was  too  nuich  for  Christian  di^'ostion;  and  sadlv 
the  would-be  a[)ostlcs  again  turned  back.  By  Inici 
alone  could  the  gospel  of  peace  bo  given  to  thoi 
obstinate  heathen,  and  Father  Margil  now  cauic  tn 
the  sensible  conclusion  that  the  next  attempt  at  ((in- 
version should  be  made  with  the  assistance  of  at  least 
a  hundred  well  armed  soldiers.  But  this  was  e\|ien- 
sive,  and  Nayarit  must  wait.^" 

The  next  expedition  was  accompanied  by  a  nienibcr 
of  the  company  of  Jesus.  Obstacles  now  began  i<i  dis- 
appear, and  compared  with  [)receding  attemi)ts  tlii> 
one  was  almost  a  success.  General  Gregorio  ]\l alias 
de  ]Mendiola,  with  thirty  Si)aniards,  a  hundred  Ind- 
ians, and  some  friars,  arrived  at  Guazamota  in  171"), 
early  in  December.     In  January  171G  the  Navaiit 

'Tiitlicr  Paltlo  Felipe  Mroto  a  rpport  of  this  embassy  from  wliich  v"un.s 
tlic  informiitiou  in  A/niMUfOH  .i/tnus,  .")5-0l.  The  date  is  m.ule  17iai:i  -V''.'/- 
aiilai,  1!<L.  (i,  and  IVdro  Alvai-ez  de  Koa  is  named  as  proteetor  in  tliat  yiiH' 
In  tile  wiint'8  life,  Mttni'd,  KutrJr,  07-7-,  it  is  stated  that  lie  was  on  tlir  |H)iiit 
of  being  killed  duiiiii.;  this  jonniey,  but  tluit  God  struck  terror  into  tin  h^arti 
of  the  savayes,  thus  saving  liis  life. 


PABLO  FELIPE. 


317 


I  hit.  fs  allowed  them  to  enter  the  pass,  and  the  country 
was  named,  after  the  dav,  Provincia  del  Santo  Nombre 
.le  Jfsus.  Passing  across  the  San  Pedro  up  a  steep 
i^ratle  to  a  plateau,  they  were  ceremoniously  received 
iiv  I'liur  hundred  young  warriors;  further  on  they  met 
tlio  piiosts  of  the  sun  and  Nayarit  nobility.  They  were 
'.'ivrtcd  with  the  barbarous  etiquette  of  the  sierra 
tiiljt's.  The  savages  readily  went  through  the  forms 
uf  submission  to  the  authority  of  Felipe  V.,  but  re- 
uisi  d  to  change  their  religion. 

Aigiunent  was  in  vain,  and  after  several  days  of 
t'(  .^tivily  the  Spaniards  noted  some  peculiarities  of  con- 
iliut  en  the  part  of  their  hosts,  which  prompted  them 
til  ivtire  with  more  alacrity  than  they  had  entered. ^^ 

Tli(.'  mountaineers  now  became  more  haughty  and 
ilariiig  tlian  ever,  until  the  tribes  of  the  coast,  tired 
nf  tli(  ir  continued  outrages,  assumed  about  1718  a 
lii)>tiK' attitude,  attacked  small  parties  which  ventured 
out  (if  the  stronghold,  and  finally  were  able  to  cut  off 
Xayaiit  communication  with  the  coast.  Then  came  a 
lieu  cedilla  urging  as  usual  active  measiiit'S  for  the 
liivakiug  up  of  this  last  refuge  of  idolatry  in  Xueva 
'lalii-ia.  The  viceroy  put  the  matter  into  the  hands 
"f  Martin  Vcidugo  de  Haro,  corregidor  of  Zacatecas, 
and  the  latter  intrusted  it  to  Juan  dela  Torre  Valdes 
\  (iaiiiboa,  a  rich  and  popular  citizen  of  Jerez,  with 
the  suggestion  that  a  Nayarit  re]>resentative  be  in- 
ilinod  to  visit  j\Iexico.  Circumstances  were  favorable, 
>;iHr  the  Nayarits  weio  in  groat  trouble  about  the 
i(iltiiig-(itf  of  thrir  salt  supply  for  consumption  and 
trade.  I'ablo  Felij)e,  native  chief  and  governor  at 
San  Nicolas,  exerted  his  dijdomatic  ])()wers  in  I'avor 
"f  Spanish  interests,  and,  i)articulaidy  in  tlie  interests 
"t  Ills  fiiond  Torre,  easily  persuaded  the  Indians  that 
llic  viceroy  alone  could  eti'  ctually  redress  t  heir  wrongs, 
tliat  a  })ersonal  application  to  that  official  was  essential, 

"  .\  l.'ttor  to  tlie  liisliop,  Fthninry  2.',  171G,  liy  Fatlicr  Sulolitifrn,  wlio  nc- 
C'lniiKiiiicil  this  exjiedition  as  tliiijiljiiii.  is  tlie  iiutlioiitv  given  in  ^Ijioslii/iron 
•1,'i"".  ti;i-7:t:  it  in  followi'd  in  Alr;irc,  Hint,  L'omp.,' in.  I'JK-'JOI.  Other 
^liters  (li)  nut  mention  Meiuliohi'bcxpL'ditiou. 


i   "^■''  \m 


tf"  .*! 


'!rH, 


'k  I 


-•5*. 


818 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 


and  that  Juan  tie  la  Torre  was  the  man  above  all  otliers 
to  accompany  their  embassy  to  Mexico  and  take  charge 
of  their  interests. 

Accordingly  the  tonati,  or  rjiiestlacatl,  that  is  tn  say 
the  chief'/^  notified  Torre  of  his  purpose  to  visit  him 
with  fifty  of  his  subjects  for  consultation.  Tlie  vieoidv 
was  notified  of  this  intended  visit  by  a  letter  of  the  cor- 
regidor  dated  November  25,  I720,^"at  a  time  when  Juan 


\       ^'^/i^L=r/ii-A=«"7""*-^-««i««=ri^^ 


A^ 


Y 


y    A 


G      A      L      I       C      I      '^ 


Jf^it 


<iiin<lal:iMira 
Uiijrcut  lie  Ih  (iHlicia 


Zacatecai 


Ancient  Map  of  Xavarit. 

''■'Cnllod  also  Tonat,  Toiiatin,  Tonatiuli,  Tdiuili,  Nayarit,  Naycrit,  X:iyar, 
Xayo,  Ciik'stliU'iilt,  tiuactlaco,  ami  liucitliioiil. 

^'^ XuijitrUd",  I'l/ficioii  (Ir  la  Comiiiiula  d<'  In  Prorinria  tie  Joi*  X<n/iiri''i* '  ' 
tl  npiino  de.  Itt,  Xiitni  Eaparid,  que  roiixi'juii  ran  /n.i  Arniii.i  <lti  kii  Micji -in'l  ■<: 
2iriiiii/ii()M  (l(>  I'stc  (liio  lie  172:,',  Madrid  (al)<)iit  17-3),  sin.  4tn,  ;iO  \i.  'llii>*  i'''' 
report  dtitod  Miidrid,  Oct.  fl,  17--,  apj'aivntly  mado  to,  and  liy  ordor  nt.  tl.e 
kinit,  liy  a  writoi-  whoso  uaniu  is  not  gi\ en.  It  is  a  littlo  vohinio  of  tuiiMik!- 
alilo  liisturif.il  value  which  has  now  lieconic  very  rare. 

Anothir  inipnrtaut  authority  on  tlie  final  comiuest  is  tlie  Om'tlmt  ih  .!/.'• 
/('<),  a  serial  inililication,  or  ncw.siiaiicr,  begun  ))y  Dr.  Juan  Tyna-io  de  < 'a>tii- 
rifia  y  Ursua  at  the  hegimiing  of  17--,  just  in  time  to  ini  iiide  in  thi  l:i-t 
iiund)ers  for  January-April  of  that  year,  the  news  from  Xayarit,  ThcM'  uU- 
est  lunnhcrs  were  reprinted  in  Dni'.  Hist.  Mex.,  serio  ii.  iv.  Of  the  seiics 
from  17S4  to  18'Jl  I  have  a  complete  set  iu  my  library. 


f7  • 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE  TOXATI. 


319 


all  otliciN 
:e  cliariic 

is  t(i  sav 
visit  liiui 
0  viceroy 
f  till'  (;(ir- 

iieuJuau 


\ 


yerit,  X;i\\ir, 

Xin/iirilii!^  '•" 
Midlt'litil  4 
p.  This  is  a 
or<lt'r  fil.  tl:o 
L!  of  ciiu>iiU'r- 

,-io  do  Ciist"- 

-  ill  till'  lii>t 

'I'licsi'  uM- 

){  tlio  st;iic* 


Berioturan  was  negotiating  for  the  conduct  of  the  en- 
toipiiso,  having  ofiered  to  raise  two  hundred  men  for 
forty  days  at  his  own  cost;  but  he  immediately  ap- 
iioiutcd  Torre  capitan  protector  of  Nayarit,  with  four 
liuiulrcd  and  fifty  pesos  per  year  for  his  expenses,  and 
all  allowance  of  two  or  threp  hundred  with  which  to 
fiitortain  the  embassy."  This  according  to  Mota- 
Padilia  was  on  December  10th,  and  at  the  appointed 
tiiinj  the  tonati  with  his  fifty  companions  arrived  at 
Jcivz.  Every  attention  was  shown  them,  both  hero 
and  at  Zacatecas  where  they  soon  went  with  their  pro- 
tector. The  devil,  fearing  to  be  forced  from  his  last 
Galician  intrenchments,  circulated  a  report  that  the 
toiiati's  companions  were  not  Nayarits  at  all,  but 
aiHistate  frontiersmen.  This  not  being  credited,  he 
wurkcd  u{)on  the  fears  of  the  Indians  themselves,  so 
that  twenty-five  of  the  fifty  on  one  excuse  or  another 
returned  home.  The  rest  foUowed  their  ruler  to 
Mexico,  where  they  arrived  under  the  escort  of  Cap- 
tain Torre  and  Captain  Santiago  Rioja,  in  February 
17-Jl." 

The  visitors  were  entertained  in  the  metropolis 
witli  the  attention  and  pomp  due  their  rank,  hos[)i- 
talities  being  measured  somewdiat  by  what  the  Sjian- 
iards  hoped  to  gain.  They  created  no  little  sensation 
ajiong  all  classes,  and  were  themselves  suitably  im- 
pressed, though  we  are  told  they  were  successful  in 
cDiiccaliii'''  their  wonder.  At  their  first  audience  for 
the  transaction  of  I'usiness,  perhaps  on  ]\[arch  IGth, 
i;uh  of  the  native  nobles,  kneeling,  [)resente(l  to  the 
viceroy  an  arrow,  and  the  tonati  ofiered  his  wand  and 
a  crown  of  i'eathers,  all  in  token  of  subn)ission.  In 
ivtuni  the  marquis  Yalero  ex[)ressed  thanks,  })ardoned 
past  delinquencies,  and  received  a  written  memorial 
iiiiitaiiiiii<>-  the  Xavarit   grievances.     xVt  the  second 

"Sii  say  Mota-l'aililla  niul  tli(!  H'ltuion.  According  to  Apos/ijlicos  A/aiiis 
Tonv  was  iip])oiiit(Ml  hi'foro  tlu'  iicgotiiitioii.s  for  ii  visit  to  .Mixicn. 

''\  ilhi-SiMior,  Tiatro,  ii.  'Jdy-!';  I)kr.  /'///{•.,  x.  8;U.  Cavo,  Ti-i s  Siijlon,  ii. 
11")- 17:  and  Itovillii  Gigfilo,  Iiifuriiiv,  4(17,  maku  tliu  cla,tu  of  tliu  visit  to 
Mexico  1718. 


<'  -n 


■#:ti 


(I*  y.\ 


■••  i'S 


320 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 


aiulloncc  Yircroy  Valero,  after  Gfranting  all  the  mo- 
iiiorial  asked  for,  gave  his  attention  to  tiio  spii'itual 
\vants  of  the  applieants,  delivering  orally  and  in  writ- 
ing a  most  eloquent  and  convincing  argument  in  I'avor 
of  the  adoption  of  a  new  and  better  faith.  The  jxhu- 
Indians  were  somewhat  confused,  but  they  could  not 
answer  the  viceregal  logic,  and  Avere  understood  to 
a>>sent,  and  to  call  for  'black  ])adrcs,'  as  they  tminod 
the  Jesuits,  to  instruct  their  people.  The  archbislidji 
entertained  and  blessed  his  prospective  converts;  ami 
the  Jesuit  provincial,  being  assured  of  non-interllr- 
ence  of  other  orders  in  Xayarit,  named  on  March  I  Dtli 
fathers  Juan  Tellez  Jiron  and  Antonio  Arias  Ibarra 
as  missionaries  for  tlie  new  field.  He  even  made  a 
strong  effort  to  convert  and  baptize  the  tonati  thou 
and  tliere;  but  t'l-.  latter  did  not  deem  it  a  conviii- 
ient  season,  ow»iing  that  were  he  baptized  his  pcopk' 
v.ould  probaldy  kill  him.  He  had  no  3'earnings  i'or 
luartyidom,  but  at  last  agreed  to  submit  to  the  lite  at 
Zacatecas,  a  city  he  was  subsequently  very  careful  to 
a\oid. 

The  treaty,  by  the  terms  of  which  the  Nnyniits 
were  to  be  protected  in  all  their  riiihts  on  condition 
of  rendering  allegiance  to  S[)ain  and  admitting  Jesuit 
instructors,  was  confirmed  in  a  council  held  ^laicli 
t20th.*"  The  party  soon  started  for  the  north,  T«iiro 
as  governor  with  authority  to  recruit  troops — called 
i'or  by  the  tonati  himself,  who  dared  not  return  with- 
out their  protection — and  to  draw  on  the  treasmv  a' 
Zacatecas  for  the  necessary  funds.  Now  tlie  touati's 
I'oal  troubles  beoan.  In  fact  tlie  I'oval  rei)reseiitativt' 
of  the  sun  lost   his  wits  in   Mexico,  and  promised 


I'i 


'"Revilla  (Hgcdo  in  his  report  of  170.1,  Informe,  407,  gives  the  coiitlitions 
of  the  treaty  inoro  fully  tluiii  any  other.  According  to  this  autliority  tlic 
tiinati  was  to  be  siistaineil  as  lord  of  his  country,  his  rights  and  titles  to 
lieseend  to  his  sueeessors;  his  subjects  were  never  to  pay  tribute  noi'  to  lU'- 
knowledL'e  any  superior  judges  save  tlie  viceroy;  the  privilege  of  obtaining;  salt 
friiui  Acaponeta  and  X(?.\eatitlan  free  from  all  tax  was  guaranteed;  ami  n- 
hellions  ^sayarit.!  in  the  future  were  to  be  brought  gently  back  to  tlic  path 
of  duty.  Friies  gixes  date  of  treaty  May  '20th.  His  account  of  Niiuirit 
conijuest  is  incomplete  and  even  inaccurate.  Uixl.  Brtvv,  lot>-5. 


Il  I!  "! 


FURTHER  ENLISTMENT, 


321 


iiior(!  tlian  popular  foellni]^  at  homo  would  permit  him 
to  |)L'rform.  This  ho  realized  more  and  more  as  the 
(lay  of  meeting  with  his  people  drew  near,  and  his 
(iiiiipanions  began  to  be  free  in  the  expression  of  their 
viuws  and  fears.  He  became  nervous  and  ehange- 
alilc;  intending  at  first  perhaps  to  fulfil  his  pledges, 
else  he  would  hardly  have  asked  for  a  military  force; 
liiit  finally  overcome  by  his  fears,  especially  when 
^val•ned  by  one  of  his  old  men  respecting  the  popular 
discontent  and  the  plots  of  a  rival  chieftain,  Gua- 
iiiociit.  At  Jerez  he  managed  to  escape  from  his 
S[iaiiish  escort,  and  hurried  home  to  explain  his  pol- 
iiv.  icgain  his  impaired  influence,  and  prepare  for 
defence.^' 

Some  months  were  now  spent  by  the  governor  in 
prejjtu'ations  at  Zacatecas  and  Jerez,  where  obstacles 
were  thrown  in  his  way  from  the  first  l)y  persons  who 
liked  not  to  hear  their  old  companion  addressed  as 
g'overncjr  and  general.  These  mischief-makers  had 
inucli  to  say  of  the  foolhardiness  of  the  expedition; 
and  then  raised  doubts  as  to  the  validity  of  some  of 
Tone's  papers,  thus  confusing  the  treasury  officials 
and  necessitating  a  hasty  trip  of  Captain  Rioja  to 
Mexict).  In  June,  however,  all  was  declared  satisfac- 
tory; tlie  proper  orders  were  issued;  and  after  seven- 
teen citizens  had  raised  40,000  pesos  for  the  depleted 
treasury,  the  enlistment  Hag  bearing  the  holy  image  of 
Christ  was  raised  on  the  29th  of  June.^"*  One  hun- 
dred n\en  were  to  be  raised  and  to  receive  each  four 
hundred  pesos.  Captain  Kioja  enlisted  fifty  at  Zaca- 
tecas and  Captain  Alonso  do  la  Ileina  y  Narvaez 
another  company    of  fifty  at    Jerez.     One    hundred 

'"Mdta-radilla,  Cowj.  X.  Gal.,  472-4,  and  Villa-Sefior,  Tmtrn,  ii.  208-9, 
state  tliut  tlie  tonati  did  not  leave  the  Spaniards  until  the  latter  had  entered 
Nayaiit,  wlion  according  to  the  former  he  was  sent  in  advance,  or  as  the  latter 
wys  tlfd,  taking  with  him  a  large  part  of  the  company's  property! 

'*Krom  Xdi/nritaii,  licl.,  8-i),  it  would  appear  though  vaguely  that  some 
I'f  tlie  delay  niay  have  arisen  from  the  fact  that  Torre  called  on  the  treasury 
i'lr  iiuire  men  than  had  been  specilied  in  Mexico.  He  s.-'v  'le  had  800  Indians 
enlisted  and  wanted  money  to  pay  "200  soldiers.  The  names  of  the  17  con- 
tributors to  the  fund  are  given. 
UisT.  Hex.,  Vol.  III.   21 


ii 


^i^ii 


f:' 


!  tM 


I"* 


1       4:    ^i:] 


322 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 


Indian  allies  were  also  enlisted.  Father  Jiroii  had 
accompanied  the  embassy  I'roni  ^lexico,  and  fatlici 
Ibarra  now  came  down  from  Xueva  Vizcaya.  Tin 
Jesuits  were  allowed  nine  hundred  and  cij^hty-fom 
pesos  for  sacred  utensils,  and  an  additional  sum  lur 
clothing  and  gifts  with  which  to  conciliate  the  native-. 

Just  as  the  army  was  about  to  march,  GoveiiKir 
Torre  was  stricken  with  a  serious  brain  troulilt, 
resulting  from  past  anxiety,  and  amounting  almost  tn 
insanity.  The  viceroy  was  notified  of  the  calamity, 
but  before  any  reply  was  received  the  governor  recov- 
ered his  health  and  inarched  with  his  men  to  Huaju- 
quilla,  perhaps  in  July  or  August.  Nothing  had  bueii 
heard  from  Nayarit;but  now  came  conflicting  rumors 
from  dwellers  on  the  frontier  respecting  the  toiiatiV 
intentions.  Crist(jbal  Geronimo,  a  friendly  Cora,  was 
sent  forward,  but  the  Nayarits  demanded  more  tinii. 
before  giving  any  definite  reply.  In  the  mean  wliik' 
news  of  Torre's  malady  reached  the  viceroy  and  oi-dcrs 
came  north  for  Count  Laguna  to  take  commaml. 
Considerable  correspondence  and  delay  ensued,  ami 
finally  the  count  came  to  Huajuquilla,  where  he  found 
that,  although  the  commander  was  still  afflicted  at 
intervals,  yet  it  would  cause  dissatisfaction  for  hliii  to 
assume  command,  since  many  of  the  officers  and  iikh 
had  enlisted  merely  from  friendship  to  Torre.  Ih 
therefore  decided  to  let  the  governor  go  on,  but  h< 
remain  himself  as  colonel  on  the  frontier  to  be  prepaivd 
for  any  emergency.  The  little  army  set  out  fur 
Nayarit  on  the  2Gth  of  September. 

The  distance  was  thirty  leagues  over  a  difficult  ami 
danofcrous  wav.  Fording  a  large  river  called  ("ha- 
palagama  and  climbing  a  steej)  grade  they  enters  I 
El  Pinal,  where  on  October  1st  they  met  Geroniimi 
with  a  message  to  the  eftect  that  the  Spaniards  mi^ht 
come  to  the  pass  and  in  a  designated  spot  await  fur- 
ther communications.  Next  day  they  said  mass  at 
Angel  de  la  Guarda,  looked  from  the  summit  upon  the 
promised  land — "fit  only  for  apostates  or  apostks,' 


BATTLE  OF  TEAURITE. 


323 


and  later  known  as  the  Xayarit  hell — and  descended 
ti)  the  rendezvous  in  the  pass.  Tlie  s[)ot  was  unflivcjr- 
ablt-'  l)oth  for  comfort  and  defence;  many  Indians  vis- 
itt'il  the  camp  in  pretended  friendliness,  but  the  rulers 
(lid  not  make  their  appearance.  The  governor  went 
ill  |icrson  to  meet  a  band  of  two  hundred  warriors  at 
a  raiitheria  near  by,  and  was  ordered  by  an  apostate 
chief,  Cucut,  the  Serpent,  to  leave  the  country  since 
tho  tonati's  acts  in  ]Mcxico  would  not  be  ratified  by 
the  people.  When  Torre  refused  to  comply,  the  In- 
dians pretended  to  listen  to  his  arguments,  became 
very  friendly,  and  even  held  out  hopes  of  submis- 
sion in  the  near  future.  During  the  next  few  days 
smoke  signals  were  seen  in  all  directions;  Nayarit 
spies,  including  Melchor  and  Alonso,  two  of  the  lead- 
iiic,'  chiefs,  came  to  inspect  the  Spanish  camp;  and 
utlier  spies  sent  out  by  Torre  reported  a  plan  to 
assemble  for  formal  homage,  and  having  arranged  the 
warriors  advantageously  to  attack  at  a  given  signal. ^'^ 
A  council  of  war  decided  upon  a  retreat  to  Peyotlan, 
tive  leagues  from  the  pass.  The  Indians  treacherously 
protested  against  the  change,  promising  everything, 
and  tlie  governor  was  inclined  to  credit  their  promises ; 
liut  his  men,  and  especially  the  native  allies,  insisted. 
The  Spaniards  remained  at  Peyotlan  from  the  lltli 
to  tho  19th  of  October,  frequently  visited  by  Nayarits, 
^\  ho  declared  that  the  nation  awaited  only  the  coming 
nf  tho  tonati  to  submit. 

^leantime  that  dignitary  was  in  council  \vith  the 
elders  at  the  rancheria  of  El  Portero.  He  was  op- 
jiosed  to  war,  and  favored  the  admission  of  at  least  the 
padres,  but  was  induced  to  leave  the  whole  matter  to 
the  old  men.  Their  decision  was  to  name  Coaxata,  or 
Guasta,  as  a  rendezvous,  and  to  attack  the  Spaniards 
on  the  way  thither  at  the  Tcaurite  pass  where  the 
trail  crossed  a  stream.    This  was  on  the  17th,  and  two 

"  Aicording  to  Xayarilas,  lid.,  10,  the  warning  came  on  Octol)er  10th,  and 
the  attack  wus  planned  for  October  ICth.  Tliis  writer  speaks  of  a  change  of 
camp  l)ut  does  not  name  Peyotlan.  iMota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  473-1,  saya 
iiothiii.,'  of  a  retreat  before  tlie  battle. 


324 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYAIIIT. 


days  later  Torre  niarchofl  for  Coaxata.  Tlio  battle 
took  })Iaco  on  tlio  20th;-'*  it  was  not  an  iincxjxctcd 
attack  by  anibushod  fooB,  since  tlie  Sjmniards  \vi  iv 
forewarned.  The  hills  swarmed  with  natives;  the  Xa- 
yarit  chief  stood  in  si<dit  directiniuf  his  men  whore  tlic 
padres  went  up  to  enihrace  him,  and  the  army  nimli' 
no  special  efl'ort  to  retire,  notwithstanding  the  init'a- 
vorahle  nature  of  the  spot  for  a  fight.  The  Christians 
were  enveloped  in  a  cloud  of  arrows,  but  soon  leanitd 
they  had  nothing  to  fear;  the  arrows  fell  harmless. 
only  scratchini;  sliijhtly  seven  or  eiijht  men.  Santia'iu 
with  his  heavenly  corps  was  plainly  visible  to  the  sav- 
age patriots,  fighting  for  the  invaders;  and  after  an 
hour's  ineffectual  fight  Alonso  retired  with  a  loss  df 
forty  or  fifty  warriors,  and  devoted  his  whole  atten- 
tion thereafter  to  the  defense  of  the  mesa.  Tliu 
Spaniards  having  come  to  take  possession  in  accdid- 
ance  with  past  jn-omises  rather  than  to  conquer,  did 
not  deem  their  force  sufficient  f  o  follow  up  the  victory. 
and  retire<l  to  Peyotlan.  This  is  the  Jesuit  version; 
accordiuLT  to  Mota-Padilla  the  cflorious  victory  was  a 
defeat,  and  the  Spaniards  with  difficulty  escaped  with 
their  lives.-^ 

Durintj  the  remaininij  months  of  1721,  fortification?- 

~  ••■It 

were  strengthened  at  Peytolan,  the  presidio  b(  uil: 
called  apparently  San  Juan;  while  the  friars gatluicd 
about  one  hundred  natives, baptized  them, and  foiUKlcd 
there  the  pueblo  of  Santa  Rita.  Governor  Tone  im- 
ported to  the  viceroy,  asked  for  aid  and  instructions, 
and  at  the  same  time  called  upon  Jerez  and  Zacatccas 
for  temporary  reenforcements  with  which  to  hold  lii- 
position  anil  check  threatening  movements  in  the 
frontier  towns.  Fifty  men  were  at  once  enlisted  un- 
der Captain  Nicohls  Escobedo  and  Nicolds  Caldcia, 


">Alegre,  Ilht.  Comp.  Jesus,  iii.  201-0,  says  Oct.  2Gth,  and  Mota  raililh 
makes  it  Oct.  3d. 

'^^Voiiq.  N.  On!.,  473-4.  He  makes  the  date  Oct.  3d,  and  speaks  of  -(  c^M'- 
lives.  In  tiie  Uilncion,  10,  it  is  stated  that  Torre  was  attacked  siiddi  nlyly 
TRX)  men  in  ambush,  and  that  after  an  hour's  hard  lighting  l>otli  pui'tics  ivtiivl. 
Tliis  version  is  a  medium  between  the  others  and  is  perhaps  the  most  rcliuUo. 


GOVERNOR  FLORES. 


325 


riio  l)iittle 
:ncxpc('tc(l 
ards  Wile 
i',  i\u)  Xii- 
wlicrc  the 
rrny  iiiadc 

the  uiitii- 
Christiaiis 
on  loiinit'd 
:  harmless. 

Saiitianij 
to  tlu^  sav- 
1  after  ail 
I  a  h>ss  (if 
lolc  atton- 
losa.  Tliu 
in  aoi'ord- 
>nquer.  did 
he  victoi'V. 
it  version; 
torv  was  a 

ipecl  with 

rtifieatioii> 

;idio  hciiiu' 
sgatht'i'i'd 
id  tbuiRk'd 

Toriv  IV- 
structiiiiis, 

Zaeat(ra> 

o  hoM  lii'^ 

its  in   the 

Hstcd  1111- 
s  Calikra, 


n 


1  Mota  radilU 

ici)ks  of  '.'<  «ii- 

I'll  siidilinlyl'V 

pai'tiosivliri''!- 

moat,  reliable. 


and  sent  to  Peyothm  whore  they  remained  a  month 
or  more."  Communieation  with  tiie  Xayarits  on  tho 
111  >;i  was  not  rare.  Xeijfotiations,  of  whicli  the  de- 
tails are  coni[)lieate(l  and  need  not  he  i'e})eate(l,  took 
iiHK  li  the  same  course  with  much  the  same  results  as 
lift'ore  the  hattle.  jMany  of  the  chiefs  were  free  with 
llu  ir  promises,  but  never  quite  ready  to  perform. 
Tdire  called  upon  them  lepeatedly  to  submit,  but  was 
not  ready  to  enforce  his  order,  and  always  granted 
the  few  davs'  delay  re<|uired.  On  the  mesa  a  small 
]iaity  with  the  tonati  still  opposed  resistance;  but 
;i  ]dot  was  formed  to  kill  the  tonati  and  put  another 
ill  liis  ])lace.  The  plot  failed,  partly  because  the  rival 
( lii(  rtain  was  captured  by  the  Spaniards  in  one  of 
till  ir  raids  to  the  foot  of  the  mesa. 

Ill  ^Mexico,  though  it  was  resolved  to  prosecute  tho 
war,  it  was  deemed  unsafe  to  trust  the  command 
longer  to  Torre,  a  return  of  whose  malady  might 
(•aus(;  disaster  at  the  very  moment  of  success.  Juan 
Floies  de  San  Pedro-^  was  made  governor,  and  Torre 
was  summoned  to  Mexico.  The  order  came  on  ])e- 
ciiiiber  8th,  and  the  new  commander,  marching  from 
Vilhiiiueva  on  the  24th,  arrived  on  the  4th  or  5th  of 
January  1722,  at  the  camp  of  San  Juan,^*  with  sixty 
iiRii,  three  hundred  horses,  and  a  largo  store  of  su})- 
jiliis.  Captain  Escobedo  and  his  men  seem  to  have 
iL'turned  at  about  the  same  time.  Torre  gave  up  the 
coininand  and  started  tor  Mexico.-^ 

Governor   Flores    lost   no   time    in    notifying   the 

"  Tlio  names  of  citizens  wlio  contributed  to  tlic  finul  of  S.'IO  pesos  are  given 
in  X(ii/tiritu.-i,  lUi.,  l.'3-17.  Capt.  Escobedo  raised  liis  company  at  liia  own 
cost. 

-'So  called  in  Ap'taldtiro*  Afnnes,  148;  (Jacctax  dr  Mcx.,  Jan.  17'2'2,  and 
X'niiirli((s,  It'll.,  l(i.  Mota-1'adilla,  Coiif}.  X.  (ial.,  474,  and  Itevilla  (ii^edo, 
lii/iiriiir,  4(17,  call  liim  Juan  Flores  de  la  Torre,  a  desicndant  of  the  s^ecoiid 
pivinior  of  N.  (Jalicia.  Mota-1'adilla  attributes  Torre's  insanity  to  iiis  defeat, 
iiiid  ill  Tiirdingly  represents  tlie  correspondence  witli  Count  Layuna  as  having 
tiikiii  ]ilace  V  iiile  the  army  was  at  I'eyotlan. 

-'  (  ulh'd  Santiago  Teyotan  in  the  tiarrtoK  de  Mex. 

-  Tlie  lltircta  lie  Mi'j-.  for  Jan.  17"  contains  the  notice  that  Capt.  Rioja 
liad  :in  ived  with  news  of  the  battle,  and  that  Tone  was  expected  soon.  Tho 
iminlii  r  fur  Feb.  announces  Torre's  arrival.  The  force  brought  !iy  P'lores  is 
gi\iii  |]}-  Mota-Padilla  us  GO;  by  the  Aj'ancs  as  70;  and  by  the  liducion  as  IG. 


mt- 


320 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 


Nayarits  of  his  appointment,  of  his  intention  to  t.iko 
iniinodiato  possession,  and  of  liis  desire  to  receive  at 
oiice  the  j)roniised  allegiance.  After  a  not  very  suc- 
cessful resort  to  their  former  dilatory  tactics,  tiny 
formally  announced  on  January  13th  their  ])ur])(»s(j 
to  defend  the  mesa.  Thereupon  Flores,  who  had  al- 
leady  sent  out  expeditions  in  different  directions  to 
close  all  avenues  of  escape,  began  active  operations  on 
the  14th.  Dividing  his  force  ho  marched  in  person 
with  fifty  soldiers  and  many  Indians  via  Guainamaius, 
where  he  began  the  foundation  of  Santa  Teresa,-'^ 
with  three  hundred  natives,  making  a  long  detour  to 
attack  tlie  mesa  from  the  west.  Escobedo  with  a 
like  force  took  a  shorter  M'ay  to  the  eastern  base. 
This  plan  of  attack  by  divided  forces  was  not,  as  tlio 
Jesuit  chronicler  justly  observes,  a  very  wise  one; 
but  it  resulted  in  no  harm,  save  to  the  governor  liiin- 
self,  who  was  perhaps  deprived  by  it  of  the  personal 
honors  of  the  victory. 

Escobedo  had  orders  to  r^arch  slowly  so  as  to  as- 
sault the  mesa  on  January  1/th,  simultaneously  with 
Flores  from  the  opposite  side;  but  ho  arrived  on  the 
loth,  and  could  not  resist  the  temptation  to  \)v'/u\ 
operations  at  once.  The  Indians  of  the  mesa  del 
Cangrejo  adjoining  that  of  the  Tonati  were  indiiccd 
to  offer  no  resistance,  and  to  abide  by  the  result  if 
their  neighbors  were  vanquished.  On  the  morniiii,^ 
of  the  IGth  Escobedo's  force  began  the  ascent,  and 
reached  the  summit  late  in  the  afternoon,  having  loft 
the  horses  half  vvay  up,  with  a  guard.  Authority  is 
not  wanting  to  warrant  the  historian  in  giving  to  the 
Nayarits  a  valiant  defence,  terminated  perhaps  hy  a 
leap  down  the  precipice  of  the  few  who  escaped  Spanish 
bullets.  The  Jesuit  historian  pictures  a  terrible  ((Hi- 
tlict  as  Escobedo's  men  fought  their  way  inch  by  inch 
up  the  narrow,  steep,  and  tortuous  trail,  over  suc- 

'-"  Called  Santa  Teresa  tie  Miraflores,  from  Teresa,  his  wife's  name,  .nul 
Flores,  his  own.  Mota-Padilla,  Coiiq.  X.  Gal.,  478.  According  to  tlie  Uil'i- 
ciuii,  17,  he  arrived  here  on  the  loth;  the  pueblo  was  iiamed  Santa  Gertmilis 
and  the  presidio  Santa  Teresa. 


ESCOBEDO'S  MOVEMENTS. 


327 


(vssivc  lipoft  of  artificial  aa  well  as  natural  dofoncos, 
I  ii\(l(i|i('(l  in  clouds  of  arrows  an<l  showers  of  stones 
liuilfd  frouj  slinjjfs,  and  above  all  impeded  continually 
liv  iiiiniense  masses  of  rock  which  were  precipitated 
liHiii  the  cliff  and  dashed  lar<jfe  trees  into  sj)linters  as 
tlii'V  ])assedl  Others  assert  that  not  one  of  the  assail- 
iiiits,  antl  hut  one  or  two  of  the  defenders,  were  in- 
jiiivd^ — ^which  is  somewhat  absurd  unless  with  the 
iliiuiiieler  wo  can  regard  the  |)roceeding  as  miraculous; 
till'  Santiago  fought  with  the  Spaniards,  and  against 
liiiii  human  missiles  could  not  j>nnail.  It  must  be 
(iiifissed,  that  in  the  light  of  their  reputed  bravery 
iiud  the  strength  of  their  position,  the  Nayarits  made 
Init  a  sorry  show  of  lesistance  or  heroism. 

'fhe  author  of  the  .i/a nes  admits  that  an  accidental 
tuiiiing  aside  into  a  by-j)ath  near  the  top  materially 
;ii(lv'd  the  assailants  and  deranged  the  jjlans  of  tho 
iiiiiny.  Following  this  writer,  Escobedo  took  pos- 
sfssiou  of  the  mesa  on  the  afternoon  of  tho  lOth; 
ill  enemy  fled  after  one  of  their  bravest  leaders, 
Tiiiiuitole,-'  had  fallen  in  a  last  desperate  and  single- 
liiiiided  charge,  and  Governor  Flores  arrived  next 
iiioriiing,  to  find  the  victory  won,  and  to  chide  tho 
viitor  for  his  haste.  Mota-Padilla,  however,  with 
little  to  say  of  hard  fighting,  tells  us  that  Escobedo 
(lid  not  quite  reach  the  sunnnit  on  the  first  day,  antl 
tliat  the  Xayarits  ran  away  when  they  heard  of 
another  force  approaching  from  the  west;  so  that 
\vluii  Flores  next  morning  prepared  for  an  assault, 
hv  found  no  foe  save  a  few  warriors  forming  a  kind  of 
iL.ir-guard  to  the  flying  masses.  One  of  tliis  number 
was  Tlahuitole,  who  was  slain  by  Flores'  men.  Im- 
iiiidiate  pursuit  into  the  barrancas  was  impracti- 
cal.le.-^ 

AVith  the  occupation  of  the  mesa  the  conquest  of 

■•  Written  also  Taguitole,  Talniitole,  Tlaquilote,  and  Taquiloe. 

'-'"'I'lie  Ji'ilddoii,  17-18,  gives  only  a  general  account,  stating  that  both  at- 
taikiiig  parties  were  miraculously  iirotected.  The  O'aceta  for  Feb.  does  not 
f-MV  whicii  party  reached  tlie  summit  first,  but  seems  to  have  confused  tho 
t»  ■  iiarties,  apparently  making  Escobedo  command  the  western  division 
uiili  1  Flores,  while  the  other  was  under  captains  Rcina  and  Muro. 


.  «!*''* 


:J 


f«- 


\: 


I.      41  «3 


(r'<>  .1' 


% 


THE  CONQUEST  0^^  NAYARIT. 

Xaj-arit  practically  ends.  There  was  no  further  op- 
jiorsition  nieritinj^  the  name  even  in  comparison  with 
past  events;  neither  do  subsequent  developments  iv- 
quire  more  than  a  general  glance  here.  The  attention 
ot*  the  Christians  was  first  turned  to  the  destruction 
(»f  temples  on  the  mesa,  with  all  their  paraphernalia  nf 
idolatry.  Evil  influences  were  exorcised,  tliough  ii(,t 
easily,  by  the  zealous  conjurations  of  the  friars;  a 
temporary  structure  for  mass  was  erected  without  do 
lay;  and  the  bones  of  the  first  Nayar  were  sent  with 
other  relics  and  trophies  to  Mexico.^'  The  new  })i'()v- 
ince  in  accordance  with  the  viceroy's  wish  was  calKd 
Xuevo  Reino  do  Toledo,  because  he  attributed  the 
successful  conquest  largely  to  the  image  of  our  lady 
worshipped  in  the  cathedral  of  Toledo.  Flores  was 
made  comandante  of  the  territory  he  had  won  as 
lieutenant  of  the  captain-general.  The  natives  on  tlio 
adj«jining  Mesa  del  Cangrejo^'*  had  kept  their  proniisc, 
merely  njllinu"  down  a  few  stones  where  thev  could  tlo 
no  harm  and  making  some  noise  durinsf  the  battle  in 
order  to  make  a  good  showing  in  case  the  Sptiuianls 
were  defeated.  Thev  now  came  in  and  ofibretl  tin  Ir 
submission,  and  other  rancherias  followed  their  exam- 
ple. Soldiers  were  des])atched  in  every  direction,  ami 
the  whole  native  population  was  gradually  subchicd, 
tliough  not  without  considerable  difficulty  and  dchiy 
by  reason  of  the  abundance  of  almost  inacecssibL' 
hiding-places  long  frequented  by  apostates."^ 

The  missionaries  were  as  usual  earnest  and  indus- 
trious; the  military  guard  at  first  sufficient;  and  tho 
local  troubles  and  partial  revolts  less  frequent  and 
serious  than  might  have  been  anticipated  from   tho 

-''The  trophies  arrived  in  Mexico  Fol),  12,  1722,  where  they  were  luiiinil 
witli  iLTeiit  eereiiioiiy  for  the  good  of  the  faith,  (lantan  tli'  Mcr.,  1-Vli.  17--. 
This  author  eall.s  tlie  temple  lluci  C'ulli,  th  -  image  of  the  sun  worshipped  in  it 
T''ii(tti,  and  tlie  Ciran  "Naj  i-i  whose  bones  were  sent  to  Mexico  Oiiai/oj  vt 
'  third.'     Mota-l'adilhi  calls  the  tem])le  ( '(iliniicl. 

^'' Their  chief  is  called  Cangicjo  in  I'l'laiinii,  20. 

^' Motii-l'adilla  gives  more  imi)ortance  to  these  various  expeditions  tli.m 
does  the  author  t)f  the  vl/a;.r.v,  and  represents  tlie  soldiers'  suH'criiigs  as  very 
ircat  from  exposure,  scorpions,  etc.     According    to   Nuyarltiis,  Itttuiiiu,  a 


^>c 


anciscau  friar,  P.  Arroyo,  accompanied  the  army. 


PRESIDIOS  AND  MISSIONS. 


329 


irtlicr  rip. 
ison  with 
I  merits  IV- 

atteiitioii 
I'structidii 
eriuilia  of 

lOUo-]i  ii(,t 

friars:  a 
ithout  de- 
cent Avith 

ICW  })1-()V- 

VAH  callfd 
)utcd  the 
'  our  huly 
lores  was 
I  won  as 
'es  on  tlie 
■  promise, 
'  could  do 
battle  ill 
Spaniards 
)red  their 
eir  oxaiii- 
:^tioiK  ami 
sulxliicd, 
nd  delay 
Ici'cssd-'L' 

nd  indiis- 

and  the 

lent  and 

rom   the 

vori'  liuiiiiil 
,  IV I. .  i7-'-', 
■slii|i]iiMl  ill  it 
'()  Giiiiijfij  iir 


'ditiiuis  tli;m 
ill  ITS  as  VI  ry 

JUluci'iii,  A 


fliaractcr  of  the  people.  Already  a  presidio  of  San 
Jiiaii,  and  a  pueblo,  or  mission,  of  Santa  Uita  had  been 
established  at  Peyotlan;  and  preparations  had  been 
made  for  a  pueblo  of  Santa  Teresa  at  Guainiarus  in 
the  north.^^  Now  the  pueblo  of  Trinidad  and  presidio 
of  San  Francisco  Javier  de  Valero  were  founded  on 
the  mesa,  as  capital  of  the  province,  with  Father  Tellez 
in  charge;  in  the  norUi  were  ibunded  the  |)Ueblo  f»f 
Santa  Gertrudis"^  and  the  presidio  of  San  Salv^ador  el 
Verde;  while  on  the  river  were  located  5^esus  Maria 
and  San  Francisco  de  Paula.^* 

Governor  Flores  left  Nayarit  in  March  to  visit  his 
jiacienda,  not  returning  until  the  end  of  May.  Dur- 
ing his  absence  there  were  some  disturbances;  many 
Indians  ran  away  to  join  a  rebellious  band  under 
Alonso  at  the  rancheria  of  Santiago;  and  a  party 
searcliing  for  mines  was  attacked,  by  its  own  fault, 
ami  one  man  lost.  On  the  comandante's  return,  liow- 
iver,  with  reenforcements,  and  with  two  padres,  Jose 
Baiitista  Lopez  and  Jose  Mesa,  order  was  restored, 
and  Alonso  soon  gave  up  the  useless  struggle.  A 
new  establishment  of  San  lojnacio  was  founded  at 
Guainamota''''  under  Captain  llioja  and  Father  ]\Iesa. 
In  .luly  Flores  made  an  expedition  into  the  tenitory 
of  the  Tecualmes  and  Coras,  and  with  natives  of  these 
trilies  Ibunded  San  Juan  liautista  and  San  Pedro  on 
the  Ivio  de  San  Pedro.  Of  all  the  fugitives,  an 
apostate  female  leader  named  Juana  Burro  ludd  out 
longest  against  the  Spaniards;  but  she  at  last  yielded 
to  g()s|)el  iiilluence  and  muskets.  The  comandante 
was  now  absent  again  for  a  year  or  more;  but  all  went 
Well  N\ith  the  missions,  the  new  one  of  llosario  being 

'■rnyiiunianis,  Guaimaruzi,  or  Coaymarus.  It  was  about  20  Iciigiies  nortli- 
West  iif  tlio  iiii'sa. 

"Aitoidin^  to  /iclacion,  17,  20,  Sta  Teresa  was  the  prcbulio  and  Sta  Gcr- 
tnidis  tl  e  |mct)lo,  and  they  were  six  leagues  apart. 

^'Tlie  /Ul(irioi),  27,  states  that  tlie  jmsidio  of  San  Juan  liautista  was 
aftciw.iiil  inovod  to  Jesus  Maria.  Mota-l'adilla,  Coiitj.  y.  (.'f(/.,  4S0,  .says  a 
IHuMd  (if  (;iiiidahi]u!  was  fouiicled  in  Fehi'uary,  12  1.  east  i>(  the  mesa.  Tho 
l.'d'h :,,!,.  -JO,  says  it  was  dii  the  mesa  12  leagues  from  the  real. 

•*  At  (luazamota  accordiujj  to  Dkc.  Univ.,  x.  IS. 


■  "J 

111     I  .        'vl 


I 

.fie, 

i 


:;V 


! 


J1 


'    lit 


330 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 


founded,  and  fathers  Urbano  do  Covarrubias,  Crist(')l)al 
Lauria,  and  Manuel  Fernandez  being  added  to  the 
Jesuit  force. 

Flores  came  back  to  Nayarit  at  the  end  of  1723, 
and  new  troubles  soon  arose,  resulting  in  the  tempo- 
rary abandonment  of  Trinidad  and  Santa  Gertrudis, 
the  burning  of  the  churches  at  Rosario  and  Santa 
Teresa,  and  the  death  of  one  of  the  leading  allies  of  the 
Spaniards  named  Luna.  Aid  was  sent,  however,  from 
diiferent  quarters,  and  quiet  restored  without  much 
difficulty.  It  is  said  that  none  of  the  missions  re- 
volted on  this  occasion  unless  the  padre  was  absent. 
Perfect  safety  was  secured  before  March,  when  Flores 
returned  with  a  body  of  fugitives  whom  he  had  pur- 
sued into  Durango. 

The  tonati  does  not  seem  to  have  been  a  very  im- 
jwrtant  personage  in  these  latter  days.  He  wandired 
for  some  time,  a  fugitive  even  from  his  own  peojile, 
until  captured  by  the  Spaniards  in  1722.  He  ^\a;) 
baptized  in  1725,  when  the  visitador  Rivera  stood  as 
godfather  to  this  relic  of  Nayarit  royalty.  Ri\eia 
found  nearly  four  thousand  Indians  in  ten  settlements, 
all  in  excellent  condition;  and  when  in  1728  the  bishop 
came  on  a  pastoral  visit  he  was  delighted  with  his 
reception  and  with  the  progress  of  the  converts."" 

Indeed  from  this  time,  so  far  as  the  record  shows, 
the  Nayarits  were  model  converts,  attached  to  tlieir 
teachers,  living  quietly  in  their  settlements,  and  all 
the  more  orderly  doubtless  because  few  Spaniards  ex  er 
had  occasion  to  visit  their  mountain  homes.  The 
missions  were  still  flourishing  in  17G7  under  seven 
Jesuits,  who  were  expelled  with  their  order. ^^     'i'hev 

'"  Alegre  spcaka  of  5,000  pesos  distrilnitcil  lo  pay  for  damages  iluriiiLr  the 
co'ifiucst;  lie  also  mention!*  ililMcv.l'aus  ia  17-0  caused  by  the  l)ad  eharactrr  <•( 
the  BoldiiTs  sent  to  the  country.  Jlinl.  Comp.,  iii.  'i'iT-S,  2.38-9.  It  is  st.iti'il, 
however,  by  Mota-Padilh,  writing  in  174'2,  that  the  people  had  gi\c  u  ii) 
trouble  since  t!:o  conquest,  nid  that  the  niilifairy  governors  might  wdl  bo 
dispensed  with.  Conq.  X.  Gal.,  510.  In  17-5  a  presidio  with  .38  soldiers  was 
Btill  kept  up.  Villu-Sfftor,  Teatro,  ii,  270.  In  1752  a  real  do  minas\\:ir(  os- 
tubliHiu'd  at  Uolafios  and  part  of  Nayarit  brought  under  a  corregidor.  J ii.^i ruc- 
tion Viri'i/i'ii,  44-57. 

"'The  seven  missions  iu  1707  were  Santa  Rita,  Santa  Toresa,  San  TcJio, 


^fs 


MODERATION  OF  THE  MISSIC€s'ARIES. 


331 


Cristobal 
3d  to  the 

of  1723, 
le  tenipo- 
Tertrudis, 
tid  Santa 
lies  of  the 
iver,  from 
)ut  much 
5sions  re- 
,s  absent. 
en  Florcs 

had  [»ur- 

very  im- 
vvandorod 
Q  people, 
He  wuH 
.  stood  as 
Kivei'a 
tleiiioiits, 
he  bishop 
with  \m 
irts.'^" 
d  shows, 
1  to  their 
?,  and  all 
ards  ever 
es.  The 
er  seven 
"     Thev 

(S  clurin^'  tlie 
,  chai'firttr  I'f 

It  iff  stiiti'il, 
lad  giviii  111) 
iglit  Ml  II  lie 

soUlii'is  was 
linas  was  es- 
Jor.  Jii.-iriic- 

San  IVJio, 


wcr(^  then  with  their  settlements  turned  over  to  the 
Fiaiicisc&ns  of  Nueva  Galicia.  The  principal  mission 
(in  the  mesa  was  transferred  on  February  1st,  the 
same  day  the  Jesuits  left.  All  the  missions  were  re- 
ported to  be  in  a  lamentable  condition  as  to  the 
spiritual  and  temporal  welfare  of  the  natives,  who  re- 
ceived no  relig'ois  instruction,  absented  themselves  at 
will,  and  worshipped  their  idols  unmolested,  so  that  it 
was  necessary  to  use  force  in  order  to  bring  in  whole 
families  living  thus.  At  the  time  the  Tecualmes  of 
San  Pedro  Iscatan  still  spoke  their  native  tongue; 
liut  this  was  entirely  lost  before  1785,  when  they  used 
the  mixed  Mexican  and  Spanish  spoken  in  most  of 
the  New  Spain  missions.  At  the  other  Nayarit  mis- 
sions the  Indians  were  Coras.*^ 

The  province  was  garrisoned  by  a  company  of  about 
forty  soldiers,  under  a  comandante  who  was  at  the 
same  time  protector  of  the  Indians,  and  who  not  in- 
frequently misused  his  power  to  oppress  the  natives. 
It  is  said  the  Jesuits  had  been  so  lenient  with  their 
lioek  that  under  their  regime  the  Indians  only  con- 
fessed in  articulo  mortis,  and  most  frequently  through 
interpreters.  If  the  Franciscans  applied  more  strin- 
gent measures,  it  is  not  shown  that  they  made  more 
proL,a'ess  than  their  predecessors;  in  1789  only  twelve 
I'riars  were  engaged  in  missionary  work  in  Nayarit,'''' 
nor  do  the  records  show  how  long  the  garrison  or 
niis>ions  were  continued.*'' 

Jisiis  Maria,  Trinidad,  Guainamota,  and  Rosario.  Comp.  de  Jesus,  Cntdlono.' 
^'i!la-SL■^or,  Tcatro,  ii.  271,  in  1745  adds  the  foUowing  names:  San  Joafjuin, 
Santa  Maria,  San  Lucas,  Dolores,  and  Tecualmes.  Orozco  y  Berra,  Gco'j., 
'JT'.l-^il,  adds  San  Juan  Corapa,  Santa  V6,  and  San  Diego. 

''  Xunirro,  Miaioiies  de  Nayarit,  in  Piiiart,  Col.  Due.  Mcx.,  407-80.  Tliia 
autlii  <\\  who  wiiB  one  of  tlie  Franciscans  to  whom  tlie  missions  were  transferred, 
stati  s  tiiat  each  had  its  ranclioa  of  horned  cattle,  horses,  mules,  goats,  and 
s-lac]).  All  that  belonged  to  the  missions  had  heen  placeil  in  de|)osit  with 
u«ii|iiiu  Hernandez  SoUs,  a  mincro  matriculado  of  tlio  real  of  Teiiuinuchi, 
\Uiu  -idld  everything  without  rendering  an  account  to  the  royal  treasury.  Ho 
tuiiicldvcrtothe  Franciscans  only  the  empty  missioh  luildings  witlioutfurni- 
tiuv  ill'  utensils  of  any  kind;  even  the  standing  crops  had  been  sold,  so  the 
fiiais  were  obliged  to  buy  nuii;!c  for  tiieir  subsistence. 

''Soo.  Mcx.  Gi'oij.,  Uoktin,  '2dai^p.,  i.  572. 

"'I  he  principal  authorities  consulted  on  matters  treated  in  this  chapter 
have  been  (quoted  in  separate  notes.     From  certain  passages  in  the  J^alulico» 


mm 

!  sM 


I  m 


It"   •,^1 


111"*** ; 


fi 


!  fTf*  if 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 


Afanea,  I  infer  that  the  author  was  the  friar  in  charge  of  Santa  T!iLa  ami 
Jesus  Maria  from  a  date  somewhat  eai-Iier  tlian  1728,  tliat  he  wrote  iimi-h  ui 
his  work  at  Sauta  Rita,  tliat  his  imme  was  probably  Joseph  Ortega,  hikI  tlmt 
tlie  part  of  his  narrative  relating  to  Xayarit  was  largely  founileil  on  a  manu- 
script from  the  pen  of  fatlicr  Antonio  Arias  ile  lljarra.  Frejes,  lunvcvcr, 
speaks  of  father  Fluvia  as  the  autlior.  Hint,  lirive,  20.  Of  the  tlirie  puit-i 
wiiich  make  up  the  volume  tlie  first  is  entitled  Jilardvillona  rcduccioii  ij  c  ,„. 
(jiiis/a  lie  Id  Pruvincia  dc  San  Joseph  del  Gran  Xoyar,  Nuevo  lieiiio  da  'J'uliili,, 
filling  2.")  chapters  and  223  pages.  li  is  therefore  the  leading  autIiorit\  f' !• 
tlic  present  chapter  of  my  work.  Mota-1'adilla's  Coiiq.  iV.  Gul.,  271-2,  .'il!!, 
4.'>8-87,  510,  written  ten  years  earlier  than  the  A/anex,  and  not  consultiil  l.v 
the  author  of  that  work,  contains  some  information  not  included  in  the.Ksiiit 
record,  and  is  hardly  second  to  it  as  an  authority.  Alegre,  //i.s^  Cow/).,  iii. 
190-239,  gives  a  very  full  account  of  the  subji^ct,  following  tlu  Afam.i  pretty 
closely,  and  liis  version  is  repeated  in  Dice.  Unic.  Geo'j.,  x.  10-18,  834.  Ai-- 
Icgui,  Cron.  Zae.,  80-90,  172-3,  201,  and  Arricivita,  Cron.  SerO/.,  88-92,  uai- 
rate  the  acts  of  the  Franciscans  in  the  Nayai'it  region. 


t 


P'    :!    ■: 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

PROGRESS  IN  NUEVO  LEOX,  AXD  CONQUEST  OF  SIERRA 
GORDA  AXD  TAMAULIPAS. 

lCOl-1803. 

G(n-EKNORS  Agustik  de  Zavala,  Juan  Ruiz,  and  Martin  be  Zavala — 
( 'i  iNOREOAS — Uprising  of  Natives — And  Final  Subjection — Political 
Division— Secularization  of  Missions — And  Consequent  General 
Insurrection — Governor  Barbadillo — His  Prudent  Measures — 
iloiiE  Difficulties — Population  of  Province — Sierra  Gokda — Death 
111"  Zaraza — Governor  Jose  DE  Escandon — His  Pacification  andC'on- 
(II  EST  of  Sierra  GoRr  ', — Condition  of  Tamaulipas— Escandon  is 
AifoiNTED  Governor — He  Founds  Nuevo  Santander — Numerous 
'J'owNS  and  Missions  are  Founded — Statistics  for  1757 — General 

I'liUURESS  OF  THE  COLONIES. 

At  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century  Xucvoltcon, 
as  will  be  remembered,  was  ruled  by  the  lieutenant- 
;invtrii()r,  Diego  de  jMontcmayor.  The  records  tell  us 
little  or  nothing  about  the  progress  of  the  country 
(luring  his  term  of  office,  and  after  IGll  his  name  dis- 
appeal's.  It  is  uncertain  whether  he  left  the  province 
iir  died  there,  and  only  the  names  of  his  two  sons, 
Diego  and  Miguel,  arc  mentioned.  Meanwhile,  the 
Spanisli  settlers  seem  to  have  increased  in  number, 
.^jti(  ading  toward  the  adjoining  jirovince  of  Coahuila, 
wlicic  an  active  trade  was  carried  on  with  the  aborig- 
ine. From  this  time  also  until  1028,^  when  Martin 
(If  Zavala  was  appointed  to  office,  nothing  wortliy  of 
ii(-»t(-'  is  recorded  concerning  the  province.     This  ruler 

'In  1(513  Agnstin  do  Zavala  appears  upon  the  scene  as  governor,  np- 
]iiiiiit,-.l  liy  Viceroy  (Jiunlalciizar.  lie  ia  saitl  to  have  been  a  wise  ruler,  his 
iriiiliiii  nicii.snrea  serving  to  el»eck  the  occasional  aggressions  of  the  natives. 
1ft'  ^^;ls  suceeeded  in  Ki'-T)  l)y  lieutenant-governor  and  captain-general  Juan 
Ruiz,  attorney  of  the  audieucia  of  Mexico. 

(333) 


if,« 


iHl 


ll'^i 


"all 


'•m 


334 


PROGRESS  IN  NUEVO  LEOX. 


made  himself  conspicuous  by  his  harsh  treatment  df 
the  natives,  forcing  them  as  soon  as  converted,  or  (  vt  n 
befoi'o,  into  the  co>*(/;v</rt.9,  or  congregations,  establishtil 
by  Montomayor.  The  laws  regarding  the  formation 
of  enconiiendas  were  now  so  stringently  enforced  that 
of  necessity  some  means  had  to  be  devised  to  cliuk' 
them  in  order  to  retain  the  benefits  derived  from  coni- 
pulsory  Indian  labor.  The  difference  between  tliij 
congrega  and  encomienda  existed  only  in  name,  l)ut 
under  the  former  system  the  law  was  evaded,  wliilo 
an  attempt  was  thus  made  to  delude  the  natives  Kv 
the  abolition  of  the  obnoxious  appellation  foriiicily 
in  use. 

The  immediate  result  of  Zavala's  policy  was  a  ueii- 
eral  uprising  of  the  natives,  which  it  required  iiioiv 
than  eight  years  to  master.  A  decisive  battle  in 
1G37  restored  peace  to  the  country  for  a  time;  l)ut  a 
great  number  of  natives  had  taken  refuge  in  tin 
sierras  of  Tamaulipas  whence  at  intervals  they  con- 
tinued to  harass  the  Spanish  settlers.  During  twn 
centuries  Nuevo  Leon  was  seldom  free  from  alarm. 
The  missionaries  in  vain  exerted  themselves  to  restore 
])eace;  in  vain  did  the  viceroys  send  troops,  settlers, 
and  money;  in  vain  did  the  venerable  Mar^il  dv 
Jesus  labor  to  check  the  outrages  of  the  Spaniards 
and  to  bring  the  Indians  into  subjection.  The  strife 
continued;  and  though  the  natives  were  the  greatest 
sufferers,  in  course  of  time,  especially  during  the 
second  half  of  the  seventeenth  and  the  early  pait  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  many  of  the  Spanish  st  ttK- 
ments  were  destroyed  by  the  natives  or  abandoneil  In' 
the  colonists.'* 


'Such  was  the  fnte  of  Tanguanchin,  Laxa,  Jaumavc,  Palmillas,  Mmitf  Al- 
venie,  Santa  Clara,  Buenaventura,  Bernardino,  and  others.  Pi-kld,  //i"'. 
TinnnuL,  84-5.  Some  friai-s  wlio  subsequently  investigated  tin'  mattir 
found  that  all  this  ruin  had  hecn  caused  by  the  iniquities  of  the  Si»uiiaiil>. 
Among  the  settlements  which  had  sprung  up  before  the  middle  of  tli''  istli 
century  were  Tesqueira,  .Santo  Catarina,  Salinas,  Boca  de  Leones,  tin  \>\f 
sidioof  Serralvo,  Sabinas,  the  Tablas,  and  Agualeguas  missions,  Cail' icita, 
Huajuco,  Pilon,  the  Mota  mission,  Linares,  San  Antonio  do  los  Llaii'S,  the 
presidios  of  Santa  Engracia  and  Lampazos,  Labradorcs,  and  others. 


MISSION  SECULARIZATION. 


335 


In  1700  there  were  in  Nucvo  Leon  five  ayuntami- 
cntds,  fourteen  alcaklias  may  ores,  and  the  same  number 
of  capitanias.  After  a  season  of  comparative  quiet, 
aftliiis  were  brought  to  a  climax  in  1712  by  the  secu- 
larization of  the  missions  and  curacies  by  order  of 
]]isliop  Dief^o  Camacho  y  Avila.  In  consequence  of 
this  impohtio  measure  the  natives  rose,  and  the  insur- 
rection assumed  such  a  general  character  that  it  spread 
not  only  over  Nuevo  Leon,  but  over  all  the  neighbor- 
ini:^  provinces,  carrying  devastation  even  far  into 
Quorutaro.  From  1709  to  1715  the  Indians  in  those 
rcLifions  are  said  to  have  killed  over  a  thousand  Spanish 
.settlers.^  It  was  conceded  by  this  time  that  the 
wliolc  system  of  colonization  in  Nuevo  Leon  was^  a 
la  i  hire. 

In  1715  Francisco  Barbadillo  was  appointed  gov- 
criiDr  of  the  province  by  Viceroy  Linares,  and  com- 
missioned to  investigate  the  causes  of  the  disturbance. 
On  his  arrival  at  Monterey  this  officer,  who  is  highly 
coiniuended  by  the  chroniclers  of  his  time,  proceeded  to 
orj^anize  a  company  of  mounted  militia,  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  settlers.*  His  next  step  was  to  strike 
at  tlic  root  of  the  evil  by  abolishing  the  congregas, 
though  he  was  bitterl}'-  opposed  in  this  measure  by  the 
Spanish  settlers;  at  the  same  time  he  founded  with 
.sonic  five  thousand  Indian  families  from  the  western 
sierra  of  Tamaulipas — to-day  known  by  the  name  of 
San  Carlos — independent  native  settlements  and  mis- 
sions.'^   The  settlers  were  provided  with  cattle,  farming 


i.'l 


,  ^^rk  ■if"  II 


'III  April  1713  Governor  Francisco  Mier  y  Torre  commissioned  the  fx- 
govvnior,  Trevifio,  to  enter  into  negotiations  for  jieacc  m  ith  the  Indians,  liut 
while  thns  engaged  his  whole  jiarty  was  niassficrcd.  More  stringent  nicasuroH 
Miiv  tl.cn  dictated  by  a  council  of  war,  but  they  were  also  inetfectual.  O'nn- 
in!i:,  (W.  JJoc.  X.  Leon,  .SS-40. 

'I'liiswasa  light  cavalry  troop  recruited  from  among  the  settlers,  nn<l 
iiiaiiit:iiiicd  by  pro  rata  contributions  of  tiie  colonists.  This  was  tlic  tirst 
iiistaii.o  in  which  the  settlers  were  required  to  pay  any  tax  for  the  expensca 
lit  government.    Sec  Pr'tdo,  I/iit.  Tamaul.,  85-6. 

■•  Among  them  Guadalupe,  near  Monterey,  with  1,000  families;  Concep- 
cidu  iiiid  I'urificacion  on  the  margins  of  the  Pilon.  with  (500  families  each.  A 
f:ieat  inimber  of  families  was  al&o  apportioned  to  the  different  scttlcmentH 
ulreuily  established.  Gonzalez,  Col.  Doc.N,  L('0t>,H}-7;  Prleto,  Hint.  Tamaul., 
SO-7. 


■-i.  m 


:iti| 


■^i4^ 

-ifH 

->»^B 

;(i 

i 

SM.^ 

^    *     'i-fiv 

'\  !-!■«■ 

"'    ^. 

\^ 

f 

"'-'f^ 

'?" 

33G 


PROGRESS  IN  NUEVO  LEON. 


implements,  and  everything  needed  to  establish  tliem 
on  their  farms,  and  salaried  protectors  were  a})puiiitL(l 
to  guard  their  interests.  Barbadillo  enforced  a  strict 
compliance  with  his  orders,  and  his  plan,  for  the  tiiuu 
being,  proved  a  complete  success. 

The  services  of  such  men  as  Barbadillo,  however, 
were  also  required  in  Mexico,  and  scarcely  had  order 
and  peace  been  restored  in  Nuevo  Leon,  when  lie 
was  recalled.  This  was  the  signal  for  the  colonists, 
who  had  suflcred  by  his  policy,  to  revenge  themselves 
on  the  natives.  Contributions  were  refused  to  niaiu- 
tain  the  militia,  which  was  soon  disbanded;  the 
defenseless  natives  in  the  settlements  were  again 
subjected  to  extortions  and  maletreatment  of  every 
kind,  which  abuses  the  protectors  were  powei'loss  to 
check,  and  thousands  of  them  asfain  souijfht  refuw  in 
their  mountain  homes.  Linares  had  died  in  the 
mean  time,  and  hi^.  successor,  the  Marquis  Valero,  or- 
dered Barbadillo  to  undertake  the  task  of  restorini,' 
order  in  the  province.  He  at  once  set  forth  for 
Monterey,  and  we  are  told  that  at  his  mere  presonee 
the  colonists  ceased  from  their  iniquities,  and  the  na- 
tives, mindful  of  past  favors  received  at  his  hands, 
returned  in  flocks  to  their  abandoned  settlements. 
Barbadillo  remained  in  Nuevo  Leon  for  four  years, 
when  he  was  recalled  to  Mexico  by  Viceroy  Casa- 
fuerte,  and  the  government  of  the  province  was 
bestowed  on  Pedro  de  Zaravia  Cortes.  The  inca- 
pacity of  this  ruler  soon  produced  the  same  disorders 
which  had  occurred  twice  before  in  that  region,  and  (m 
this  occasion  they  spread  to  the  Sierra  Gorda  as  far  as 
to  Huasteca.  Revolts  and  insurrections  became  more 
frequent,  and  more  disastrous  than  ever  in  their  ef- 
fects, and  the  governors  and  officials  of  several  prov- 
inces with  their  combined  forces  were  unable  to  restore 
quiet. 

It  now  became  evident  to  the  government  of  Xcw 
Spain  that  more  decisive  measures  must  be  inaug- 
urated.    In  the  Sierra  Gorda  districts  and  in  Ta- 


MINES  AND  MISSIONS. 


337 


iiiniilinas  tlio  bauds  of  niaraudinuf  savajjjcs  always 
I'dUiid  a  sale  retreat.  ]M()reover,  those  reijfions  were 
susjiccted  to  possess  rieli  mines  and  other  wealth; 
and   lor   tliese   reasons  the   definite   c(niquest  of  tho 


7.ii'i.-.L,,  -.1..- ai; 


,/,,,  ^>i;""'i';> 


,,  ..L,M  n,i,.iM '<  /.■i/'''';! 

1.11  t'uriU  ^;J^  ^*> 


,  (  II  A  II  (    A  S 


HAN 


Map  of  Sikuisa  Gouda. 

loast  icLiJDU  from  the  river  Pauueo  to  the  borders  of 
JVxiis  was  deeided  upon.** 

'"'!:'  I  Nil!  tho  ]ir<ivincc  of  Nuovo  I.oon  onnipriscd  '2,V,2\  s(iu;n-o  luauues  of 
tc'iTiiii.N,  rniisistiiiL,'  of  oiii^  j)iii-tiilo;  tlicio  were  13  ciuacius,  1  luisaiuii,  iJcilius, 
Uisr.  ilEx.,  Vol.  111.    22 


1 


ji>:W*i, 


rpt  if 


338 


PROOKESS  IN  NUEVO  LEOX. 


Ever  since  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century,  af"t(  i 
Viceroy  Velasco  li.icl  colotiized  the  ]-(\t;ions  ahoiit  Sai 
I^uis  l^otosi,  Cololot'nn,  and  San  Miguel  ^rez<|iiitif 
uith  Tlascaltt  and  (Jhichiniec  families,  niissionaiirs 
had  l)egun  to  enter  the  wild  districts  of  the  Siciia 
dorda''  and  Taniaulipas,  to  convert  the  nunuidus 
tribes,  which  were  su^)posed  to  have  taken  up  lluir 
ahode  in  this  part  of  the  country  after  the  concjiiLst, 
I'liese  efforts  seem  to  have  been  attended  with  wvy 
little  success.  Towara  the  end  of  the  sevent(<iith 
century  six  Dominican  missions  had  been  establishdl 
in  Sierra  Gorda  territory.  The  friars  were  soon  driven 
away,  however;  the  churches  were  bui'ned,  the  iiii>- 
sions  destroyed,  and  the  Spaniards  who  had  settled  in 
the  vicinity  were  compelled  to  abandon  the  country. 

In  1704  Francisco  Zaraza  was  made  lieutenant 
captain-ij^eneral,  and  connnissioned  to  brinj^  tli(^  k- 
volted  aborijjfines  under  subjection;  hitlierto  all  the 
eft'orts  to  that  eft'ect  of  the  alcaldes  and  captains  df 
militia  had  l)een  unavailing.  Zaraza  opened  a  cam- 
paign against  the  natives,  but  was  killed  during  an 
attack,  without  having  accomplished  anything  do- 
cisive.  In  his  place  was  appointed  Gal)riel  Guti  ivid 
de  Ardila,  who  with  a  force  of  eight  hundred  cavaliv 
defeated  the  natives  and  compelled  them  to  enter  into 
a  treaty  of  peace.  This  occurred  in  1715,  and  the 
conditions  of  the  treaty  were  most  favorable  to  the 
Indians,  who  were  to  retain  their  liberty  and  be  abso- 

4  villas,  10  piiehlos,  4  iiiiiiiug  districts,  and  23  hnciendas.  The  populatiuu 
coiisisti  d  of  -7,41-  Sliiiiii  mis,  L',};>l  Indians,  an<l  i:i,.s;5S  of  mixed  Ijlu.ii.  m.ik- 
ing  a  total  of  ■},'{. (iSI  inhabitants.  A'anirro,  in  ,S'or.  Mr.r.  (Scikj..  /lol'/'m,  '-Ma 
ep.,  i.  •_".)!.  (;<Mi:.uli z,  Co!.  Jhn:  S.  Lion,  )o7-4.">,  lliiud)olilt,  AW«i  /'■/.,  IV,, 
gives  the  population  in  iSO;}  as  low  as  ■2!),(K)0.  In  IS'.'S  the  pojuilatinii  liail 
inci'cased  to  ,SS,7i);{,  .«aid  to  have  lieen  due  to  .a  large  ininiigration;  in  I>''i0 
tlieie  were  l.'i7.<'7lt  inhaliifants.  Jfirr.  Uiiir.,  x.  ;!S.  For  niore  details  .mi- 
eeiiiing  Xiievo  JiCon  for  the  pci'iod  umler  consideration  see  On'ciiv-!  ih  hi 
('o/v)//rt,  MS.,  V.  ]!,!)!»,  104;  Ii'('rll/<i-ai:icln,  in  Jhti/n-  J/6'.s'.,  no.  1I,J!1.")I; 
I'illt-iKi  III  /'(i/i  nil-  JiOiiifi,  y]S.;  Ciiro,  Tris  S/i/lii'-;  iii.  ISl  ;  MiiV-Vid",  .I'".- 
tiiriiK,  .S;  AiiiiKiii.  Mij.,  ii. !((!;  Nut.  N.  J'Js/i.,  in  S(i'\  M(.i\  (,'iO'j.,  Jtolitin.  ii.  II'; 
Coii-.dli-.,  in7(/.,:)(la  ep.,  i.  -IWf^,  'JW);  Z<iiiiiin,}s,  Jlist.  Mij.,y.  71.S;  vii.  liM. 

'The  nioiuitainons  region  so  e.illed  extends  from  near  Itio  N'erde  in  >nn 
l.uis  I'otosi'  to  tiio  vicinity  of  Queretaro,  and  forms  the  jiartido  <jf  Cad(  reiia. 
to-day  Ijclonging  to  the  province  of  QueriStaro.   iloiiudcz.  Col.  Doc.  S.  /."'"• 


STIRRIXO  NATIVES  TO  REVOLT. 


339 


lute  innsti'i's  of  tlu)  siorra.     Xovc'iilick'ss  wo  find  tliat 


(■I 


tra-'cs  and  disturbanc 


cs  soon  aiterwarc 


ftc 


d  b 


ccanie 


til 


ol-i 


\vr  of  the  day.  For  many  ycais  tlio  towns  in  tlio 
jurisdictions  of  Qucivtaio,  San  Miguel  v\  Grande, 
C'rlaya,  C'liainacuei'o,  San  Juan  del  llio,  Cadcivita 
iiiid  cLsewliore  remained  in  the  same  condition.  The 
native  tribes  of  Siei-ra  Corda  were  imder  neitlier 
military,  civil,  nor  religious  control,  and  their  raids 
cxtendetl  at  times  into  the  very  streets  of  Spani.sli 

tllements. 

]fw 


.-'t 


e  can 


beli 


Ark 


ci'iiors  o 


f  N 


levo  xVrlegui,  one  or  moi 
uevo  Leon  were  induced  to 


c  o 


f  tl 


10  CfOV- 


)ersecu 


to  tl 


10 


natives  by  private  persons  who  claimed  to  have  lost 
lands  thrcnigh  the  appropriation  of  tracts  for  the  Ta- 
niaulipjis  tribes  in  1715,  and  many  Indians  were  s\d)se- 
iinriitlv  hanged  for  trivial  ofl'ences.  Xor  would  this 
.-utlico;  the  settlers  themselves  constantl}"  sought  to 
(hag  the  Indians  into  revolt  in  order  to  have  a  pre- 
ttiue  to  make  thom  slaves.  Under  such  ciicum- 
.stances  the  eftorts  of  a  few  friars  were  of  no  avail. 
Such  was  the  state  of  afl'airs  when  in  1734  Jose  do 


]• 


icaiH 


Ion,  an  officer  of  the  Queretaro  militia,  was  com- 


niis>Iuned  to  pacify  the  Sierra  Gorda.  At  last  the 
indjier  person  had  been  found  to  carry  out  this  diifi- 
ciilt  task.  During  his  first  expedition  four  hundi'ed 
jiiisoiiers  were  taken;  the  ringleaders  were  sununarily 
[niul.-lied,  while  the  others,  in  place  of  being  enslaved, 
Vvcii'  treated  with  great  consideration.  This  jxilicy 
had  tlu!  desired  elfect,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  years 


scvci-a 


1  oth 
tl 


or  0X1)0 


10  woi 


V 
kof 


xlit 


ions  unc 


ler  tl 


le  same 


lead 


or  com- 


)aci 


ficat 


ion. 


All  tl 


lose  camjtaigns 


wti'c  carried  on  l)y  Escandon  with  little  expense  to  tho 
(Town,  without  burdening  too  much  tho  Si)anisli  set- 


tins,  and  without  eiislaviii'jf  tho  nativ 


OS. 


]1 


e  v>as   a 


wr:ilt]iy  man,  and  expended  tho  greater  part  of  his  own 
I'Utuiiein  maintaining  his  troops,  who  were  kept  unde-r 
>triit  diseipliiie,  and  not  allowed  to  commit  any  ex- 
•x'^M's.  1  lis  conduct  uaiiK'd  lor  him  the  esteem  of  tho 
ii'iNrniiiient,  tho  respect  of  the  colonists,  and  the  lovo 


""*"«t, 


340 


rROOUESS  IN  NUEVO  LEOX. 


oftlic  ])n(ifit'(l  trll»es,  wlio  under  similar  cIiTuinstaiiccs 
liad  liitlicj'io  bci'ii  treated  like  Itnites.  It  was  also 
reiiiaiked  tliat,  altliouj^h  li(3  divided  lands  ani(iiiL,f 
Sjianiards  and  Indians,  none  wvvc  reserved  for  liim- 

si'ir. 

Tlins  tlio  wild  rcn,-ions  of  Siei-ra  Corda  were  fniallv 
hroii^^lit  under  S|)anish  rule,  without  much  hloodslnd, 
and  without  any  of  the  revoltin;^  incidents  usually  at- 
tendint;-  the  eoncjuest  of  neM'  t(.:ri'itt)ry.  In  considera- 
tion of  his  services  Escandou  was  made  count  of 
Sierra  Goi'da,  and  his  achievements  paved  the  way  lor 
tln>  conquest  of  Tamaulipas,  where  still  gi'eatcr  lauicls 
were  in  store  for  hiui.^ 

The  same  causes  which  led  to  the  final  pacificalion 
of  Sieri-a  (j!oi'<la  and  the  suhjugation  of  the  Nayaiits, 
ultimately  led  to  the  concjuest  of  the  gulf  renii>ii 
stretchin<4  from  Panuco  north  to  the  Kio  Bravo  ilul 
Norte.  Here,  as  elsewhei'c,  the  Indians  were  diivoii 
to  levolt  b}'  a  series  of  outrages  connnitted  on  tlniu 
l>y  squatter;-,  robbers,  ki(lnap])ers,  and  slavc-tradtMs.^ 
IJuring  and  subsequent  to  the  operations  of  ICscandnn, 
various  jn-oposals  were  made  to  the  central  goxtiii- 
inent  at  jMexico,  and  to  the  crown,^"  for  the  extension 
of  Spanish  settlements  in  Tajnauli})as.  No  decision 
Wits  ai'rived  at,  however,  till  174(3,  under  the  rule  el' 
li(-'vi11a  (ligedo,  when  a  council  of  war  held  foi'  tin; 
])urpose  intrusted  the  enterj)rise  to  Escandon,  who  wns 
now  universallv  recoi>nized  as  a  man  of  consunimatL' 


"  In  17(>7  tlu'i'C  wcro  nine  ludiiin  tmvna  in  Sierra  Gonla,  ■\vitli  an  iivnii 
over  1,700  faiiiilii'^i.  Snniii/io,  J'roloijo,  '2.  Most  of  tliuse  wcie  t'ouinli: 
K«c;ni(lou  at  tlic  time  of  tlio  jiaiiiiL-ition.  For  fiirtlier  (k'tails  comii 
Siiirii  ( Joi'da  ail'air.s  sci;  Onlcinn  dc  la  Coropfi,  MS.,  iv.  (i7-70;  iV.  Mir.,  < 
I'ls,  .MS.,  '-'."-O-.S,  -JllS-Sl  ;  Arlc'jii!,  ('roii.  Zac,  l-J'-'-;{;  /■'/•<;/<>■,  Jli^l.  lint:, 
40:  Tiniiniil.,  ('iDiirrsiones,  in  Maltrnt.  /«</.,  no.  "JO,  1-5;  C'liijo,  JJlur.. 
Jfi^f.  .Ucc,  la  .scr..  i.  ;«0,  :{f)-J;  I'riifo,  JIM.  TamaiiL,  GO-1,  71-S,  1 
Zd^ii'foiy,  IH»i.  M'J.,  V.  .■}7''5-4,  .")70,  r)7">. 

"A  royal  cedilla  foi- the  ])roti'otion  of  the  Tamaulipas  Indians  wns  i 
iMiiv  •_'."),  HiS'l.  ( h-<li'iii'.<  tie  III  Corona,  ^IS.,  iv.  07-70.  Sec  also  Tumuul., 
Vi  r"'iiiii'H.  in  Miillrnt.  Iml.,  no.  '20,  1-i). 

'"Xotalily  liy  Ladrcjn  do  tJuuvarji,  whose  conditions  were  very  ext 
pint,  iind  exeited  suspicion  eoncerning  his  ultiniate  object  in  regard  t 
natives.  N.  Mcx.,  Ccduliin,  MS.,  2iJ0-8. 


'_p  rif 

I  l.y 
iiiii,' 

■nhl. 

•j;is- 

hui: 
||  '.'; 

;siuil 
( \in- 

i;i\;l- 
thu 


OPERATIOX.S  OF  ESCANDON. 


341 


fill  avcrimoof 
!  tViundi.'il  liy 
s  coiic'iinii),' 
.  iV-'r.,  <■'■/"■ 
t.  IJrri:,-S:>s- 
,  ]>i(ir..  I '!■'■. 
71-S,   li'l  •-'; 


rcry  cxtiava- 
vvjuvd  Vi  the 


.'iliillty;  nor  '^oultl  a  better  selection  have  \)oen  ninde.'^ 
The  Nvliolo  northorn  coast  from  Daricn  to  Florida  had 
nradtially  succumbed  with  the  exception  of  this  })ortion, 
which  now,  after  a  sucjessful  ros-istance  of  over  two 


;'  l*aui|';U4>l 


Tamaulipas. 

hundred  years,  was  to  be  the  last  to  submit  to  Spanish 
domination. 

"  l*]sc.anclon  was  appointed  September  3, 1 74G.  For  the  transport  of  the  set- 
tlfis,  soldiers,  and  other  expenses,  115,000  pesos  were  needed  ;  after  that  tlio 
sum  of  29,000  pesos   a  year  was  to  be  paid  from  the  royal  treasury.     The 


•  iH 


'''  '-KV 


u  II   Jwfi'' 


342 


PROGRESS  IX  XUEVO  LEOX. 


Escanclon  was  autliorized  to  extend  his  oporntKin.y 
ovoi"  a  distance  of  more  than  a  hundred  leagues  iVdia 
s<»utli  to  nortli,  and  sixty  or  eiglity  from  east  to  west, 
the  l)oundaries  being  tU'signated  on  the  east  by  tliu 
gulf;  south  by  the  jurisdictions  of  Panuco  and  Tam- 
]»ico,  Villa  de  Valles,  Sierra  Gorda,  and  Huasteca ; 
\vest  by  Guadalcilzar,  Venado,  Chaix-as,  Xuevo  Ltoii, 
and  part  of  Coahuila,  and  north  by  this  latter  proviiicr 
and  the  boundary  of  Texas.  The  territory  compiixd 
v.ithin  these  limits  received  the  a})pellation  of  Xurvo 
Santander.  ]\Iost  extensive  pre])arations  for  the  e\- 
jx'dition  were  made  in  the  city  of  Queretaro;  and  llie 
prestige  of  Escandon  was  so  great  that  from  uH  parts 
of  the  country  S[)anish  families  hastened  toj<)i.iIii> 
foi-tunes,  and  many  an  adventurous  soldier  enlisi'd 
un<ler  his  banner.  Enthusiasm  ran  high,  till  iin;ill\ 
tile  ex[)editi()nary  forces  numbered  seven  hundred  aiid 
fifty,  while  the  number  of  prospective  settlers,  coii- 
sisting  of  Spaniards  and  converted  Indians,  exceeded 
two  thousand  five  hundred  families.  That  these  niim- 
l)ci's  arc  not  exaggerated  is  shown  by  the  settlements 
founded  by  Escandon,  and  by  subsequent  oilicial 
statistics. 

The  expedition  set  forth  from  Queretaro  early  in 
Dtcembtr  1748,  passing  through  the  towns  of  I'ozos, 
San  Luis  de  la  Paz,  Santa  Tviaria  del  llio,  San  Luis 
Potosf,  and  thence  to  Tula,^-  where  it  was  joined  by  a 
number  of  Spanish  families.  A^arious  attem|)ts  s( mi 
to  have  been  made  since  17  I  4  to  form  ne'v  scttltiiit  nts 
in  this  vicinity,  attcndt^l  a])]iarently  with  ttle  su(  (•<  ->. 
At  one  of  these,  Palmillas,  Escandon  appointed  a 
military  governor,  and  continuing  his  maindi  ii.  a 
noith-easterly  direction,  f  >u..d''(  on  JJt  "emb 'r  L'.iili 
tlie  town  of  Llera  with  Sixty-scvt'n  I'amilies. 
inn"    northwai'd   on    .lanuai'v    i,    J  74'.),    (Jiienu 


iiiii- 
\\as 


iimlM'iK'ia  :i 


tM. 


■4Sunmtcil  (lie  fmiils,  , •111(1  in  ITJl'tlick 


111.'  m-i 


I  ii"lililiinml  siiiii  to  III'  paid  to  (.oiiqilrtc  tin'  tiili'ijuisc.   Jtrril/n  (HiihIik  hi 


"■'.'/'  "'i 


.S7-S. 


'"riiis  )iliioc,  tluii  in  tlu'  jurif-iliLtiori  of  (.'iiairus,  \mis  at  the  time  t[\nu-  u 


flouiibli 


L>lony. 


'^-n 


SANTAXDER  ESTABLISHED. 


343 


ostnldisliofl  Avitli  fiftv-eiirlit  Ihinilios,  and  a  mission  sonic 
\'vw  K'aguos  distant  on  the  ])aidvs  of'tliu  Purificacion. 
On  .raniuiry  Gtli  Ibity-four  families  settled  at  Padilla, 
and  a  inissioi  was  estaldii- liod  in  that  neighborhood. 
It  may  be  nientioned  here  that  for  each  newly  settled 
]i!are  a  'iiilitary  j^overnor  was  ap[)ointe(l  with  the  rank 
(if  captain,  and  a  small  garrison  was  left  i'or  poliee 
duty,  and  to  protect  the  settlers  against  the  hostiliti(.!S 
(if  the  natives.  Other  towns  were  located  in  lipid 
succession,  and  at  ih'st  tl:!.-  colonists  had  to  Ijc  cont-nt 
witli  primitive  Imts,  hastil}'  coristructed  of  branches 
and  Icavrs,  until  better  a.cconnnodations  could  be  se- 
cured. During  the  first  years  they  suffered  great 
lianlsliips,  for  in  many  instances  the  sites  selected 
wciv  unfavorable,  either  on  account  of  the'r  liability 
ti)  Hoods,  their  sickly  climate,  or  I'or  other  reasons. 
Till'  settlers  of  the  town  of  Escandon  are  said  to  have 
lieon  driven  from  their  second  site  by  clouds  of  nios- 
([uitoes  and  otlier  obno.xious  insects. 

I'l'om  J?adilla,  Escandon  continu(;<l  his  march  some 
twenty  leaixues  in  a  north-easterlv  direction,  with  a 
view  to  establish  a  general  canij)  I'rom  whicdi  exploring 
expeditions  might  be  despatched,  j)articularly  to  dis- 
<'ov(  r  tile  harbor  of  Santander,  at  the  moutli  of  the 
live)'  then  called  Puriticacioii,  and  to-da}'  La  ^Earina. 
On  this  march  I'rom  l^adilla,  the  tij-it  savages  matletlieir 
ap[ieai'unce,  descending  in  great  munbers  i'rom  the 
eastei'u  sierras  of  "^raaiiau^ipas,  but  being  ovei'awed  by 
the  vast  caravan  of  Spaniards,  abstained  from  attack. 
Ahuiit  the  same  time  Escandon  was  ioined  by  anotiier 
naitv  of  settle's  froui  _Einart's,  coiisistiu'''  of  sixty 
iiiiidhes  under  tlie  conduct  of  Ladroii  dc  ( Juevara,  and 
I  tliiits  Were  n(*w  made  to  reacli  t-|io  seaboard.  After 
\ail'ms  attem[)ts,  on  I'ebruary  1 7th,  the  iimuth  of 
tli''  i'urificacion  was  discovci'cd;  the  town  nl'Saiitan- 
iler  was  establisln-d  wit!i  forty-five  famil.es,  and  desig- 
nated as  the  capital  of  'he  [»i'ovince.''' 

'The  site  w.'is  suli.sii|Mi'iitly  cliiiiiyfd  and  tlic  town  lldiirislicil,  coiiiitiiig 
uwnl\  (iUlt  iiilialjituntsi  in  17."<7.  ' 


m 


:;i   i.ili 


''\: 


^&^^# 


^tf-A 


'vr  .■  jfii 


m 


344 


PROGRESS  IN  NUEVO  LEON. 


From  tho  now  oapi'tal  Escantlon  proceeded  nortli  in 
quest  of  the  valley  of  Flores.  Crossing  the  Wu) 
Conchos,  and  passing  along  the  banks  towards  its 
mouth  at  Salinas  bar,  ho  came  upon  a  Iriendly  Indian 
chief  who  had  formed  a  settlement  of  Pintos.  ]  reiv- 
ing several  Franciscan  friai,-*  with  the  natives,  lie 
pushed  forward  to  the  Rio  Bravo  del  Norte,  ex[ioct- 
inix  to  meet  with  some  families  coming  from  Liii.iro 
and  other  nlaccs,  with  whom  to  form  a  settlement. 
He  soon  arrived  at  Camargo,  which  had  been  ])i'iivi- 
sionally  founded  by  one  Barrero  from  Nnevo  Jjion, 
and  foi'mnlly  established  the  town  on  jNTarch  Htli, 
leaving  Captain  Falcon  in  command.  A  little  to  \W 
south  a  mission  was  erected  with  the  Franiis(>;ni, 
Juan  Garcia,  in  charge;  this  friar  was  also  the  (ii>t 
curate  of  Camargo.  Thence  proceeding  west,  tln' 
town  of  Beinosa  and  a  mission  were  established,  with 
families  iVom  Nuevo  Leon  under  Captain  Cantdii, 
After  despatching  Captain  Basterra  to  form  a  settle- 
nient  on  tlie  Nueces  River,  Escandon  returinMl  to 
Salinas,  where,  with  families  brought  by  Cantaiii 
Merino,  he  founded  San  Fernando.  On  this  return 
march  th(>  natives  showed  signs  of  hostility,  and 
an  inclination  to  dispute  the  passage.  Thty  v>civ 
a[)peased,  however,  by  Escandon's  kind  wurds  ami 
by  pr-esents. 

About  April  27th  Altamira  was  located  wwx  tln^ 
coast,  and  on  ^lay  9th  the  city  of  Horeasitas  was 
founded  with  more  than  ordinary  pomp.  'J'eii  days 
after  this,  Santa  ]>:irbara  and  the  mission  Soli'dad  * 
were  estai)lislK>(l,  after  which  Escandon  returned  l>y 
way  of  Tula  to  (^)ueretai'o,  to  report  on  the  jtrogivss 
of  his  enterprise.  Beniaining  there  during  the  w  linli' 
of  the  following  year,  he  prepared  a  second  e.\] edi- 
tion. Ki  no  time  tluring  the  colonial  history  of  .''.'W 
S}»ain  had  so  many  settlements  been  fountU-d  in  >n'h 

"  Tlio  iiiissidii  Si.iita  ]\r!iiiii  do  la  Solcilad  a(HinrkT  loapiip  cast  of  S:nit.v 
IVu'liarii,  wan  (,fivi>ii  lands  hy  Ivsoandun  in  the  killg'a  muiie,  tlii'  saliiu  as  all  'li' 
■  otliLT  iiiissiuiis.   l'[in>r\  Col,  Doc,  Max.,  ',Vi\, 


m 


TACIFICATIOX  OR  EXTERMIXATION, 


345 


a  f-iinparntivcly  short  period,  and  witli  so  little  blood- 
slu'd.  True,  liei'o  and  tliero  the  natives  Aver(3  obsti- 
iiiitc  and  unwilling;-  to  submit  to  the  strangers,  find  in 
sovcial  instances  Spanish  settlements  were  attacked 
liy  \]\r  nomad  tribes  still  scattered  in  the  recesses  of 
tluir  mountain  ret: eats.  Thus  it  became  necessary 
at  times  to  send  a  foi'cc  against  them.  This,  how- 
ever, seems  never  to  have  been  done  unless  the  Ind- 
ians first  gave  sufticicnt  provocation  by  their  hostile 
attitude.  Indeed,  as  a  rule  Escandon  managed  the 
aborigmes  with  great  skill  and  judgment,  never  resort- 
'm<y  to  hc>stile  measures  when  with  inducements  and 
jiroinises  he  could  attract  them  to  the  missions,  alter 
which  they  would  generally  become  good  settlei/s.  It 
is  evident  that  this  leader  pursued  a  wise  policy  in 
making  the  lot  of  the  subjugated  natives  as  comibrt- 
ahlo  as  i  <t.-sible.  We  find  no  siofns  of  encomiendas  or 
ooiigreg.is,  the  same  policy  being  observed  as  in  Sierra 
(»(irda.  It  is  indeed  relrcshinof  to  reccjrd  a  circum- 
hi'Aurv  of  this  nature — so  much  at  variance  with  the 
general  conduct  observed  by  nearly  all  the  conquer- 
ors and  ]iacific;itors  of  earlier  times — and  even  at  the 
presi'iit  day  the  name  of  Escandon  is  esteemed  and 
honored  in  Tamaulipas. 

^biuy  other  settlements  and  missions  were  founded 
during  the  second  exj^edition,  the  details  of  which  are 
^iuuhu•  to  those  of  the  first,  and  of  little  interest  to 
tlie  general  reader.  All  these  new  settlements,  as  I 
lia\e  mentioned,  were  placed  in  charge  of  a  miHtary 
cnniiiiandei',  while  one  or  more  Franciscan  iriars  took 
flinrgc  ot  each  mission.  Thus  the  governnicnt  of  the 
new ciiloiiies  was  at  first  purely  military ;  yet  it  cannot 
iHihiiicd  that,  for  the  time  being,  and  under  a  man  like 
Kscaixh)!!,  this  was  the  best  titted  to  keep  the  Ind- 
ians under  sul)jection,  and  to  prevent  civil  dissensions 
iiiiKihg  the  colonists  themselves.  At  all  events  we  do 
not  hear  of  any  abuses  committed  by  the  commanders 
iippoinled  l»y  J'^scaiuh)!!,  aiul  the  pn)gress  of  the  col- 
uiiivs  e\  idenced   the  success  of  the   system.     Nevor- 


wmi 


mi4 


,m 


346 


rnoGEEss  IN  Nui:vo  leox. 


tholcss  even  in  1757  Iiulian  liostilitios  luul  ncit 
entirely  ecased;*'^  and  for  this  i-eason  it  was  recom- 
niended  by  Inspeetor-gencral  Tienda  de  Cuervo,  wlm 
made  an  (official  visit  to  tlie  province  in  that  yeai',  to 
take  fuial  nionsure.sto  complete  the  pacification  of  the 
territory.  Tliongh  Spanish  dominion  was  penna- 
nently  established,  lie  was  aware  that  t  )  ensuie  tlic 
pcacel'ul  and  steady  development  of  the  country,  an- 
other cam])aii;ii  nuist  be  inaugurated;  the  natives 
who  remained  obstinate  must  be]>uisued  to  their  last 
haunts;  they  must  either  be  obliged  to  settle  in  tliu 
missions  or  be  exterminated.  The  recommendation 
was  approved  by  Viceroy  AmarilJas,  and  it  is  claimed 
tliat  the  campaign  was  a  success,  and  that  soon  after 
the  establishment  of  San  Ciirlos  all  hostilities  and 
depredations  by  the  Indian  tribes  of  the  neighborlioud 
ceased.  !Many  of  them,  seeing  tl.ey  were  piusiicd 
even  to  their  most  secret  haunts,  had  ])referre(  I  to  join 
the  missions;  but  others,  more  warlike,  receded  be- 
yond the  boundaries  of  Coahuila  and  to  the  lijo 
Bravo.  They  were  gradually  surrounded,  and  con- 
lined  l)y  the  enci'oaching  Spanish  settlements  to  tlie 
most  remote  parts  of  the  j)rovincc;  and  being  obliged 
to  withdraw,  they  joined  the  wild  tribes  of  Coahuila, 
Sonora,  aiul  New  ^lexico,  who  long  afterward  con- 
tinued to  harass  the  settlers  on  the  borelers  or]^>r(xi(o 
and  tlie  United  States.    In  171)2  a  last  raid  was  uiade 


'■' Acoordiiig  to  a  statistical  report  iiiado  hy  tlio  insjioctor-L'encrMl  .Ti  st' 
Ticiidaili'  Cm  rvd  in  IT')",  I'IsluiuIoh  liad  I'oiiiidi'd  •J4  eitics,  t<^^\lls,  and  \  ill.iL.'(v*, 
■\vitli  iii'ai'ly  till'  same  iiiiinlier  of  missions;  IIktc  wire  S,;!!),"!  iiilialiil.iiits;  'JO 
niissioiiaiii's;  .S.47.'!  Indians  scttlod  in  the  missions.  I'lie  stock  of  the  mldiiy 
consistcil  ot  .")S,;f!)L'  liorscs  ;  1,S74  nuilcs  ;  •_'4,747  liorned  cattle,  ami  '.'ss,;;!!;! 
sheep  and  iioys.  'J'he  cost  of  the  political  and  reli;^ioiis  adiuinistratinJi  "a~ 
4r),()!l.'j  jicsos  annually.  ///V.  Arch,  ilcnl.  Mcx.,  liv.  Xavarro,  in  iS'd''.  -lAc. 
O'lii;!.,  Jlc/iliii,  llda  I  p.,  i.  '_'! II,  gives  the  aiva  of  Xnevo  Santanderin  JsHliix 
f),l!t;{  s()Uare  lea.'iucs,  (me  partiilo,  'Jd  curacies,  .S  ndssiuns,  IS  viMas,  and  II 
pueKlos  ;  ami  a.  population  of  ,51!, 71."),  consisting  of  14.()li',t  Spaniaiils,  l.!.'J."i| 
Indians,  and  •JS,,s-_'.")  c)f  niixed  Mood.  In  ('(iiij'i>  </<■  lux  Mirfulis,  MS.,  I'in'til, 
Cdl.  J)w.  Mi.r..  ,"!!),  the  cost  of  the  jiresidio  at  Caniargo  iu  I7")S  is  givca  at 
:{.-'JJ  pesos  ;  that  of  Sautander  at  .■{■_',!)i;7  Jiesoa.  See  also  // iiiiili(,/(lf,  Tah.  E<- 
ttvt..  .MS.,  7-40  ;  X.  Mix.  CxhiUix,  MS,,  ;<l»:!-L"2  ;  Soc.  Mix.  f.Vo;/.,  llnhfiu, 
ii.  19.  Th'j  piiis|iiets  for  agricultural  clevelopnunt  were  very  pour,  uceeril- 
iu'i  to  a  report  of  Ilisliop  Candanw  in  1701.     tloiiuili-.,   Col.  Due.  X.  I^nm, 


TOWX.S  FOUNDED. 


347 


liv  till'  snvnjTfcs  on  Laredo,  but  they  "were  soon  repulsed 
iiiul  (li'ivtMi  I)eyond  the  frontier. 

At  the  time  of  Cuervo's  arrival  at  Soto  la  ^larina 
liflniind  a  seliooner  bi-longing  to  Escandon  anchored 
ill  the  harbor.  This  is  the  first  craft  known  to  liave 
tiailid  between  Vera  Cruz  and  Xuevo  Santander. 
Till'  innster,  Bernard(^  Vidal  Buzcarrones,  informed 
t'lK  r\()  as  to  the  y-eneral  condition  of  the  coast,  an- 
(■lior;iL;(',  and  the  different  sand-bars  lie  had  examined 
at  t!n'  mouths  of  various  rivers.  Accordiiii^'  to  his 
opinion  ])rospects  for  shipping  were  not  at  all  encour- 
au'iiiL;',  as  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year  only 
Miiall  ci'aft  were  able  to  cross  the  bars  and  find  a  safe 
liaihoi'.  Then  Cuervo  made  a  tour  of  inspection  with 
the  -cliitoner  himself,  durini;  which  ho  came  to  the 
>\\\\\\'  unfavorable  conclusion. 

Mi)i'(^  im})rovemcnts  were  made  in  1703.  The  sites 
(if  Escandon,  Biu'ixos,  and  Beinosa  were  changed; 
new  settl(>ments  were  founded,  and  the  settlers  re- 
(viviil  assistance  from  the  government.  For  fifteen 
ycais  t]i(>  lands  in  the  vicinity  of  the  colonies  had 
Ircu  used  in  conuiion,  but  in  I7G4,  by  order  of  Vlce- 
I'ny  CruiHas,  they  began  to  be  segregated.  The  fol- 
lowing year  the  town  Cruillas  was  ibunded,  and  in 
I7ii(!  San  Carlos  was  estal»lished.  From  this  time 
until  tlie  end  of  the  century  the  colonists  were  enabled 
to  liivathe  more  freely;  all  the  settlements  raj)i(lly 
iminuved;  several  mines  were  discovered  and  worked; 
st()cl\-r;iising  increased;  and  merchants  and  dealers 
fmni  Mexico,  Iluastcca,  Sierra Gorda,  San  Luis  Po- 
tiisi.  ;ind  other  parts  of  the  countrv  began  to  i'requent 
tlio  tlourishing  towns  of  Xuevo  Santander.^*^ 

'"In  1770  ^rjiniu'l  (Ic  ^Irdiiia  vas  povcM-iior  of  tlio  ptMvincc,  iunl  in  17^7 
McliJMr  \i,lal  ,lu  Lorza  wiis  aiipoiiitcl,  ]ii  I7!)l  ami  I7!I!)-1.S0()  the  cdii.lc 
'li' Si.  it;i  (iorda,  pi'olialily  a  son  cf  .lusr  de  Escaiidou,  i.s  a^aiii  iiR'iitioiK'd  a^ 
L'"Viniiii',  and  at  tlic  oiitlui'ak  ol  Hidalgo's  rcvdlntioii  wo  lind  Manuil  i\\' 
\\\\\\v  !■  Ii'ii'ta,  at  flic  head  i.t  jilUiirs  in  tlir  provinco.  Sec  MiiHnu,  al  A'r ;/■  iiti> 
ll'iiiiii.  MS.;  (l<iiiiv~,  Diar.^  in  Jhtv.  Nist.  Mir.,  '2d  sii-.,  vii.  '2~S:  Aldnidii, 
-lA,/.,  ii.'l.;;  (;,iiiZiili~.,  t'fil  /tor.  .V.  l.ron,  1."););  Dire.  Uiiir.,  v.  ■{:>><■,  /^riiii'irui.^, 
//«'.  M<j.  vii,  l!l|.  Ill  tiiv  lattii-pa  tol  tlii'  fi.u'litin'iitli  cciitiiry  tlir  inis-ioni 
ul  tilt  iiistudiii  of  liio  VltiIc  umkI  ^S^al  I'uMo  lie  Michoiicaii,  Tiilu,  I'tiliiiillao, 


ii 


M 

i  til 
Hi  ss 


f 


If  ^4 


Mi 

l'*t 


i^^Mi 


•i-.-ll 


rr^^. 


t 


313 


PROGRESS  IX  NUEVO  LEOX. 


ranliino,  .Tmuiinvc,  Llcr.a,  Croix,  and  Gucmcs  liclongod  politically  to  tli.c'. 
oiiy  o^  Niicvo  Santandcr,  ami  spiritually  to  the  tlioci'sc  of  Xucvd  Li,, 
Ariuy,  Iiifoi-nii\  .MS.,  in  Pinart,  Co'.  Doc.  M<x.,  34'2.  iii:a  alao  EaUul.  II, ,\ 
A  III..,  in  Soi-.  j\h'x.  f'i'Oij.,  JJolcdii,  'Jd.icp.,  i.  570. 

Tha  J/ is/nri'i,  Ocniirofut  p  E.-itadixlmi  del  Extadn  de  Taniaidipa.<i  pur  <l  r 
Ii.ijnnlcro  Ali/'indrn  J'rirto,  Mexico,  1S73,  4to,  pp.  "),  IJOl,  map,  gives  Jiiii.i.v 
lino  of  the  history  of  Tamaulipa.s  from  tiio  time  of  the  eojiqiiost;  the  amh  r 
iiiakt'3  an  etl'oit  to  prove  an  aneieiit  civilization  in  that  state,  based  ii|ii)U  suin; 
pcr.sonal  resoarches  and  a  nnml)er  of  relics  discovered,  with  a  brief  narrative 
(if  alioriginal  traditions,  habits,  customs,  and  religion,  touching  also  iu  a;.'i!;. 
eialway  on  the  historical  events  of  Texas,  Xuevo  Leon,  and  Sierra  (iunli. 
1'iien  folhtws  a  description  of  geographical  conditions  and  political  di\  i.>ii,i.y, 
giving,  l)as('d  on  statistics,  information  on  the  material  standing  of  tin:  i.i,;i:i. 
try  in  regard  to  agriculture,  commerce,  industries,  ."d  general  resuiu's, 
This  portion  of  tlic  work  is  by  far  more  useful  thun  the  historical  <Iivi.-^ih]i; 
indeed  tlio  autlior  docs  not  claim  any  credit  in  tiiat  direction,  and  wo  lii:  1 
but  a  confused  compilation  of  historical  data,  scattered  about  proniisLUously 
with  an  utter  disregard  to  logical  secpience,  and  clogged  by  eternal  rtpiti- 
tions.  Xotwithstanding  these  defects,  the  autlior  has  undoubtedly  liom 
painstaking  in  his  researches,  both  among  the  ancient  ruins  of  his  cuuiitiy, 
ajid  among  authorities  which  it  might  be  difficult  for  others  to  obtain. 


V\:iM 


I**-  ^ 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

THIRTY-SEVENTH  TO  FORTY -THIRD  VICEROYS. 
172 1-1  TOO. 

Bl-CENTI-.NMAL  OF  ECROI'EAN  OcC'Ul'ATlON — ViCEROY  CaSAFUEKTE — IIe  Ev- 

coniAGES  PriiLio  Impuove-me.nts— Peaceful  Puogress — Death  of  the 
Vu'EUoy — His  Sl'Ccessor  Arciicisiiui'  Vizarro.v— Negro  Inscrrec- 

TION   AT   C6R1J0BA — ItS    Sl'PI'RESSION    I!Y  TII1>    MILITARY — RAVAGES    OF 

Ki'iur.Mic — Viceroy  Conqclsta's  Rcle — Fcencuviia  Arrives— Co.m- 
MoiJOKE  AxsoN — He  Captcres  the  'Covaoonga' — Si'amsii  Jealousy — 

rKUSIXTTION    OF   liOTrRINI— LosS  OF  VaLUAULE  MaNCSCRH'TS — Ab.'MIN- 

i>ri:ArioN  OF  Revilla  Gigeuo — His  Traiticki.ng  Propensities — 
]  amim:,  Disease,  and  Earthqi-akes — FnENCLARA  Resigns — Viceroy 
Amaiiillas — His  Poverty  and  Death— The  Audiencia  Rules — Short 
Administration  of  Viceroy  Cruillas, 

Moia:  than  two  centuries  had  now  elapsed  since  the 
ilwt  (>r  Cortes  had  cast  anchor  under  the  iskmd  of 
.Sail  Juan  de  Uh'ia,  and  of  all  the  powerful  tribes  that 
oiRv  rendered  aUeLriance  to  the  Montezunias  few  re- 
Uiiiuil  any  traces  of  their  ancient  glorv.  While  in 
17:11  tliv^  Spaniards  were  celehratinj^- the  bi-centennial 
of  tlu' occu})ation  of  the  capital,  the  mountain  tribesof 
Xayaiit  wei'o  buing  subjugated,  and  a  quarter  of  a 
"iitin-y  later  those  <>f  Nuevo  Leon,  Sierra  Gorda,  and 
Tjiiiiaulipas  were  destined,  as  we  have  seen,  to  meet 
lilt'  -aiue  i'ate. 

( 'u  Oitobtr  15,  17:1-!.  Juan  de  Acuna,  martjUes  de 
Caoisl'iierte,  the  succ(,ssor  of  \';d(,'ro,  ariived  in  Mex- 
'.'■it  :is  tliirt^'-seventli  viceror  (»f  New  Spain.  He  is 
sii(l  to  liave  been  o'ne  of  the  best  of  all  the  represent - 
iitivi-;  of  royalty,  being  I'eineinlxMvd  in  the  hi^foi'v  of 
tliv  <  ountrv  as  the  'p-reat  <>overnor."^    JJurinu'  his  ad- 

'  Ciisjifiu'itr  was  a  Creole,  a  native  of  Iviiin,  IVru.  Duriiif.'  •>U  y'i'is  of 
I'lil/ii  ■  ^orvico  ho  had  bct'U  viceioy  of  Mi'Soiiia  ami  of  fcicily.      i;<'snlcs  being 

( 3W ) 


iiii 


»►! 


'V- 


4^<i 


■P^ 


i 


3,-0 


THIRTY-SEVENTH  TO  FORTY-THIRD  VICEROYS. 


inliiistration  Casafuerto  wroiij^'ht  a  marked  cliaii'^t'  in 
the  various  branches  of  tlio  public  service,  and  lab'iivil 
zealously,  and  not  in  vain,  to  jjurify  ti  venal  tniiit. 
Many  of  the  former  rulers  had  cbjue  much  to  bi'iidu 
the  country  by  establishing  new  colonies,  and  cniour- 
a<.iii'r  conmierce  and  the  tleveloi)ment  of  the  ininiiii' 

O  v7  1.  O 

and  agricultural  interests.  It  must  be  uckn<nvl<'(lgvj, 
however,  that  few  of  them  were  ])roof  against  tlio 
temptations  of  the  age,  and  that  directly  or  indirectly 
they  countenanced  the  shamel'ul  abuse  of  selling  piililic 
otlices  to  the  hin'hest  bidder.  When  Casafuert*;  tjok 
charge,  he  at  once  abolished  this  practice.  Xo  })resL'iits 
were  received,  no  favors  shown;  none  of  his  houseliuKl 
or  subordinates  dared  to  meddle  in  the  question  of  a[i- 
pointnu'uts,  or  to  intercede  for  office-seekers.  Vs'liuli- 
some  reforms  were  intrt)duced  and  maintained  duriiiLj 
his  long  rule,  while  merit  alone  was  the  passport  to 
l)rcferment. 

In  tlie  matter  of  publie  improvements  the  marquis 
was  ('(jually  active.  The  building  of  a  new  mint  wm 
begun  in  17;51,  and  finished  in  IT.'U,  at  a  cost  of  fiur 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  pesos ;^  in  1733  the  pla/.ado 
Acapulco  was  renovated,  the  San  Cristobal  causeway 
having  been  reconstructed  the  previous  year.  The 
grand  aqueduct  which  sui)[)]ies  the  city  of  Queiv'taio 
with  water  was  l)CL'un  in  17"2G  and  finished  in  17:38.' 
Improvements  were  also  made  in  the  various  pre-idins 
throughout  the  country  under  Pedro  do  Rivera,  wai 
made  a  four  years'  tour  of  inspection  by  order  of  tlio 
viceroy,  and  a  cannon  foun(hy  was  established  at  ( Jri- 
zalia,  the  guns  being  used  to  strengthen  the  v<Ki4 
defences. 

g(>nci-al  of  nrtillcry,  lie  liml  attained  the  liip;licst  military  title,  that  of  e:iiitaiii- 
general  of  the  Spanish  army.   C'avi,  'J'n'n  Sojlon,  ii,  l' 


Ala 


iJi. 


li.,  111. 


'I'l' 


'■'  111  1 7--  the  royal  theatre  was  destroyed  hy  fire.  Steps  were  ininieili;itt!y 
taken  to  relmild,  tiioiij4h  the  new  edilicc  was  not  reopened  until  \~o\>.  Am- 
vuiii,  h'lMi-t,  iii.  app.  5;);  (Vuvi,  Ti-ch  S'hj'os,  ii.  Vl'l. 

^'I'hi.s  striietiire  was  undertaken  at  tlio  .suggest  ion  and  und.r  the  palioiia;; 


111  .\iitonio 


de  I" 


rrutia  v  Aran 


I'.lis  of  \'illa  del  Vilhir  del  .\-uil;i, 


i  h'l,  (.  iicouraL;eil  hy  Casafuerte,  sjient  largo  sums  on  it  fruiu  his  \ 


■  lur- 


tune.   Xutamte,  I'd.  I'ci'vijiina, 


,  ii.  1-1 1. 


^ 


CASAFUERTE  AND  VIZARllON'. 


3j1 


Tlio  n(li!iiiiistrati(»ii  of  Casafucrto  was  not  luarked 
liv  any  internal  (listiirlianc'i's;  nor  wvn:  the  provincos 
liarassod  l)y  tlio  (lo[)rcHlatioiis  of  ])irate8  wliicli  m  roiiglit 
so  iiiuili  niiscliief  during  the  rule  of  his  predecessors. 
Commerce  still  sufi'ered  to  some  extent  on  the  North 
Sen.  hut  corsairs  had  heeii  driven  from  the  waters  of 
tlie  Pacific,  and  trading  vessels  pass^'d  to  and  fro  be- 
tween Xew  S})ain  and  the  East  Indies  without  fear 
i)f  liiiiig  molested. 

The  mai'qnis  was  heloved  by  the  people,  and  the 


V  em 


mies  ho  had  were  dissatisfied  ofli 


ce-seeUers 


k 


Tl 


lese  j)i'evailecl  upon 


led 


the  1 


vHio's  counci 


Ito 


I'econunent 


I 


fC 


his  imioval  on  account  of  his  great  age,  and  his  Ion 
ti'iiui'e  of  oflice,  which  was  inconsistent  with  general 
iisa"<\  AVhen  this  was  done  Felipe  siunihed  his  con- 
fiilciicc  in  his  re[)resentative  by  merely  I'cplying:  "As 
Inng  ;is  Casafuerte  lives  his  talents  and  virtues  give 
liiiii  all  the  strength  necessary  for  a  good  govei'uor." 
fterward,  however,  in  1734,  the  niarnuis  died. 


^iiiiM  a 


JUI 


iit  the  aLje  of  seventy-seven.  Plis  funeral  ceren)onies 
Avcre  (leseribed  in  detail  in  the  Gazette  then  })ublished 
1)V  Snliaii'mi.     Since  that  time  they  have  served  as  a 


inodel  on  snnilar  occasions,  and  resemble  tl 
at  till'  present  day  arc  observed  on  the  d 
president  of  the  ]\Iexican  republic* 


lose  w 
mise 


hich 
of 


'^'H 


When  the  eat'ta  dc  mortajd,  was  ojiened  by  the 
aiidiencia  it  was  found  that  the  archbishop  of  ^loxico, 
Juan  Antonio  cle  Vizarron  y  Eguiarreta,  was  desig- 
nated to  fill  the  vacancy.''  Vizari'on  was  appointed 
to   the    ]»riniac3'   January   1.3,    1730,    and    arrived   in 

*  In  17-4  Fflipo  V.  iilKlicated  tlie  crown  of  Sjiiiiii  in  fiivor  of  his  son  Luis 
I.,  wli.i  a.'niiik'd  tlio  tlil'iint'ou  Jiiuuary  10th.  \\  hih' jii-c]iat';itii)ns  \vi  re  Ituiui; 
iiwhU'  til  ccluhrato  tlic  I'viMit,  news  arrived  of  the  death  of  tlie  latter,  whieli 
h-M\  oicni  red  Anj;ust  K'th  tlio  same  year,  and  Felijie,  rehietant  to  phiee  liis 
niiu.ir  son  l'eruan(h)  upnn  tlie  throne,  had  reassnnied  tlie  eniw  u. 

•'On  tho  dentil  of  arehliishop  Eaneieuo  in  17-S,  Manuel  iJds^'  de  l^ndaya  y 
llaio  wa.s  elec'tecl  to  tlu;  see,  hut  died  hefore  takini.'  ])ossc.ssion,  ()etol)i'r  ."i, 
IT'.'II.  The  lii.sIiop  of  I'uelila,  Juan  Antmiio  de  Laidizfiljal,  was  eleeted  tho 
NUiir  yi  ;ir  to  hll  the  vacancy,  hut  tlie  prelate  refused  the  ajipoiiitnient.  Cuu- 
■  ■!:,,.  /'n,r.,  i.;,;j-6J,  '2'J4-o;  JJuc.  L'cl'c:.  Mc.c,  ^iS.,  ii.  [it.  i.;  JJicr.  L'/iU\, 
ix.  •J7I. 


1 1511 


'A  m 

!;g^ 

f ^fi 

^iw 


TIIIRTY-SKVEXTII  TO  FORTY-TIIinD  VICKROY.S. 


I 


tlic  cnpltal  on  D('criiil)ei'  20(]i  of  tlic  same  year.  1I,,> 
M'as  coiist'ciattxl  by  the  hislioj)  df  I'uebla  Jjaidizilltal 
y  Elorza,  assi.stetl  \>y  the  bishops  of"  Yueataii  aiul 
Cara<?as,  w  lio  were  on  a  visit  to  iMexico  at  the  tiuie, 
and  took  cliarge  of  the  ecelesiastical  g(nernnieut  (ni 
th(!  21st  of  !May  1731,  receiving  the  |)alhnni  on  thu 
1  ;)th  of  January  1  To'J."  The  pastoral  administration  nf 
the  arehbisho[),  Avhich  histed  sixteen  years,  was  oiiu 
of  the  most  peaceful  and  prosperous  recorded  in  llnj 
annals  of  the  ^Mexican  church;  and  concerninL;'  lii.> 
reign  as  viceroy,  it  may  be  said  that  he  was  in  every 
wa}'  a  worthy  successor  to  Casafuerte;  he  sent  nioiv 
treasure  to  Spain  than  any  previous  viceroy,  willidut 
o]>pressing  the  peo})le,  draining  the  country  of  the  piv- 
cious  metals,  or  diminishing  the  amount  usually  held 
in  reserve  at  Mexico. 

Though  near  the  close  of  his  administi'atioii  war 
was  again  declared  between  S})ain  and  England;  Xlw 
Spain  remained  undisturbed  l)y  f(Ji'eign  aggression; 
on  tlie  other  hand,  we  have  to  record  ibr  this  period 
some  internal  troubles  and  calamities.  The  negi'o  ami 
other  slaves  of  the  town  and  vicinity  of  Cordoba  liad 
long  meditated  revolt,  when  in  iTlJ.j  a  rumor  was  eii- 
culated  by  a  mulatto  that  all  slaves  had  been  declared 
free  by  the  king,  and  that  they  were  now  unlawfully 
kept  in  bondage'  by  the  Spaniards.  A  general  npi'i>- 
ing  followed  in  the  month  of  June;  and  though  snine 
of  the  more  timid  remained  with  their  masteis,  the 
majority,  being  supplied  in  secret  with  arms  of  every 
descri])tion,  gathered  and  fortified  themselves  on  the 
hacienda  called  Omoalca,  protected  by  the  IJio  l^laiito 
and  the  mountains.     The  militia  of  Ycra  Cruz,  Ori- 

*  Avcliliislmii  Yi?!irron  wns  horn  in  the  city  mid  port  of  Santa  Maiia,  S|iaiii. 
So  littlt!  is  known  of  the  early  liistory  of  this  ilhistiiou.s  nienihui-of  the  (.liiuvh 
tliat  not  even  the  ihite  of  his  birth  is  given.  His  hiogiapheis  nieiely  imntioll 
tiir.t  iiis  .studies  wvrc  eoiiipleted  in  the  college  of  San  (lemente  in  Jioiiie,  ami 
tliat  at  the  time  of  his  election  as  arehhishoii  of  Mi'xiei>  he  was  a  liiLili  <ii;.'iii- 
taiy  of  the  chia-ch  of  Seville.  Sec  ]'<(tli.f  Cnliilns,  MS.,  i.  -JS-!);  I'rof'tii  i-iim 
J'iii/(s,  MS.,  S-10;  Cdhrcru  y  Qi''ni/<  ro,  I',  .^lii-Ulmh »,  Jiiv.,  i.  pt.  i.;  I''"('- 
iiiu'ivr,  TuUro,  i.  "JU-^l;  Uazttu  ^J<J:.,  Dec.  IToU;  Ai'lcuIv,  CuiiqniuL,  '~M. 


SlKiiiial' 

afti'r  a  ^ 

tcUti  il. 

tn    err,.' 

iiiiiuiitai 

whil"'  a 

fate  (if  1 

Dui'ii 

lent  .-In! 

rl)i(lillli 

Taelllui, 

(•(tllUtl'N 

nf  l.")7(!. 

Alfrl 

111'   M; 


PUQUn  DE  LA  C(1XQUI.STA. 


3J3 


/ill),!,  anil  tliu  iiclL^hlxtiinn'  towns  wwo  called  out,  and 
a  t'l'iinal  <'ani[taiu;'n  opened.  A  toivo  of  six  liiuidi'cd 
Siiaiiiaitls  attacked  the  insurgents,  wlio  wei'i'  routed 
after  a  stuliliorn  resistance.  The  rin^^leaders  were  ex- 
(cutiil.  and  otlici's  wlio  were  ea[)tured  \\ere  sul/jecteil 
t(i  cruel  t<»rtures.  Those  wlio  escaped  lied  to  the 
iiKiuiitains;  hut  hun;j;"er  caused  most  of  then)  to  retui'u, 
wliilc  a  few  [deferred  death  from  .sturvulion  to  the 
late  di'  their  companions.'' 

Duriii'H'  the  greater  j>art  of  the  following  year  vio- 
lent storms  jirevailed,  and  in  the  month  of  August  the 
r|ii(li  nilc  called  in<(tl<i:ah>i<ifl  made  its  ajtpeaiance  in 
Tiicuha,  and  spread  with  rajiidity  over  the  whole 
ciiuntiy.'*  This  tt'rrihle  disease  was  similai-  to  that 
(if  I  .')7(;,  which  cai'rii'd  olfsonie  two  millions  of  natives.'' 

Alter  beini;  ivlieved  from  office  as  vicerov,  A'izarroii 
roiiiaiiied  in  i-harge  of  the  pi'imacy  until  the  day  of 
his  (Iciith,'"  and  was  succeeded  in  174U  hy  archhishoj) 
l)r  Maiuiel  Joseph  llubio  y  Salinas,  who  presiiled 
over  liic  alfairs  of  the  church  no  less  ably  than  had 
his    |i( decessor.'^     Ho    died,   after  a   successful    ad- 

'Mcjif  iiiutic'tilars  about  this  iiisuiToution  may  be  fi>uii(l  in  Uddnijiii'z, 
I'lii't,  l/',>i..  4."!-():  ll'ri  rn,  <  lulu  rmiiiii  k,  i.  107-S.  Jii  17.">7a  (iuaiina  Jiuliau 
Wiis  h,-iii;iccl  tor  im-itinir  tiio  uativi's  toii-volt,  |)ri'tt'iiiliii^' to  lie  a  judiiiii't.  At 
tlic  ixiiutinii  tiic  iiali\(.s  well'  iiiiicli  astuiiislifd  that  tliu  Sjjaiiiards  iliil  not 
tiaa  into    tiiic.   Al'ininn,  l)Uirt.,  iii.  ai>]i.  ."ili. 

*'J'lii'  rlioloiii  morbus  of  IS."!:!  also  liroko  out  in  Auirust,  at  tli'.'  time  when 
lliTiii-hLrM  oomt't  was  cxiitctiil,  thouj;li  this  was  not  vi»il;Io  in  Mexico  till 
Oct.  1 1.  iS.Ti,  liiinfi'tiHiiil'-,  in  ( '(tni,  'J'r<  i  .s7;//o.-.-,  ii.  l.'iT.  'Jiiei'i  idcniii'of  17.'!(i-7 
was  also  ascril)cil  to  the  ni)))L'ai'ancc  of  a  comet.  In  tliu  city  of  Mexico  thc^ 
dcatlis  aiauinited  to  4(t, ()(;(».  accol■di^^'  to  Alaman.  and  Cabrei'a.  gives  ,")4,0G0 
fir  I'lubla.  Ah",'re  claims  that  in  the  jiPovim-e  of  .Mexico  one  (hii'd  of  the 
population  )jei-ished,  and\'illa-Senoistatesthat  manytow  lis  remained  deserted. 


A 


rcniaiUahlc  circuni: 
il  Xiitchixtlnn  in  the 


stance  was  that 'I'eulitlan,  Avaluialica,  II 


luvacocotlan 


iprio  ot  Oaiaca,  thiMij.'li  siin'oiin 


led   I. 


ifccti'd 


tuwus  rcniained  free  from  contaL'ion.     The  Spaniaids,  as  usual,  .suH'crcd  less 


tliau  tlu^  Indi 


See  also  .1/' 


//;-/.  (■ 


iii.  -Jlil-S;  y, 


I,-'  jiis 


Ms.,  li;i-l.-);  ])or.  K.l.x.  Mr:,-.,  MS.,  ii.  ]it.  i.  i:W:  Alvilc,  (!a::,t(t  L<f.,  ii.  !)7 
"(Jiir  Lady  oi  (iuadalujie  was  supjiosed  to  have  caused  the  disai>iicarance 

i-larid  the  patron  saint  of  tlie  city  of 
Ahi until,  D'iKii.,  iii.  apii.  .")(!. 


oft 


ne  cpKlcmie 


Sh 


le  \\as  thenfori^ 


Mixiii'.  and  in'ater  years  of  the  whole  cnuuti 


'Ji. 


I'niiclh'S  of  the  administratinn  to  thi'  kii 


rt  of  the   t'ludition  of  the   ciuintry  and   the   (bllerent 


d  died  Feb.  'J,"),  1747.    See  V 


'.'i.rr<i,i  It  Kiiu'ifirri'ld,  4-7,  S.VO'2,  m  V, 
Ii);  yh/o.v  Sccrik).':,-  iu  Do'\  ivV/cs.  .)/.- 
cliK,  Thvutro,  i.  17-1'.);  A/onnii 


(.'c  Mrx.  lusli' 


1st  Mr.  iios.  IS, 


MS. 


11 '-I.  .)/>(•.,  1st  ser. 


isirf.,  ni.  app 


i.  pt.  i. 


Vil. 


a-S' 


jd;  Cctslro,  Dii, 


II  Sun- 
in  Doc. 


/(>-/ 


'This  prclat'.',  related  to  the  most  iH'oniuieut  uobility  of  Spain,  wua  bora 


Uisr.  Mtx.,  Vol.  III.    23 


«*'- 


Jt'tW 


:i.;tl 


-     V  I 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


«? 

m 
li£  lllllio 


IIIIIM 
IIIIIM 


1.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

-m 6"     — 

• 

I 


V] 


<^ 


% 


'/ 


-(^ 


Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


L1>^ 


*0| 


V 


N> 


^  V-  '^o^ 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


// 


y. 


4 


4^0 


\ 


854 


TlIinTV-SKVKXTII  TO  FOHTY  Tlllltn  VICKnOVS. 


luinistr.'itioii    of  Nixtcen  3'c-;irs,  at  ilu'  i[<ir.   cC  .-Ixtv- 
two. 


I 

I 


Tlic  tliirty-nintli  viroroy,  Poflro  (1(!  Caslro  y  l'i._ri,. 
oi'oa  Sa!:'^;ii',  (luquo  dc  la  Con<|uista  y  mai'i|ii('<  d. 
(Iracia  I(c;tl,took  diai'*;!.'  of  tin;  <i'o\('riiiiiciit  (if  Xrw 
Si)aiii  August  17,  1740.  He  liad  lakoi  pass;i;^v  in  ,i 
Dnlfli  sliip  ill  orcU-r  to  I'ludc  tin*  I'ji^lisli  \\;w  \issi!> 
wliicli  wcic  tlicn  cruisiiii,^  in  tlic  Xortli  Sea,  hut  In  in,' 


m 


I'sucfl  iirar  ]*oi'to1)('llo  was  oMiircd  to  iiiakf  1 


IIS   (■ 


va\K'  ill  a  siiinll  swift  craft  wliich  l)a<l  scrNcd  as  CNCovt 

His  l»a^•^•a^■(•  and  |)a|)('rs  were  left  heliiiid,  l>ul  lie  w, 

lievcrtlit 

tials. 

iiidi'  alioiis  of  Ix'iii''  a  i^oo*!  ruK'i-,  (lioiiuli  lie  finiint  t' 


acknowledj^ed  as  viceroy  willmiit  (r((l(  n 
I  )miii<''  liis  I)i'ief  i'eiu:n  of  a  sinu'le  year,  li 


country  in  a  less  favorahle  condition   than  hi-;  ]■ 


cessors. 


The   I'^iviicli   had   I'etii'cd  froiii  tlie  cxti 


•t'llH' 


iiorthcni  ]  r.t\in(H's  ol'  New  Spain,  l)ut  the  Tj:i:li>li, 
under  ( i^liHunpe,  l)onil)ai'ded  San  Aii,ustin,  in  I'lniiiLi; 
MJiile  Ad'Miral  Vernon  who  had  ca[)ture<l  I'orlnhcll.i 
ami  destroyed  the  cnstle  of  San  Tjor<  117. 1  , -it  the  iii'iiitli 

>i'a  Ciiix,. 


of  tlie  ( "haj^re,  thri'atened  I  h'la  ai 

'fhe  (hike  oi'deri'd  that  the  ra/.-n  'atteries  nrdiM- 
daltipe  ;ind  San  !Mii^uel  should  he  iceonstructei!.  .iinl 
an  adecjiiate  force  rnised  for  the  pi'otection  of  ihe  unit' 
coast.  Soon  iiftei'w.'ird  he  repidred  toWia  (in;';  fur 
the  purpose  of  a<!iii)tin,iLr  measures  for  defence,  hut  a 
short  time  afiei-  his  arrival  at  that  i)oi't  he  was  siiirkdi 

.Tunc  20,  170;t.     Hi'  (iiiiHlicil  Ms  Ktndics  at  the  fiiinoiifl  univiTsit  v  of  .\li:il:i  lie 


]l 

M  In  II  III'  liii.k 


cillll'i  s  illi'l  lii'raiiir  o 


■li  lirjili'il  as  , 


ini'iitiatc  III  I'iilliili 


Jl 


it  Kiiiiwii 


tii'ili'i 


til 


11'  iialriiiia^i'  "t  Cai'iliii; 


s.    Iiiit   1r'  rose  ia|iii|ly  in  tlie  rt'clcsiasliral  caii'ci'  iiiiiur 


>l  II 


Ilia,  iiiiil  at  till'  tiiiit'  (i!  li!-(  ijiitiiiii  til  till 


M.\i- 


I'aii  aiih^tt'  was  iiIiIhi 


t  of  San  IskIio  ile  Leon.    Soc   I'lil/n,  I, 


nni'ii-.   Ill 


A' /.v.  M' 


MS.,  i.  lit.  V.  .•!«l;  Col.rilii.H  /• 


Ml- 


iM;  A.  y: 


-C-'i.  •J'J,">  :.'(i;  A'/  ii/(  s  I  'idiiiii', 


jl,   hri  n 


Kiil  4(1;  .V.wj,  A 


"/' 


.1/. 


l.sj-lll;  .l/ii 


ri'iKi,  JiKdi  Iivri  ira,  Jiil.  Mix.,  I7t''>;  litllnrh,  i^t  riiiuii,  \)l.  i.\.,  in  ^l/''ii';/'. 
i/dv/'ir". 

'-■  ln^^t^•all  of  s.ivIiil;  tlic  (Tpili'iitials  ami  instructions  of  tlic  ciuvii.  tho 
diiki'  tmilv  witli  liiiii  Ills  favmitt'  |iuinlli'-ilu;.'.  Km'  tliis  lie  was  m'Vi  it  l>  .I'pii- 
niatiiKil  Ity  tlu;  kiiiLf.  ami  tlu'  rcliiiUt'  Imi-i'  sDlicavily  npuii  liis  niiii'l  llmt  unr 
year  laUr  it  I'aiisi  li  lii  <  ilt-alli.     Sosay  Cavo,   'J'nn  Sif/lm,  ii.  IJS, 


f  iohi 


fi'iiii/i ",  I. 


;i,.:i.    It 


ilik 


The  lust  Lagga^'c  w.iij  valued  at  100,(AK)  ik'sos 


ily  that  tlu!  viL'uroy  iliuil  Iroiii  yi'llow  iomt. 


li 


►vs. 

cf    .-ivfv. 


ir<|lll'«:  (|,,. 
t  of   Xi'W 

ss;i;_:v  ill  a 
.'ir  \i'ssi^ 
l)Ut  I II  ill.' 
k(_'  liis  cs. 

,'IS    CMMll't. 

Ul  lie  \\,;<; 
ll  rivdcii- 
r.  Ill'  ^'nvi' 

I'liUliil  t'h' 

li>  jl|V(!r. 
'    f\tlV|l!0 

T:i-li.li, 

II  l'ln|i(|;i: 
'<»r(nl)cll,i 

he  iii'iiith 
111/. 

s  (if  (  !u;i- 

cicd.  ;ilii| 

the  -tllf 

C'rii/.  fill' 
(•(',  iiiit  ;i 
■i  strirkin 


..f  AlcriH.le 

cjiircr  mii'nr 
t(.  the  Mini- 

(('/<•.  ill  y^i"'. 

nil  fi  'i  iliihi', 

In  J  III:  .lAi- 
,  ill  Aiini'ji, 

criiwii,  the 
vc  iil\  iqiii- 
ill' I  llVit  onf 
111  hi  llivcrii, 


coxDi:  i)K  fuf,xcl.m:a. 


3r.5 


(1..UI1  with  a  severe  illne.ss,  ciiusiiijjf  liis  iiuiiRMlIjilc  ic- 
tuni  1o  Mi'xif'o,  wliciv  liedied,  Aui;ust  22, 174  I."  ]lis 
MiccLssor,  l^edro  Cehiiuu  y  Aj.,nislin,  i-oixlo  de  ]''iu'ii- 
ili'.iii,  the  fortietlj  viceroy,  and  tlu;  last  wlio  in  tlxise 
(lavs  iiijoyed  the  dignity  ol'  <;ran«lee  of  New  Spain, 
a»inueil  olliee  Noveniher  '.I,  1742. 

At  this  time  the  Spanisli  provinces  were  kept  in  a 
>tatt'  of  ctnistant  alarm  hy  the  o[)orations  of  Anson 
and  Wrnon,  which  havt'  already  been  hrit'lly  related." 
After  scourinj,'  the  Paciiie  coa.st  of  South  America, 
Aiisnii  arrived  oil'  Aca])ulco  in  February  1742,  with 
fdivis  j^i'eatly  reduced  by  sickness,  and  I'ailin;^'  to  re- 
vive the  cooperation  of  W-rnon,  resolved  not  to  make 
any  attempt  on  the  mainland.  Hearing  that  he  had 
iiaii'owly  missed  intercejiting  a  treasure-shij)  named 
tlK'(.o(v^(:/o;;/y(^  whi<'h  had  sailed  safely  into  Acajtuico  a 
short  time  before,  he  cruised  oil*  that  port  Ibr  three 
lainitlis  in  the  ho])e  of  capturing  this  j)rize.  In  the 
(iidiiiary  cour.se  of  things  the  CunahnK/d  should  iia\e 
Irft  Acapulco  in  March,  Init  on  account  of  Anson's 
]iroscucc  the  authoritie.s  thought  it  best  to  detain  Jier 
until  the  following  year.  Thereupon  the  IJi'itish  ad- 
miral >et  sail  in  dis'aist  for  China;  and,  bavin'-'  buiiied 
"Ur  of  his  two  vessels  and  reiitted  the  othi-r  near 
Macao,  jiutolfto  await  the  ari'iNal  of  the  two  galleons 
wliiih  he  ex|)ected  would  reach  the  Philippines  in  May 
17i:i.  On  the  20th  of  this  month  he  anived  in  bis 
iviiiaaiiiig  vessel,  t  he  Cciifun'oii,  a  frigate  of  sixty  guns, 
and  with  a  very  slender  ship's  comi»any,  at  cape  J>pi- 

'Mliiiiilioldt,  J-Jxfni  Pal.,  i.  '2()',\  nssiTts  tluit  tlu'  iIikihc  dc  la  ('(tiii|iiist;v 
wiis  the  iiiily  \ictr(iy  lidiii  ill  .\iinriia.  In  tliis  .-^latriiiciit  lie  i.->  in  1 1  ror ; 
tlii'iT  wiii'.scvt  ral  iitlicr'J,  aiiionj;  «  Ihoii  was  ( '.isaliicrtr,  w  Im,  nn  lictOrc  it  la  it  il, 
Mii.i  ill  II II  ill  Lima.  l''nr  iiimf  |iailiiiilars  c'niiifriiiiiL:  thr  ailiiiiiiisiiatiuii  nt  t  lii-i 
\ii.i.'iny,  .SCO  rhjiii  roily  ]'iiiili<!iis,  MS.,  |:.','l;  \'ill(i-'<i  I'lnr,  '/'inlrn,  i.  11  .">;  J'"/"  !■  ■< 
yWi/ir/'.v.roio.i.  .Sl.S.,  i,  l.st  SIT.  ■\'1\ ,  ."i.'il;  l'(itlil!o,  S(  niK'ii  /'ill/.  I  ct  s<'i|.;  I'mits, 
i'iriys.  ill  .1/,,,,.  J),„„,  JJsi).,  .Ms.,  117;  1,'iiitiM  Inliiliis,  .\JS  ,  I4i»;  \'ir>ii<~,  /,.• 
>''•"'■.,  MS.,  pt.'-'ll;  l/iiKii-K,  JiiKtrif,;,  MS.,  1  -I'J;  /.'iniizdiin,  in  I'or/is.  //;.^ 
.\.  /.'"/ .,  ;tJ;  Ciivii,  'J'ri s  Siijii'x.  ii.  l4o-S;  Alnnuiii,  Jtixi  rl.,  iii.  app.  .")7;  //'''C',, 
(iV«7'/(//(^.<,  i.  ;i,",|  4.  On  tlio  iliatli  of  tlic  vifciny,  tiim;  Ixin^  no  mri'i  </>• 
hioiiiiji,  tiu- iiiKlidu'ia  as.snmtMl  tlif  fiiixof  ^'ovcniniviit,  willi  I'lclm  MiiId  iji' 
>  illuv  i'finio  as  picsitU'iit.  Dining  liis  Iniit  rule  iKitliing  Miutliy  .>!  ii'itc 
oa-urii.|. 

''><<   JIl.t,  ('ml.  Aincr.,  it.  5S!i  tt  sitj.,  this  s-niis. 


'  i 


nkhi 


V' 


4 


I 


3S6 


thirty-8i:vi:ntii  to  forty -third  viceroys. 


I'itu  Santo,  off  tin*  islaiul  of  Sniiial.  TTcro  wore  crirt,,! 
^iL;'iial  stations  for  the  purpose  ui'  warninj^^  8pani>li  ;;,il. 
Icons  to  Inwaiv  of  cniMuit's  who  iiiij^ht  1)0  cTuisinj^almr,' 
in  nt'iL;l)l)orinLj  waters.  Tlio  CorudoiKia  soon  inadr  ] 
aj)[)t'uranc'e,  and  when  Anson  s  shi[)  was  siglited,  In 


1'!' 


<!(jwn  upon 


lier  t 


o  ifive  l)a 


tth 


Thouy'h  not  a  war  vessel,  the  Corailonf/a  was  \\\W 
ainii'd  an<l  manned,  liavin^  thirty-six  largo  guns, 
twenty-eight  howitzers,  and  five  hundred  and  lil'ty 
null,  a  nuniher  greatly  in  excess  of  the  Coifurin,,', 
<'rew.  But  these  advantages  were  rounterhalaiicul 
hv  the  liu'htness  of  the  liritish  fri<jato.  and  the  uiniti  i 
ellieienev  of  her  men.  For  two  hours  the  conllirt 
lasted.     Though  outmatched  in  .seamanship  the  Sj 


laii 


Th 


dl 


le  gallo'on  s  iil:- 


Ollr 


iards  showed  no  lack  of  couraj 
ging  caught  fire;  her  jicnnant  was  shot  away;  her  o 
niaiider  was  wounded,  sixty-seven  of  her  crew  \\>Y' 
killetl,  and  a  greater  number  wounded,  l»ef<ire  Lm 
(colors  were  struck,  while  the  loss  of  the  J>ritisli  \v;i- 
hut  one  man  killed  and  seventeen  wounded.     'J'akin.: 


jiossession  of  his  jirize,  Anson  found  on  hoard  tic;i 
ainountinu:  to  nearly  a  million  and  a,  half  in  coin. 
a!)out  I'orty  thousand   five   hundred   murks   in  S'il 


^Ul'r 

ainl 


I 


tullion. 


When  the  news  of  this  disaster  reached  !Mex 


iri), 


created  much  dissatisfaction  among  the  parties  iiitc!- 
ested,  who  laid  the  hlame  on  tlie  authorities.  ^Idv- 
over,  the  war  which  was  then  raging  in  Europe  caiM'l 
great  scarcity  of  merchandise  and  high  prices  throu-Ii- 
out  Xew  S[)ain. 

A  remarkahlc  instance  of  Spanish  jealousy  townnl 
foi'cignei's,  and  t)f  the  stiMctness  with  which  tlu'  laws 
in  that  respect  were  enforced,  occurred  at  the  hi  u'i"- 
niitg  ol'  Fuenclara's  rule.  Before  the  arrival  ol  l!i'' 
\  i((  Toy,  an  Italian  gentleman,  L<jrenzo  ]>otniiiii, 
appeared  in  Mexico  provided  with  apajial  hull  auth'i- 

''("avd,  Trr.i  Si'jl';i,  ii.  |,VJ,  gives  only  4,403  murks  of  silver,  ''tlur 
authirs  Lxatirm  the  uinuunt  given  in  the  text. 


LOREXZO  BOTLTJNI. 


3.-7 


silviT,     Otlur 


iziiig  ^lim  to  make  colloctioiis  for  the  purpose  <tf 
]ir>vi(liii;,'  a  costly  crown  for  tlic  viri^in  of  (liuidaluiK'. 
rjiiH  leaving  Spain,  however,  he  had  fon^njtteii  to 
[iriMure  the  sanction  of  the  IndiaCouncil;  nevertlielf-s 
till'  audieneia,  believing  Ijoturini  to  he  sincere  in  his 
ii;ti  iitioii,  decidetl  to  issue  to  him  a  license  and  p;u 

1'  ' 

( 111 


It.  Fuendara,  however,  took  matters  more  s-.  il- 
-iv.  An  investigation  was  instituted,  lioturini  v  as 
iniprisiined,  ami  his  papers,  forming  an  exceeiliiigly 
valu;il>le  historical  collection,  were  taken  in  charge  l)y 
thr  autlinrlties."  Although  Boturini  had  acted  in 
;_"n(l  I'aith,  he  was  ke[>t  in  confinement  for  a  l<»ng 
tJMif,  until  fhiallv,  not  knowin<jf  what  to  do  with  liim, 
tin:  audiencia  sent  him  to  Spain.  There  he  j)reseiitvd 
Ills  ca'^e  at  court  and  was  cumpensateil  hy  the  position 
nt'iMval  chronicler  witli  the  salary  of  a  thousand  pesos, 
ainl  the  Mexican  government  was  ordered  to  return 
hi-  luanuscripts.  This,  however,  was  never  done,  and 
til-'  greater  portion  of  them  disa[)peared  from  the 
ii(iii-<-  of  the  viceroy's  sccretarv.  Thus  the  persecution 
I't'  lioturini  and  his  exile  from  Xew  Spain  were  the 


faille  0 


w 


hifh  F 


f  an  iri-e})aral)le  loss  to  Mexican  history,  for 


uenclara  is  cnrectlv  answei 


ahl. 


As  for  tl 


le 


audiencia,  the  viceroy  was  ordered  to  convoke  a  scent 
M'ssion,  and  having  done  so,  to  administer  a  stein 
I'lhuki'  for  their  presiunption  in  encroaching  on  tluj 
juvregatives  of  the  council  of  the  Indies. 

Fuendara  was  a  peaceably  inclined  i-ulejand  seen)s 
t  ilia\e  paid  uuich  more  attention  to  the  develo|iineMt 
"t"  tlie  country's  resoui'ces.  Ai)art  from  this  there  is 
littli  to  ivcord  concerning  his  admini.^tration.  ]nd><(l 
this  ]i(  riod  of  the  hist<»ry  of  New  Spain  is  iieee.ssaiily 
vnid  id"  intere^t.  The  Jun'opean  wars  were  conlijn  d 
t"  the  (.)jd  World,  and  the  pe(»[ile  of  Xew  S[)ain  were 

''■'Hi'  leaninl  Italitin  nindo  tliis  collection  iiittiKliiii;  to  wiitetlicliistoiy  of 
'I'ui' l.„i|y  I't  <;ii;i<I;ilniie.'  'J'lio  niKiilit  docuinilils  wliirii  lie  ■_Mtlii'iii|  Ikuii 
i>'l  fi.irt  i  iif  Xew  SjKiiii  •_ri'\v  iipoii  liis  liuinls.  iiiiil  imliuiil  liiiii  to  cMnnl  the 
io)[K'  vi  Ilia  wuik.     llubc  works  will  be  lully  ilistu.^ftnl  later. 


m 


11 


358 


TIIinTY  SKVKXTIl  TO  FOnTVTIIlIlD  VICKROYS, 


<-'<ntcni  to  sn»)jtly  tlir  I'oviil  rofrcrs  witli  (lie  ncc<->jr: 
tn-iisurc,  so  loiij^r  as  tlicy  wt'i'i' roiiipaiiitivcly  five  j'ror.j 
tln'  iitlacks  of  l'()ri'iiL,ni  jiowcrs.  J"]ii^Iaii(l  ('onsi(l,..|x.(j 
it  a  iiiiu-h  easier  task  to(*ai)taro  S|)aiiisli  tivasnro.sIiij»i 
oil  llic  oc(jaii  than  to  send  cxjx'ditioiis  to  the  inaitt- 
laiitl,  wliciT  the  (k-aillj  ••liiiiate  cairied  oil"  h(  r  scdditp 
l>y  hiiii(|j'e(ls.  XolhiiiL;',  thcr<T<iir,  imj)ede<l  th*.-  pnr;- 
it'-s  of  the  i»i'oviiic('s;  ai^ricultiire  and  milling;  wcr-' 
devtiojx'd;  the  |io|>ulatioM  iuei'eased;  new  lands  wi-r* 
oc<-ii[»ied,  so  tliat  in  eveiy  <hi"e'etion  the  coinitrv  !>.• 
caiMc  sjdinkh'd  with  in(hi.>liioiis  settlers.  New  Sjiair; 
hat!  now  arrived  at  tlie  sta^t;  when  tht;  sj»iiit  of  roii- 
(jne>t  disappears;  and  liavinLj  onllivi'd  the  peri<Hl  of 
caily  setth-nient,  the  })eople  (piietly  ami  steaihly  jmr- 
sued  tlieir  eonrse 

Ill-health  Jinally  induced  I'uenclara  to  n-iu;.. 
though  his  salary  had  hi'eii  raised  to  I'orty  thoiHaii'i 
jM'sns.  T\\(:  resignation  was  aecopted  by  the  kiic^  ir; 
iri.'t,  and  in  the  tollowinj^^  year  he  was  relieved''  hr 
.Inan  Francisco  de  (jJuenies  v  ]lorcasitas,  condc  d..- 
iJevilla  (jigedo,  who  assumed  the  I'eins  of  g«)V<-ni- 
nient  as  iorty-iirst  viceroy  of  New  S[)ain.  He  \va« 
appniiited  while  ca[)tain-general  of  (Ud)a,  ;uid  a>snni«d 
office  July  1),  174(!.  The  peaceahle  condition  of  ta 
couidry  fiivored  the  propensitit's  of  the  new  nil:. 
M'lio  had  ac(piii'ed  a  vast  fortune  liy  trading  venture. 
and  throughout  JOuiope  was  I'egarded  as  the  riclu^t 
\assal  (»f  his  sovereign.  Jlis  fortune  increased  eiior- 
niously  (hiring  liis  administration,  and  in  the  li!-t<«n' 
of  the  viceroys  he  is  noted  malidy  as  a  shrew.l  u-l. 
successful  spt'culator.  J le  would  ]tass  by  no  comiat-r- 
cial  enterprise  or  profitahle  trallic,  gem'rally  devntiii',' 
thereto  his  personal  attention,  so  that  the  viccrc;^ 
palace  was  transformed  into  an  exchange.  Nevertht- 
le^s  he  had  tjome  (pialities  which  gained  for  him  tL-: 


'•  Kc  ri'tunioil  to  Spain,  iiml  was  np|ioint('(l  ntn1)a»sa(lor  to  Viciinn 
111'  aiiaii-jtil  till-  iiiariia;.'!'  "f  oiie  nf  the  suns  of  I'liilip  V.    /Hn  r  i.  '■ 
i.  ;!.i;i.     ,Sf(j  also,  liifutliil' pailieilliilN,  0/(/( //( .<</</((< '(,;Vi/(.r,  MS.,  I.  : 
l;,'„i.  <i',,hi!,is,  MS.,'_'I<):  /'.(;/«>,   r'/v/,(.s  ill   .I/o//.  /;„;//.  /;.y<.,  M^., 
nicaiia,  ll'ml.  A.  E^j'-i'M;  \  itlu-Snun;  'J'Kitm,  i,  7. 


IIKVILLA  filGKDO. 


3:>a 


rt^pifi  ofliis  sul)ji'('ls,  jukI  cliicr  ainoiiu'  llicm  was  liis 
|K.i-'>ii.il  »t»MiaiL;i'.  Jt  is  rclalrd  tlial  wIhii  a  ii'Volu- 
li(»iia!\  iii<>l»  oiK'c  L;atlH'ir(l  jilxmt  his  jialacf  he  lotio 
in  aiii«<ii;4"  tluiii  uiiattciuh.'d  by  any  j^uard,  ;iii<l  I»y  Ids 
ciiiiiiu.iiidiiit;'  |ii'('S(Mic'o  and  strrn  nltukr  r;iu>i  d  the 
riutris  to  disjK-rsi'.  Altlioni^h  lie  (Kvodd  imuli  «»(* 
Iii>  linie  to  his  in(hvi(Uial  intiTusts,  it  canmit  \)v  allt'i^cd 
tiijit  ]u:  n«'_!4h'ct«'d  tlio  atlairs  of  .state  It  is  rvcii 
daiiiK  u  that  lie  an!L;nK'nt»'<l  tho  ivs(»ur('us  *>l'thc  cKun- 
trv,  and  ^ivatly  increased  tho  royal  nvi  nur.  'J'iio 
■^n,:n.rons  |in)tcclion  cxti'mU'd  to  Kscandon  in  ilic  j)a(;- 
iliraliiiii  of  Xiicvo  Santandcr  is  also  Lin-ally  in  his 
favor. 

Til'-  V'jars  I  71'.)  and  17.jO  were  sad  ones  for  the  in- 
hal'ltiiiits  of  New  Spain.  Tho  crojjs  wcic  destroyed 
ly  lunisnal  IVosts  in  many  provinces,  (icc;i>i<iiiinii^  a 
faiiiint;  throu,L;liout  the  country,  which  in  ils  twin  was 
hUtf.rde<[  l)V  an  epidemic  in  tho  territoiv  under  tho 
jiui.Mlictlon  til'  tho  uudioncia  of  (Juadalajara.  Durinj^ 
tin.'  same  piritid  many  an<[  <lostructi\e  earth(|Uake!i 
fM.ruriiil,  the  centres  of  which  seem  to  have  hecn  near 
the  vnjrano  of  Colima.  Many  lives  wrre  li»t  and 
tuuii^  destroyed,  though  tho  city  of  C'olima  .suli'erou 

liUt   hltlc.'^ 

1  '  niando  \L,  who  succeeded  to  ins  father  I'llipo 
^'.  <>;  the  deceatse  of  that  monarch  in  Au^Ut-t  1740, 
lii«!  <•(  riainly  no  reason  to  he  (lissatislicd  v»  iih  luvilhi 
(ji^tdo'.s  admini.^tralion,  lor  his  constant,  dcmamls  for 
};<»M  to  replenisli  the  emjity  colfers  ol*  tin-  roy.d  tieas- 
iiiy  \\(  IV  evt  r  jM'omptly  complied  with.  Dut  tho 
ct.uiit  had  now  ruled  lor  nine  years,  and  Ih'  \\;i-;  rich 
ciji»U'4h.  11  is  resJMiiat ion  was  acccjtlnl  in  IT.*."),  oil 
wliitli  date  he  returned  to  Spain."    lie  wa>  succeeded 

'*T'i'>  towii.s  of  Siiyiila,  Z:i|iiitljin  I'l  ^Tiiiulo,  Ainiu'iiliiMii,  iiiiil  iiKiiiy  dtlicrs 
of  ii.;uiir  iiiijMirtaiu'c  were  ilcsiictycil.  On  May  l.'t,  IT-"'-,  an  eclijisu  nt  tiic  .--iiii 
tfnii!<-l  the  iiilialiitiiitM,  and  in  IT")!^  tlic  vuliano  ut  .lurullo  liii  iln- liafi«  ihI.i. 
of  tii.it  iiaiiK'.  mar  I'.it/iiiaiii,  Muliliiily  luiaiuc  active.  '  '(m.  'J'r<  ■<  S  «//»-.  ii. 
Iti.'.  Iii'.t,  IT:;;  irinrn,  lliM.  Jdl.,  i.  117;  J/' rnamlr:.,  h'-iiinl.,  Is  Aii^/n,  liid. 
t'ui,/,..  jii.  •j-j(i-7. 

'".I  liis  n-Kirn  ti>  Spain  lie  rci'i^ivcil  tlic  title  nf  caiitain-;^!  lu  lal  t  f  tlin 
*nii\  ,111,1  \va»  nuiile  iue.^iileiit  ol  tlif  eoimcil  of  war.     ior  oiiier  jiurticuiaiu 


MS 
1B 


•  r-q 


# 


'M 


noo 


TTirnTY  SKVF.XTII  TO  FORTY  TIUHD  VICEROYS. 


l>y  AiJ^nstiii  «1(^  vVlmuiJida  y  A^ill.-ilon,  iiinnnu's  dc  l;i> 
Ainnrilljis,  who  took  cliartjj'c  of  the  govcj-iniu-iil  (.11 
tlio  lOlli  of  Xov.'iiil)cr  in  that  year.  The  chai.irtii 
of  tlif  inai'iiiiis  was  in  strong  contrast  witli  that  (>(  hi. 
prcdiH'cssoi"  in  almost  every  rospt'ct.  Indeed,  tli.v 
seen)e<l  to  have  oidv  one  trait  in  e(»nnnon,and  that  \\;i< 
loyalty  to  theii-  .sovereign.  Aniarillas  was  a  sdMii  r 
who  had  won  fame  in  the  Italian  wai-s,  and  at  cikv 
devotecl  himself  to  eorreetiiig  the  ahu.ses  that  Ii.nl 
('r(>[»t  in  under  tlu;  former  administration.  But  s(!(iii 
after  his  nriival  his  h(>alth  hegan  to  fail,  and  l>y  the 
advice  of  ])hysicians  he  resided  for  some  tinii'  ,it 
(^lantitlan,  and  thence  removed  to  the  city  (tf  (■iki- 
navaca.  Not  lindini;  relief  he  retuiiied  to  ^Icxicn 
whei'e  he  dii-d  Fehrnary  a,  l~(;0.  AVhile  his  juvdi- 
cessor  was  known  as  the  wealthiest  vassal  of  thekin^, 
it  mav  !•<>  snid  of  Amarillas  that  ]\o  was  one  of  iIk 
j)oorest.  ThoMi^h  his  administration  lasted  more  (li.in 
i'our  yr;irs.  his  honesty  and  generosity  had  heeii  sucji 
that  his  widow  was  left  in  |)o\erty,  and  heeanii  ilr- 
])endent  on  tlie  ai'chhisliop  ]{uliio  y  Salinas,  who  [>im. 
vided  I'unds  for  lu'r  return  to  Sjtain.-" 

Francisco  (k;  ]vhavairi,  ])i-esident  of  the  audicmi;!, 
took  charge  on  the  death  of  the  \iceroy,  and  ruled  liir 
several  months  ])ending  the  arrivid  of  his  succesMir. 
In  the  carta  de  mortaja,  tlie  governoi-  of  nah,iii;i. 
Francisco  Cagigal  de  la  Vega,  was  designated  \"  till 
the   vacancy    ad    interim.     He    was    ncAilied    ol"   his 


conrcniiiii;  Rcvilla  fiit^cdo's  ndiiiiiiistriition,  bop  I,iKirii<\  I'iiri/r^.  V,  ',':  (ir- 
(Iciiisd,  hi  Comii'i,  MS.,  iv.  1!M>;  J)iu\  Ecli x.  Mix.,  MS.,  v.  jit.' i.  •1':  /'■•.'/"', 
JlfiiliiH  (tiiiiriili",  \\.-\n.\  Liin  i/:.(iii<i,  Hi"!,  y.  /,'■/).,  .'i.S;  ia.-lru,  liiiirin.m 
J)oc.  l/i</.  Ml  .i\.  1st  ser.  \  i.  S4-.");  AlaiiMii,  Jj/wi-I.,  i'li.  uiiii.  M-iiO;  /;''i  ;,■"""•, 
J/;x/.  Ml  J..  V.  .-.TMt. 

'^"Sdiiio  y«'.iis  ]>ri'\  ions  to  tlic  vice'ox  's  di  itli,  iiii  nL'<'il  iniiiiii:il  coiiiilc  u  i;li- 
out  licirs.  iiml  fiii  nils  (if  tin-  fiiinily  liiiii  '.ionatcil  a  hii^'c  isl.ite  ti>  lii>  » ilr. 
Aftrr  iiiil'  li  ichut.iiHi'.  tlic  tritt  w;i;.iui'i'j)t(il.  Tin;  case  wa-^  rc|Mii'lic|  t  ■  lli'- 
kiii^;  liv  i'\  il-ilisii(iscil  jiuisoiis,  and  tlio  (loiiiitioii  vas  dfclaivil  Vdid,  tlai.'* 
Icavhi;.'  till'  viii  11  .jal  family  in  (lovcity.  l''iii'  iLirliiulais  nf  tlio  ci-i-  -•  i: 
/,'(ii/i  .1  ( 'i"/iilii/<,  MS.,  ii.  '2'J.VS.  .Sci!  al.si>  I'ir'iii-^,  lii~tnii\,  MS.,  1st  mi.,  |it. 
V.  l-<i:  I't.  vi.  7:  -'it  mt.,  ])t.  iv.  >  •_';  M>c.  AW.'  Mix.,  MS.,  i.  jit.  vi.:  r,,  -/•^-n, 
.S'li/i/i.  //  I.' (III.,  MS.,  1;  Pr.iii's,  Viriiii-s,  ill  .)/()//.  /)oiii.  Eji.,  .Ms.,  17:  /.  '■  "■ 
-.I'm.  Hi  I.  A'.  A.'-/'.,  .'tit;  A/iiiiuni,   JJi'<i  li.,  iii.  ap^).  GO-1;  JliiXiii,  Ui.bi  in  uihi, 

y7'J-t>.j. 


AMAHILLAS  AND  VIXIA. 


861 


MiijK  liihiH'iit  ])\  ilic  iindifiicia,  jukI  ;iiii\o«l  ni  Vri';i 
Crw/.  April  8,  I7()().  re-cciviiii^  tlu.'  vic;ic;L;nl  l'nt<»ii  (ui 
tli(  "J.'  t!i.  wlicii  Ik  f'oniinlly  iiitd'ctl  tlu-  city  of  Mfxico. 
Tlif  .'ii!niiiiisti*;iti()!i  of  this,  the  foi'ty-sccoiitl  viceroy, 
w.is  viiid  of  any  in)i)ort;iiit  I'vciit,  jiiul  of  wvv  ^hoit 
(luiMtioii.  Kliowiii^i^  th;it  his  suc«-c:s'>|-  wouM  soon 
,iiii\t'  from  S[>aiii,  lie  iihstaincd  IVoiii  iiiakiiiL;'  any 
(liaii^cs  in  tlio  govei'nnieiit,  and  contented  liiniseif 
with  uiilioI(hn_<4"  for  the  time  tlie  existini^^  laws.  "  1  low  - 
evil',  ijiu'lng  the  few  months  of  his  i-ule,"  says  l^ines, 
"lie  t;ave  evidence  of  extreme  rectitude,  zeal,  and 
(li-iiiterestednes8  in  the  service  of  the  king  and  the 
puhlic."^' 

■•■'I  iiijiy  niciitioii  as  nntliorities  on  tliu  propcdinir  clinjitcrs  tlic  fdllowiii^': 
VilhiSi  I'lt.r  y  ><niiflif:,  '/'/iiiihn,  M<j.\,  i.  •■!.'{- H.SJ;  ii.  47.  luissiiu;  ('iii/i,  Mtni. 
V  .V"'.,  77,  !'<);  Tori/ii'Hi'idd,  i.  ;<:{S-(t;  Pii/,flr^  ,/r  .li<iil'ii^,  MS..  .VJI  :!S; 
'j)w:  £<l,^.  ,/<'  M,x..  -MS.,  i.  4-1.-),  '^7  -H;  ii.  13,  43-(i,  \X\;  A/>'ir>\  Hist. 
CnmiK  J,  11",  iii.  I07  S,  iM-'i-IS,  •_>(•!  S;  (h-ilnx^  -/c  A;  To, ■./»»,  MS.,  i.  -Jit, 
;i>i-!l,  ri!!,  (iS;  ii.  .-)S-|,S«I;  iii.  171;  iv.  (■)7- 70,  i:t!M.S.  KU  (i.  1!)H  1;  v.  Il.!>;t, 
1(14;  \i.  7;  vii.  4.S  .-.4;  Arlvji'i,  I'lor.  </<•  Xtic,  r)7,  7."!  ^!»,  '.U  (!,  {•J-J-:?.  4(IS -44; 
Prnv:,h„na<,  /.'ni/,^,  MS.,  1,  S-|(»,  CO--.',  17-.'->,  --'I',)  •_'!;  Vll!^  „'i  u  /.'.;/'//'<; 
I'liiiiii,  MS.,  ]>nssiiii ;  Xfiffiiro,  Afi.iinni'.i  ilr  X(tiifirif,  Ms.,  4li(i,  |(!!(;  CirHji- 
ciinoii  ilf  Ins  J/ 1  I'll  ill. t,  Ms.,  ;!ll-,"i();  Vnrli'a,  J/i.tt.  A'.  L'-^p.,  '.i\ .  ;i;!  I;  J'lir/uio 
mill  (''inl'iKls.  r,,/.  /),„■.,  ix.  I7!)-!(I;  ])<ir:hi,  Conliinifir;,,,,,  MS.,  I'lJ;  A'iui:..i, 
lWr».',;„;,,  MS..  7('>-'H,  UMi-S;  /.rr.fiiiio,  V'uld  ilil  /'.  (h-iiiln,  ■JTti  S;  .\fii/,i. 
r'llil  ,  A'r '"(•/'()//  (/(  /'{  ('ijiii/.,  Jijiti.^im  ;  M'n  Idnnitll,  Ji./nniii'  ilr  ,'il.i  Ml^ioni-i,  Ms., 
i;i7,  |i.issiiii ;  /'iiiiirt,  Ci.l.  l)oi\  M<.r.,  MS.,  |iiissim;  Xininr'l,  rrni/iif  hla  H'imI., 
MS.,  1;  III.,  Iiil'iirn^t'ilr  In  Anil,  ilr  (I'liinl.,  .MS.,(i7-!l,  7,->;  7^'. «.•»•(/<.  ile  .\iiii  ri'ii, 
.MS.,  |(i7,  l-j;i  ."i;  Miiliim  it  Hvji  nli  llniiii'i,  .MS.,  |ia.-siiii;  llur.  Ili-I.  .W'.r., 
siiiri.  fnin.  i.  ■'>;>(>,  'M'i'2;  iv.  v.  vi.,  piissiin  ;  si'iic  ii.  tmn.  iv..  jijissiiii ;  tdiii. 
vii.  ;tl,  'J7.\  4.'J."i;  Mnlniii,  ('run.  dr  Sun  hii'ioili  Mi.r.,  Isl,  "J."!!!;  \  irii/ri  ile, 
M'.r.,  .MS.,  Mil,'  i.  1-Hl;  .s.  lie  ii.  •_•  17;  /;.»(/->■  r--/,,/-/.-,  MS.,  i.  I,  -JS  fi.'..  s:!, 
hi  ;;.  •.'i):i:  ii.  i(i!)-i-j,  l.7t,  l!i7,  2l(»,  •-••-V.-.s.  'jru:  r,,/«/„,;o,  .Ms.,  i  ci;  ';s, 

lU,  •J111M4.  .S;;!»   I;   iii.   ;i-ll,  ;{4-7,  1»>.   llt)--JS,    IV(i,  -Jll,  ^S.l■^■,  Mi>,iin„>i,ii..-i 

ii'niHii.  j:^,,.,  MS.,  41-7,  1M>  17,  :!(»!MS;  Coz/'vy/.w  /•/■(-(•.  /.;.:.; .V  /''.■■.  -••-'t  n; 

lifil'liii ri>,  I'lilii,  piissim  ;  Cinirilirln,  Itii'iiin  <li'  la  \.  /■'"v.,  ''.\-~;  I'li/iii run, 
\'i,iil!rl,i.<.  MS.,  !■_';(;  /li iiiiwniil,  Criiii.  Mii/i.,  \\-.  U'2;  v.  7'.'  ^1;  Mul'mlniiii- 
ih'..  'I.  /ih'io",  MS.,  1;  lliir>it.  ill'  Iiiil.,  i.  li.'tit;  <'<istri>,  llinrin,  \n>'Aw,  Sur. 
.1/....  ';,,,/.,  /;.,/.,  timi.  i.  l.'i.');  ii.  (1,  18- •_'(),  IMi-lltl;  vi.  t-'li:.;  vii.  Ii  4(»,  l.TS. 
;!iiii  17.  .v." I  4:!;  ix.  •_'70-.-.;  xi.  -JOO  1;  /■/.,  -Jiln  ..p.  i.  iMH,  4i»7  ■■><»!»,  ."O-'J; 
iii.  'Jl  .■),  |'.14-!l,  ;«>7;  /'/..  .'{<l.-i  <'p.  i.  -'."SS,  'Jlit!;  v.  4',>;;  Monh  niiuiur,  Srma- 
I '"'■',  (il;  Stir  (UK),  I'riiliiijii,  )iiissiiii;  Arrrnl'i,  <  'loii/'i  ml.,  (i  ft  .'•(■(|.;  ('urn, 
7'i'~  ,V/;//i..i,  ii.,  ])assiiii;  iii.  I'.t7:  Minnr  .l/>^'.,  im.  "J.  ]ja.ssiiii;  iin.  11,  4!>- 
•M :  Liiiuri'i,  /iisfriir.,  -MS.,  l.-)-'_'7;  lUlii'in,  /I'lmji..  ii.  i!(J-."iS;  Oruyn;/  llirrn, 
-V '.  //;-/.,  -J!)!  •_';  /V';-.i,  l/lsf.  Cnmi.,  •J.'fS  4(1;  II in„h„l,ll,  A%.-<iil' J'.  I.,  i. 
•";.  l.'.'i,  •Ji>:!,  •.'.'.7-(ll,  '-'.V-'  H;  /,/.,  jXi'ir  S/:niii,  ii.  ISO  7.  '--'4  .•;■.;  A/..  '/V/W't 
7.' •■"'.,  -MS..  7-40;  I.l.,l'ir.<iii/i,  ii.  l.-)(;  (iO.  1MI-!C);  A'"<7V(  J^y.in'iii.  Iln  iv 
V.'  ..i.  l|-_'  14,  i:!'.t  40;  ii.  ;!04  •.'0;  liislriirrlmii  ■■<  li  Iril'ln  ;ii'^,  :>  III;  II' Ihniiii, 
.'/■  '  .  i.  107  !l;  (Imrrn.  I!ir:ii'  S.  K/h,  i.  .T>4;  Minjir\t  Miy.A-Jrr.  i.  l'lN  :;!»; 
/■'..  .'/>.('.  i',i  ('/  Kvi.s,  17-  '^\  I'lniiiu,  Jiili'nt  (I'liii  rtili  s,  vi.  vii..  )iiissiiii:  I'l'lri- 
;/ '  :.  'V(;'/'/  //,\/. .  4;i  ."id;  (.'iiir.iiliz.  Col.  y.  Luui,  4  \:^<.',  'Xt'i  7J:  Mns.iirn, 
-'/..'■.,  ii.  4i!>;  vi.  HJ-2;   vii.  -JJ,";  'J;  /'We/o,  //(W.  y'dw.,  1  "J,  U7  «,  7o  'JKf;  J^ 


W^ 


IJ 


';!i»l 


302 


TlIIllTY-SKVEXTII  TO  FOIlTYTillUD  VICEROYS. 


Z'lli,  fluniidn,  ii.  07;  iii.  "H,  420;  CiJIma,  f!ii>rrrriif<'r!(in,  paj-Him ;  X<.fl  Vi ,/» 
^V.  J's/Kiiiii,  IS-IU;  Sitiii'hiz,  Sirmoti,  \-'2S;  l/nsm/,  Mcr.  mid  (iiint.,  I.Vi-ds, 
2I'J-"J'.I;  Frniixltnin,  Wurhl,  K-'_'();  Ldniiizn,  Di-^rtn-HUH  Ih"!.,  no.  IJ.'),  oO!)  IJ; 
1!<,I, i, ■(.■.(„!' H  JJinf.  Ajii.  (f.l.  LoikIoii),  ii.  jro,  !).",.-.,  VIO'2;  onh,  M<.r.  /,./,/). 
I.ilir>\  '{);  CanOlUtiii  i,  L/rfrnxa,  '2ii;  Alrariz,  L'^hiiliim  H'c't.,  iii.  ;S.")4,  ;;(>|-S4. 
J'lirnis,  <  oiiif.  (Iv  Julifco,  MS.,  520-1,  742  It;  Li  nlo  (/<•  'J'njdda,  Ajuuil.  liUt.^ 
no.  .'.,  2iM-:(i;i,  .'t.S2-S;  liirrrn,  DrMrri/i.  Zw.,  TO CC;  S'^iii,  /.'/-/.s..//.  M,x., 
JS2-!»I;  Znimuois,  llixt.  Mij.,  iv.  081;  v.  ."i.'t.')-!).");  vi.  ;!«)!;  vii.  7-l>,  'MM), 
171.  Is4  !U;  viii.  "Ill;  x.  i:i72  .'t;  JIohtaniK,  l).r  Aiiinrc  Wunlil,  2JJ  :i(i; 
jyA'ii;/,  I'iKrrip.  dm.,  ii.  K.'M;  AV/t'm  fW.  IV.//.,  x.  4C0-lf>,  4(!.V.",|;i;  xi 
1  H,  400  .'{It;  llii'crii,  CioUrnuiitix  dv.  Mix.,  i.  J07-8,  2J2;  Sdiinnlidiij,  Alkr 
]!vis(lii.'--h.,  xiii.  TiOS-lIt;  Karornlr,  I'll.  J'tir;irii,v,  no.  J,  .*;!"  IX>:  <Uihi:,  /,(. 
Jiinur  ili'l  Viiiitadnr,  MS.,  42-.')4;  Vini/ero,  i'lih.,  x.wii.  !)7-ll2;  .l/o/Wiy, 
J/K.I lilnriilioii,  i.  10.");  If/Mwo,  Aotiiitm  Son.,  107;  Mcxirn,  (^rdi ii'iiiziik,"  ^i 
B((|.;  A^ffV,  ..Iw.  DisrrijK,  2.S2-0;  S/i'inii-h  JSiii/iiri'  i.iAiii.,  KIt-M;  Ar'^v, 
Colonsn  Khiqiirvff,  OS,  174;  /(iniht,  lliv.  Mir.,  (!,">;  Sd'tnaii'H  3/oilirn  llisl., 
iii.  l."i!l-(JO;  iliirb'n  L'uroji.  Sitllcwiif,  22S-liO;  j'jnni  m,  J.ih.  J.nj.,  iv.  '2si; 

J.drdiii  r's  //!■••/.  Mdril.  J»i.ir<ir.,  ii.  ;i2S;  JJin-iiri/'K  /.(',«',,/■.  Si, It'll  ,S',y/.v,  v.  (i'l  4; 
Ziii'iiija  ij  <>.,  i'dli'iiilari't,  IOIJ-17;  liiirii'x  l'',j(idiiK,\\.  172-li;  Miimn,  Ji'ilai'wn 
d'l  Fiiiiind,  1-1.");  ltiidiih'.'<  Co//.,  lOO-li;  Arin/n-,  I'olns^^o  Lh 'iiiiiitf,  ilS, 
jiiissiin ;  Wdl'ir,  Xoth-idi  lldfiiiiihi,  4;  Vdl'dr'd,  S' riii'ii  J'lii 'liri\  Jmssiin; 
(iilu'/iiio  ciilre  So/i/ii(iiiio  y  Lioiiidan,  MS.,  4-10;  JJiicin/rr'n  Col.  I  (-//.,  iv, 
140-."«l,  2(i.S  02;  Jhnidiii'hz,  Etudlstirn,  IH;  IJ'oW./  JJi' i,/d.,<"/,  vi.  l'l',»  (J; 
l'.-<riiilirii,  yul.  Son.,  01  2,  70;  Yuhiuj'.i  II'isK  Mix.,  00;  /Inmhir'ti  Jiih.  VnU-., 
ii.  12i;  ."i;  I'lii/dijcs,  A  Xcir  Col.,  iii.  4i;)-4It;  Id.,  Xcir  I'liir.  Col.,  i.  2^0-2, 
280  S,  Ii!l,->-402: '/«/.,  Hi.st.  I'oi/.  round  ]\'o,ld,  ii.  117-10,  202  .".'i;  r/ii.f'.-<  Cn..,., 
ii.  ll!2,  142;  Jtrrijlirs,  Zdc,  4;  I'dft.  Vur.,  ii.  pjissiiii;  iv.  l-I.V);  x.  H  ct  sr(|.; 
I'xli.N.  4 lit;  few.  17,  01-70;  JJiurio,  ^Jfx.,  iii.  4:.G-6;  iv.  1-2;  xi.  2..'0-2, 
(;7"'-'';  xii.  2.-)2;  Hhrrn,  IlUt.  Jdlajm,  i.  1  lO-IS;  ^l/fnN«H,  J/i.-^iii.,  iii.  ,";:;  (11, 
20(i-!»<);  Id.,  Hist.  Mij.,  i.  40-51;  ii.  04-0;  (.'cmladr  Mrx.,  i.  42 it  .'-eq. ;  ii.  v,, 
l^iifi^iiii ;  vi.  0-700;  vii.  10-475;  viii.-x.,  passim;  xi.  0  ctscq.;  xii.  105--'JIi; 
xiii.  411-8013;  xiv.-xvi.,  passim. 


CHAPTER  XX. 


VICEROYS  FORTY-FOUR  TO  FORTY-SIX. 

17(30-1770. 

Vin  iir.Y  MARQrfcs  de  CiiriLLAs— Kino  CXnr.os  III.  rnocLAiMED— War 
WITH  (iKEAT  Britain — Kxtensive  and  Co.stly  PuErAnATioss  against 
I'ossiiiLE  A'lTACKS— VisitauokGknkual  Jost  VK  Galvez — His  Kminent 
.^Kuvici:s  IN  Mexico  and  .Si-aix — Ckiillas'  Relief  and  IIahsii  Treat- 

Ml.NT— ViCKROY  MAItylES  DE  CllOlX — IIe  8ui'l'OKr.S  (lALVEZ— 11  IS  Rri.E 

ArruovED— I'homotios,  Rkcall,  and  Fi'timie  Career— Unji'stStukt- 
n:i;-; — Viceroy  Frev  Antonio  Maria  IJicareli— Geneuai.  Meascres 
OK  his  Lox(j  Rile— Ills  Death — Temporary  IUle  of  the  Aidiencia — 
I'liCRTii  Kct'LEsi astral  Cor.NciL — Irs  Acts — ARciinisiiov  Francisco 
Antonio  Lorenzana— His  Coirse  in  Mexico  and  Sx'ai.n — He  is  Madk 
A  Caiidinal — Future  Career  and  Death. 

The  successor  of  Oononil  Cnfjiijal,  and  forty-fourth 
viceroy,  was  Joaquin  ^lonscrrat,*  niarcjucs  tie  Cru- 
ill.is,  a  kniglit  G^raud  cross,  clavijifor  coinmandcr  of 
^loiitroy  and  Burriana,  and  baililF  of  Succa  in  the 
order  of  ^Montcsa,'*  a  inariscal  de  cainpo''  of  tlio  army, 
and  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  royal  Spanish  infantry 
p:ii;ii(ls.  Ho  brouijdit  out  his  wife,  Dona  ^laria.To.sel'a 
de  Acuna,*  a  lady  related  to  the  highest  nobility  of 

'  His  family  names,  as  given  at  the  head  of  his  (Iccroes,  Mcrc  Monscrrat, 
CiuiMiia,  t'niiilas,  Crespi  «le  Vallilaura,  Alfonso,  Calutayuil,  Sana  dc  l:i  Llosii. 
l)(Sji,nir,   I'liri'is,  i.  21,  iv.  1. 

■A  Sfianish  onUr  of  kniL,'litlioo(l  ii.iint'(l  after  tiic  convent  of  Saiitii  Marf.'i 
do  Miiiitcsa,  vhiili  was  situated  two  Kairiu.s  from  tiic  city  uf  .);i;iv:i  in  the 
Jinivmec  of  Valencia.  It  was  fcmndcd  with  tlic  sanction  of  roiiu.Iolm  XXIL 
in  \X','.  J/o/Y'/-*  and  M travel  ij  Ciixmli  raiili ,  (Iran.  JJicc,  vii.  71. 

■"'iliis  uas  his  military  rank  at  ♦'•.'•time  of  ids  appointment.  U<<d<»l'i'iluhiti, 
Ms.,  ii.  'J;;y  jjis,  promotion  to  lirntcnaiit-^'enir:d  was  diLret d  sdoa  afte! 
liii  di  |iartiire  for  America.  l:iv<ru,  d'nh.  Mrx.,  i.  :}SS.  He  eei-tiunly  Ijeld  tin! 
coiuiidssion  of  a  lienteuant-geueral  during  his  rule  in  Mexico,  ;;nd  made  il 
nji]"  :,r  in  liis  decrees. 

*  liir  fiinnly  names  were:  Acufia  y  Pra<lo,  Vazquez,  Coronailo,  Heiiri(|ne;'., 
I.uiia  y  I'ortoi-arrero,  Castro,  Fi;.'iieroa  y  Meudoza,  iloiKpdIlu  y  Diii^Mo,  .Mas- 
can  ri,\s,  Aleiicastre  y  la  Cueva.  Uodrlijittz,  Lxjirenn.  dl  JJolor.,  i.~xvi. 

(3C3) 


not 


VICr.ROYS  FORTY  FOUR  TO  FORTY  SIX. 


Sp.'iin,  among  wliom  was  Ww  late  viceroy,  niai'tnic^  dc 
C'asaCiicitc,  and  it  is  oven  .saitl  tluit  royal  blood  cour.^eil 
in  her  V(  ins. 

The  niaicjues  de  Cruillas  was  appointed  viceroy  (if 
Xt'W  Spain  on  or  before  the  Dtli  of  May,  17(10.  lie 
left  Spain  in  Jnly,  touched  at  Puerto  Ilico  and  Cuba, 
and  landed  in  Vera  Cruz  the  4th  of  Septeuilu'r.  lie 
left  that  city  the  IDth,  and  journeyinj,'  as  his  prede- 
cessors had  done,  reviewini^  on  his  way  tlu^  colnrnl 
troo[)s  in  Puebla,  and  ivached  on  the  fjth  of  (^etobn- 
Otuniba,  where  acting  viceroy  Cagigal  delivered  hiia 
the  baton  of  connnand,  and  on  (he  nexttlay"  informally 
enti-red  the  capital,  Pcing  received  by  the  ayunta- 
miento  and  conducted  to  the  prescaco  of  the  roviil 
audieiicia  he  then  laid  before  that  body  his  conuui- 
sions  as  vici'i'oy,  govirnor,  and  president,  took  tin; 
oath  of  ollice,"  and  made  his  public  entry  into  Mexieo 
on  the  2r)tli  of  January,  1701,^  not  the  I7tli  as  modern 
authors  have  asserted. 

Sevei'al  im|)ortant  aflairs  soon  cn<xajjcd  the  new 
vicerov's  attention.  The  iirst  was  the  reco<;nition  aiul 
ju'oelamation  of  (he  new  king  who  had  ascended  t ho 
throne  in  Xovember  1759.  Th<  act  had  been  decreed 
in  17r)()and  post[)onod.  The  viceroy  resolved  that  it 
siiould  be  on  a  magnificent  scale.  Accomj)anied  fi'om 
the  ])alac(H»y  the  city  council,  courts  of  justice,  ami 
the  nobility  on  hoiseback,  holding  the  standard  that 
had  been  blessed  b}-  the  archbishop,  the  mar(|uls 
i\'[)aired  to  the  stage  erected  in  the  plaza  mayoi', 
where  beini;  challenj'ed  to  raise  the  standard  for  Carlns 

'Cavo,  Tirs  Sii/hi/i,  ii.  173,  rcfiTS  to  the  Lihro  Capitular  of  Mexico  for  tlii^ 
date.  I.oreiiZMiiii,  Jllst.  N.  IJ"/).,  Ims  it  4tli  of  Octolier.  Panes  erniiii'tnisly 
jilaees  his  arrival  in  Mexico  on  the  '21th  of  Anpust.  Tlic  same  autiioi  ity  :i'M-t 
that  ( 'niillas  was  the  last  vicercj'  toinaki"  a  jiuMie  entry  in  'J'lasuala  anil  ntiiir 
jilaies  as  had  l>een  the  practice  of  his  regidarly  connnissioncil  predcccsM'rs. 
J'aiiiK,  Vir.,  in  Minium.  Jhnit.  K^j).,  MS.,  49. 

'■On  hi-i  recii;,'Mition  he  deiiiandid  the  yeaily  pay  of  §40,000  from  the  (l^ie 
of  his  eniliarUation  for  Amerii'a.   llinra,  Ooh.  Mf.v.,  i.  ;iS8. 

•  lie  at  once  carried  out  the  jiapal  hull  on  patronage,  prayer,  and  recoLriii- 
timi  <'t'  llie  niy.-^tery  of  the  innnaculate  conce]>tion  of  the  virj;in  •Nlary.  /''.  A 
jT.'iiid  liiiiniiihal  arch  was  erected  M'ith  allegorical  paintings,  which  are  ili- 
M  lilud  in  a  work  detlicated  to  the  nianjue.si  de  Cruillas.  Lioii,  UtiM.  ik  liti 
I'iiiiuiiin,  1-40. 


MAHQUKS  DK  CRUILLAS. 


305 


111.  lie  (•<)iuj)lio«l,  aiitl  tlicu  ami  tlioro  tlio  cnc'Kiucs  of 
Tl.itt  liilco,  Tezfiifo,  Thu-opan,  ami  C'uyoacau  re- 
iti  latrd  their  allcj^iaiico  on  l)oliu)t'  of  tliu  ^rt-xicaii 
iiiiti'iii.  The  pioeession  beiiij^  .".(ih  organized,  the 
mV(  lal  other  jilatforms  were  viwiteil  .-.iitl  the  ceii- 
iiH lilies  ic'[)eateil.  That  iji;^ht,  and  thu  tivo  i'ollow  in;^', 
till'  city  was  brilliantly  illuniinate<l.  and  the  piM)[)lo 
>iin«  iidered  theniselve.s  for  three  days  to  festivities,  in 
t!ie  midst  of  which  poetical  effusions  were  not 
Wiiiitiii^-." 

Whilc>  the  vicproy  was  studyiiiij  the  {rcnoral  affairs 
of  the  country,  and  discharginj^'  his  multifarious  duties. 
iirws  reached  Mexico  eailvin  17(i2that  war  had  heeii 
(Icchiicd  hy  Spa!  I  ^.,^ainst  (Ireat  ]^ritain.  There 
Mi'Vc  t^ood  roasons  to  appivliMid  an  attack  on  Vera 
Ciu/,.  loi-  eaiiy  in  June  a  conihincd  laiid  aud  naval 
lni<M'  had  captured  llahana.  Cruillas  hastened  to 
A'(  ra  Cruz  to  provide  for  its  defence,  takiiiLJ  with  liiin 
the  two  companies  of  his  uuaj'd,  and  reenforcijii^  the  ft-w 
hodics  of  regular  trf)ops  at  his  command.  The  militia, 
hctli  infantry  and  cavalry,  from  all  parts  of  the 
(•(iiuitiT  was  nuistered  into  active  servic(%  and  (|uar- 
t(  ivd  at  a  convenient  distance  fiom  Vera  Cruz, 
Auioiiir  them  was  one  battalion  of  Puebla,  and  one  of 
Michnjican.  Most  of  the  men  were  Spanish  Creoles; 
t  >  lender  them  efficient  the  viceroy  sunnnoned  to  his 
Mill  such  governors,  corregidores,  and  alcaldes  mayores 
itN  li.itl  fdinierly  followed  the  profession  f>f  arms.'' 

Tile  real  consuUulo  of  ^lexico  raised  and  equipped 
at  its  own  expense  a  reucimeut  of  draii'oons.    The  re^'i- 

I  1  O  O  ID 

'ni,-h.i  in.,  Amoroxa  Coiitlciiila,  1-208;  Cihhs  II I.,  Pml  Pn<rl.,  l-2!t. 
Tlir  crn  nioiiials  of  liUi'yijincc'  wore  rcpciitiil  tliicniL'lKiiit  tlic  cuiiiitvy.  In 
I'm  lil.i,  iijii-ticuljiily,  tln'  loynl  iiiaMifistatinn  was  iiiaik<'il.  An  ulicli^k,  paid 
t  I  lia\u  licxii  woitliy  of  tlio  AuflUhtali  oi'a.  with  the  kiiiL;'N  statue  on  tlic  tup 
v,-.s  iitTti'il  in  till-  j)hi/;v.  dirlo.t  III.,  < »i(/i.-ri>,  \~4,  vie;  J'hif'ii'S,  ()l„/i.-<n,, 
1  •'>.     The  oficinouies  in  Vera  Cruz  are  ilewei-ilied  in /'/"t  J/'/f.     'at,  \-'M. 

'■* AI'iiiKiii,  JJistrt.,  iii.  upp.  (iH.  Anionj;  those  who  oheyd  the  suninions 
viri'  I'edio  Moutosinos  <U;  Lara,  president  of  the  leal  ainliencia  of  Nil' '.a 
<':dii'ia,  and  eoniandantc  general  of  that  province; ami  Jose  (,'ui-los  de  Ai/uiar, 
V"V(  iniir  of  Dnrango.  Tlie  latter  was  made  inspeetor-general  of  all  the  troojis 
i.ditd  to  the  succor  of  Vera  Cruz.  I'uins,  Vir.,  in  Monum.  Dom.  Esn.,  MS., 
Hit  -JO. 


I|^ 


% 


868 


VICEROYS  FORTY-FOUR  TO  FORTY-SIX. 


iiiicnto  (1(^1  eomcrcio  was  intrnstod  with  the  preserva- 
tion of  pubhc  order  at  the  cii[»ital,  which  service  it  liad 
rendered,  on  several  previous  occasions  of*  danger,  i'lLO 
of  all  cost  to  the  royal  treasury. 

The  viceroy  visited  Anton  Lizardo  and  Alvarado, 
and  caused  provisional  batteries  to  be  erected  to  jno- 
tect  the  entrance  of  the  bar,  and  floating  batteries. 
A  hospital  was  likewise  made  ready,  and  barracks  for 
tlic  troops.  Every  possible  measure  was  adopted  to 
laect  the  impending  attack.^" 

The  whole  force  put  underarms  remained  in  aitivo 
service  till  all  danger  had  pas;-cd,"  peace  having  biLii 
concluded  between  the  belligerents  soon  after.  The 
news  of  [)caco  was  brought  by  a  British  man-of-war, 
which  found  some  difficulty  in  gaining  admittance  inti) 
port;  but  becoming  satisfied  of  the  truth  of  the  re- 
port, tlie  authorities  finally  greeted  her  with  the  usual 
honors.  On  the  2oth  of  February,  17G3,  arrived  in 
Vera  Cruz  the  British  frigate  Trent  with  the  Si)aii!  li 
prisoners  captured  by  the  English  in  the  siege  nf 
llabana,  and  a  copy  of  the  })reliininaries  of  peace.  In 
Se[)tember  of  the  same  year  came  several  small  vc-scis 
C()nve3'ing  the  garrison,  officials,  vecinos,  and  two 
bands  of  Indians  from  Pensacola,  wliich  place,  by  order 
of  the  captain-general  of  Cuba,  hod  been  surrendered 
to  file  En'j;']i.sh.'^  The  enercrefic  measures  taken  and 
])ersonally  supervised  by  the  marques  de  Cruillas  \\a' 
the  defence  of  New  Spain  wtTO  highly  appreciated, 
and  rewarded  by  the  crown." 

'"At  this  time  was  brought  to  Vera  Cruz  from  Campcchc  a.  'rcli.criojio  ^il'r• 
vita,'  who  pri'tciuU'il  to  have  visited  Yucatnn  to  inociirc  shoes  f'lr  liio 
Kii;;li.sli.  .Suvti-al  papers  and  (hawiiigs  of  Sjiaiii.-ih  ports  iHing  foiiiiil  mi  \.\-i 
jior.soii,  ho  Mas  taken  to  Mtxiuo  as  a  spy,  anil  witii  the  approval  of  tlir  a  i- 
iliencia  thrown  into  jaih  Tliis  eonlincnient  of  ii  priest  with  eoninmn  i  i  ;iii- 
inals  was  olijccted  to  hy  the  arehhisliop,  who  ehiinicd  tlie  ee.lesiastio  ininai- 
iiity;  the  seen  tary  of  the  au(lienei:i  was  exeoniniiuiieated;  hut  tlie  viciiiy 
and  audieiicia  (hi^anded  the  repeal  of  the  exeoinniuiiieation,  and  the  deiiiainl 
Was  eoniplied  wilh.   L'aro,  Trts  Sii/ldS,  ii.  USO-l;  Jilrini,  Gnb.  M< .c,  i.  ."!  U  'i. 

"  The  expense  incurred  in  these  preparations  exceeded  two  million  dolLii-. 
Uinra,  Gal).  J/ru'. ,  i.  'M4. 

'-The  authorities  and  the  people  provided  for  the  comfort  of  the  iniiui- 
grants.  /(/. 

'••lie  was  niaile  'gentil  honihre  de  eanmra  ile  S.  M.'  Jiealen  Ciduhuf,  M"^., 
ii.  loJ;  Jiiciru,  (Job.  Mtx.,  i.  '3'M. 


AnMONA  AND  GALVEZ. 


887 


lApcrioiioo  had  tanglit  tlio  necessity  of  a  strict  su- 
pci-vision  by  the  crown  over  the  management  of  the 
treasury.  The  court,  therefore,  directed  Francisco 
Arniona  to  come  to  New  Spain  as  visitador  general 
til  iiis])ect  and  arrange  the  a(hninistration  of  tl»e  royal 
riveiiues."  Tlie  king's  minister,  Arriaga,  sent  the 
viceroy  the  instructions  under  which  the  visitador 
was  to  act,  and  ordered  him  to  aid  that  officer  in  every 
possilde  way.  Armona,  wlio  had  been  given  five  as- 
sistants, (hed  on  the  passage  out,  and  Jose  de  Galvez, 
aa  iiitciidente  of  the  royal  army,  was  chosen  for  the 
pdsition.''^  He  came  out  in  17G1,  and  before  he  liad 
iairly  begun  the  disch.arge  of  his  duties  a  disagree- 
ment sprang  up  with  the  viceroy  who  refused  to 
ncngiiize  certain  powers  claimed  by  the  visitador. 
Till  rcupon  tlie  latter,  referring  the  questions  to  the 
rrownjed  a  retired  life  and  awaited  the  final  decision. 
The  ilcct  of  17G4  brouglit  him  powers  independent 
()t'tln>  viceroy,  almost  unlimited  ones,  which  the  latter 
c'oiiM  not  ignore. 

(i;ilv(V.  was  endowed  with  talents  of  a  high  order,  a 
sterling  fearless  character,  indomitable  will,  and  un- 
coHinion  industry,  united  to  great  exj)erience  in  atfairs. 
][o  lias  been  charged  with  a  harsh,  despotic,  i\ui- 
corous  disposition,'"  that  never  tempered  justice  with 
clfini'Mcy,''   but  there  were  deeply  rooted  abuses  to 

"The  I'l'cndi  at  tliat  tiiiio  h.id  much  influence  .at  the  Spani.sh  court.  Tlicy 
iirLTiil  Sj'.-iiii  ti)  \n'.  ln'ttcr  i)rc[)arc'<l  with  n sources  for  war,  to  which  cud  thu 
gDVi'i  iiiiK  lit  shouhi  cll'cct  sucli  changcH  iu  the  adniinistratiou  of  the  Aiuciicau 
liiHsivs.sioii:!  ii.i  would  liiing  uliout  an  iucrcase  of  revenue,  which  liitherto,  cim- 
siilirin;,'  their  extent  and  wealth,  was  in<leed  a  very  scanty  one.  Alaindii, 

bi-<,t\  iii.  -jiw. 

'■"lie  (i\v(m1  his  frrcat  promotion  to  the  French  nmhassador  at  Madrid.  A  'a- 
mini,  />'i.<i',/.,  iii.  '2'.Hi. 

''"Ilninlire  do  ])asioMe8  fuertes,  rcncoroso  y  tcrrihle. .  .ahusalia  del  poder 
(|Ut'  •■!  Niiliei'.mo  liahia  piiesto  en  sus  niaiios.'  Many  thought  him  insine. 
llii.-i'iiiiiiiit'',  Sn/ildii.,  iu  (Vd'o,  Trrn  Siijlo'^,  iii.  44. 

''(ial\ez  was  a  native  (jf  Malaga,  lli^'  services  were  munificently  re- 
wanlcd  liy  the  soverei_'n.  In  \~IJH  lie  was  made  a  memlier  of  the  Kiiprcmo 
cuaaril  (jf  the  Indies,  and  ou  his  I'etui'ii  to  Spain  niini.stio  universal  de  Indias, 
un  iitlice  tliat  he  held  (ill  his  death,  which  occurred  suddeidy  at  Madrid 
oil  the  ITlIi  of  June,  17^7.  He  hail  heen  also  given  the  title  of  mai'ijUisj 
lie  Sonoia.  ']'he  news  of  liis  death  reached  Mexico  the  "lOtli  of  .\u;.Mist. 
Many  of  iluwe  who  sull'ered  at  his  hands  showed  their  Hatisfa(!tion  in  disriacc- 
f»l  piiuled  papers  that  made  tb /u'  appearance  the  next  morning.    Luixiizaua, 


M 

Ml 


'1 4; 


308 


VICEROYS  FORTY-FOUR  TO  FORTY-SIX. 


be  corrcctotl  I'cgardlcss  of  reputation."  It  is  be]ic\  td, 
however,  tliat  tlie  visitador  used  a  just  discriinliiatidii, 
Tlie  result  of  liis  cfTorts  was  that  in  future,  (»r  at  li  ;i>t 
duriiii^  his  term,  every  braueh  of  tlie  pubhe  adminis- 
tratiou  experienced  a  marked  im])i()Vi'mcnt,^'^  olhriiils, 
in  the  fear  of  dismission,  faitlifullj  doing  tlie  right. 

Yieoroy  Cruillas  neglected  none  of  the  ini[)oit;U]t 
duties  of  his  ofhees,  and  his  wise,  energetic  policy  won 
him  an  honorable  name  in  the  countrv.  His  dis.i'nvi- 
ments  with  (General  Villalba,  explained  elsewhere,  .iiid 
the  presence  of  an  official  exercising  authority  indu- 
])endent  of  him,  rendered  his  stay  in  New  Spain  un- 
pleasant.    His  relief  came  in  August  17GG. 

The  marrpiis  was  subjected  to  a  rigorous  resldcncia 
l^y  the  judge  ctinimissioner,  Jose  Areche,  who  rei'iisLil 
him  pei'missidu  to  go  to  Spain  on  bail,  as  had  Ikcii 
granted  his  ])redecessors.  He  remained  in  Cliol.ilu 
till  the  end  of  his  trial,  and  then  was  allowed  to  dcjunt 
f  tr  the  mother  country,  which  he  did  in  the  same  siii[i 
that  cariied  (leneral  A'illalba. 

The  forty-iifth  viceroy  of  Xew  Sjiain  was  (Vnlns 
Francisco  do  Croix,"*  manpies  de  Croix,  a  kniglit  v( 
the  order  of  Calatrava,  commander  of  ]\lolin()s  aiitl 
]jaguna  Rota  in  the  same  order,  and  a  lieuteiiunt- 
U'eneral  of  tlie  roval  army,'-^  who  had  been  colour!  of 
the  Walloon  innards,  lie  had  <»lven  pn^ofs  of  militaiv 
skill  ill  fifty  years  of  service;  he  hatl  been  in  coniniainl 
at  Ceutaand  Puerto  de  Santa  ^laria,  and  had  scrvciliLs 
cnptain-geiici'al  of  Galicia.  King  Carlos  111.  csteLiiutl 
him  hi^hlv,  knowinu'  that  he  was  a  sincL're,  iust  man, 
and  a  true  soldier,  ready  at  all  times  to  sacrilice  hiin- 

Jn-L  X.  i:.<p.,  ."»,  3.');  Pmiei^,  Vn:  in  Mniivm.  Dom.  E<p.,  MS.,  ]-Jl;  r/.',,.:, 
Ji'inriii,  ill  Die.  JUa.  Mu:,  "Jil  sor.,  vii.  -JW)-!:  i/azild  dv  Mi.c.  (MMt  T.  li. 
H'J.    liivcra,  d'nl).  M<x.,  i.  102,  wronj^ly  ^ivcs  17^'J  iin  tlio  yi'ar  <if  his  cliatb. 

'"A  fow  «jf  tliiKso  were  lit  a  later  ilay  loiiistatoil  hy  tl'';  soverei^'u.  (''^ro, 
Tnn  .V/'/A/.M,  ii.  IS  J. 

"Jlis  liiiister  iiiiiiil  hail  liecii  felt  ovcryw  lure.  Ahnnuii.  DiK('r/.,u\,  ai>|i.  ii-1. 

'-"In  Htveral  (Icieuiiieiits,  liDth  inaiui.seiipt  ."inl  iiriMte<l,  the  iiuiue  i.i  wiiuiu 
Cniis,  wliii  li  was  jii-dliahly  the  aceent  gi\  en  it  liy  S])  miauls. 

'^'  A  native  of  the  eity  of  J.ille  in  I'hiiuKrs,  ,'in>l  of;,  very  illustrious  ialiiily. 
Jj  ore  hum  a,  JJi.^i,  S.  jL'.sy*.,  uo;  Aluuuui,  L/'miil.,  iii.  a|  ;>.  Uo, 


MARQUES  DE  CROIX.  369 

self  for  his  master,  as  lie  called  the  soNorei^ni,  whoso 
orders  wen;  to  l)e  oheycd  without  cavil,  and  on  the 
suiiic  jirinciple  lie  allowed  no  contradiction  to  his  own 
iiutli'iiitv  as  the  kin«'-'s  lieutenant.*^ 

The  marquis  took  charge  of  his  offices  on  tlie  25th 
of  Ai!''Ust  17GC),  which  was  the  date  of  his  t'litci-inuf  the 
capital.-'^  From  that  time  he  paid  strict  attention  to 
liisdiities,  doing  all  in  his  j)ower  for  the  improvement 
and  di'fence  of  the  country,  the  increase  of  its  rmenues, 
t!ic  dt'velopment  of  knowledge,  and  all  that  might 
bu  ixjiected  from  a  conscientious  rulri-.  With  the 
vi>iti>(lor  general,  Jost'  <le  Galvez,  he  maiiitaiiicd  the 
cliisot  relations,  sujiporting  all  his  measures,  as  he 
liad  tlie  fullest  confidence  in  his  ahility  and  cliaracter. 
The  manjUes  de  Croix  won  for  himself  the  name  of 
ail  ahje  viceroy,  as  well  as  of  a  pure,  u[iriglit  man. 
Wlieii  lie  ariivi'd  he-  I'elused  to  accept  the  i-ustomaiy 
uil'ts.  and  called  for  higher  pay  from  the  crown,  which 
was  gi'anted  him.  lie  M'as  somewhat  addicted  to 
drink,  and  evil  tonn'ues  called  him  a  (h'unkard.-^  If 
t!ii>v,as  so  he  was  a  hetter  man  drunk  than  was  many 
another  sober;  at  all  events  his  measures  showed  that 
lie  was  a  vvvy  sensihle  man,  and  that  tiny  were  jdanned 
l»v  no  clouded  or  besotted  intellect. 


■■Wl 


•'-  Am  rdotcs %voi-o  rolateil  i>f  liim,  \v]iicli,  if  uutlientii',  iiiul  tln-y  iiio  yivoii  foi* 
vliiit  tiny  may  ho  worth,  j,'i)  to  ■-liow  that  hcjiossi'ssid  a  vein  o!  Iiuiuoriis  will 
as  fiivir  of  chaijutor.  Oiko  mIiIIu  li.ihliiii,'  a  coiiimaiLil  in  Spain,  the  all- 
pfiweiful  iiii|uisitioii  scut  for  him,  iuid  lie  olioyod  the  Miiumoiiis  ;  hut  kiiowili'' 
llie  iluiiactei'H  hi;  had  to  d'-al  w  itii.  took  with  li'mas'ir.ad  of  arlilhiyiin'iiainl 
fmi'  lauijoii,  wliieh  he  statioiiiil  round  tlieini|iiisitoriali|iiart<  i'-'.  Li\  ilii;  onhiM 
tii  iiis  Hull,  l)eforo  enteiiiiL,'  the  huildin;.',  that  if  he  did  not  eunie  out  in  lifteeii 
ii:iimtes  they  were  to  denioli>h  it.  'J'lie,  ini|uisitor.s  on  lc:i\-ninL'  this  dismissed 
liilii  'fi.ii  niiiehas  zalenias  y  eaiahaiias,'  and  never  troulih-d  him  a>,'ain.  All- 
"tliir  tiiiie  a  hi.-hop  exeoniniunieated  liim;  and  on  lieinu  ai'ini.-ed  that  this 
iinaut  cnttinu' otf  I'elation.s  lutwcen  him  and  the  faitl:le!,  lie  rcsoKi'd  to  cut 
ntf  nhitiMUsof  the  faithful  w  ith  the  hishoj),  and  laid  si''L:c  with  aimed  men  to 
till' iiii.-.rn|ial  ]ia!aee  to  stop  all  ingress  iind  egress  as  Inn..'  as  the  exeoinmuni- 
catifiii  shoiiM  he  in  foree.  'J'he  next  day  the  prelate  raised  t!i<'  han,  ami  sent 
tin.' liiari|:iis  his  iijiolo^iii'S,  whereupon  the  troops  were  ri moved.  Cnri-i a  Si  ma- 
''"W'Mliii".  10,  lS'J7),'i.  r.M-.'). 

•'He  wa.-5  the  lirst  vieeroy  not  to  make  a  imhlic  entry,  tis  his  I'egnlarly 
loiiniiis-ioiied  predeeessors  had  done.  l'unu.<,  I'ir.,  in  .\h,iiiiiii.  J'niii.  J:'-^/'., 
■Ms.,  .-(I. 

■'His  stock  of  wines  and  li(inora  was  the  finest  in  the  eouiitry,  and  his 
tiiMo  -iKndid.     His  e.xpressioii  of  thanks  to  tin-  soveiei.n  h'r   iiinease  of 
liny  uii  1  promotion  was  no  warmer  than  when  he  wu.s  grantecl  exemption 
IUbt.  .Mts.,  Vol.  III.    Jl 


,fi 


HI 

m 


r 

''lit 


370 


VICEROYS  FORTY-FOUK  TO  FORTY-SIX. 


On  tlic  21st  of  Api'il  1770  ho  was  ooiniiiissloUi  il  a 
captai)i-g(.'ncral  (»ftho  royal  army;  and  as  a  I'iuIIk  iiv- 
Avard  of  his  faithful  services,  on  bciii'L;'  iTlicvi-d  I'lniii 
the  government  of  New  S})ain  the  22d  of  ►Se[»ti'ni!iii 
1771,  lie  was  promoted  to  vicero}'  and  captain-general 
of  the  kingdom  of  Valencia  in  S|)ain.^'  These  oiHas 
he  hekl  at  the  time  of  his  death,-" 

The  forty-sixth  viceroy  was  tlic  bailiff  Fivv  An- 
tonio ^laria  ]:>ucarcli  j'^Ursna,  Henostrosa,  l^asso  (!.•  la 
Ve<jfa,  Villacis  y  CVirdoha,  knitflit  conmiander-'  of  ba 
Boveda  de  Ton^*^  in  the  order  of  Saint  John  of  ^lalta, 
and  a  lieutenant-general  of  the  royal  armies.'-'' 

]^ucareli  was  a  native  of  Seville,  and  related  to  tlio 
most  nohle  families  of  Spain  and  Italy,  being  on  \\\< 
paternal  side  a  descendant  Irom  a  vi-iy  distiiiguislKil 
family  of  Florence,  which  boasted  among  its  ((Hi- 
nections  three  popes,  six  cardinals,  and  other  IultIi 
othcers  ol  the  state  and  church;  and  on  the  m;it(  inal, 
the  Ursuas  were  related  to  several  ducnl  iaiiiilics." 
The  knight  entered  the  military  service  of  his  couiitiv 
as  a  cade't,  and  rose  by  gallantly  and  honorable  ser\  iw 
to  be  lieutenant-general.  He  had  distinguished  hiiii- 
self  in  several  campaigns  in  Italy  and   S]iain,  in  cii- 

from  import  duty  on  soiiio  IkutcIs  of  IJorileuiix  wine.  Jjiisfaiiiaiifc,  Suj.hm., 
iu(V(C",  '/'i-is  Siij/o.-t,  iii.  i:{-14. 

'^' Alioiit  the  time  <if  his  ilcpartnre  tho.c]iiti'  df  his  oiioiiiios  w.is  ilis|il;ivi'l 
in  il();.',L;eri,'l  vrr.si',  deiireiiutiiiL.'  Ills  rule,  iiiid  cviii  hinting  lit  in-'cnlatiiui.  I'w. 
lufttri";-.,  .MS.,  1st  SOI.,  11.).   i:{,  I-lt;  :.iij.  I  i,  II. 

-''In  I7>><I,  lit  tlic  a,i;i;  of  S7  yt'av.s.  doiinz.  J>i<tri(i.  in  />"<•.  ///>/.  .!/•  -,-1 
ser.,  vii.  'J'lll  (il>.  In  I77">  had  liuuii  paid  liiinuiit  of  the  Mi'\ioaii  trt'a>ui\  liy 
loyal  oidiT  an  cxtni  allowance  <;f  !;flJ,OJO.  M'.c,  I'irni/ur  m/hir  Xoiii>'.,  Nl>., 
no.  S. 

'■''in  1770  lie  called  himself  knight  grand  eioss,  an<l  cuinniander,  luivin,' 
lieen  prmiioted  to  the  forniiT  iligiiity  by  llie  .ur.iiul  master  of  the  order.  '•'/«• 
/arid,  MS,,  i.  l.-i;{,  iii.  (!4;  JJifjiuKicium s  Winus,  i.,  no.  "Jll;  I'(tlll.^,  V'a:,  in 
Jloinnii.  J)oiii.  A"/'.,  MS.,  ■-)1. 

^M)n(!  author  say.s  La  do  Osma.  Pdiir^,  i\\ /</.,  I'.'l.  An<l  still  mi'tlur 
Mork  (h'seriptivo  of  the  viceroy's  funeral,  in  the  title-paL'e  has  it  l..;i 'Ini  iii;i. 
The  same  is  lound  in  some  of  liucareli'.'j  later  edicts.  JJitcdrili,  IJnrr  J)i  -  rij:, 
Jii-s/iOfiiciiiiiiK  l'((riii'<,  i.  r»7. 

'"Later,  jirolialily  after  177'),  the  king  bestowed  on  him  the  ollicc  "i  a 
'gentil  hoHihre  do  cjimara  eon  entrada.'  I'liiii  <,  in  /</.,  l'J4. 

""All)nii|iicii[ue,  Lerma,  Deiiia.  All>a,  Arcn^,  .Medina-C'oeli,  etc.  lim  ;ii(li 
Mas  received  into  the  order  of  Malta  liy  special  dispen.sation,  when  lie  was 
-still  under  the  prescribed  age.    Ur'tln,  hlmjin,  in  IJnn  Jhfcriji.,  8-10. 


r.UCARELI. 


871 


o'lnocring  work,  and  as  the  inspector-general  of  cavalry. 
Lastly, lie  was  called  to  be  governor  and  captain-general 
ut"  Cuba,  where  he  again  rendered  valuable  services  to 
the  crown,  which  were  rewarded  with  the  iironiotiou 
to  the  viceroyalty  of  Xew  Spain.  Xor  was  this  tho 
only  reward.  Ho  was  not  only  permitted  to  grant 
otlices  to  twelve  of  his  friends  and  attaches,  a  jirivi- 
Itgc  that  had  been  withheld  for  some  years  from  his 
]ii(,(lecessors,  but  was  given  by  royal  order  of  January 
■JJ,  1777,  an  increase  of  ^20,000  a  year  above  what 
hail  been  tho  viceroy's  salary,  making  it  §80,000,  as  a 
iiiaik  of  special  favor.^^ 

The  newly  appointed  viceroy  left  Habana  August 
1 4,  1 771,  and  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz  on  the  23d ;  started 
thence  September  9th,  and  travelling  slowly,  via  An- 
tigua, Rinconada,  Plan  del  liio,  Jalapa,  Vigas, 
IVinte,  Haciendas  de  Soto,  Tonquito  and  San  Diego, 
Piodras  Negras,  Buenavista,  Apam,  Otund)a,  and 
San  Cristobal,  accomplished  the  journey  of  84  leagues 
to  the  capital  on  the  23d.  This  route  was  the  short- 
est as  well  as  most  convenient,  avoiding  the  entry 
into  Tlascala  and  Puebla,  in  both  of  which  cities  tho 
niunicij)al  authorities  and  peo[)le,  particularly  the  Ind- 
ians of  the  former,  would  have  insisted  on  entertaining 
tho  viceroy,  and  their  wishes  could  n(it  well  have  been 
sli;j,lited,  entailing  upon  him  the  delay  of  two  or  three 
•lays  at  each  place,  and  upon  those  communities  ox- 
luiiditures  that  would  have  weighed  heavil)'  on  tlieiii 
tor  ;i  long  time.  '  t  San  Cristobal  the  real  audiencia 
and  other  officials,  among  them  the  representatives  of 
tho  city  of  Mexico,  paid  their  homage  to  the  incoming 
ruler,  who  received  the  baton  of  command  from  his 
I'lvdecessor  the  22d  of  Septend>er,  whereupon  the 
rity  authorities  escorted  him  to  the  capital.^'  His 
]m\>\'u;  reception  was  magniliccnt,  for  the  citizens  be- 
lieved him  descrvinir.'''* 

^'I'.qMfJirufc  promnvhio,  ill  ^^ex.,  Circular  sohre  Xomh.,  MS.,  no.  7-'2(i. 
'■  I  <■/•.  /iintnir.,  MS.,  Istsur.,  no.  8,  l-'J. 
''Jliu  tiiuniplwl  arch  was  a  s[jlcudiJ  uiuliitecturul  work  in  tbrcu  of  tlio 


372 


VICEROYS  FORTY-FOUR  TO  FORTY-SIX. 


CJi-ncral  Biirareli  on  tlie  2.3(1  ])r()<luf'0(l  to  th>  .m- 
(lioiicia  Iiis  llirco  commissions  as  vicerov  and  i^overiwi. 
captabi-jj^incja],  and  president  of  that  body,  and  t-  1; 
till'  oatli  to  laitld'uliy  disc-liargi'  liis  duties;  amonLri'. 
jiledLCes  was  that  of  maintaininij  pi'aee  in  the  int<  lia. 
and  defenchnjjf  the  kingdom  against  all  foes.^* 

N'iceroy  ]iueai'eli  thning  nearly  eight  years'  n;].- 
alttiided  carefully  to  the  orsjcanization  of  tin-  milit.iiv 
f<ii-(  fs  and  coast  di'fences;  to  the  well-being  of  ihi- 1.-  .. 
settlements  in  California;  an  honest  and  econouiiiisl 
manaijjement  of  the  royal  treasury,  the  revenue  <t' 
which  he  augmented  without  huidening  the  Vwvi- 
sultjects  with  extra  taxation;  the  polici;  and  admi-i- 
tration  <>f  justice;  thedevelo|inient  of  })uhlic  in>tru«ti-.i 
aud  the  arts  of  }>eace.  Indeed,  whatever  could  <•<.!,- 
tribute  to  the  honor  of  his  sovereign  and  the  welfaiv 
of  the  people  was  matter  of  interest  to  him.  If 
<ai'ed  for  the  ]ioor  in  hosj)itals  and  asylums,  and  v.a- 
zeali'us  in  assistiiiij:  the  orelates  of  the  reliijious  ord-  i- 
to  pi-eserve  good  morals.  The  term  of  his  ruh-  v,.- 
the  ha]»piest  that  Xew  Spain  experienced.  Peace  aii<l 
prosperity  reigned;  and  the  country  took  h'Ug  stri"l«  > 
ill  advance. 

Whilst  the  vicerov  was  thus  cnfjajjfcd  disease  seiz«<l 
him,  a  violent  attack  of  pleurisy,'*^  to  which  he  sin-- 
cmid)ed  on  the  9th  of  April,  177i).  His  death  spr- ;i4 
sori'ow  throuij^hout  the  lanti,  for  he  had  won  the  ti'.l- 
of ''virey  amado  por  la  paz  de  su  gobierno."  A- ;iii 
evidence  of  the  high  standing  of  his  character,  I  >hali 
mention  one  instance.     Being  in  need  of  tunds  f'-r  tu.. 

oiilors.  Jinnn'ly,  Ionic,  Corintlii.in,  and  composite.  The  alli'irory  C'f  I"!j— '-« 
\\;is  uricd  til  rcpri'sent  liiiciirili's  ).M'(iit  iictions,  his  Icai'niiiL.'.  \vi:<'l"iii.  .(-■l 
vii'tiu's.  '\'\w.  formula  was  tliat  of  tlio  ancient  Uonians,  «itli  m<»tt<>»-:  aiM 
cmlilcins  from  l^atin  and  (ireck  authors,  ami  di'sciiptions  of  pas^-xnt'''^  in .ippn'- 
jiiiati'  (iistilian  \crso.  LiOii,J.  \ilii.'<ijiii-:,  J-.'.i/i/irnrioii  ilr  In-  A't^Diff,  l-'ii. 

■'*  /■.'•'rrihiiiio  ( 'd-^tro,  Cirtit'.,  in  J/r.r.,  Cirnilnr  nolirc  Xotiili.,  Ms.,  no.  I. 

•  "  Ourinii  this,  liis  last  illiics^s,  were  lirouj;lit  to  liim  the  most  notal>l>-i' li'-' 
in  till'  convents  and  churches.  The  viaticum  came  from  the  savnino '•!  t  •• 
carli'dral,  the  archliishop  accoinjianyinu  the  host  from  the  foot  of  th<-  |'..:..'T 
hticirs;  lint  not  administering,'  the  c<..ninunion  l«;cause  the  viceroy  nlij. .  !••!  t- 
j;i\in.i;  liim  th''  trouhle  of  puttiuf,'  on  his  vestments.  0'u)u<z,  iJinno,  iii  /'•'■ 
y/i-'.  Mix.,  -d  .ser. ,  vii.  oU. 


RULE  OF  TIIK  REnEXTE. 


373 


.])(  vatidiis  of  tlio  mint  i]\o  iiu'rcluiiits  liiit  him  \\\i\i- 
niit  iiitenvst  or  socui'itv  S2,r)00,000;'*' 

The  iltToased  had  (trdaiiu'd  in  his  hi^t  \vill  tliat  liis 
villains  slioidd  h<  inteiTcd  in  tlio  tcnijilo  of  tlic  lii- 
-i-iH'  y  Ileal  Colegiata  of  Guadalupe,  chargiiiL;"  that 
the  interment  should  be  in  the  hunihlest  and  nm-t 
fi;nii]ilt'd  spot  at  the  veiy  e.itrance  of  the  temple. 
The  hod)-  remained  in  state  at  thi^  palace  till  the-  ];;th, 
wIhii  the  funeral  corteL^e  starti-d  in  the  morning;'  lur 
t!i''  ciiiivent  of  San  Franeiseo,  where  it  was  tle])osited 
till  the  eveninij,  and  then  it  was  ('(»nveved  to  the  sau- 
uiMiin  of  Xuestra  Senora  de  Guadaluj)e,  and  their  nn 
thf  "Jllth  of  Oetoher  inhumed  in  the  threshold,  as  ho 
iiad  i<  (jnested,  with  expressive  ej»itaphs  on  the  tomh. 
Till'  <\eeutors,  Jose  Martin  de  Chavez  and  Joa-iuiu 


Aat 


I'lllO 


l)onj4(),  in  vii'W  of  the  late  viceroy's  ,ui<at 
1'  -111  I  for  the  Capuchin  nuns,  and  of  his  L;reat  zeal  in 
tile  t  feet  ion  and  [)rescrvation  of  the  casa  de  ej*  ivi- 
'i'l-  ill  the  oratory  of  San  Felipe,  resolved  that  his 
1'  Ml  should  he  given  to  the  CajJUchin  nuns,  and  his 
"till  !•  vitals  to  the  before  mentioned  easa.^' 

)n  as  the  supreme  jrovornment  heard  of  the 


■at 


I  o 


f  Vi 


re 


roy 


B 


ucare 


li,  it  ordered  that  his  ell'ect? 


1111 


liould    be    forwarded   to   Spain,  and    that    no    loi- 
•  iiria  of  liis  otheial  acts  should  he   had,'"*  a  course 
pivccdented  in  the  history  of  royal  representation. 


Iinniediately  after  Bucareli's  death  was  ofhcially 
Miiiiouiiced,  was  o[)ened  the  plieLi'o  de  ])ro\-i(K>iicia  or 
liii'it.ija,  by  which  the  president  tif  (Guatemala  was  to 

■'I  \v  w.is  lint  bfU'kwat'd  in  rciniliiirsiiii.'  the  lonii.  Aldiiinti,  J)!-"  rf.,  iii.  app. 
';■«.  A-- cvidciico  of  his  jiioty  iiml  Imiiiility,  wlwii  lu'  tVIt  dcitli  nii]ii(i;ii  iiiiij^ 
I ,.  1tl'"i(1  til  lio  lioljH'il  on  his  hii'i'H  thnt  lie  iniLrht  ilif  in  that  iiositioii,  ni  nt 
l-;i-t  a  Unwed  to  lie  on  !i  liaiv  tloor.    CiiU,  Kln.iin.  Id  •_'(!,  •_'•;,  :ts-  H . 

"■  Ihis  is  jirolialiiv  the  corrcrt  version  as  tn  the  ilispusal  of  tlie  hiaiv  and 
"''i' I- vitals;  thouj;..  it  was  asserted  in  Jlahana  that  llie  heart  was  de|i.si;iil 
i;i -^aiita  l')ri;.'ida,  and  the  entrails  in  the  eatiiedral.  A  eonteniiiorars  int  it 
yittin  that  the  lieart  went  to  th<'  Cainuhin  nnns,  a  moiety  of  the  .ther 
^it.il'i  to  the  casa  de  ejereieios,  and  the  otl\er  to  the  eatiu'dral.  <li'iii<  :,  J)'<i,m, 
:i\  III,.-,  Hi,ti_  Mi.r.^  se'rie  ii.  vii.  (iO.  "4  .">.  Panes,  \ir.,  in  Minnnii.  I'i'iit. 
/•/'■,  M^'-.  "d.  124,  merely  says  that  the  heart  \vas  deposited  in  the  e.ioent 
'f  tl.i' (  apnehin  nnns,  and  the  hoily  in  the  eoh^riata. 

""'". /<!'■.,  J'idrw,  in  JJuf.  Jii-^l.  Mi.c.,  serie  ii.  \ii.  S.VO. 


m 


37t 


VICEHOYS  FORTY-FOUR  TO  FORTY-SIX. 


f^iicccM'd  as  viceroy  ad  iiiterlin.  Until  his  arrival  tlio 
Unvcniiiiciit  devolved  on  tlio  andieiicia.  The  hnton 
or.'U'tiiiLr  eai)taiii-ijfcni'ral  was  delivered  to  the  rvqciifi\ 
Franeiseo  Ivoiiwl  y  IJosel.^  Circulars  were  despatdit'd 
to  tlie  authorities  throughout  the  country  to  nutilV 
them  of  these  events.'"' 

On  the  1^{\  of  A])ril  was  celehrated  a  thanks^ivin'^f 
mass,  attended  hy  the  audiencia  and  the  regentc^.   At 
the  head  of  the  palace  reception  room  were  jilactil 
three   chairs;   the   middle   one   was   occupied   hy   tlii 
r»"j^ente,  an<l  tho  other  two  hy  the  Jcniiio,  or  siiiinr 
oidor,  and  the  subdecano.      The  I'ejrente  and  his  twn 
assoeiates  took  the  i)alace  coach,  the  ijfuard  ])i-esciitiii'^f 
arms,  and  with  a  s(|uad  of  cavah'y  in  advanci",  and  tin 
escort  of  halherdiers,  repaired  to  the  cathedral,  at  tin 
jiiincipal  door  of  which  W(,'i'e  four  canons  to  iictiw 
them.      For  the  I'cgente  was  supplied  not  a  prie-ilicu. 
hut  a  mere  cushion."     The  audiencia  durini;"  its  iiili 
of  a  little  over  four  months  made  no  change  in  tlit 
g(  ivernment  policy. 


One  of  the  notable  events  of  the  second  half  of  tli' 
eiu'liteenth  century  was  the  assend)ling  of  the  fourth 
]M(  xican  pi'ovincial  council,''"  convened  pursuant  t" 
two  royal  cedulas  of  August  21,  1701),  one  of  wliitli 


^"Tfr  vns  tlio  first  roffontp;  nppoiiitfd  Timo  20,  1770;  cntorcd  tii'i'ii  lii« 
iluliiH  M.iiili  l;{,  ITTiS,  iind  icsii^ncil  the  (iIIki;  in  ITSl.'.  Jjotli  lio  iiii'l  liis 
\\\fr.  XiiiL-isji  riiisiiL;!!^;.  wiio  from  ('jitiilouia.  JIo  dieil  in  Muxiio,  I)(irih!'ir 
1.  I7s4,  iiiidwas  l>iiiicd  the  next  d;iy  in  tliu  cli:i])t'l  (if  Siinto  1  Knniiiu:'!  vitli 
tliL'  liondia  of  tin'  l;i^t  iiink  lie  lifid  in  life.  Hndin  C<i/iilt(.t,  MS.,  ii.  I.Jl'; 
(linn,-.,  J)'iirio,  lOS-0.  IFis  coUcjimus  in  tlic  goM'rnnu'nt  wiio  tlio  niil(iri> 
VillaniTUtiii,  Mudiitl,  (Jainl)o.'i,  Algaiin,  l.iiyando,  and  (iiiuvaia.  CVi/.vAi/J' , 
MS..i.  90. 

'"  I'lvirv  oltuial  on  poring  tlio  (.ircnlar  Avroto  over  Ids  sigiiatni'''  in  ( 'intimi- 
ation  (he  date  of  its  iT'ciijit,  as  well  as  the  oliliiration  lie  was  nndcr  ot  for- 
warding it  to  other  olliiials  residing  oil'  the  main  lontes  taken  l)y  the  iniiiiii*. 
There  were  .six  sneli  cirenhiis.   Lhrann,  Lain  Mi  iidiz  lie,  Cnrlii  a  Uijiu'i,  M"^. 

"Other  cerenionii'S  ])r!U'tis<Mi  town'il  viceroys  were  omitted;  for  iiiNt.iiUi ; 
the  niaee-Iiearer.s  and  di>orkee])ers  of  tin?  eity  wei-e  not  stationed  in  Irciit  of 
tiie  iuniieneia;  the  holy  liook  vas  not  lironght  to  the  regento  to  kiss,  'siiiola 
]!.•!/,'  th;it  is  to  say,  an  image  to  he  kissed  in  sign  of  jieace  and  fraternity .  miil 
this,  not  hy  a  canon.  Imt  hy  the  master  of  eerenK>nie8  wearing  the  siiii>1k'; 
and  stole.   Onnnz,  JUiirio.  in  J)ri\  IJUt.  Mc.r.,  'Jd  scr.,  vii.  {Vl-\\. 

^■IliM.  Mf.r.,  ii.,  this  series,  gave  full  information  on  the  prei' 'liii: 
ceiinu  ils. 


rouRTH  rnovixciAL  council. 


875 


ooiiiinandrd  iln>  jji'datcs  of  .Vincrica  and  tlie  Dillij*- 
|iiii(  s  ti>  attend  such  a  council.  Tlu;  otlici',  callctl  tlio 
(nui'i  i'<-'/io,  spc'cilicd  as  many  as  twenty  ]>oints  to  bo 
(oii-idt  red.'''  The  i>ai'tisan.s  of  the  expelled  .Jesuits, 
aiii'ii.,''  whom  is  the  wi'iter  Curios  ]\r.  ]>ustamantc, 
Willi]  I  have  tlu-  \v<»ild  helieve  that  the  ministers  who 
had  inllut;nce<l  the  king  to  adopt  that  nieasuri',  now 
iiii]iicssed  uj)on  his  mind  a  conviction  that  the  eonvo- 
catiiui  of  ;i  provincial  council,  after  the  old  fashion, 
wa-'  iH'cdcd  to  eradicate  the  erroneous  doctrines  taui^ht 
1)V  the  society  of  Jesus,  which  had  taken  deep  i-oot  in 
Auitrica;  that  the  king's  ilatterers  re[)resented  morals 
ill  Mexico  to  be  at  a  low  ebb,  owing  to  those  teach- 
in.;-:  ail  I  one  of  the  orators  at  the  council  alHrmed 
tliai  (he  period  was  worthy  of  comparison  with  that 
(if  the  (((iHiuest  of  America." 

On  tlie  l;5th  of  Januai'v,  1770,  Archbishop  Loren- 
zaii.i  l.iid  tlie'  royal  cedulas  l)efore  his  chaptei-,  and  on 
till'  -\>i  it  was  announced  at  high  mass  that  the 
rniincil  would  he  inaugurated  on  the  l.'jth  of  January 
pnixiiiio.  Some  (liHeren<'es  between  the  archbishop 
and  his  chapter  on  mattei's  of  ceremonial  occurred 
toward  tlie  end  of  1770,  and  new  discussions  arose 
one  week  before  the  installation  of  the  council.  They 
Were  lint,  liowever,  an  obstacle  to  the  swearing-in,  on 
the  Nth  of  January  1771,  before  the  archbishop,  of 
the  iheologians  and  canonists  who  had  been  chosen  to 
act  as  ;i(lvisei-s  of  the  council.*' 

The  pi(  hiiiiiiai'V  ceremonies  took  ]>lace,  \)iu't  in  the 
tliiireh,  and  ])art  in  the  chapter's  hall,  \\hieh  was  tlu; 
rmiiii  seK'cted  for  the  sittine^s.*'*  The  vit-erov  made  a 
^heil  address;  and  after  the  tomoregio  and  the  arch- 
hisliop's  (le(.'ree  had  been  read,  he  retired. ^^ 

'■I'  'hif't,  ill  CoiiriHo  Pror.  ^^■.v.,  iw  MS.,  i.  1-8. 

*'  •S'i'li  III.,  ill  ( '(irn,  'J'r(s  Si'jlw*,  iii.  7. 

''livr  of  tlio  foiimr  ttikou  from  Ijotli  tlic  secular  and  rcgulia-  okr;,'y,  mid 
six  (I!  the  latter,  .s'-w/,  ]:),;.■<:■,,/).  M<\r..  I!t4. 

'  Til"  ri;li';ious  rites  ui  ro  attended  liy  the  royal  courts  'vitlinit  tlic  viee- 
I'lV;  lii.t  at  tlieir  teniiiiiatioii  lie  was  finind  sittiuy  on  the  tlirouc  under  the 
fill]. i|,v  ill  Hie  eeuie'il  eliainher.   Jtl..  1!>,'!. 

'   i'lie  next  day  the  ureiibislio|)  delivered    a  lony  discouv.'ie  on  i)ro\  ineial 


-'4 


:i| 


'13 


i 


876 


VICKROYS  FORTY-FOUR  TO  FORTY-SIX. 


TIk-  ooniK'il  was  presided  over  l»y  tlic  uivlil»Isli(i|i, 
find  till!  lollowiii^  jdvlatc's  and  diL;nitaiMcs  ot"  tlir 
clmrcli  Wfiv  ill  atk-ndaiice.  IJislidjis:  MJmik]  Alv.iii/, 
do  Al)rcu,  (if  Ante(|uera;  Friar  Antonio  Alcahi.  df 
Yucatan,  and  elect  ot  Guadalajara  ;  Francisco  J'^iliiau 
y  Fuero,  of  j?uel)la,  and  Jose  J)iaz:  ]Jiavo,  of  Du- 
i'anL;'o.  The  bishoprics  of  ^lichoacaii  and  (luadal;ii,iia 
were  represented  hy  canons  of  their  ciiai»ters.  I'lvl- 
ates  (»f  the  I'llii^ious  orders:  jjfonorals  of  the  San 
Hiiu'dito  and  iJethleheniito  orders,  and  the  provincials 
of  the  Franciscans,  anci  barefooted  Fi'anciscans,  Do- 
minicans, Aii_i;ustinians,  barefooted  C*arnuTites,  and 
order  of  .Mercv;  and  the  coniisario  of  the  cleriLTos  n- 
jj^ulares  of  San  Caniilo.  The  coleLjiata  of  ()uadalii|it' 
likewise  had  two  seats  in  the  council.  Oidor  Aiitnnio 
de  ]ii\adcii(ira,  as  asistente  real,  and  Jose  Areclu', 
fiscal  of  the  audiencia;  and  the  two  rei)ivsentati\'es  of 
the  city  of  ]\[e\ico.  The  officials  of  the  council  were 
the  secretary,  ])octor  Andres  ]Martinez  Canipillo,  pni- 
uioter,  master  of  ceremonies,  notary,  and  two  nuiiciii>. 

The  labors  of  the  council  were  compK^ted  on  the 
2r)th  of  October,'*' and  on  the  10th  of  XoveiiilHi'  a 
commissioner  was  despatched  to  .Sj»ain  with  the  act- 
to  be  laid  before  the  king  in  council  for  approsal. 
This  was  never  oiven  them,  owinii;  to  the  many  objec- 
tions preferred  by  the  fiscal  for  Peru,  l)ased  chidly 
on  allen't'd  ,ij;'rievances  a^^ainst  Archbishop  ]joi-eii/.ana. 
The  king  on  the  8th  of  October,  1772,  ordered  lliat 
the  acts  should  uot  be  made  ])ublic  till  they  wcic 
sanctioned  by  his  council  and  tlu^  i»o[)e.  They  liavt; 
consc(juently  ri'inained  unpunished. ^"  An  authiiili- 
cated  copy  of  tliem  exists  in  the  arcliivos  of  the  .ircle 
bi.shoj)ric  of  ^Mexico.  The  manuscri|)t  has  a  blue  vel- 
vet covei",  and  is  entitled  Coiici/io  1\  provincial  Mx- 

councils,  iiiiil  was  fdUowed  liy  the  asintcnfc  rcril,  or  virt'ioy's  jiroxy,  wlio  >|iipl;e 
(if  what  Mas  ti>  Ik:  ilono,  aii<l  I'luk'il  with  vivas  ami  acclaiuatinns  to  the  vi<i- 
my,  and  Vi^itailor  (ialve/.    Ilii.'</'iiiiiiiiti',  Sii/i'tm.,  in  Ciivu,  Tri.f  Si'ilo!<,  iii.  '.'. 

'^Ontl.c'  lOtli  of  the  same  montli  the  coumil  was  visitt'd  liy  l,)e('rnix's 
snoci'ssor,  i'.noan.'li,  amid  niuoh  corcmonial,  and  with  ii  largo  suite.  Jln-la- 
■tiinii/i,  Si:j,/(iii..  in  C'lro,  Tn'-i  Sii/ln-'^,  iii.  !l  1(1. 

*^Cviiiilio  Pfur.  J/..f.  IV,  M.S.,  i.  3Uo;  IJ,lu'<u,  L'^:oj>.,  ii.  im-o. 


AnCIini.^IlOP  LOREXZANA. 


877 


i,-<iiii\  rcIfJirmh)  cii  HTl.  It  contains  five  Itooks,  tlio 
tir.-t  with  tliiiti'i'M  titles;  the  second  with  sixtriii;  tho 
tliinl  wilh  twfiity-roiu';  tlu'  lourth  with  two;  juul  tlio 
til'th.  with  twtlvc;  fji<-h  title  having'  a  liiin'c  nuiiiher 
dt' (1<  iTfcs  and  oixUnances  on  ccclesiastie  lefoini  antl 
di-cil'hiif/" 

TIic  council  also  prepared  fonrteen  worlds,  all  on 
iiiiitli'i's  nioi\'  iir  less  connected  with  tlu-  church,  and 
tiiidiii:^'  to  till'  ini])rovenient  of  its  branches  and  ser- 
vjcr,  ;iii(l  to  the  advancement  o<'  reli;_;ion  and  jiopular 
i(hic;tfi.»n;  one  of  them  concernc*!  the  management  of 
liDsjiitals,  and  another  tlio  beatification  of  Juan  do 
ralafox. 

Doctor  Francisco  Antonio  Lorenzana  y  J>utron,  of 
wlioni  mention  has  l)een  so  often  made  in  connection 
with  the  ab(»ve  described  fourth  council,  was  t)f  illus- 
trious lineage,  born  in  Leon,  Spain,  on  the  'J"Jd  of 
S(]iti;,ibri-  \7'2'2;  be  studied  literature  in  the  collei^o 
(if  Sail  Salvador  de  Ovieiu),  of  tho  I'entnvned  uni- 
versity of  Salamanca. '^^  His  first  prominent  position 
was  that  of  can(')ni''"o  doctoral  in  the  cathedral  of  Si<!U- 
cii/.a.  T[(;  afterward  became  "successively  canon  and 
vicai-'^cneral  of  Toledo,  abbot  of  San  Vicente,  a  dig- 
iiitaiy  (if  the  cathedral  of  Toledo,  and  a  membei'of  the 
loyal  couiKil.  In  17(J5  be  was  made  bishop  of  Pla- 
stiicia,  and  on  the  14th  of  April  of  the  following  year 

^Cniirino  Pmv.  .Vrr.  IV,  MS.,  i.  9-3(50;  ii.  13-3-23;  nrn)iw!o»,  Tcnlct, 
Am.,  4^4-."».  lliistaiiiiiiite  inevcruiitly  calls  this  cdUiicil  a  soKiiin  I'aico, 
iii-liii'.l  l.y  jviity  spirit,  and  snp]i(irt(,'il  by  the  king  or  his  cnKnciilors,  to 
iiii|'ii>s  tin;  Mcxii-,in  jic'Djih;  witii  awe  anil  (.Ireail,  and  with  tlic  idea  that  the 
ki'iL' \wi^  .1  diviiif  hi  ing.  C<ini[iarini,'  it  witii  tlic  tirst  prisiiUd  ovi'r  liy  Father 
Martin  I'l'  ^':ll^  iieia,  lie  derides  the  former  as  well  as  Loriii/ana.  Sn/'/i  in.,  in 
''(110,  '/'/•»  x  Si;il(i.<.  iii.  11-1'_'.  ])nstaniante's  remarks  are  ecitainly  ill-con- 
fiiliicil,  for  the  instinetions  to  paiish  jiriests,  anion;,'  other  points,  tlearly 
i^Iii'W  that  they  were  inti  ndc d  to  elevate,  ami  not  to  depiess  the  character  of 
tlic  Indians.  <'iit/iiri:<ii>o  jinr  IV  Cuiuilio.  'i'his  i.s  an  oiiginal  maniis<'ri]it,  in 
i.iy  oulleitioii,  dated  Scjiteniher  "i,  1771,  l)earing  the  signatures  and  rnhrics  of 
til''  ai'hlii.-liMp  of  Mexico,  hisliops  of  Yucatan  and  I'nelila,  the  pimtois  of 
Mi  h'l.Kan  an'l  <  luadalajara,  and  the  seci'etary.  It  is  followed  on  pau'cs  (i!)  to 
%'.',  li\an  exirl.mation  of  (,'hristian  doctrine  made  by  the  eonneil,  dated  August 
4,  1771.  also  bearing  the  same  signatiirea. 

"  lli>  earliest  eeclesiastie  instruction  he  received  iu  a  Benedictine  luonas- 
tiry.  Vir.  tie  JIcx.,  lustruc,  MS.,  no.  'Jl',  2. 


'::;3i 


3:s 


VICEROYS  FORTY  FOUR  TO  FORTY-SIX. 


It' 


uas  [)i-(>iii()t('(l  to  llic;ui'chblsli()j)rl('  of  ^Ffxlco,  of  \, lu,Ii 
lie  tot)k  possession  on  the  '2-d  of  August,  ircciv  iipr  t,n 
lli(*  Sill  of  Scpteuibcr  tlio  pulliuia  IVoiii  the  Li>hii!),,[' 

Jiori'iizaiKi'sgovornnientof  tlio  arclidiocvsc,  iliuu^h 
a  luit'f  Olio,  was  inarkod  l)y  acts  lliat  justly  iiiiitlol 
lilni  to  a  high  place  among  the  most  distingui>li,il 
members  of  the  ^[exican  episcojiacy.  ][is  liivt  art 
Mas  to  establish  a  foundling  asylum.  Soon  alti  r  lii. 
arrival  he  noticed  the  absence  of  sucii  a  shelter  Ixi'  ihi; 
care  of  infants  forsaken  by  their  part'iits  eitlicr  to  nm. 
ceal  a  fault  or  to  elude  the  fuUllment  of  their  diitii  >, 
He  purchased  out  of  his  income  a  suitable  buililin.;' 
on  the  11th  of  January,  17G7,  founding  and  organiz- 
ing in  it  thccasade  ninos  exp(')sitos,  connnonly  kiiDWu 
a?j  La  Cuna,  which  ho  supported  till  he  left  the  coiui- 
Iry.  He  was  govei'ning  in  harmonv  with  the  civil 
powi-r,  and  much  valued  for  his  learning,  virtue,  ami 
]»hilanthro[)y,  when  he  received  promotion  to  tl 
archbisho[)rio  of  Toledo,  and  was  made  primate  "f 
Spain,  to  which  place  ho  had  been  nominated  on  the 
'J7th  of  January,  1771.  In  his  new  p()siti<jn  ]v-  liad  a 
still  widc;r  field  of  usefulness.  On  the  uOth  of  ^buvli, 
1781),  Pius  VI.  made  him  a  cardinal.''^ 

When  the  French  revolution  broke  out  and  a  lar:^o 
number  of  ecclesiastics  from  that  nation  sougiit  a  ii- 
fugo  in  Spain,  Lorenzana,  foremost  among  the  Spaiii>li 
prelates,  a  brded  them  great  protection  and  assist- 
ance.'* In  797  he  was  sent  by  Carlos  IV.  to  Ivoinc 
to  afford  a  and  comfort  to  Pius  VI.,  and  rcanaiiicd 
at  the  pom  VV'  side,  accompanying  him  to  Floivnco 
and  thence  'Parma.  The  object  of  his  company  was 
to  furnish  p  cuniary  resources  to  Pius.     At  last  the 

^"-Concilion  Prov.,  1-2.  Ilia  autograph  sii^iiatiirrs  ami  official  seal  a]iiit:ir 
ill  CuiidUo  Prov,  Mtx.,  4;  /SWi,  L'i)iscop.  Mcx.,  Vdl;  FiijiKroa,  Vindh-hi^, 
MS.,  1. 

"^liustamantc  and  othcra  attribute  liia  getting  the  i-oil  capello  to  \ni 
Mdilc  ill  tlie  fourth  provincial  council.  Siipl'in.,  in  Curo,  'J'n  s  S/jiu.<,  iii.  !-• 
'J'lic  tact  is  that  thu  honor  has  been  almost  invariably  conferred  on  the  aicli- 
bislicjps  (if  Toledo. 

'"^JHchaiid,  JJioij.  Univ.,  it!  Sosa,  E^nacop.  Mex,,  197. 


lori:nz.vn'A's  writin'gs. 


S70 


nfv,  liicli 
'\\\\\\f  (III 
'L'-llop  of 

,  llioli^li 

•  •iitiil,.,! 

n-'ui.-lifil 

lii'.-t  iii't 

al'trl'  his 
■1-  f.M'lll.; 
I"   to  cnli- 

ir  »!iitits. 

luiiMill;' 

Ol-'^Mlliz- 

l_V  klioWh 

-ho  ('(11111- 
t!n.!  civil 
rtui',  mill 

1  in  tlic 
Iiiiatc  'if 

xl  (HI  tllL' 

ll:'  !i;i(l  a 
f  :\[air!., 

(1  u  1;U',l;'C 
_L;'lit  ;i  le- 
'  Siiaiii>li 
id  assi,-;t- 

ti>    JldUlU 

ri^iiiaiiitjil 

FlolV'lK'O 

[)aiiy  was 
last  tlio 

il  seal  ajiiiear 
.1,    Viiid'triiif, 

ipt'llo  to  \\u 
^Ij'uK,  iii.  I-. 
on  till.'  urclj- 


Fi.  lie!)  refused  liiin  a  |)assp()it,  and  \\v  was  separated 
t'iMiii  llif  i!lustrii)iis  caiitive,  whoiij  ho  never  saw  a;^aiii. 
Til''  cardinal  is  lieard  of  as  pi'esent  ut  the  conchivc  held 
ill  \'eiiice."  In  1800  ho  resigned  tlie  arehhishoinic 
(.(' Toledo,  and  lixed  his  i-esideiice  in  Ii<»nie,  wlierc  he 
(li(  d  the  17th  ef  Ajiril,  LsOl,  being  interred  in  the 
(.liuii'li  of  Santa  Croee. 

I'liiin  the  receipt  in  Mexico  of  the  news  of  the 
dial!)  of  its  former  archhishop,  funeral  honors  were 
jiaiil  liini  with  great  ponip.'^ 

■■I.I.  in  1,1.,  198. 

■"'Ir/-.  (/('  M('j\,  IiiMnic,  MS.,  Ist  Hor.,  no.  22,  1-12;  Ari'rnh,  Lnvdatio 
ruiiiliiin,  1  .'il.  l^diviizuiKi  piiMisliud  Mviial  worka  giviii;^'  iiaimlso  to  Icttcr.s, 
laitiiiiliilly  ti>  liistorioul  rosciii'i'li.  Tlio  Jiiiiicipiil  (iiics  were:  ('onciflim  jirri- 
[■'iiii-'(nl,.i  jii  nil  I'i)  ji  Kitimiilo,  fi lihrfKloH  in  In  ninij  iiolilr,  y  miiij  U'lil  ciuilritl  ile 
.l/.j/'.o.  Mfv.  I  7<1!*,  folio.  Cniirilhiiii  M.  yl'diiinn  )ii-(ir'iiiiii(lc  1 1  [.  (\'/ihi(t/inii 
M'jiri,  nniio  M  IH.XXX  V.  /'ill  ■dill'  J).  I>.  /'iffii  Mojinct  i'onfrn'dn.  .  .t'miHr- 
iMiiiiii  It'iiiiii:  ilie  A' A' 17/.  Ocliihrli  a, mo  M itLXXX /X . .  .}ilux.  1770,  IoHd. 
Ili'infiil  ill'  X'liirn-J.'.^/iiiiiii,  I'si-rii't  p  n'  mi  e.<flan-ciilo  ( 'omiiii^lwlur  JItniiiu 
r'l.c/.y,  Aiiiiii'iiliiilii  ciiii  ulruH  ihirnini  hIih,  y  imliin.  Mcx.  1770,  folio.  Slntnlit 
Vi'ilu. It'll  It  Smir/ij  Coiiri/iij  J'luviiii-iul't  Mi.iiiiino  II I.  L'.c  I'ni'Mi'iiito  Siuro- 
fiiiirii  CuiK'i'iJ  'i'riili  iifiiiii  J)<'n'i  I  >  S'  ■<■■<.  ,."ii;ii>.  1 .'  ih'  Iiifunn.,  n  rhon  ti  rn.  Iti'- 
ivfia  ('iiihi)lii(i  Miiji  Ktiiti',  etaS.irri>.^niirlaniili'  Apoxto/iifiCniiiiriiiiiln,  A.  J>. 
M'llli  <*'iiiiii  i/iiiiiiiiisiissiino  oi'liiiii,ii-^*iiiii>  111)110,  Jul  in.  Ill  the  lirst  iiiiovu  iiicii- 
tiiiiii  il  wnik,  ]iri'oi(Iiii}^  t'lu  Cuiistituiioin  »  of  tlic  roiimils  is  tlic  iilitor'.s  cart-a 
liastural,  liiiilly  I'datiii^'  tho  olijcctof  .such  councils,  ami  giviiiLf  tlio  liistoryof 
thox' luld  in  .Mo\jco,  Next  iijiiiiar  tin-  ic.^olutioiis  of  tin;  liist  .luiita  Apos- 
tulici,  aii'l  tlio  cuiioiis  infoinialion  of  ( 'a]it.iin  .Tii;in  .hiarc/  y  ( lainlioa  in  l(il!( 
nil  the  cniiiiiig  of  till!  lirst  clcr,i;yiiica  to  Now  .Sjiiiin  ;  lUsliop  (iaivis'  letter  to 
I'aulin  J 1 1,  ill  favor  of  tlio  liatixv--,  anil  next  the  iioj.es  Imll  ia  |.">.'i7  (kelaiinj,' 
the  liiiliaiis  rational  heiiii^s.  AitT  the  acts  of  the  two  eouiicils  arc  )_'ivcn 
hi'iL'iaiiiiical  slvetelies  of  tlio  uiclil)islioi>s  of  Mexico,  and  liishops  of  I'lielila, 
(iiwt.  mala,  Aliteiiucra,  Miclmacaii,  <  Jaail.ilajara,  Yucatan,  uinl  l)uraii;,'o. 
Thi'M'  liiiii;rapliies,  thoiiu'h  liiief  ami  often  ciioiieoiis  ns  todates,  ;ir(!  ini["irtaiit 
fi-Tlho  >!ttiily  of  -Mexic'iu  ecclesiastic  lii.stoiy.  la  coiitinuation'aro  tho  Aii.toit 
JiHi'ii  la  (in  rf(iilnrniiiliir/(i  ili;  iin  jrirrofo  i  !•  In  Ami'r'fit ;  I'ririli  ijini  ilo  Iiii/inn, 
liwdAciii'ii  pnrn  i/iie  hi  iiu/iintli''i  ilc  c.i/n.i  ri  ijinti  .trnii  I'l-lirm  i ii  Ut  is/iirihui/  // 
tiini'i'i-nl.  The  whole  ending  with  a  yoo  1  index  in  six  payed  of  tho  iiuitter 
C"iitaiiiicl  in  the  vohunc. 

With  n  ference  to  tho  HiKtoria  ilc.  li  Xiifvn  K^piinn,  uhicli  contains 
the  .^icoml,  tliird,  and  foiirtii  1>  tiers  of  llcnian  L'oiti.s,  Ica/.halceta  says 
f!iat  Ik;  has  been  unable  to  ascertain  if  the  (iiiLriiial  Ivirenzaiia  had  bcforo 
liiiii  was  the  edition  in  (;lothic  letters  or  Dareia's  ri  jiiiiit.  His  viirk  is 
valiKilile  any  way,  for  his  additions,  namely:  .\l/ate's  map  of  New  Spain 
(170'.ii:  Cortes'  journey  from  la  Antiijiia  X'era  Cruz  to  Me";ieo,  for  the  bet- 
ter iiielerstandin^'  of  the  places  meiitioiud  iu  the  map;  a  drawing;  of  tlio 
ihiet  leiiiplc  of  ^iexico;  remarks  for  better  understandiii;,'  Coiti'  '  letters  (iii- 
tuiiiaiioii  oil  ancient  history  with  t!io  series  of  Mexican  em|)erors);  months 
I't  the  Mexican  year  db.  wvinu');  government  of  New  Spain  [\\~<t  of  governors 
r.iid  vieeioys  from  Cortes  to  N'ieeroy  de  ('roix);  Iuto  follows  * 'ortes'  second 
It.tti  r;  fiaLiments  of  a  trilmte  map  (.Mendoza's  ('odexb  giviii'4  the  towns  that 
I'liil.  and  exiiiessiiig  the  kiu  1,  (piantity.  and  time  (.'M  drawiii.'s  with  a  jire- 
liiuiiiaiy  note);  here  follows  Cortes'  third  letter;  Cortes'  voyage  to  the  Call- 


•ii^j 


380 


VICEROYS  FORTY-FOUR  TO  FORTY-SIX. 


fomias,  with  information  nn  all  expeditions  mn<lc  to  that  country  tiil  ITCO, 
for  hotter  understanding  Cortes'  fourth  letter  and  projcets. 

leazhaleet;'.,  Col.  Dor.  Hint.  Mcx:,  i.,  rcferrin;^  to  Lorenzana's  ecjllection 
reprinted  in  N^w  York,  in  IS'JS,  1  vol.  Svo,  liy  JIainiel  del  Mar,  justly  liinU 
fault  with  the  editor's  alterations,  an  unjiardonahlo  one  beinj;  tliat  of  Mibsti- 
tutiiig  j  for  X  in  Mexican  names.  The  editor  omitted  Xos.  1-5,  7,  and  1)  (,f  the 
previous,  and  adiled  nn  historieal  account  of  Heriinn  Cortes  with  f«iim- imiir 
cuts  taken  from  Ciavigcro.  As  to  the  tribute  map,  Orozcoy  Berra,  nn  arclui- 
ologist  Worthy  of  all  respect,  discovered  many  errors,  omissions,  and  >liiiii^-ij 
which  ho  details  in  yh(a/''.'«  d'l  Miisio  Xnrloiial  do  Mr.v.,i.  IS.S  <'t  sri|.,  run. 
eluding  witii  these  remarks:  '  No  proseguiremos  amipntonand(j  cargo.'-,  ilDJitn- 
donos  (pie  Ins  grandcs  ga.stos  y  ompefio  del  Seii(jr  Arzohi.spo  LoiHiizinm.  ji.ir 
circunstancias  iuera  do  su  voluntad,  no  liubieran  sido  mas  fruetU(isos  ji;ira  h 
ciencia.'  Loreiizana  pnl dished  at  his  own  cxpcn.se  for  distribution,  not  I'm' 
sale,  the  e.bove  named  w(jrks,  and  several  others  of  minor  imi)ortance,  ii:ni)ily: 
several  pastoral  letters;  MIum/c  Oothiciini  nrruiidum  riijulinii  11.  J^ldari'in 
umuti  Mii:.andiui)i,  Home,  IS".},  j'oUo;  Ojii:ra  I'ulnuil  Tohlanoruni;  0/"m  ,V. 
Mnrthil  Li'ijiniioxiii",  etc..  all  of  which  have  become  (juiie  I'are.  Also:  .{nin'A 
jKtra  tndos  Ion  <  itras  de  aste  ui-zohhjxido,  /iiera  dfi.  la  Ciudcul  de  Mi-.r'n-'i,  .Mix. 
I7U7,  fob,  (>  leaves;  Mcmoriid  qui'  ]ire<eiit<iii  a  iodus  lut  Coniiiiiidadi'.^  ij  (//<• 
rrio'i  los  Polircs  Meiuliijon  do  Mc.viro  por  mano  de  an.  Arzohisjm  (n.  p.  n.  il.l, 
4to,  pp.  '2'J;  Memorhd  (/iic  pri'seutan  a  (odiis  EMadoii  los  A'ifios  Exjio^'dnx  di'  la 
J)ii]itri(d  Viiidad  ae  Mc,v!io  por  mano  de  sii  Arzultl-^po.  Mex.  1770,  4to,  ]i|i.  'Jl; 
Ueijlnx  para  que  Iok  vn'iinden  de  estox  I'eipioa  i>enn  JeH-es  en  lo  espirilind,  i/ 
teuiporul^  Mex.  1708,  folio,  '1  leaves;  Tralado  del  Ayua  }''r.iral  Caliiuh'  de 
San  Burt/iulomc  (i\.  p.),  177-,  4to. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


VICEROYS  FORTY-SEVEN  TO  FORTY-OTXE. 
1779-1787. 

VICEKOV   MARTI>f   DE  MaYORGA — HiS    EXCEPTIONAL    POSITION — WaR    WITH 

Okfat  Britain — Warlike  Mkaspres — Mavorca's  Efficient  Hcle — 
Vi<  I  iLiiv  Matias  de  Galvez— Ills  Short  Ahmimstuation — He  I'uo- 
MdTKs  Improvements — The  Conde  pe  Aranha's  Plan— Independent 
KiNciiDMs  IN  Spanish  America  to  de  Erected — King  Carlos'  Ohjec- 
THINS— The  Audiencia  Rules  a  Few  Months — Vicer(jy  Conde  de 
(iALVE/— Ills  Great  Services  and  Rank— Unrounded  Popularity — 
TuKAsoNAiiLE  Schemes  Attributed— His  Illness  and  Death — Post- 
nuMrjis  RiiiTii  OF  HIS  Child — ^fAONiFicENT  I'eiiemonials  at  the 
CmtisTENiNO — The  Family  Liberally  Pensioned— The  Audiencia 
Kn.Ks  Again. 


]\rAirriN  DE  Mayorga,  a  knight  of  Alcantara  and 
iiiaiiscal  (lo  canipo  of  the  royal  army,  who  had  been 
tajitaiii  of  the  Spanish  royal  guards,  governor  of  Al- 
cantara in  Estremadura,  and  lastly  governor,  })resi- 
(lent,  and  captain-general  of  Guatemala,  became  the 
ii'ity-stvunth  viceroy  of  Xew  Spain.  He  had  but 
just  suirendered  the  baton  of  connnand  to  the  in- 
.""pirtiir  of  the  troops,  and  was  on  the  point  of  depart- 
ino-  fur  Spain,  when  despatches  reach(Ml  him  that  in  the 
]ilicu<i  de  mortaja  opened  in  Mexico  at  tlie  deatli  of 
^u  loy  ]hicareli  ho  was  named  as  the  successor  ad 
iiitciini.^  On  the  23d  of  xVugust,  1  771),  he  ent(!red  the 
viccirgal  jialace,  and  took  the  <»uth  of  itHice,  wliicli  was 
adiiiiiiistur'xl  him  by  the  regente  in  the  [)resence  of  the 
oidiuvs.'- 

'  He  staitca  for  Mexico  on  the  IStliof  May,  1""().  Jiianvs,  Gtinf.,  i.  ■271-'-'; 
E'cnmilld,  Xot.  Curioms  ik  Otiat.,  50-1;  Dif-pijiiaoacs  Varias,  i.  58-03;  Cula- 
lur'io,  iii.  (il. 

'Uomr.,  Diario,  70. 

(381) 


382 


VICEROYS  FORTY-SEVEX  TO  FORTY-NINE. 


Mayorga  is  representee]  to  have  been  aflal)]r  uikI 
liberal,  possessing  a  magnanimous  charitable  luart, 
and  making  himself  beloved  by  all,  and  yet  he  liad  to 
exercise  much  prudence  as  well  as  force  of  chaiactir, 
his  position  being  an  unfortunate  one,  as  will  be  .sllu 
hereafter. 

The  new  viceroy's  arrival  at  the  capital  occinrod 
just  eleven  days  after  the  proclamation  there,  on  the 
J  2th,  of  war  having  been  declared  May  18th  anaiii^t 
(^reat  Britain  by  King  Carlos  III.  Assistance  secivth- 
aft'orded  by  Spain  to  the  British  North  Anu'iiuau 
colonists  to  attain  their  independence,^  had  miuli  to 
do  with  the  animosity  of  the  day;  in  which  nieaMu*' 
Spain  did  not  know  how  surel}''  she  was  workiii;^-  liur 
own  undoing  in  the  same  direction. 

The  people  of  Mexico  saw  in  this  war  nothiii!;'  but 
misfortune;  tlieir  trade  would  be  harassed,  and  thcii' 
coasts  ravaged.  Taxation,  loans,  and  sacritice  of  lit'o 
would  naturally  follow.  Xor  were  their  fears  un- 
founded, for  very  soon  ^Mexico  was  called  to  tlic  aid 
of  Guatemala  for  tlie  recovery  of  the  port  of  ( )nina  in 
Jionduras,  which  the  English  had  taken.  She  was 
also  required  to  take  a  [)rominent  [)art  in  the  coniliincd 
Spanish  and  French  operations  against  Florida.  TIkjsc 
opei'ations  were  quite  active  from  1770  to  1781.' 

Fearing  an  assault  on  Vera  Cruz,  the  governmiut 


'  I'listamante,  the  cilitor  of  Cnm,  Trrn  .liijlos,  iii.  ,31-2,  assures  uh  that 
tlio  polii-'y  uf  tin;  Spani.sli  court  iu  aiiling  •^liu  colonists  was  iiitunil'il  to 
iivort  a  (laiiLTcrous  IJritish  invasion  of  New  Spiin  from  the  North  Aiiirrioaii 
colonics -II  false  step  in  )iis  opinion,  which  eventually  proved  injurious  not 
only  to  the  allied  powers,  the  French  anil  Spaniards,  hut  also  to  the  peii|ilL'  nf 
New  Sjiain,  whose  emancipation  it  retarded  oOyears,  thouLrh  not  previuiiiii.'  it. 
'J'he  king  however,  in  liis  manifesto  uf  .July  Jith  to  his  vassals  of  America, stiUcj 
lis  his  reasons  for  tlu^  war,  amony  others,  the  hostile  acts  of  the  British  aiith'ir- 
itics  in  Daiieii  and  Honduras.  On  the  tirst  day  of  the  same  nmnth  ordiiunms 
iidditional  to  tlie  general  reguhitions  to  govern  the  royal  navy  and  Icttcia  uf 
maripie  on  the  suhject  of  prizes,  had  liecn  issued.  All  tradeand  iiitcrr  ir,i>o 
V  ith  the  British  had  heei\  forhiddeii  in  June,  livuha  Onb  lies,  iv.  o7  'M.  r'-'-l's 
l!l!t-'J-V). 

*  Mayorgji  ha<l  heen  apprised  in  Puclila  of  the  measures  the  audicucia  had 
di  creed  to  sujtply  with  money  Yucatan,  New  Orleans,  Hahana,  ^lauila,  and 
other  points,  which  derived  their  suppoit  from  Mexico,  and  might  expect  ail 
attack  liy  the  enemy  at  any  moment,  lie  sent,  iu  various  am<iuuts,  ali^T.t 
^(idO.OUO  to  I.ouisiana  for  the  campaign  against  the  English  in  Fleiula. 
iliiilitmuiite,  SiipU'iii.,  in  Cavo,  Trt-i  iSijaK,  iii.  30-7. 


MARTIN  DE  MAYORGA. 


fill)!.'  ainl 

)lu    llUll't, 

lie  liad  h, 
'liai'artcr, 

11   Ix:  .SL'Lll 

OCClUTi'd 
C,  oil   lli.j 

e  secretly 
■ViiU'i'icau 

lUUcll   t(» 
llK•a^lll■(j 

"kiijg  lifi' 

bill  111;'  but 
and  thfii' 
L^o  of  life 
tears  uii- 
o  tile  aid 
Onina  ill 
Sill'  was 

L'OlllIiilK'd 

a.   Thu,->o 
eriiineiit 

ui'cs  us  that 
iiitciiiliil  to 

1    Allirlifilll 

iiijiniiius  not 

111-  |ici.|i1l'  ■'!' 
rcvi'iiiin.'  it. 
iii.'riiM,>tatt'.s 
iti.-li  iiiith'ir- 
h  invliiiiiHits 

ml  Ifttris  irf 
I  illtrri'  i,,!>0 

7  Si,  r.ij-i;, 

iilit'iu'ia  liail 
^Manila,  alnl 
it  ('\i)(  1 1  all 
limits,  ali  ii;t 
ill    riui  kla. 


made  every  preparation  to  repel  it.  The  dispo.sablo 
t'nrci',  l>oth  regulars  and  provincial  militia,  was  called 
into  a'tivo  service.  Mayorga  and  his  secretary''  vis- 
ited Vera  Cruz,  inspected  the  fortifications,  corrected 
defects,  and  stationed  the  troops  in  Orizaba,  Encero, 
Jalapa,  and  other  convenient  spots.  In  this  inspec- 
tion and  in  all  the  arrangements,  which  occupied  alxjut 
iii.iitccn  davs,  jNIavorga  conducted  himselt'  with 
a'lility,  energy,  and  dignity.  Fortunately,  the  enemy 
attempted  no  movements  upon  the  coasts  of  jSIexico. 

])iit  olfensive  operations  were  carried  on  from  Yu- 
catan to  e.\i)el  the  British  from  Belize  and  the  neigh- 
liDihond.  pursuant  to  orders  from  the  crown  to  tho 
oovcinor,  Captain-general  Roberto  llivas  Betanc^ourt, 
wild  hastened  his  [ircparations;  and  before  tho  enemy 
could  effect  his  purposes  against  Bacalar,  Ilivas  was 
at  this  town  ready  for  action.  The  viceroy  of  Xew 
.S[iain  had  been  directed  to  aid  the  governor,  but  ho 
could  not  do  it.  Ho  sent  him,  however,  a  great 
quantity  of  gunpowder,  and  money,  which  were  of 
much  henefit  for  the  campaign. ** 

Ilivas'  efforts  were  successful.  lie  not  only  dis- 
lod'^cd  the  Ihitish  from  Belize,  capturing  on  Cayo 
C'ocina  the  15th  of  September,  1779,  a  number  of 
prisoners,  over  three  hundred  slaves,  and  some  small 
vi'^scls,  but  with  his  canoes  and  pirogues  made  a  [)rizo 
of  an  llngliish  brig  armed  with  fourteen  guns,  lie  did 
Hot,  it  is  true,  accomplish  all  that  was  expected  of  him ; 
hut  i-niisideriiig  the  small  resources  at  his  command 
to  counteract  the  larLjo  ones  of  the  cnemv,  liis  conduct 
was  di'ciiied  meritorious. 

A  iccrov  ]\[avorga  attended  to  all  his  duties,  not 
lU'oicctiiig  those  of  charity  to  tliO  poor  in  a  time  of 
atilioiiou^  \vitli  signal  zeal  and  ability.  His  measiiies 
I'll'  the   defence   and   security    of  the   country   weio 

' MrKlidr  lie  rerainils  wns  the  secretary  by  royal  appointment  of  tlio  vico- 
loyalty.  In  .laiuinry  I7S1)  lio  Mas  rotiivd  with  tiu!  lionor.s  of  an  oiilor.  Mil 
fiKTcssiir  ill  till' (illico  was  I'cdro  Antonio  (Vwio.  d'oiinz,  lh(u-io,  78;  Pdinlia 
Fi-iiiir  .^■■i,,i,,,^^  MS.,  ii.  1st  SIT.  ;{i;i,  ;{l.");  Di.i/mnirioiic.i  I'driu-!,  i.  Xi. 

''  M'junja,  Cdrlii,  in  ,Suc.  Mix.  Gioij.,  Buledn,  -Mil  0^),,  i.  242. 


I? 

i 

•HI 

u 


iu\ 


I,  ld 


.f% 


r-»» 


384 


VICEROYS  FORTY-SEVEX  TO  FORTY-NINE. 


effected  with  the  utmost  possible  economy  to  the  r(»ya] 
treasury,  and  it  is  a  well  known  fact  that  his  nnuit- 
tanccs  of  treasure  during  his  short  rule  amouutud  to 
about  fifty  million  pesos,  without  delays  or  burdcuiiu' 
the  people  with  extra  taxation.^  But  all  his  wisdom 
and  valuable  services  could  not  save  him  froui  the 
constant  fault-finding  of  the  all-powerful  Jose  do  Gal- 
vez,  ministro  universal  de  Indias.  Ho  had  incurred 
the  enmity  of  that  dignitary,  it  seems,  because  he  had 
been  called  to  the  viceroyalty,  an  office  which  the 
minister  had  intended  shoukl  fall  to  his  brother,  ]\hi- 
tias  de  Galv^cz;  but  Bucareli's  death  took  jdace  sooner 
than  was  expected,  and  before  Mati'as  de  Galvez  had 
been  commissioned  as  president  of  Guatemala.^  Wliat- 
ever  the  motive,  Mayorga  was  the  victim  of  the  min- 
ister's ill-concealed  resentment. 

In  November,  1781,  there  arrived  in  ]\rexico  Fran- 
cisco Saavedra,"  a  person  who  later,  though  but  for  a 
short  time,  became  one  of  the  ministers  of  state  in 
Spain.  He  made  it  appear  that  he  held  sonic  au- 
thority from  the  court.  The  connnon  pco[)le  believed 
liim  to  be  a  royal  prince  travelling  incognito.  As  he 
presented  a  grave  demeanor,  and  never  gave  puhlio 
offence,  a  certain  mystery  and  respect  surrounded  him. 

The  viceroy's  unpopularity  at  court  was  soon  known 
in  Mexico,  and  there  were  not  wanting  those  to  take 
advantage  of  it.  Even  the  audicncia  of  ]\Iexico  with 
whom  he  had  endeavored  to  maintain  cordial  relations, 
tried  to  interfere  with  his  action;  but  in  a  dignified 
manner  he  upheld  his  authority.  The  regonte  of  the 
audicncia  of  Guadalajara,  Eusebio  Sanchez  Pareja, 
took  upon  himself  the  title  of  captain-general,  and  le- 
quired  the  commissioner  sent  by  ^Mayorga  to  attend 

'The  calls  of  the  war  on  liim  were  large,  hut  with  the  assistniicn  of  tlie 
real  consulado  he  was  enabled  timely  to  meet  tiieiii.  /'niies,  ]'ir.,  in  Mvnum. 
Dom.  L'sj),,  ^IS.,  rj.'i;  li'tvcra,  Ilixt.  Juhijxi,  i.  147. 

'^  JliMt.munte,  Siijikm.,  in  Cuvo,  Trcn  SIijIok,  iii.  42;  jilaman,  JJixcrl.,  ni. 
app.  71. 

" Mayorga  announced  it  in  a  letter  to  the  minister  of  state.  It  v.as  be- 
lie\  .'d  that  Saavedia  came  to  spy  the  viceroy's  acts.  Biistamantr,  •Siqikm.,  iu 
Cavo,  Tixs  liirjloti,  iii,  42. 


MATf AS  DE  GALVEZ. 


3S5 


the  royal 
is  rt'iiiit- 
)untu(l  to 
urdcnin'T 
s  wisdom 
froiu  the 
6  do  Gal- 
incurred 
^e  lie  had 
liicli  the 
her,  'Sin- 
ce .sooner 
ilvez  had 
.^  What- 
tlie  niiu- 

ico  Fran- 
but  for  a 

state  in 
^ome  au- 

believed 
As  he 
re  public 
ded  him. 
)U  known 
3  to  take 
^ico  with 
relations, 
dignified 
te  of  the 
:  Pareja, 
1,  and  re- 
to  attend 

stfiiK'o  of  the 
,  ill  Mijiiuiii. 

<,  Divert.,  iii. 

It  v.as  be- 
I  Siqikia.,  iu 


to  military  affairs  in  Nuova  Galicia  to  fir.st  a.sk  bis 
leave  to  carry  out  orders.  His  presumption  was  re- 
hukod,  Mayorga  maintaining  tbe  unity  of  tbc  chief 
mllitaiy  command.^" 

The  governor  of  Vera  Cruz  also  manifested  some 
insubordination,  because  the  viceroy  did  not  approve 
sDnie  of  his  schenies,^^  and  thus  the  viceroy's  position 
was  made  unpleasant.  Besides  these  annoyances  was 
the  injustice  of  not  making  his  appointment  r-egular, 
or  s(Miding  out  a  successor.  His  tenure  was  ad  interim, 
and  theretbr  he  was  allowed  only  half  pay,  though  his 
expenses  were  great.^^  At  last  be  was  recalled,  and 
gave' up  the  office  on  the  29th  of  April,  1783,  soon 
after  embarking  for  Spain.  He  died  on  board  the 
vessel  in  sight  of  Cadiz, ^^  foul  play  being  susj)ected  l)y 
some.  In  April,  1784,  news  reached  Mexico  that 
!^Lly()rga^s  estate  had  been  attached  by  the  king's 
order.  This  was  probably  the  usual  course  where  an 
olfiiial  was  subjected  to  a  rcsidencia.  That  of  the 
ex-viceroy  was  published  in  Mexico  on  the  3d  of  June, 
the  .ilealde  de  corte,  Juan  Francisco  de  Anda,  being 
the  judge,^*  with  results  favorable  to  the  residenciado. 

The  forty-eighth  viceroy  of  New  Spain  was  Matias 
lie  ( Jalvez,  Garcia,  Madrid,  y  Cabrera,^''  a  lieutenaiit- 
goiiei-al  of  the  royal  armies,^"  transferred  from  Guate- 
mala, where  ho  had  been  president,  governor,  and 
captain-general.^"    The  new  viceroy  brought  with  him 


Mice: 

UU<1 

I 

I 

Cniii 
of  I 
iMi.l 

i 
I 


proi 
lifi 


"  From  that  time  the  people  of  Jalisco  began  to  show  a  spirit  of  imlcpciid- 

■  frmn  tlic  central  authority,  which  iu  later  years  became  more  developed, 

taiisi'il  untold  evils.  /</. 

'  A'/v/o  (/c'  T<j<i<ln,  A  Jinnies  Hint.,  no.  .'>,  ."JOS. 

-Ut  this  he  complained  to  the  king,  pleading  also  that  tlie  trouble  liml 

Mipon  him  soon  after  Jie  had  lost  heaxily  by  tlie  (iuatemala  eartlKpiiike 

77').  Aliiiiiroi,   Diaevt.,  iii.  app.  7-.     Alter  ids  death  "JO.OOO  pesos  were 

his   widow,  Maria  Josefa    Valeareel,  (jut   of   tlie   royal  treasury,    lil.; 
■'  i-'x  Jlfx.  Aztec,  I.  '2."v2-;!;  ZiunanAi,  llisl.  Mij.,  v.  ();>(). 
^(•"iiic-,  Diurio,  ]':i;  I'lnid,   \'ii:,  in  Monnm.  Jhiii.  A'-y.,  MS.,  1-J,"). 
'ihilnii'sdr  /a  Corniia,  MS.,  iii.  07;  Uoimz,  Diurio,  184.  l.si)-7. 
'<!nlfiz,  lioh'mm-.K  Exiqnid^,  title-page.   At  tuot  of  his  portriut,  which  is 
«lj!y  ecjpijil  from  the  original  formerly  existing  in  tlie  viceregal  palace, 
•  iiniiied  (ialvez  y  (iallardo.  liivcra,  U'ob.  M(:i.,^i.  411). 
"''"lii/nrio.i,  i.  1,").'{;  DisjioKirionci  \'anuii,  iii.  1)7. 

JJi-^t.  ('(III.  Aw.,  ii.,  tliis  series. 
UiBi.  Sliix.,  Vol.  IU.    25 


■m 


3SG 


VICEROYS  FORTY-SEVFN  TO  FORTY-NIXE. 


Ills  wife,  Ana  do  Cordoba.'''  Tlioiigh  a  brother  of  the 
talented  minister  of  state,  the  marques  de  Soru^ra,  uu(\ 
having  a  l)etter  heart,  Mati'as  de  (.lalvez  was  not  t.u- 
dowed  with  the  same  powers  of  mind.  But  i)e8t  of  all 
he  had  sound  connnon  sense  and  indefatigai>le  indii>trv. 
He  had  been  a  plain  farmer,  and  he  look<.'d  hk<-  on,  ; 
and  he  loved  a  farmer's  life,  from  which  he  had  !>••.  n 
drawn  at  his  brother's  elevation  to  high  official  po-itimi 
near  the  king's  })erson.  He  was  not  afraiil,  and  <.n 
every  proper  occasion  showed  a  martial  spiiit:  but  in 
intlict  ))unishnient  upon  another  was  an  intliction  u\t>>n 
himself.  Jlis  solicitu<le  for  the  general  welfare,  iv,A 
particularly  for  the  ivlief  of  the  poor  and  atilictcd,  ".vas 
Well  known  both  in  (juatemalaand  ^lexico.  He  was 
cheerful,  witty,  I'rugal,  modest  in  his  tastes,  aliii'dc, 
ard  was  I'oputed  pious;  and  so  disinterested  wu.-.  he, 
that  havini;  held  hii>h  and  lucrative  offices,  his  estate 
dill  not  probably  reach,  at  his  death,  the  value  of 
50,000  pesos.'' 

On  the  29th  of  April,  1783,  he  took  pcsscssimi  <>? 
the  baton  of  connnand  ad  interim,-*  at  the-  town  of 
San  Cristobal  Ecate[)ec,  and  not  at  Gu  .dahi[»e%  a<  his 
predecessors  had  done,  owing  to  the  bad  condition  <'f 
the  reception  house  at  the  latter  place.  It  had  l»een  llie 
viceroy's  intention,  on  account  of  his  advanced  age  aii<l 
bodily  infirmities,  to  enter  the  city  in  acarriagt.-;  Iiut 
some  ditHcultv  about  precedence  luivinLi:  been  raised  l>v 
the  city  council,  he  cut  it  short  by  mounting  a  gendo 
horse  and  ridini*'  into  Mexico.  He  was  the  last  vi<v- 
roy  that  entered  the  city  on  horseback.-'     The  pus- 

'^ /V(»fw,  ]"ir.,  in  ^^olunn.  Dom.  Exp.,  ^I.S.,  .-).1. 

^'■'(!(th-(z,  Sofi'iiiiKx  Erc'/iiiax,  \-',]\ ;  /li(xfninaiitc,  Siiplemento,  in  C'iro.  Tf* 
Siijliis.  in.  iVJ-Ii;  lUrira,  llixt.  Jnla/ut,  i.  147. 

■-"Oil  llio  littli  of  Xovt'iiilicrof  tlio  naiiio  year  the  mail  hrouglitout  his c  in- 
missidii  as  '  vircy  en  propieilail.'  <!<iini~,  J)i(ii  io,  i(U),  171. 

-' 'I'lie  act  of  receiving  tlie  eonnnand  at  San  ('i-ist()i)al  was  .appr»»ve'l  in 
tlio  royal  order  of  Aug.  8,  17.s;{,  wliioli  prcserihetl  that  in  futuic  fciidi  .-.•.t 
siioii'd  take  ]>Iace  there.  I'lie  preeedenee  that  the  city  eouneil  <-I.iiiiii-il  v.n 
diaallowed,  and  the  king  ordered  !Mareh  14,  17S.-),  tliat  tliere  siiould  ni-vei  l"-a 
second  pul>lic  entrj',  to  save  the  city,  the  consulado,  anil  the  jK.-opIo  in  ;. •  "■ 
oral  the  onei'ous  expenses  it  entiiiled.  Tliu  audiencia  deelureil  iL*  olxdit  uce 
June  'J.-),  1785.  Ordnicx  de  la  Corona,  MS.,  iii.  42,  54.  l'an"<,  Ti/-.,  in 
Moiiuiii.  Doiii.  Exp.,  MS.  1"J0. 


THREATENED  DANGERS. 


387 


or  of  the 

K^ra,  aiul 

n<»t  cn- 

L'st  of  all 
ii<lii-tiy. 

lad  Ix'U 
po>lt;iiii 
,  nii<l  <'ii 
t;  but  h) 
i<iri  ii|i<Mi 
fan.-,  ami 
:*te<l,  was 

lie  was 
;,  afi'aMc, 

was  lie, 
lis  estate 
valu'j  of 

cssIdii  <tf 
town  <it' 

K",  as  Ills 
liliuu  <tf 
liet'ii  the 

I  ivu;  nvA 

aLT**;  '"'Jt 
•aisf.tl  l»y 

a  '^(jlillo 
l;i-t  viiv- 

TilC    JMS- 

n  t'ltro.  Ti't 

out  hi.sc<  in- 

apprr'vi-'l  in 
nil-  wich  act 
cl.tilii<-'l  V"'* 

III  iic'viT  Ix-a 
»<»p!e  ill  -"■"• 
iu  oU.-'li*  life 
lei,    I '<(•.,   in 


sau'o  to  tlio  palace  was  adorned  with  triniiiphal  ardu .«!, 
biaiiiiL,^  descriptive  devices  of  his  iniHtary  j)rowes.s 
against  the  Eiighsh,  and  his  wise  administrative  acts 
in  Central  America.  The  services  of  the  Galvez 
wtn-  compared  in  emblems  and  verse  with  those  of 
the  Vespasian  family  in  ancient  Rome."  On  the 
saiiio  (hiy  he  took  the  oath  of  office,  before  the  I'eal 
aciierdo,  administered  to  him  by  1-Jegente  IleiTei-a. 
AVith  the  conclusion  of  peace  between  Spain  and 
Eiigland,^^  Galvez  was  free  to  (Unvote  his  atten- 
tinii  to  public  affairs.  Many  improvements  in  the  cap- 
ital and  elsewhere  were  made;  he  was  zealous  in  the 
kiii'-'s  service,  and  iealous  of  anvthinsx  that  miudit 
jnove  detrimental  to  the  authority  of  his  sovereign, 
irnu'e  his  disapproval  of  the  aid  given  the  revolted 
(.•iilonies  of  North  America  to  attain  their  indepen- 
dence, and  of  the  treaties  afterwai-d  concluded  with 
tliom.  He  foresaw  dangers  to  Spanish  domination 
ill  America  from  the  presence  of  a  democratic  le- 
jiuMic.-'*  Amidst  high  duties  well  performed  came 
(Icitli.  On  the  IGth  of  September,  1784,  he  lav  ill  at 
Taculiaya,  unable  to  sign  his  name,'"'  and  some  Indians 
lii'iiULiht  him  to  the  citv  on  a  litter.  After  re- 
(vJviH'jf  the  sacrament  and  executijig  his  last  will, 
111'  hieathed  his  last  the  3d  of  Novendjer.  The 
4l]i  being  the  king's  birtiiday,  the  remains  could 
ii"t  be  laid  in  state,  so  the  ceremony  was  post- 
ji  lied  to  the  next  day,  when  the  death  was  pi'omul- 
uatcd  by  tiring  three  guns;  after  that,  one  gun  was 
liivd  every  half  hour  till  the  morning  of  the  8th, 
\\\\v\\  the  funeral  cortege  left  the  palace  for  the  con- 

•■'  Vclnzijiiez  de  Leon,  La  EMirpe  Vexpaiiiana,  1-27. 

•'TiK'iu'wa  reached  ^Icxioo  a  few  dayH  after  ( Jalvcz  assumed  liis  duties. 
Till'  irowii  on  tlic  '2"Jd  of  Oetoher,  ITSIl,  (irdeiid  ecrtaiii  diliii'iiHtriilinii-^  of 
I'icly  and  rejoicing  to  celcliratc  that  auspicious  event,  as  well  as  the  liirtli 
^ivi  u  to  twins  by  the  prineesa  de  Asturias,  heiress  to  the  tliinue.  /,'<■/(/<>, 
<inli-n.<^  MS.,  iv.  ;?l.'i-l7.  ]>e fore  the  celehration  tlie  twins  had  died.  Liaii 
yh''iiii>,  (.'(irtft,  in  JJirc.  Uiih:  lll<t.  Ui'itij..  x.  1^7^. 

■Tills  is  given  on  the  autlioi-ity  of  Andi'es  Muriel,  w' o  was  constantly 
Diarth.'  viceroy.  BiiHdnnaiile,  Siij/lciiwiifo,  in  I'aro,  '/'r)'<  St-Jas.  iii.  ."(l. 

''  \  fac-tiimilu  of  his  signature  was  alii.\ed  to  pulilic  doennients  meding  it, 
with  a  .btaiiip  by  the  secreUuy  of  the  viceroyalty.  Gvintz,  Dkirht,  \\i',\. 


III 


m 


3SS 


VICEROYS  FORTY-SEVEN  TO  FORTY-XIXE. 


\ 


vent  of  San  Fernando,  whore  the  remains  wore 
deposited,  with  religious  I'ites.""  As  a  mark  of  appiv- 
eiation  of  tlic  purity,  u])riglitness,  and  ability  shown 
))y  Galvcz  during  his  rule  in  Mexico,  the  king  on  tin- 
'J()th  of  March,  1785,"''  decreed  to  relieve  him  ol'  ,1 
i-esideneia,  and  consequently  his  estate  of  the  expeu:  .■, 
incident  thereto. 

It  was  at  this  interesting  period  in  American  his- 
tory— 1783 — that  Cth-los'  principal  secretary  of  state, 
Pedro  Abarca  de  Bolea,  conde  do  Aranda,  having  k - 
turned  with  a  leave  of  absence  from  Paris  Mhere  he 
went  by  express  order  to  sign  the  general  treaty  nf 
j)eace  with  Great  Britain  b}'  virtue  of  which  th(»  in- 
dependence of  the  United  States  of  America  was 
afterward  recognized  by  George  III.  and  his  govon- 
nient,  made  a  sweeping  suggestion  to  his  sovi'i-eiun. 
]Mitertaining  a  favorable  opinion  of  the  state  of  Icaiii- 
ing  and  culture  prevailing  among  the  Spanish  Anicii- 
cans,  ho  recommended  the  creation  of  three  indepeml- 
ent  monarchies  in  the  king's  American  dominidns, 
each  under  a  prince  of  the  Spanish  reigning  family. 
Carlos  for  himself  and  his  successors  assuming  Ih^ 
title  of  emperor,  and  the  latter  for  all  time  to  In 
recognized  by  the  American  monarchs  as  the  head  dt' 
the  family.     Marriages  of  the  new   sovereigns  and 

'8  The  viceroy's  last  will  called  for  a  hunihle  funeral,  but  theaudicncia  Ah- 
rc.cartlcil  tlic  wish,  oHioial  L'ti(|uctte  requiring  it,  and  caused  the  vicerc^ral  aiiil 
military  honors  to  1)1' paitl.  JUarn,  C'oh.  Mcx.,  i.  4."),'?.  The  body  was  ooiTtcil 
from  the  foot  of  tlu'  ]ialace  stairs  by  six  colonels,  the  captain  of  the  liiiUn  i- 
diers,  (.'onde  de  Santiago,  and  the  master  of  the  horse,  Agustin  Yafiez.  'J  hi' r 
leginients,  regular  troops  and  militiii,  and  the  company  of  halherdiers-  the 
last  as  the  guard  of  honor  of  the  andiencia — took  part  in  the  ]iage;int.  'i  In 
mass  at  the  church  was  celebrated  by  the  precentor  of  the  cathedrid.  '11. > 
following  gentlemen  acted  as  mourners:  the  fiscal  de  real  hacienda  in  tlif  n  iil 
andiencia,  Ramon  de  I'osada  y  Soto;  the  secretary  of  the  viceroyalty,  I'lmi- 
eisco  Fernandez  de  Cordoba;  Fernando  Jose  .Mangino;  OolonelJuanCani^iii^" 
of  the  Corona  regiment;  and  Josi5  Chavez  and  Fi'ancisco  Cabezon,  cxecuturs 
conjointly  with  the  above  named  Posada  and  Cordoba.  GoriifZ,  Dhtrh.  I'.Ki-T; 
Valviz,  Sohmiifix  Exiijitiny,  2.  On  the  4th  of  March,  178"),  there  were  sulriiin 
obsecpdes,  with  er.logy  of  the  deceased,  nil  the  civic  and  ecclesiastical  Imdin 
being  in  nttendai  ce;  the  ceremonies  were  imposing.  Xext  day  the  :n  i. 
bishop  ofTiciated  at  the  mass,  and  a  sermon  was  preached.  Goimz,  Viariu,  '2(Kt; 
O'd/n:,  KliMi'io  I'Vimlin',  I-4'2. 

'-'  Ordvitcs  de  la  Coroiiu,  MS.,  iii.  50. 


ARANDA'S  SCIIKMi:. 


t!i(ii"  offspvinj^  and  iiour  ci^nncctlons  were  to  bo,  ns  a 
matter  of  policy,  with  iiu'iuljcrs  of  the  royal  laiuily  ot* 
Spain,  and  vice  versa.  Treaties  of  reciprocity  for  coiii- 
iiicire,  and  of  offence  and  defence,  were  to  l)e  niado 
]irt\vei'n  the  European  and  American  sovercij^nties, 
and  I'oi'ever  maintained  in  force.  France,  the  family 
iillv,  was  to  bo  specially  favored  in  her  manufactuics. 
julations  of  any  kind  with  the  British  were  not  to 
lie  tolerated.  The  ajjcii-randizement  of  the  now  re- 
|nil)li(',  or  of  any  other  ])ower  that  might  establish 
itself  in  Amei'ica,  was  also  to  be  averted. 

Tin}  three  kingdoms  thus  proposed  to  bo  erected 
^v(l•l'  Mexico,  Peru,  and  Costa  Firmo.  Cuba,  Pnito 
]\\vo,  and  one  or  two  more  islands  were  to  bo  retained 
lo  servo  as  entrepots  to  foster  the  national  trade. 
Every  argument  that  could  bo  adduced  iu  favor  of 
tliis  project  was  brought  fortli  in  a  memoir,  and 
among  them  the  following:  The  largo  extent  of  the 
possessions  and  their  great  distance  from  the  mother 
((luntry  rendered  it  difficult  for  the  supreme  govern- 
ment to  protect  them  against  foreiijfii  hostilities,  or  to 
ol.tain  correct  views  on  affairs,  so  as  to  adoj)t  the 
wisest  and  most  eflticacious  measures  for  the  benefit 
of  tile  country,  to  check  abuses,  and  administer  jus- 
tice. S;>  far  as  the  peo|)lc  of  America  were  concerned 
tlie  lienefits  were  obvious,  chief  among  which  was  the 
laeility  with  which  they  might  resort  to  the  sovereign 
iiiitlioiity.  All  the  dilHculties  enumerated  of  course 
tendetl,  as  was  afKrmed,  to  brood  discontent  among  the 
I  rown's  American  vassals. 

AVe  have  the  assurance  that  Aranda's  scheme  was 
seriously  considered  by  the  king  in  council,  and  that 
it  Would  have  boon  resolved  in  the  affirmative,  had 
tlieie  been  in  those  countries  a  larger  number  of  [)ure 
white  ])eoi)le  and  mestizos  able  to  withstand  the  pos- 
^ilile  atteni[)ts  at  subjugation  b}'  the  other  more 
immerous  races.  This  fear  of  danger  was  attributed 
to  Curios  himself,  in  whose  lips  were  placed  words 
suggestive  that  in   the  event  of  the  subversion  of 


tiii 


■;iisi- 


m 


w 


300 


vici:koys  forty-skven  to  forty-xinf:. 


it 


tlio  u|)[)er  classes  by  the  lower,  tyranny  and  licen- 
tiousness would  follow,  smothering,  i)erhaps  in  its 
very  cradle,  each  national  autonomy.  How  the  ]iin. 
]>osed  new  ])olitical  organization  was  to  increase  this 
danger  does  not  appear.  Possibly  opposition  on  tlic 
part  of  Great  Britain  was  foreseen,  or  Carlos  ((niM 
not  he  brought  to  voluntarily  abdicate  his  undi\  iucil 
stnei'eignty  over  the  immense  domains  of  Amciirii. 
Aranda  at  an  audience  persisted  in  his  views,  l.iit 
the  king  continued  his  objections."^  The  plan  was, 
therefore,  postponed  to  a  future  day;  and  the  policy 
of  crossing  the  races  was  warmly  })ersevered  in. 

The  real  object  in  view  on  the  minister's  i)arl,  as 
avowed  by  him,  for  an  independent  Mexico,  w.is  to 
counteract  Anglo-Saxon  supremacy  and  ]>rotestaiiti>!ii 
in  America.-''  Indeed,  Aranda  ap})rehended  sdiuiis 
evils  to  Spain  from  the  act  he  had  just  perfornud  at 
Palis,  on  the  ground  that  the  American  federal  n  - 
jiublic  would  in  due  time  assume  greatness,  and  Ibrgd 
the  benefits  received  at  the  hands  of  France  and 
Spain,  and  think  only  of  self-aggrandizement;  andtliis 
Avoukl  naturally  be  at  the  expense  of  the  Spanisli  pos- 
sessions in  America,  beainninij  with  the  Floridas  in 
order  to  obtain  control  of  the  oulf  of  Mexico.*' 


Hf 


The  administration  of  public  affairs  had  been  hy 
direction  of  Viceroy  Galvez  in  charge  of  the  real  au- 
diencia  since  the  20th  of  October.  On  the  eveninn' 
of  the  3d  of  November,  just  fifteen  minutes  alUr 

-'*'It  is  rclateil,  niul  I  give  the  story  for  Vihnt  it  may  be  worth,  iln  m- 
iii<;  it  will  suited  to  the  eharacter  of  botli  men,  that  the  kiiiy  i)lay:i::ly 
tv.ittcil  the  minister  with  stuMioniness,  anil  was  repaid  in  kind,  '(.'diiili'  'W 
Aranda,  thou  art  more  stul)l)orn  than  an  Aragoncse  mule.'  'I'aiildu  im . 
jilcase  yimr  Majesty,  I  know  another  still  more  stuhborn  than  myself.'  'An'l 
who  may  he  he?'  asked  the  king.  '  Tlio  saered  royal  majesty  of  mylii-''' 
lurd,  Carlos  llf.,'  was  the  rei)ly.  The  king  smiled  and  dismissed  him  with 
his  usual  ail'aljility.    T<ju>t,  Liijiras  Jiidic,  ;^. 

-*  '  Xeutralizar  la  preiioteucia  y  consiguientes  infliicncias  de  la  rnza  saj"iiii, 
y  con  i^llas  del  iirotostantismo  eu  el  Nuevo  Mundo. '  Murt'mcz,  V.  J.,  Siiiu/"ii 
hid.  jito.'xi/.  polit.,  i.  20. 

^^'Aramla,  Mem.  S<<-ri'ta,  in  Varifiilfidi's  deJuri.ip.^  v.  app.  39-43;  Ai-amln, 
Mini.,  ill  A7  Iniiicudor,  iii.  blS-Go;  Jiaminz,  \lda  de  Muloiiiuu,  in  Ica.hal- 
celu,  Col.  de  Doc,  i,  cxvii.-viii. 


I 


BERXAT^DO  DK  OALVEZ. 


SOI 


tli.it  ruler's  (Ifjitli,  the  aiuliciicia  held  a  iiicetini;  to 
;isirrt;iin  on  whom  the  governnieiit  jshoukl  devolve, 
iiiiil  tiiei'e  beintjj  no  pliego  de  provideiieia,  or  inortaja, 
it  liicMiiie  ex  ottieio  the  governor  and  oaptain-jjfeneral 
(it'llic  kingiloni  of  New  Sjjain.  This  faet  was  duly 
iiiiiinunced,  and  the  regeiite,  Vicente  de  Herrera  y 
llivcid,  foruially  took  possession  of  the  l)aton,  and 
]ii-.  xuted  himself  with  it  in  ])ul)li('."^  There  is  no  rvr- 
nid  th.it  duiinf(  the  rule  of  that  body  of  about  ei^ht 
jiiid  a  half  months  it  did  anvthin<''  worthv  of  notiee, 
si\i'  that  under  ai)prehensions  of  certain  desiuiis  of 
till'  Jhitish  on  the  j)ort  t)f  Trujillo  it  ad<)i)ted  j))ecau- 
tiiMis  to  defeat  them. 

Tilt;  succeediii!^  and  forty-ninth  viceroy  was  I3er- 
ii;n(lo  de  Galvez,  ]\radrid,  Cabrera,  Ramirez,  y  jNIar- 
(|ii(Z,  conde  de  Galvez,^"  a  })ensioned  knight  of  the 
iny.il  order  of  Carlos  111.,  commander  of  J^olanos  in 
till-  order  of  Calatrava,  and  a  lieutenent-ufeneral  of  the 
kind's  armies.*'  The  conde  de  Galvez,  a  son  of  his 
jircdccessor  in  office,  was  now  about  thirty-seven  yt^ars 
iifai^'e,  c<f  noble  mien,  gentlemanly  dei)ortna.'nt,  iVaidc 
and  atl'able.  He  possessed,  in  short,  the  requisite 
iHi.iiilications  to  make  him  p()|)ular  with  all  classes. 
The  i({)utation  had  preceded  him  that  in  eveiy  act  o^ 
liis  government  elsewhere  he  had  shown  mildness, 
united  with  a  just  and  eidightened  spirit;  and  his 
Course  in  ^Mexico  confirmed  repute.      His  young  wife, 

"  O'l/imz,  Did  rill,  190.  Herrera  liitd  1)een  some  time  an  oidor  in  the  iiiidi- 
CDoia  wliiii  he  was  liuidc  the  re;^'ente  of  that  in  ( liiateiiiala.  a  newly  ereattMl 
otliie  whii  h  he  hehl  till  Septeinbi  r  ITN'J,  when  he  was  i)iuinute(l  to  reL;ente  of 
M«\i(.M.  lie  was  afterward  enlled  to  the  eoiuieil  of  thi^  Indies.  His  wife  w:is 
II  cl,-.ii„'hter  of  the  conde  de  licgla;  and  lie  Wiis  also  at  a  later  day  eteatid  a 
Ilia  iniis.  Udtli'x  C(diil(t-i,  MS.,  ii.  ].">!(;  Alnuidii,  l)i^irt.,  iii.  ajij).  74.  Jlis 
i."Ili;i;.'iie.s  were  the  oidores  Antonio  de  \'illanrniti;i,  lialtasar  J^adron  de 
f'li'  \iu;i.  Joaiiulu  Oaldcano,  Mi^'uel  C'ali.xto  de  Acedo,  .Josi?  Antonio  de  Uri/ai-, 
lluin  rto  N'.de  Lnyando,  Si'"., on  Antonio  .Miriifuentea,  Kusehio  Ventura  llelefia. 
Juiiii  .lose  Martinez  de  Soria,  cscrihano  de  c;'iniiira.   ('<itiilitri'\  MS,,  iii.  4tt. 

•■"rhe  editor  of  the  Gnceta  'Ic  Mrxiro  for  l7S()-7,  in  the  dedieation  of  it  to 
tlie  \  ieerijy,  calls  him  vizcondo  de  Galveztowu,  as  well  as  eonde  de  (ialvez. 

"■  For  distinguished  services  he  was,  even  after  being  called  to  the  vice- 
roy.ilty  of  New  Spain,  to  retain  his  former  otiices  of  inspector-general  of  all 
trn..|i,sin  America,  and  captain-general  of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas.  witli 
their  pay.  Gaz.  de  Mc.c.  (1784-5),  i.  .'$•20;  Id.  (1780-7),  ii.  '2r,l  ;  Jirf<u'i, 
/•'■"■/'.,  i.  pref.  1-2.  The  news  of  his  appointment  us  viceroy  reached  Mex- 
ico April  2j,  17So.   Oomtz,  JJiurio,  2UU. 


;» 


M 
il 

m 


808 


VICEROYS  FORTY-SEVEN  TO  FORTY-NINE. 


Frlfcitas  do  Saint  ^laxont,  a  native  of  Tjouisiana  nuil 
of  J'^n'Mcli  extraction,  was  a  lady  of  surpassinj^^  l<>vi  li- 
ness,  cliaiitaldo,  <,n'a('ioUH,  and  inti'lli^^'nt,"'  Scain  ly 
more  tlian  tiftoi-n  years  liad  elaijsed  since  tlie  vituii--; 
{j^eneral  had  l»een  in  Mi'xico  in  an  liuniMe  position  .mkI 
^vitll  scanty  nieans.''^  He  had  serve<l  as  a  suhahi  in 
in  I'ortnLi^al  in  I7G2.  The  marques  do  Croix  nave 
liini  a  connnission  in  the  Corona  re<j:inient.  He  liiids 
liiniself  a  little  later  n  ea|)tain  in  the  same  re,t,nni(  nt, 
serving'  as  comandante  de  armas  in  Niieva  \'izc;iy;i, 
A\  here  he  ]>unished  the  Apaches  in  several  encouiili  is, 
l>ein«^  himself  wounded  several  times,  once  <iuitL' 
severely.  Ho  afterwai'd  went  to  Hahana,  .';n(l  in 
1772  to  R|)ain,  whi're  he  continued  his  militaiy  m  i- 
vioo,  and  followed  it  up  in  America  with  hiiHiiuit 
success,  obtaining  rapid  promotion  till  ho  readi'd, 
with  other  honors,  the  highest  rank  but  one  in  the 
army.^" 

'^Spnninrds  nnd  Mixicans  cniiie  to  regard  her  hi<,'Iily,  mid<iiig  nimli  of 
lior,  find  she  greatly  eontributed  to  her  husband's  popuhirity.  Citiynrir'x  Jli-t. 
J^oiil.'iidiifi,  Ki."). 

^•'Of  this  he  was  good-naturedly  reminded,  after  his  exaltation,  nnd  >'Iiil' 
advice  given  liini,  in  a  iiasijuin  tliat  was  found  fastened  ou  the  wall  of  tln'  i  alace 
the  yth  of  August: 

'  Yo  to  conocl  pcpita 
Antra  fjuc!  fut'i'as  melon, 
Jlancjii  liic'li  I'l  baston 

Y  c\iiila  la  fraiin.'sitft.' 

Another  quartette  favoralily  eoniiiared  him  and  his  countess  -with  tlit'  in- 
spector of  the  troops  und  his  wife  who  had  eome  together  with  Galvez: 

'  ]:!  vircy,  ni  ly  Init'iio, 

"l.a  viiviiia.  mi'jcir; 

J-.l  ill  ;icrliir  (.'1  (liablo, 

V  .^11   ]  lUgi.T  ;  iioor  I ' 

The  last  two  lines  refern^ii  i;ily  to  the  ill-temper  of  the  couple.  Goim-z, 
JJhirlo,  -JOI),  1213-14. 

^'''  In  177'>  as  a  captain  ci  infantiy  he  took  part  in  the  landing  and  ndit  <  f 
the  Spaniards  with  the  Algerines  on  the  Algiers  bcaeh,  and  \\as  .seiicm.-ly 
MDiiniled.  This  won  him  promotion  to  lieutenant-colonel,  and  to  suiciiu- 
tendent  of  the  militiiry  school  at  Avila.  The  next  time  we  see  him  n.  c  ilniul 
in  command  of  a  regiment  in  Louisiana,  and  soon  afti'r  ))Ia<'ed  in  tiinpmarv 
charge  of  the  government,  Avhen'in  displaying  good  judgment,  he  ai.'^o  I:'! 
.'^onie  successful  liruslies  with  the  J.'ritish;  howasthen  made  a  hrigadicr.  Jin 
military  record  in  Louisiana  secius  to  have  been  marlicd  by  brilliaiicy.  i 
have  no  space  to  tletail  his  deeds.  Su^licc  it  to  say  that  lie  deflated  the 
IJritish  in  several  actions,  and  took  from  them  aided  by  the  Freiuli.  .Mol.ilo 
viih  a  large  ([uaiitity  of  arms  and  many  prisoners.  After  that,  with  Iiis  mwii 
forces  he  laid  siege  to  I'eiisacol.'i,  and  captured  it  with  all  its  forts,  artllli  ry 
uiid  other  arms,  and  ti  large  number  of  prisoners  whom  he  granted  tlic  hmaii.--  if 
vav;  among  them  were  the  governor,  captain-general,  and  the  general  ii'iii- 
munding  the  English  forces.    At  I'cnsacola,  which  he  entered  iu  a  brig  called 


POPULARITY  OF  OALVEZ. 


303 


On  tlio  inornin<»'  of  the  21)tli  of  ^[ay  l~S''  a  special 
iiirssi'iiLjer  arrived  in  ^fexieo,  ami()iiii('iii«;;'  that  tho 
iK  w  viceroy  luul  arrived  in  Vera  Cruz,  and  on  tlio 
;i(jth  w<»ukl  start  for  the  ca[)ital.  On  th(!  ](!tli  of 
June  he  ai-rived  at  the  tcnvn  of  San  C'rist(')I)al,^'  and 
received  tho  connnand  from  the  regente.  Duiin^''  tho 
(hiy  he  wan  honored  and  niaj^niificently  entertaineil  hy 
till'  real  consulado,  the  archhislioj),  courts,  I'tliij^ious 
(inlers,  corporations,  and  citizens,  TIk^  next  niornin<^ 
at  ten  he  reached  (luadalupc.  After  the  relii;i<>us  cer- 
ciiiuiiies,  and  havini^'  been  i,a'eeted  hy  the  audient'ia  and 
others,  ho  pursued  his  way  to  tlio  capital,  enterinij 
aiiiiilst  tho  greatest  marks  of  respect  and  enthusiasm, 
aiiil  a  salute  of  iifteen  guns.  Tlie  same  salute  had  been 
^iveii  to  tho  vicereine,  \vlio  had  gone  in  advance  es- 
rnited  by  the  police  of  tho  real  acortlada,  four  halber- 
diers at  the  .stoi)s  of  tho  carriage,  and  a  squad  of  dra- 
l;ik)iis,  Tho  people  manifested  their  joy  in  many  ways.'^ 


the  Odtvcztown,  ho  waa  again  wouiulcd.  The  result  of  his  cani]iaij'iis  waa 
tli:it  111'  till  tho  Mexican  gulf  of  the  iiiesenee  of  the  I'ln^ilish.  ]li-)  .serviees 
v..  IV  nwariled  witliout  stint.  It  is  true  that  his  uncle,  .los'''  de  (lalvez,  was 
tln'  liiiiu'.s  niinisier  for  the  Indies,  Idit  h<;  had  well  deserved  of  his  soveieign 
i.Kil  iiiiuitrv;  i)if)nioted  suecessivel;,'  to  niariscal  de  eain|ioand  lieuttnant-gen- 
ir:;l,  a  title  of  Castile  was  also  given  him  with  the  pri\ilege  of  adding  on  his 
mill  (if  jirnis  the  motto  'yo  solo,'  for  his  prowess  at  I'ensaeola,  and  one  of  tlio 
llinrs  (le  lis  <if  Limisiana.  It  was  also  ordered  that  tiie  liay  of  I'eiisacola 
sl.iiiilil  thereafter  be  nnincd  Santa  Maria  de  (Jalvez.  He  Mas  next  granted 
kiiiL.'iitly  honors,  and  later  appointed  governor,  eaptain-geni'ial  of  ('ul)a, 
iiinl  inspector  of  nil  Spanish  trooiis  in  A^nerica.  He  was  finally  exalted 
■  1  t':i-  position  of  viceroy,  governor,  president,  and  eaiitain-gineral  of  New 
■^I'liii.  W'iien  tho  Uriti.sh  (leet  under  Admiral  llond,  cnnveying  tlie  royal 
I'.'.iki'  "f  Lancastci',  visited  in  April  ITS.'}  the  poit  of  Ou.'irico,  the  duke, 
\\i.>lii!i^'  to  know  the  young  hero,  called  et  his  head-i|tiarters,  and  on  tho 
I'liiuli  general.  Galvez  being  absent,  the  latter  had  to  do  tiic  hunnrs  U)  tho 
I'liiii  I-.  liut  the  former  as  n  maik  of  respect  sent  to  the  duke,  Mitii  a  full 
l«.riliiii,  theeiiief  of  the  Natchez  and  his  aeeompHces,  wiio  were  iiniler  sentence 
I't  iliMth  for  plotting  in  the  interest  of  the  Knglish.  The  i)riiiii- wa.--  niuch 
)i!iiisiil  lit  this,  promising  to  report  it  to  the  llrilish  king.  <!ir..  tic  M'  .r. 
(l7Mi-7),  ii.  pref.;  Udciia,  l}iciiii.,\.  ])ref.  .'!;  liiiriti,  Orarioii /I'nn lu-r,  1-40; 
r"/;/",>!,  ('ar'a  de  pr»niif',  in  Fi'slie.  /)ir.,  i.  no.  1 1,  I-Ui.  Whilst  he  was  !.'f)V- 
ciiinr  ill  ]lal)ai.;<  ho  extended  a  kind  trt^atuient  to  some  Americans  wiio  had 
liuii  liiought  there  as  ])risoners,  for  which  the  secretary  of  tin'  Amn-ican 
'iiiiLfriss  wrote  the  conde  d,"  Floridablanca  to  thank  liim  in  the  nami^  of 
coiii.q(ss  for  dalve/'  generosity.   I'ircni,  Cli.h.  de  J/r.c,  i.  4.')(i. 

■  lie  made  wliai  was  called  an  'entrada  niista,'  haviiiL:  on  his  way  visiti'd 
ills*  I'iiiIjUi,  and  Tlascala  next.   Pcuwx,  Vir.,  in  Mtminn.  Dnm.  h'-<j'..  MS.,  'A. 

""Iloth  the  vicei-oy  and  vicereine  were  loudly  cheeied.  lioekcts  and 
tlnni  IS  iDrmcd  groat  features  on  the  occasion,  Uvintz,  JJiurlo,  "JO'J-lU;  Gar.,  de 
Mex.,  1784-5,  i.  326-7. 


.^i|)i 


i^i 


394 


VICEROYS  FORTY-SEVEX  TO  FORTY-XIXE. 


f« 


^\ 


*! 


At  the  palace,  his  commissions  being  produced  iniil 
r(^ad,  lie  took  the  oath  of  office  bcfijre  the  real  acucrdd, 
The  lest  of  that  day  and  the  two  following  were  s[)oiit 
mostly  in  ceremonials  and  compliments.  I3ut  he  soon 
after  devoted  his  attention  seriously  to  public  afHiii\ 
His  short  rule  was  marked  by  two  great  calamities,  tlio 
loss  of  crops,  consequent  upon  heavy  and  continuous 
frosts,  and  famine  followed  by  an  epidemic.  To  ukh 
the  latter  he  was  foremost  in  liberality,  not  only  von- 
tributiiig  12,000  pesos  remaining  from  his  fathers 
estate,  biit  borrowing  6100, 000  more  for  the  same  jivi"- 
pose.  He  formed  a  board  of  relief,  and  used  e\;i v 
exertion  to  supply  the  city  with  the  necessaries  ut' 
life. 

One  day  while  transacting  business  with  the  boaiil, 
information  reached  him  that  the  alhondiga,  or  \)n})\'w 
granar}',  was  empty,  and  that  poor  people  could  gut 
no  maize  for  the  morrow.  Hushing  into  the  streits 
witlioiit  an  escort,  or  even  his  hat,  he  walked  to  tlie 
nliiondiga,  where  he  took  steps  to  keep  up  the  suj)])]y. 
When  the  people  saw  him,  and  learned  what  had 
brought  him  there,  tlie}^  were  moved  to  tears,  ami 
escorted  him  back  to  the  palace  in  the  midst  nt' 
acclamations.-''*  On  another  occasion,  the  Saturday 
j)rece(liiig  \\^•^^  Sunday,  April  8,  178G,as  Galvez  was 
riding  trom  the  country  house  called  El  P-Misil  to 
meet  the  audiencia  for  the  general  visit  of  prisons, 
either  purposely  or  accide:  tally *'4ie  encountered  thixf 
])risoners  on  their  way  to  the  seafibld,  followed  hy  ii 
labble,  who  besought  the  viceroy  to  spare  the  coii- 
denuie(l,  which  was  done.  Much  obloquy  was  hea]i('d 
u|>()n  (ialvez  for  this  act;  he  was  charged  not  only  w  itli 
the  deliberate  intent  of  saving  the  criminals  to  win 
favor  with  the  populace,  but  of  misrepresenting  tlio 
facts  to  the  crown. ^^     He  stated  that  under  the  cii- 


I 

I 


'*  Itiixti'iviaiiti',  Siqihm.,  in  Cai-o,  Tren  Shjlon,  iii.  58. 

^'.lusi''  Ooim^z,  one  of  his  guard  of  liidberdiers,  .says  in  Ida  Dinrio,  2.'?(i,  tlint 
it  wnti  tlio  latter;  '  t^ui'ctlio  la  casuuliilad  cjiic  eu  la.  est.acioa  do  la  c:i!'i.'i  1  ;il 
BUjilicio,'  aiv  ldn  own  words. 

^^iiunluinuiih',  Siqiltm.,  in  Cavo,  Trcs  Si'jloes,  iii.  02-5.  That  author  i.i  viry 


INTREA?ING  INFLUENCE. 


39j 


ciiiiistanccs  it  was  his  duty,  as  tlic  agent  of  a  benign 
sovereign,  to  heed  the  clamors  of  a  people  then  stricken 
liv  lainine,  misery,  and  disease.  Be  it  as  it  may,  the 
iiown  confirmed  the  viceroy's  act;  bnt  at  the  same 
time  added  to  the  approval  a  reproof;  for  he  was  di- 
recti'd  in  future  to  abstain  when  possible  from  going 
out  nf  the  palace  at  such  hours  as  prisoners  were 
usually  taken  to  the  ])lace  of  execution. 

A  certain  distance  had  been  heretofore  maintained, 
as  a  matter  of  eticjuette,  between  the  ruler  and  the 
ruled.  Ver}'  few  could  approach  the  viceroy  with  any 
(Ic^i'ce  of  intimacy.  Galvez  ignored  that  practice,  and 
iVoiu  the  moment  of  assuming  the  vicegercncy  of  his 
sdvcic'ign  in  New  Spain,  established  close  relations 
witli  the  chief  families,  without  in  any  manner  lower- 
ini^'  by  miduo  familiarity  the  decorum  of  his  high 
]»isiti(>n.  His  countess'  attractions  aided  to  awaken 
tntlinsiasm  and  to  win  affection,  at  the  same  time 
exalt iiig  the  office.  He  caused  his  little  son  and  heir 
Miguel  to  be  enrolled  in  October  1785  as  a  private 
ill  tlie-  grenadier  companv  of  the  Corona  rejiinient, 
(Ui  which  occasion  the  boy  was  bandied  I'rom  hand  to 
liaiid  among  his  new  comrades.  The  same  da}''  the 
lather  gave  a  banquet  in  the  throne-room  to  the  offi- 
cois  uf  the  refjiment  and  the  menadier  companv,  and 
also  entertained  civilians  on  the  flat  roof  of  the  jtalace." 

Such  acts  at  such  a  time,  tending  to  unusual  popu- 
larity, awakened  at  court  sus[)icion  of  treasonable  in- 
tent. Some  authorities  assert  tiiat  the  viceroy  enti'r- 
taiiK'd  the  plan  of  setting  up  a  throne  for  himse'lf;  that 
wlieii  certain  of  the  affection  of  the  I^Ii'xieans  he  began 
to  fell  his  way,  throwing  out  andtiguous  ivmarks  of 
tlmilije  meaning,  which  could  not  com})romise  him. 
With  his  more  '';timate  friends,  they  say,  he  would 

siV(  ic  in  his  strictures,  ainl  liiys  on  Galvcz  the  rcsj  oiisiljility  for  fnturo 
Liiimscoiiimitteil  by  two  of  tliosc  reprieved  men  whicli  tiimUy  carried  thciii 

'■  Tills  is  the  version  given  hy  Gomez,  DUirh,  217-lS.  On  the  '20tli  rf  An- 
j-'iwt.  l7S(i,  the  sergciuits  of  the  Conniii  reu'iineiit  oanie  to  tlie  jiahice  to  ].'ac>j 
til  till-  \iciToys  son's  shoulder  the  epaulet  of  a  second  ser|.'eanc.   /'/.,  •JIU. 


\m 


iNt„|H 


I'l"  \ 


300 


VICEROYS  FORTY-SEVEN  TO  FORTY-NINE, 


iV 


?♦ 


discuss  the  present  superiority  oi  afFairs  over  tlicse 
of  M(  ntezuiiiu's  tiiuc,  referring  to  the  elements  ]i(,>. 
sessecl  by  the  country  to  become  an  indepenclcnt  iiinn- 
arcliy.  At  other  times  he  spoke  of  the  difiicuhics 
there  miidit  be  to  keep  up  uninterruj^ted  relati'»ii.s 
with  the  mother  country  in  future  wars  with  Jjr^- 
kuid  or  France,  now  that  their  navies  were  bcconiiii'4 
so  much  more  powerful  than  Spain's.  Then  he  would 
expatiate  on  the  need  the  jNIexicans  had  of  erect  in.;- 
strong  fortifications  at  certain  points  in  the  intt  ridi', 
aud  of  making  other  preparations,  so  that  they  could 
rely  on  their  own  resources  in  the  event  of  a  foreii^ii 
invasion  when  Spain  could  afford  them  no  aid.  Tims 
he  would  hint,  his  accusers  said,  that  Mexico  received 
no  benefits,  but  on  the  contrary  much  injury  from 
maritime  wars,  and  all  because  of  a  useless,  inciel'ensi- 
ble,  and  damaging  connection  with  Spain.  Tlie  IVc- 
quent  social  gatherings  at  the  palace  and  at  private 
houses  are  said  to  have  afforded  him  opportunities 
for  quietly  promulgating  such  ideas.*^  Aiiotlier 
cliarge  advanced  against  the  count  is  that,  to  furtlier 
gain  the  good-will  of  the  people,  he  invited  the  ayuii- 
tamiento  of  the  capital  to  stand  sponsor  of  a  ( liild 
sf)on  to  be  born,  and  which,  if  a  girl,  was  to  be  nnined 
Guadalupe  after  the  worshipped  })atroness  ol'  tlic 
city."  The  reconstruction  of  Chapultepec,  and  the 
peculiar  form  and  strength  given  it,  likewise  aroused 
suspicion.  It  was  not,  they  said,  a  palace  lor  tin; 
viceroy's  pleasure,  but  a  masked  fortress,  or  a  eit.idil 


...11 


fl 


^? 


'■' Al;i]n;(ii  seems  to  give  ci'ctloiiee  to  tlic  clinrges.  Discrf.,  iii.  iijip.  71  li. 
OtliiTs  say  tliiit  kttcr.s  were  written  to  Spniii  Ipl.iniiiij:!  fJalvez  f'"'  1"'^  '.iiiii- 
emtio  deiiicanor,  jiiiil  foretellini;  a  iwolutioii  like  tluit  of  the  Uiiiteil  SUiies. 
r,iislinu(nii<>,  S'ljiliDi.,  ill  ('(tro,  Trci  iS'iiliiii,  iii.  {>');/,' in  ra.  Gul).  Mr.f.,  i.  J'l", 
ami  otluis.  ]liiiiil)ol(lt,  sjieakiiig  on  tlio  subject,  is  loath  to  give  credi  im;  to 
the  eliar;;e.  E.-<m'i  I'ijf!/.,  •2M. 

*•  The  iiersdii  iirst  invited  to  lie  godfather  was  Fci'iiand  ■  Maiii'iiio.  su].!'!'- 
inteiulent  of  tiie  mint,  \\lio  eonrteously  gave  way  to  the  ayuntamii'iitn;  iliij 
Mas  after  the  eity  eoniieil  eNjuessed  tlie  wish,  the  father  lieiiig  alr'.ady  d.  ;i'l. 
IJiit  more  anon.  A7  /mllc'if/dr  ite  lit  Fcil.  J/r.r.,  iii.  170,  in  an  ai'tiele  liilici' 
ciiiiti'ihnted  to  or  eoined  from,  and  also  aiineariiiir  in  Mora,  llii'ol.  M'.r..  iii. 


JSII-UO.    won 


hi 


so  appearing  in 


dieatc  that  t!;o  infant  in   (inestion  was  Ikjiii   in  the  \in'- 


rny'.s  lifetime,  when  there  is  evidence  beyond  doubt  that  it  wu.s  a  iKistinminu!! 
child. 


I 


CHARGES  OF  TREASOX. 


307 


cut  IIKHI- 

iflictiltii.s 
rt'latiitiis 

ho  woiiM 
civet  ill" 

illtcl'inl', 

lev  coulil 
[I  foiviLi-ii 
d.  Tims 
roei'iv(.'d 
iry  iVoiu 
luiol't'iisi- 
Tlu'  liv- 
t  pviv.-itij 
))'tuiiities 

^VllotluT 

')  fnrtlicr 
lie  nyuii- 
'  ii  child 

)0  11,'lllK'il 
5     of     tilO 

and  tilt' 

aroused 

I'or  til.! 

ti  cilwdi'l 


i.  njip.  71  Ii. 
r  liis  ilf'.ii'j- 
ilcil  StiiU's. 

I/'..-.,  i.  i:,7, 

crcilUKi;  to 
ll'illd,   SlII'iT- 

licnl":  this 
liv;Hly  .l.ii.l. 
I'tirlc  (illii'f 
./.  Mi.r..  iii. 
ill  the  \ici'- 
liiistliiniiiilis 


to  roininand  the  city.  The  expense  incurred  was 
Iihl;*'  and  disapproved  by  the  crown,  but  the  order 
raiiif  out  when  it  could  not  annoy  Galvez.  If",  as 
(1  linked,  the  viceroy  was  plotting  independence,  his 
mil'  was  too  short  for  his  ambition. 

Otliei's  scouted  tlie  imputation  of  treason,  and  said 
that  lie  who,  like  his  father,  and  his  uncles  the  mar- 
(IUl's  de  Sonora,  and  INliguel  de  Galvez,  aml)asfiador  at 
Berlin,  had  been  so  exceptionally  favored  by  tlseir 
poviieign,  would  never  lend  himself  to  treasonalde 
silhiues;  and  further,  if  gratitude  would  not  deter 
'"..11  *'<'ii"  of  the  consequences  would.  And  again,  if, 
,1  ']>A-  mt's  accusers  say,  his  ambiguous  behavior 
i^aN  •  rise  to  suspicion,  how  is  it  that  neither  tlie  sov- 
ir;iL;ii,  nor  his  ministers,  nor  the  audiencia  or  other 
authorities  in  New  Spain,  gave  information  of  it?*' 

1  am  inclined  to  doubt  the  truth  of  anv  charge  of 
treason,  and  for  tlie  followinix  reasons.  On  the  22d 
ef  ^Fay  178G,  the  audiencia  sent  a  petition  to  the 
king  that  the  count  might  be  retained  at  the  head  of 
the  government  in  New  Spain,  recounting  his  merits 
and  services  to  the  cro\\n.  Speaking  for  the  people 
(tf  ]\[exico  tlie  oidores  praise  his  benevolence;  the 
wisdom  o^'his  measures  in  government;  in  the  subju- 
gation of  hostile  liKlians;  in  the  arrangement  and 
division  of  i\.<'  pv  vii'cias  internas ;  and  generally,  iu 
evriythirg  he  Jinl  done,  all  which  they  declare  as  con- 
diieive  to  ibii  j)i  blic  welfare  and  happiness.  To  that 
]ietition  the  klL^,'  : uiswered  on  the  18th  of  August 
ii'oiiiising  to  retain  Galvez  as  viceroy  in  ]Mexico,*"  so 
Diig  as  he  might  not  be  more  urgently  needed  ibr 
f'ther  duties.  The  idea  of  treason  seems  not  to  have 
oceiirred  to  any  one  at  the  time,  and  what  follows 

*'Tt  is  stft*^  i  tlint  he  received  severe  rclinkes  fi-nm  tlio  crown  tluit  so 
pri'viil  upon  ;  ^  r>iiti(l,  as  to  lireak  ilowii  liis  iicalth;  that  lie  ln'caiiu;  iiichin- 
t'l:i'ly,  and  t.i  \:.-'<i  ill,  whit'li  luiich  alarmed  the  ]HMi|)le,  and  jirayers  ^^(■l■(} 
(1:>ily  uttered  iii  .  '  .  -t  every  liousehoM  for  their  idolized  ruler  and  friend. 
llii.^t.iiiiaiitc,  iS'/ /.       ..  in  ''urn,  Tn.i  Siijlo':,  iii.  (!,">. 

^'"  Para  satisf.<ecioa  y  consuolo  de  sus  Viisallos  de  N.  E,'  Bdiiia,  Ihrop., 
i  iii'<  f.  ;i-4. 


Ii 


'"•'J 


\. 


•mil, 


398 


VICEROYS  FORTY-SEVEN  TO  FORTY-NINE. 


I 


I 


i 


1^ 


w 


tends  only  to  disarm  the  impartial  observer  f  f  anv 
suspicion. 

The  young  viceroy  was  stricken  by  disease,  and  on 
the  9tli  of  October  178G,  a  consultation  of  physicians 
toolv  place  at  the  palace.  On  the  13th  the  sacraments 
were  puljlidy  administered  to  him  in  the  presence  of 
the  iirchbisliop,  curates  of  the  parishes,  religions  or- 
ders, and  courts.  The  dean  of  the  cathedral  chapter 
olHciated."  On  the  Olst  the  patient  was  reincncd  to 
Tacubaya  i.;  ;  '"'*^er,  hopino-  Ijcnefit  from  tlie  c]i;iiiir(> 
of  air.  On  i,  th  of  November,  feeling  his  vuA 
approaching,  he  executed  his  last  will,  his  estate  boin;,' 
estimated  at  a  trifle  over  40,000  pesos.  Eight  days 
later,  the  IGth,  extreme  unction  was  administiivil. 
]  [e  then  addressed  his  family  inmost  touching  ti  iiiis, 
such  as  drew  tears  from  all  ])resent.  On  the  ni(»rniii:,f 
of  the  30th  he  expired,  aged  about  38  years,  and  liis 
remains  were  transferred  to  the  palace  in  the  city.^** 

At  the  funeral,  on  the  4th  of  December,  tlie  luLih- 
est  honors  were  paid;  the  civil,  military,  and  ecclesi- 
astic authorities  and  the  people  contributing  to  the 
splendor  of  the  rites,  the  cathedral  chapter  defiayi!!^' 
the  ex))enses.  The  body  was  deposited  temporarily  in 
the  cathedral  church.^* 

On  the  30tli  of  November,  after  the  viceroy's  de- 
mise, the  audiencia,  who  had  charge  of  aflairs  In'  (!al- 
vez'  direction  since  the  IGth,  took  formal  ])ossessii)ii 
of  the  government,  no  plicgo  de  providencia  ha\iii'4 
been  found,  and  the  regente  Eusebio  Sanchez  Panja*' 

*' This  was  at  11  o'clock  in  the  morninp  ;  the  viceroy  wore  his  full  ■Ircss 
niiifoiiii  (if  a  lieutenant-gcnenil,  and  icceivcd  the  euchurist  standing.  '.'"//(C, 
JJoirlo,  -248. 

■'^It  has  heen  hinted  tliat  the  court  got  rid  of  liim  l>y  nioniis  of  ^.lison. 
Lantivi,  l>i.-<ri(rMH  //i'(.,  .VJS.  1  I'mkI  noividciiec  to  siistniu  the  charLii'.  The 
niaiiitV'Ntatiiins  of  sorrow  liy  the  people  it  woidd  lie  dillieult  to  desciilic.  (inz. 
llr  M.y.  (ITSd-T),  ii.  •J,-)I-'J. 

■"'Later,  in  May  17S7,  it  was  taken  to  the  San  Fernando  ehiirch,  :inil 
pl.'ieed  ne.il- tliatof  Matiasde  Oalvez.  /</.,  'J-VJ-,');  Uuinv.,  Dinno,  '1~1\  I'lif', 
Vir..  ill  Moiiiiiii.  horn.  I'l^p.,  MS.,  04. 

""  This  Lrentlenian  wiien  mi  oidor  of  Mexico  was  made  regente  of  tiic  aiiili- 
oneia  of  (luadalajara,  being  the  first  to  have  tiiat  otliee,  which  he  licM  till 
17Mi,  V  hen  he  lieeanie  tlie  third  I'cgcnte  of  Mexico,  li'cnltn  (Viliilnn,  MS.,  ii. 
lo'J.     liis  eollcagius  in  the  government  were  the  same  tliut  the  former  re^cntu 


A  NOTABLE  BIRTH. 


pr  (•[  any 

c,  and  on 
>liysifian.s 
Lcraiiiciits 
CSC  I  ice  of 
i.i^ious  or- 
.1  cliaj)tcr 
iruncd  to 
u;  clinii^fc 

liis  end 
ate  Ijciu;' 
i.U'lit  days 
inistcivd. 
!,uf  terms, 

liioi'iiiiii^' 
,  and  liis 
!  city/** 
\]\c  iiiuli- 
(l  ec'clcsi- 
,L>'  ti)  the 
1(-Ti';iyi!)<f 
fjrarily  in 

rov's  do- 
sliydal- 
ossossidii 

I    llJlxillLj 

Pareja^^ 

his  full  ilipss 

ling.    IjaiJlC, 

IS  (if  ^  >ii-f'n. 
li.iiui'.     The 

'scrilir.    (I'nz. 

L'luinh.  iiinl 
-I-  ,  /  "/ •  -, 

of  tliejiiiili- 

Ik-  IxMtill 

Ills,  MS.,  ii. 

•lUt'f  I'l'-'LlltO 


Iactin.u?  'IS  captain -general.  On  the  1st  of  Deocniber 
the  ninrques  de  Sonora,  ministro  universal  de  Indias, 
wiis  (tificially  apprised  of  these  occurrences,  and  of  the 
t'aet  that  the  commissions  issued  by  the  late  viceroy 
had  all  been  endorsed  by  the  ]>res(Hit  ruler.  The 
aiidiencia  on  the  same  day  petitioned  the  kinu^  to  ex- 
tend to  the  widow  and  her  children  the  utmost  liber- 
ahty  consistent  with  the  condition  of  the  royal 
tna.^ui'y.  To  the  chief  secretary  of  stat(%  conde  do 
Fhiiidablanca,  a  despatch  was  addressed,  to  be  fiir- 
wanli'd  post-haste  from  Coru'^'n,,  with  the  object  (jf 
|iieiiarin<^  the  marques  de  Sonora  to  hear  of  his 
iie[ihew's  death. "^ 

l)ecember  12th  at  1:15  in  the  niivjit,  the  vicereine 
oave  hirth  to  a  girl,  who  was  christened  on  the  19th 
and  given  the  names  of  j\Iaria  <1e  Guadalupe,  Ber- 
iianhi,  Felipa  de  Jesus,  Isabel,  Juana  Neponuicena, 
and  Felicitas,  to  which  was  added  afterward  that  of 
F(  rnaiida,  as  a  compliment  to  one  of  the  sponsors. 
The  sponsors  were  the  '  nobilfsima  ciudad  de  ]\Iexico,' 
represented  bv  tlie  cf)rre<xidor  Colonel  Francisco 
CVispo,  a  kniglit  of  Santiago,  and  Josefa  Villanueva, 
wife  of  the  senior  oidor,  Jose  Angel  de  Aguii-re.  The 
U'ldlather  at  the  contirmatiou  was  Fernando  Joso 
Mangino.  ]^oth  baptism  and  confirmation  were  ad- 
iiiiiiistei'ed  by  the  archbishop  on  the  same  day."''^     On 

iiM'l  in  17^."),  excepting  Luyaiio,  nnC\  adding  ( "o.snie  clc  Mici-  y  'rrcspMlacioa  and 
•lii;m  l"i;iin.i.-i(.'o  du  Andu.  Ikknn,  JUrop.,  i.  pruf.  1;  DnliiKs  ili'  In  Citruun, 
.M>..  iii.  .JT,  V.  4. 

■'  TIr'  R't'cipt  of  the  fir.st  despatch  was  aeknowh  dL;cd  on  the  '21. st  of  I'Vl)- 
ru,-ii y  I7"^7,  conveying  the  king'.s  sorrow  at  the  loss  of  so  valnidiie  a  siiliject. 
Kiniiiialilanea  on  the  ■_'7th  <if  the  same  month  notllied  his  colleague  ot  iho 
Iiiilics  de[iartment,  of  the  king's  high  appreciation  of  the  late  c'ount's  distin- 


f;iiisii< 


.1  .^e 


CCS.  ami  that 


ja'ovi.sioii  ni   vaiioiis  ways  liail   hccn  decreei 


d  f( 


las  l:in:iiy.     Accoi'ding  to  the  niari|ncs  de  Sonora  s 


letti 


1' 


hruai-y  "JSth 


t'l  liis  iiiuce,  that  iirovision  \\a.s  as  follows  :   to  the  countiss  dowager,  so  long 
"■*  >he  remaineil  a  widow,  the  yearly  )iei 


1,   xni   I  fi  III] 


In;   of  .")(!, (WKt  reale.s 


ilcvc'.ldu  !.■<•_'. ."ilKt),  free  of  media  annata;  to  young  Miuuel  de  (lahe;',  heir  to 


t.ic  title,  tiie  eiicomienda 


lioh: 


in  tl 


10  order  o 


f  Calatravi 


d  to  tl 


I'thcf  meiiihers  of  the  family  the  following  yearly  i)ciisiiins:  to  the  ]>ost- 
liiiiu'Mis  child.  .StioO  if  a  l)oy,  or  SliOO  if  a  girl;"  to  \latilda  de  (ialve/  !i<;(0(); 
:uiil  to  the  half-si.ster,  Ade'laida  Detrehan,  .S-Joo.  J!,/,  fin,  Jtiinji.,  pref.  7-10. 
-This  was  the  grandest  jKifornianee  of  the  kind  hitherto  witnessed  in 
M(-,iiip.  The  city  presented  the  viceieine  a  pearl  neckl.Kc  of  the  value  of 
?ll,t"ia,  au«l  the  babe  another  worth  .S4,(XX).     The  archbishop  and  Maiigino 


'^' 


1*1 


it 


400 


VICEIIOYS  FORTY-SKVEX  TO  FORTY-XINF:. 


the  Gtli  of  May  1787,  came  an  order  from  the  crowii 
to  pay  tlic  couiites.s  dowaj^er  30,000  pesos  for  In  r 
pas.sage  to  Spain.  She  left  tlie  city  on  tlie  '2ot]i  with 
her  four  ehildren.^^  Aoeordnii,'-  to  Gomez,  Dtorio,  i2!»,s, 
on  the  10th  of  June,  1788,  the  residencia  of  tlje  Lite 
viceroy  was  pubhshed  with  httle  forinahty,  forty  djiys 
being  allowed  within  which  to  present  cha  -^es  t<j  lii.s 
successor. 

f.icli  pave  a  goUl  plate,  spoon,  knife,  anil  fork.  The  vicereine  returniMl  t!ie 
fonipliinent  Ijy  i)re.senting  lior  coniailrc  the  nuit(?rial  for  a  rlre<3  worth  .*I.(W: 
to  the  archhisliop  plic  gave  a  gold  box  garnished  with  eincniM!*  and  a  fXTtoial 
of  diamonds;  to  Mangiiio  very  rich  and  specird  niatcrird  for  two  «lres.s<.<:  :t;v\ 
to  tlic  con"i,'idor,  a  cane  with  (i  gold  head  garnished  with  dianiondH.  Mtir.  h 
7,  1 787,  wa^j  the  first  day  that  the  vicereine  showed  hei-self  in  tlie  streets  w  i*li 
her  guard  of  honor,  since  her  husband's  death.  She  attended  ehuich  ui:h 
her  two  sisters  and  ehihlren.  The  palace  guard  paid  lier  niilitJiry  honors,  tin; 
same  as  nl  'n  her  hii.aband  lived,  (hiim-::,  JJiurio.  '2."rJ-.'{,  "Jlil.  The  tw.i  ^i-t^;s 
above  alliuhd  to  were  Victoria  and  Maiian.a  de  Saint  Maxent;  Ixith  \mk 
jiiarried,  the  former  to  Juan  Antonio  de  Riauo,  and  the  latter  to  Manui.l  il; 
Flon,  afterwanl  condc  de  la  Cadena.  Both  husbands  were  killed  in  the  war 
of  independence.  Abiman,  Hist.  M<j.,  i.  7i">. 

'"''  She  wiis  accompanied  as  far  as  Vera  Cruz  by  the  new  snpc-rintendcnt  (f 
tlie  mint,  Francisco  Fernandez  de  Cordobn,  and  the  secretarj-  of  th<-  vice  ruy- 
alty,  Fei'nando  de  C(jrdoba.  On  tlie  Otii  of  June  she  sailed  fn^m  Vim  (.'niz 
on  the  ship  El  Astulo.  Voma-.,  Jjiario,  '270-1,  "274,  -70;  Btteiia,  li-roi).,  i. 
pref.  5. 


I 


lie  crown 
i  for  1](  1- 
:5tli  with 
irio,  i!'.'N. 
•  the  lato 
>rty  ihy< 
jes  to  Ills 


returncil  the 
lortlisi.fKx): 
ii<l  a  jM'it'ji:,! 

n<lH.  Miii-.h 
streets  \\v!i 
fliiiicli  \vi:Ii 
y  li')iioi-s.  ilif 
e  two  ^i-t^;i 
t;  Iwtli  wi  K 
.1)  MaiiUt-1  ili; 
1  in  tlic-  \\ar 

•int<-n<loiit  cf 
tin-  vicomy- 
tn  Vtni  t"niz 
a,  /•'•"'/'.,  i. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

MILITARY  SYSTEM. 

1C4'2-1808. 

Early  Efforts  to  Provide  Forces — Oroanization  Beohn-  -Diffichlties 
AND  Changes   in   Policy — IJEorLAR  Tkooi's  — Urban   Companies— 

ruoVIXCIAL  REIiniENTS  AND  UaTTA LIONS— PrF.SIDIO  COMPANIES — CoAST 

tliAiujs — Effective  Force  for  War— Artillery  ani>  Other  Sri-- 
I'MEs  —  Pkrote  as  a  Deposit — Sea-coast  Defences — Fuutkesses  on 
]5()Tii  Seas — Naval  Stations — Pay  Department — Pay  of  Officers 
AND  Men — Pension  Sy'stem- Anni'al  Expenditure — Kelioiois  De- 
•  pautmunt — VicARio  General — Tenientes  Vicarios  Genekales  — 
Akmy  and  Navy  Chaplains — Fcero  Militar,  and  its  Jldiciauy 
System. 

TiiF,  (lancfer  of  forciijn  invasion  in  time  of  war  did 
nut  (.'s('a})e  the  attention  of  a  military  man  like  the 
Vicoi'oy  Cruillas.  He  formally  reported  to  the  court 
nil  the  defenceless  condition  of  New  Spain,  all  the 
ren'ular  force  at  the  disposal  of  the  government  being 
uiic  regiment,  called  La  Corona,^  in  Vera  Cruz,  some 

'  '{"lie  earliest  organization  of  anything  like  a  regular  force,  apart  from  that 
eiiipldvi'il  to  keep  liostile  Indian^!  in  check,  seems  to  have  Ijcen  in  1(J4"2,  when 
II  li;irt;iliim  witli  12  companies  of  infantry  of  ahont  120  men  each  was  formed, 
wliiise  ollicers,  all  men  in  high  positions,  eiieerfully  piiid  tlie  expense  of  organ- 
ization and  arms,  i/our.ulvz  JJdrilu,  Tmiro  Ecli.f.,  i.  101;  (lii'ijo,  ])iuri(>,  in 
/>(»'.  y//.s'.  Mex.,  1st  ser.  i.  20-1;  Cnvo,  Tivii  Sltjlix,  ii.  1(1,  followed  l>y  seviTivl 
otlii'is.  This  was,  it  is  presumed,  the  nacleiis  of  the  body  of  infantry  w  iiicli 
ill  1711  WHS  organized  into  a  regiment  whose  ranks  were  filled  mostly  with 
niiirims  ot  the  escuadra  de  barlovento  when  it  visited  Vera  Ciuz.  It  was  thru 
HuiiU'il  La  C'orona,  and  its  chief  object  was  to  garrison  that  port.  Previous 
to  iiiul  alter  1042,  between  10.15  and  104!t,  on  several  occasions  a  few  coiiijianics 
wtie  formed,  destined  to  be  short-liveil,  their  support  iieiiig  too  much  for  the 
trpusiiry.  'J'iicir  last  disbandnient  was  in  I04!t,  after  serving  seven  months  and 
teinlays.  Gii'ijo,  Diario,  in  I(l.,i.  1st  ser.  20-21,  :i  I -2; /.'((•(  ca,  <.'(//<.  .l/-./.,  i.  ll.'l. 
Airaiu  ten  companies  were  organized  in  1001.  diujo,  Dhirio,  in  /</.,  i.  1st  ser. 
4ii(i  il.  Ii\  lOS.")  was  completed  the  organization  of  militia  on  the  coasts  of  the 
Mi\icai(  (lulf,  which  did  not  prove  of  nuicii  service,  as  the  bnccaneeiH  made 
i-iiiMru  raids  and  as  (piiekly  escaped  with  their  booty.  Itinnt,  lllfl.  Jakijxi, 
HiBT.  Mex.,  Vol.  III.    20  ( 4oi } 


'■Is 

'I 


■'ii 


m 


402 


MILITARY  SYSTEM. 


(IrajTfoon  companies,  a  few  soldiers  in  Acapiilco,  a  small 
luxly  of  artillerymen,  and  the  two  companies  of  tiic 
j)alace  (jfuard. 

The  militia  troops  consisted  of  urban  companies, 
mostly  made  up  of  white  men  and  mestizos.  In  tlir 
capital  there  were  some  companies  of  laborini^  nun. 
and  al)out  thirteen  or  fourteen  others  composed  df 
merchants  and  tradesmen.  In  Pnebla,  as  in  Mcxidi, 
was  aregimientodel  comereio,  which  had  been  cicattil 
about  1G9;3.  These  troops  lacked  a  knowleduje  of  the 
use  of  weapons,  and  to  enable  them  to  acquire  it,  tln' 
viceroy  asked  the  crown  for  exjierienced  officers  ami 
a  supply  of  arms,  urging  likewise  the  construction  in 
Perote  of  warehouses  for  the  safe-keeping  of  miiitaiv 
stores,  so  that  the  vicereufal  tjovernment  mii>ht  attoid 
prom[)t  aid  to  Vera  Cruz  and  the  Antilles.  Tliesc 
suggestions  wore  acted  upon  at  court,  and  on  the  iiist 
of  November,  17G5,  Lieutenant-general  Juan  dc  A'ill- 
alba  ari'ived  at  Vera  Cruz,  conunissioned  as  commander 
and  inspector  of  the  forces,  having  with  him  several 
mariscales  de  campo,^  atid  a  number  of  field  and  ckui- 
j)any  officers,  being  the  nucleus  of  an  infantry  leni- 
ment  to  be  known  as  the  America,  and  nearlv  two 
hunth'ed  non-commissioned  officers  and  drununers  tor 
organizing  provincial  infantry  and  cavalry  regiments. 


i.  100.  In  IGO'2,  at  the  time  of  the  riots,  were  formed  two  companifs  of  'lO 
men  encli,  that  had,  contrary  to  royal  orders,  not  heen  disbanded  in  lliilt, 
vliicli  bronglit  down  a  second  and  ))eremptory  command  to  break  tliiiii  ii|i. 
Jt'(ah,i  Crdii/dx,  .MS.,  7.')-G.  In  1745  there  were  14  comiianies  of  niUitia  in 
the  city  of  Mexico,  of  merchants  and  tradesmen,  who  serveil  on  occasil)Il^  u  In  ii 
the  reguhirs  had  to  march  out.  These  regulars  were  two  companies,  omot 
infantry  and  fine  of  cavalry,  to  guard  tlie  vicei'oy's  palace,  whicli  still  ('\i>k'il 
at  the  time  of  the  marques  de  Cruillas'  rule.  I'he  infantry  company  luul  :i  Gip- 
tidn-go\ernor,  a  major,  second  engineer,  lieutenant,  second  lieutenant,  iiliticz, 
adjutant,  ei,ght  sergeants,  I'J  corporals,  two  drummers,  188  privates,  iD.ntil- 
lerymcn;  the  cavalry  company  had  a  captain,  lieutenant,  second  licuti  naiit, 
alfere/,  two  sergeants,  four  corporals,  one  bugler,  and  1)0  privates.  Tin  iioist 
^^.•ls  4(5,108  pesos  a  year.  There  was  also  in  1738  a  company  of  24  iiidlirnliiis 
under  a  captain,  who  formed  the  viceroy's  guard  of  honor,  the  yeai  ly  ix- 
jiense  of  wliich  was  n.Kil  pesos.  ViHa-Sinor,  Thi-atro  Am.,  i.  lYi,  oO.  In  tii.it 
.sinie  year,  17">8,  there  was  also  a  battiilion  of  negroes  and  niulattoes.  with  a 
white  colonel,   t'crtijirarioii  de  Ian  Morcdfs,  MS.,  .")3-."). 

-Cfifo,  Ti'i'D  Sii/tox,  ii.  184.  'Panes,  I'ii:,  in  Moiiiim.  Dom.  Es/i.,  MS  .  I'JH, 
gives  their  arrival  in  1702,  naming  four  of  them,  Juan  Fernando  i'aheius, 
Criatobal  de  Zayas,  Antonio  Ricardos,  and  the  man|uOs  do  Rubi. 


JUAN  DE  VILLALBA. 


403 


Oeiicrfil  Villalba  befjan  his  labors  at  Vera  Cruz  by  rc- 
C()iistructiii<^  the  old  Corona  into  a  cavalry  reLjiniont,' 
wli it'll  was  thereupon  called  the  Espaila;  he  then  pro- 
oocded  to  the  capital  with  the  other  generals  to  con- 
tinue the  work  of  organization.  The  pay  of  each  lank 
was  at  once  e>^tablishcd.  The  Mexican  privates  it  was 
decided  should  be  drawn  by  lot  from  the  male  po[)u- 
lation;  but  this  scheme  was  not  then  enforced,  and 
that  of  voluntary  enlistment  was  for  a  time  adopted. 

It  liad  been  intended  by  the  supreme  govei-nment 
to  raise  one  regular  regiment  of  dragoons,  and 
three  others  of  militia,  light  cavalry,  and  dragoons; 
and  six  regiments,  with  twelve  companies  each,  of 
militia  infantry,  the  calculation  being  that  the  number 
ot  iiiilitiamen  would  reach  25,000.* 

The  development  of  the  system  was  left  to  General 
A'illalba,  under  the  orders  of  the  viceroy  as  the  cap- 
tain-general. In  order  to  smooth  the  way,  the  ofH<'ors 
Mi'ie  instructed  to  maintain  the  most  jrdial  rela- 
tions with  the  people,  and  to  make  the  necessity  for 
tlu:  (diange  evident  to  them.  Every  effort  to  r(Mider 
the  military  service  attractive  was  resorted  to.  ]\Iem- 
litis  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  were  induced  to  accept 
(••inmiissions  in  the  provincial  militia  by  granting  them 
tlu'  I'uero  militar"  and  such  other  distinctions  as  would 
llattcr  their  pride.     The  viceroy  had  the  choice  of 

■'With  tlie  Corona  and  the  dragoon  companies,  and  men  brou^Iit  from 
S)i,iiii.  Sonic  of  the  officers  and  men  of  the  former  were  made  into  ii  tliird  Ijjit- 
talinii  for  tlie  America.  ViUaifia  lowered  tlic  pay  of  tlio.so  troojjs,  and  of  tho 
inlirn  lists,  and  did  otlier  tilings  'sin  anueneia  del  Rey,' possiijlj-  iiicaniiig 
the  viicy.  PaiicH,  Vlr.,  in  Moinim.  Dom.  K.<p.,  MS.,  1"J0. 

'  T!ii.s  plan  eventually  had  to  be  aljandnncd.  Tlie  treasury  could  not  di - 
fi:iy  the  expense  of  iiiaintaiuing  an  army  of  regular  troops,  whieli  would  lie 
iiii  li  ss  than  three  million  pesos  yearly.  In  view  of  this,  the  king  ajijiroved 
ill  IT'-'T  and  17SSa]>lai>  of  Colonel  Francisco  Antonio  Crespo,  and  onitMid  its 
ixnu;  ion  with  a  few  modifications.  It  was  put  in  iitactice  in  ITS'.*.  Jlriiiiri- 
fort,,  IiiMrw:,  MS.,  U-lo;  lions,  Instrin:.  MS.,  •2(i-'J!). 

■''It  was  defined  in  a  royal  order  of  March 'J(i,  17S:2,  that  the  fuero  jiiilitar 
litluuL'cil  to  iiienihers  of  the  militia  only  wlien  they  were  in  actual  service. 
C"l.-/nrio,  MS.,  1.  GO,  82.  In  nrali-s  (Jidulas,  MS.,  ii.  "jS-O.'!,  appear  tin 
military  regulations  enacted  from  17GG  to  ITS'i;  rules  and  regulations  for  tho 
iiiililia  i.ssucd  ill  17G7,  and  tactics  for  dragoons  decreed  in  17GS;  pii',  ihgcw  of 
siililiei's  in  making  tlieir  wills,  and  in  the  settlement  of  their  estates,  all 
fiinii.  I-  grunts  lieing  confirnicd,  and  new  ones  added  in  the  rojal  order  of 
I'c-iiiilier  10,  1702,  and  July  21,  1700. 


i 


'm 


404 


MILITARY  SYSTEM. 


rf)l<>ncls  and  lloutcnant-colonels,  and  the  insportor 
miglit  select  the  other  officers  with  the  viceinvV 
sanction.  The  only  able-bodied  men  excluded  lidin 
the  ranks  were  negroes  and  Indians.  The  c((stas,  or 
various  grades  of  mixed  breeds,  might  be  admitted  to 
the  number  of  one  third  in  each  company,  and  w>^\- 
ments  of  any  certain  color  might  be  formed."  Tlir 
difterent  localities  were  to  pay  for  the  clothing  and 
other  needed  articles,  the  government  furnisliing 
arms. 

The  two  companies  of  the  viceroy's  guard  wcro 
mustered  out  of  service,  and  the  palace  was  thercafrir 
guarded  by  the  troo[)s  of  the  gairison,  the  halberdii  is 
being  retained.^  Dissension  so(m  arose  between  tlic 
viceroy  an»i  General  Villalba,  the  latter  assuming  in- 
dependent powers,  in  which  he  seemed  to  have  hrtu 
upheld  by  some  of  the  officers  brought  by  him  IVoni 
Spain,^  and  even  failed  to  pay  the  viceroy  honors  that 
were  due  him.  His  course  was  disapproved  by  the 
crown,  and  an  order  issued  for  him  and  the  mariscak.s 
Zayas  and  liicardos  to  return  to  Spain.'' 

*  The  provincial  reginicnts  were  intended  to  replace  the  old  urliaii  cf.ni- 
pnnius.  Colored  men  serving  in  them  were  exempted  from  personal  taxatinii. 
(Jnlciien  ill'  la  Corona,  MS.,  i.  l.'J4~.").  All  military  officers  were  exempt  finm 
taxation  by  royal  decree  of  ^lay  4,  17C0.  Prov'idendas  Iieak'i<,  MS.,  o'2.  J  lit; 
task  of  raising  wlilte  troops  was  not  an  easy  one.  As  late  as  ITT-"*,  aconunittic 
a]'pointcd  by  the  government  to  aid  in  developing  the  military  dufeucos,  tU- 
ilared  botli  the  old  Spaniards  and  their  descendants  unreliable;  for  at  the 
least  rumor  of  war  they  would  disappear,  there  being  in  them  none  of  the  'iM 
Koman  or  Greek  spirit.  Plan  dc  Dc/enm,  MS.,  4'J4,  in  Col.  Diar.  The  wliiti; 
natives  had  no  taste  for  the  military  service.  Of  the  enlisted  men  many  il  • 
(icrtcd,  despite  th(!  measures  adopted  from  time  to  time,  between  ITT^i  aii  1 
ISIO,  to  uphold  d'scipline,  and  to  cheek  vice  and  desertions,  and  other  vink- 
ti'iu  of  the  articles  of  war,  which  were  not  very  successful.  Ueali's  Onh.'nc,  i. 
'.V)4-S;  Arnlhnia,  Hemp.  (KS;{(i),  3-J3-4,  (1839),  !20S-30O;  Gaz.  Mux.  (ITbS-'.H, 
iii.  3:W-41;  (17!)-'-3),  v.  52'J-31;  (lSO-J-3),  xi.  37-8,  'ill-lo;  Bcvilla  O'nj"/  , 
lininlii.i,  ii.  no.  0;  Diario  Mcx:,  ix.  3in-'20,  xiii.  505-0.  It  is  not  siii|iiio;.i, 
that  tlesertions  were  common  ^\lien  we  consider  that  the  government  fuiicil 
and  accepteil  into  the  service  some  very  bad  characters.  I^cal  Cidula  (Mmv  7. 
1775),  in  Ciihdario,  MS.,  iii.  ir>-'J3;  L'stalla,  xxvi.  334-5.  The  natives  Litlnf 
oouhl  not  endure  the  strict  iliscipline,  or  disliked  the  dress  or  food,  or  iii:iy 
be,  'el  aseo,  como  poco  iicostumbrados  ii  dl  desde  su  nacimieuto.'  VUlarrwJ, 
L'lihrm.  Pulit.,  in  liuiilamuuti',  Voz  dc  la  Patria,  v.  lGG-7. 

'  Peides  Cfdiilas,  MS.,  i.  10. 

"A  colonel  was  suspended  and  placed  under  arrest  in  consequence,  .iii'l 
was  released  and  reinstated  only  by  Cruillas'  successor.  Vii:  Inslrur.,  M>., 
1st  ser.  no.  !),  1-8. 

"The  marcpies  de  Ilubi  was  sent  to  inspect  the  provincias  internas,  iiiid 


ARRIVAL  OF  TRANSPORTS. 


405 


After  this,  the  onrranization  of  the  forces  was  left 
to  the  viceroy,  who  was  an  exj)crieiice(l  soldier.  But, 
nsTIi-eat  Britain  had  in  her  Nortli  American  C()h)nies 
tlif  material  for  an  arm}',  and  in  Jamaica  a  naval  sta- 
tion, and  was  thus  in  a  position  to  strike  at  any 
iiioiiient  a  blow  against  New  Spain,'*^  the  government 
(lecnied  the  forces  already  organized  insufficient,  and 
X  vci-al  regiments  were  despatched  from  Spain.  By 
tlx'  18th  of  June  17(')8,  there  had  arrived  at  Vera 
Cruz  on  the  frigate  Asttra  and  seven  transports  the 
ivi;iincnts  Saboya,  Flandes,  and  Ultonia.  Later  came 
till'  Zamora,  Granada,  Castilla,  and  Guadalajara.'^ 
E;i{  li  regiment  was  of  three  battalions.  The  veteran 
{■>)•(•.;  now  in  the  country  consisted  of  10,000  men. 
Tlulr  uniform  was  white,  with  trinmiings  of  different 
colors  to  distinijfuish  the  regiments.  For  this  reason 
the  people  nicknamed  them  hlanqiiillos.  The  office 
of  sub-inspector,  formerly  held  by  a  maestro  do  campo, 
was  created  with  larger  powers  and  importance;  ho 
had  the  direct  management  of  the  troops.  The  mar- 
(|Ucs  do  liubi  was  appointed  to  it.^^  His  superior  in 
S[)ain  was  the  inspector-general,  who  at  that  time  was 
the  conde  O'Reilly."  The  chief  duty  of  this  officer 
was  the  discipline  of  the  troops.  From  time  to  time 
his  functions  wore  more  clearly  defined  till  1  BOG,  when 


I 


(iinor.il  Pal.icins  was  made  governor  of  Vera  Cruz.  Pnncn.,  V'tr.,  in  Mouiun. 
D'.i:,.  J:.^,,.,  MS.,  120-1. 

'  Siirli  an  oiiicigency  had  been  foreseen,  as  appears  in  the  corrcspondenco 
if  t!ic  iiiiirijiU'S  de  C'roix  witli  Minister  of  State  Arriaga  in  1770.  Bugtamuiitc, 
>::!■'■  III.,  in  Cdvo,  Trc/t  Siijfox,  iii.  (5. 

"  Tlio  sccretarj'  of  war  of  ^le.xioo  in  an  official  report  gives  these  names  : 
I'ltiiiiia,  Sal)oya,  Am<-rica,  Asturias,  Granada,  and  Zainoia.  Mix.,  Mim. 
''ii'i-rn.  IKio,  ().  The  fact  was  that  tlie  Asturias  came  out  in  a  ship  of  tiie 
liiii'  iii.Iunc  177C.  Gomez,  Diarin,  in  Dor.  Hist.  M<-x.,  '2d  ser.,  vii.  22. 

'•The  (I'ficer  was  called  cabo  suhalterno,  or  scgundo  caho.  Some  years 
r.ft;:-  ;■.  douljt  having  occurred  whether  he  should  take  the  command  in  chief 
ill  till'  event  of  the  vicuroy'a  deatii,  the  crown,  on  the  lOtii  of  .January  17N(J, 
li'  <  i'liil  tlic  point  in  the  negative,  adding  that  in  that  evint  he  was  merely 
t"  mnniiand  the  fon  es  sul)ject  to  tlic  real  acuerdo.  lie  was  declared  to  have 
ii'i  li'i'iogative.   Jt'enl's  Orili'iif^,  MS.,  iii.  158. 

■'  IVuni  this  time  Mexico  assumed  a  military  aspect,  and  retiiined  it  ever 
aftir.  JJii'</am(uUi',Siiiih'in.,  ill  Caro,  Trot  .Sh/lo<,  iii.  0.  A  jn-ovisional  regula- 
tii  n  fi."  tlie  army  was  issued  in  177-t.  JiurareH,  I'c'jlumcnlo,  1-32.  In  this 
s.iiiii.'  year  was  decreed  the  creation  of  a  cuerpo  de  iuvalidos,  which  was  or- 
gaiiizod  in  1779.  Mcx.,  Mem.  Uutrni,  1840,  37-39. 


•i    'I 


'II] 


Hliii 


m 


i.ra 


406 


MILITARY  SYSTKM. 


it  was  onlored  that  every  three  years  he  should  |m  i- 
•soiially  inspect  tiie  troops,  not  only  those  stationed  ;it 
the  capital,  but  those  in  the  provinces,  and  if  unahlr  to 
do  tliis  on  account  of  ill  health,  the  fact  was  to  he  (((u- 
fidentially  made  known  to  the  king  by  the  viceroy  i>r 
caj)tain-general." 

F(!ars  of  war  with  Great  Britain  having  ceased  in 
177"J,  the  government  mustered  out  of  garrison  duty 
tlnve  of  the  native  regiments,''^  though  the  drilling- 
of  the  militia  was  continued.  The  troops  from  Spain 
Avere  successively  sent  hack,  and  from  the  last  nf 
them,  the  Zamora,  were  retained  the  necessary  oihci  is, 
sergeants,  and  corporals  for  perfecting  the  orgaii- 
ization  of  the  provincial  militia.  Later,  the  occu- 
jvition  hy  the  British  of  the  Philippines,  and  the  revo- 
lution in  England's  colonies  in  North  America,  again 
warned  Spain  of  the  necessity  of  being  prepai-  loi- 
an  emergency.     But  no  preparations  were  nuu  Vt 

the  end  of  the  war  of  1783,  when  the  coasts  ot  >Tpan- 
ish  America  were  threatened,  and  the  forts  of  Onioa 
and  San  Juan  de  Nicaragua  were  taken  by  the  Engli-li, 
she  resolved  further  to  increase  her  military  estali- 
lislnnent  in  Mexico,  creatini;  in  1788  the  rcLjiments 
Nueva  Espana  and  Mexico,  and  the  next  year  the 
Puebla.  The  French  revolution  deeply  aftected  Spain, 
and  the  revolt  of  Santo  Domin^'o  a-iivo  rise  to  tlio 
creation  of  the  Fijo  do  Vera  Cruz  in  1793.  The 
Nueva  Espafia,  IMexico,  and  Puebla  were  afterwaid 
hent  away  to  serve  in  Cuba,  Santo  Domingo,  Louisi- 
ana, and  Florida.*"     But  between  1789  and  1794  tho 

"The  king  wisljcil  it  distinctly  mulcrstood  that  the  office  had  been  crmttil 
to  lie  ust'fiiil  to  the  royal  service,  and  not  to  be  a  mere  additional  autliohty  in 
tlie  country.  Ccdiilario,  MS.,'2j. 

'^ The  government  alwaja  wan  apprehensive  that  tho  natives,  \vith  ;iiiii3 
in  their  iiands,  might  revolt.  Hence  the  policy  of  transporting  and  iiiiiiii- 
taining  at  heavy  expense  in  Mexico  ono  or  two  regiments  of  Spaniards.  Hut 
iiotliing  was  really  gained  by  it.  A  few  months  after  the  arrival  of  sucli 
ti'oops  they  ■were  of  little  use.  Officers  and  men  pursued  pleasure  and  \  in', 
and  discipline  became  relaxed.  Some  of  tho  privates  got  tlieniselves  hiut 
tercd  out  of  service,  and  others  deserted;  and  when  a  regiment  went  b:uU  to 
Spain  it  was  much  smaller  than  when  it  came  out.  Villarroel,  Eii/erm.  J'o  il., 
in  liHuiumniitf,  Voz  de  la  Patiin,  v.  107. 

"'  From  Habaua  these  regiments  were  despatched  upon  the  useless  expc- 


PROVINCIAL  OROAXIZATIOXS. 


407 


fiircc,  l)otli  of  regular  and  provincial  troops,  had  been 
ivtliiffd  to  4,707  nien.'^ 

Having  tliUH  spoken  of  the  regular  force  in  jNIexioo, 
I  have  to  add  a  few  remarks  on  the  ])rovincial  and 
urlian  organizations.  Each  infantry  regiment  had  two 
Imttalions,  and  each  battalion'"*  five  co!n[)anies,  includ- 
iiiif  that  of  grenadiers.  The  effective  force  in  time  (»f 
jicacc  was  825  rank  and  file,  and  in  time  of  war  1,350. 
Ka(  h  cavalry  rc^giment  had  four  squadrons  with  uDl 
men  in  time  of  peace,  and  017  in  time  of  war.  Tlio 
(•niis(  ii])tion  age  was  from  14  to  40  years  inclusive, 
t;ikrn  first  from  the  unmarried  men;  but  if  the  able- 
hii(hc(l  of  a  district  did  not  cover  the  requisition,  then 
tin;  married  were  conscripted.  Officers'  commissions 
^vere  given  by  the  viceroy,  subject  to  confiiiiiation  by 
the  crown.-'''  The  provincial  regiments  ah«ady  organ- 
ized w  ei'e  disbanded  about  1 788  bv  the  conde  de  Kevilla 
(iige(h),  and  their  arms  taken  to  the  royal  warehouses 
in  .Mexico,  Perote,  and  Vera  Cruz.  They  \vere,  how- 
ever, restored  by  his  successor  al'ter  1794.-''    It  was 

lUti  '11  of  I'.iiyajii,  where,  by  the  'colmrilia  do  uii  oficinl  cxtrangcro,'  tlif  lionor 
( f  (iiiu  (  f  tliom  siill'frc'd.  Tlioy  gmdiially  rctiiriKMl  to  Mcxito  Kcveral  yi'ara 
i;tt(r,  almost  .sUcletons.  Ctciit'ial  Apixluca  brought  the  I'lU'bhi  and  oiiu  l)at- 
UWnn  of  thi;  MOxico  vjry  much  icduuod.  Thono  troojw  cost  a  great  deal 
(f  iiiiimy,  iind  did  no  useful  Bcrvicu  to  Jlcxico.  Jliislnmtui/<\  MctUiUi^,  MS., 
.'i.V-Ci.  ]  t  was  not  the  first  time  that  Mexico  sent  military  assistance  to  another 
>liiini.sli  colony.  In  1701,  news  having  conu)  that  hostile  Indians  were  atteinjit- 
iiiu'  lo  cii|)turo  the  fort  at  I'anzacola,  'JOUinfanti'y  and  some  aitillerymen  under 
miiiniand  of  Colonel  Luis  Ortiz  I'ariiUa  was  sent  there,  wiiourrived  in  .si'ason, 
ami  tlie  dilliculty  was  terminated  without  blootlshed.  Pains,  Vir.,  in  Munum. 
Jk,„i.  /;,y/<.,  MS.,  111). 

'■('crtaiidy  not  enough  for  general  defence,  though  the  conde  de  Revillii 
liii'i'ilo  had  deemed  a  larger  force  uiniecessary.  Urandhir/i',  Iiis/nir.,  MS., 
lll-l  1.  lie  thus  decided  .ngainst  the  order  of  the  court;  but  finally  organized 
the  liist  Datallon  Fijo  de  Vera  Cruz,  which  was  later  incrrasi;d  till  in  ISO!)  it 
liiiil  three  battalions.  Bustainitiitr,  Jlciliilas,  MS.,  i)i).  The  same  viceroy  in 
Kli'J  had  two  companies  of  light  infantry  created,  each  with  three  ollicers, 
iiiiil  ( iijlity  men  rank  and  file,  costing  for  the  t\\  o  compaiues  5f'27,fSlO  per  year. 
AVr/  7'(  ili'/nlo,  JJaiidoi,  no.  (59. 

'".V  royal  order  of  1798  placed  each  battalion  under  a  lieutenant-colonel. 
Arr;il.i,ia,  llerop.  (1830-C),  508-9. 

^•'hin-\o,  Mr«.,  V.  162-.320,  .389,  .').'j4;  vl.  1'2-.T2,  ir.9-3VG;  vii.  48-2.-)4;  viii. 
\V2,  114;  ix.  548.  Guz.  Mcx.  (1784),  i.  199,  '2S7-S.  Rivera,  //isl.  JnlaiH,,  i. 
KsO,  assi.M'ts  that  the  nominations,  made  by  the  ayuntamicntos,  were  often 
n\v:ii( led  for  money  to  the  highest  biddei's,  though  in  some  instaaces  the 
iiiHiKv  was  applied  to  the  fitting-outof  the  forces. 

•"In  1798  was  organized  the  Miehoacan  dragoon  regiment,  and  a  small 
i'ini|,anv  near  Cape  San  Lucas  in  Lower  California.  ..rl-C6/(2«,  litslruc,  MS., 
17^  a,  187. 


(••J 


,i[r 


408 


MILITARY  SYSTEM. 


i 
I 

:( 

*■ 


officially  stated  that  the  work  met  with  no  obstacles. 
-Nl'jii  voluntarily  enlisted,  and  wealthy  persons  aided 
with  their  pecuniary  nieans.'"^^ 

After  completing  the  orjjanization  of  the  provincial 
regiments,  the  government  had  of  these  troops  about 
10,000  men,  which,  added  to  5,000  of  the  regular  force, 
made  15,000,  of  whom  about  4,000  were  light  cav- 
alry and  dragoons,  and  the  rest  infantry.  There 
were  also  three  companies  of  artillerymen,"  miisLcr- 
iiig  about  400,  the  coujpanies  of  negroes  and  colored 
men  of  Vera  Cruz,  one  battalion  of  infantry,  and  two 
companies  of  volunteers  in  the  same  city.'" 

*'Tlio  wealthy  cor.tiilnito'l  not  only  moucy  but  gave  their  own  and  their 
sons'  services.  t'';<z.  Md.r.  (179.")),  vii.  7-8,  14-1(3,  '1-1-4,  33-5,  (Ki-S,  '.i."i  ij, 
1  iy-'20,  174-8.  The  niarqut^s  do  Braneiforte  was  prompted  by  hi.s  iiisatialili; 
avarice  rather  than  by  loyalty.  He  sold  commissions  at  his  own  prices,  piu- 
tendinj^  to  apply  the  money  to  the  purchase  of  arms  for  the  regiments,  which 
ho  never  did.  The  purchasers  wanted  the  fncro  militar,  so  as  not  to  he  iiinUr 
the  jnrisd'i^tion  of  the  common  law  courts.  They  were  of  little  use  when  ligiit- 
ing  days  came.  Biin/aniaiile,  Mcilldas,  MS.,  57. 

^^  The  artillery  corps,  down  to  the  end  of  the  Spanish  domination,  consisttil 
of  a  few  I'egular  and  provincial  companies,  there  being  a  very  limited  nuiahir 
of  fortified  places  ami  some  poor  redoubts  on  the  coasts  and  fronticivs.  Tlio 
.sub-inspection  was  in  charge  of  the  viceroy,  and  the  di.^ect  comnKuul  uinlcr 
an  ofiiccr  S3nt  from  Spain.  Tho  factories  and  everything  connecteil  a  ith  tiiis 
branch  of  the  service  were  finally  governed  by  the  regulation  of  Deceiiilioi  10, 
1807.  Mex:  Mem.  Gwrra,  ISJo,  10. 

'^'■^  Brani-iforte,  Inalruc,  MS.,  22-3.  The  following  list  appears  i;i  an 
official  work:  Infantry  regiments:  Mexico,  I'uebla,  Tlascala,  Ccu-dulia,  Ori- 
zaba, and  Jalapa  (the  last  three  places  forming  one),  Valladolid,  C'ehiya,  .nul 
Toluca;  battalions  of  tJuanajuato  i\\v}  Oni.m'.n..  412  nieii  each;  militia  of  Ta- 
basco, !)  conipaiii;;s  ol  free  colored  men,  and  one  of  cavalry  of  .S[«'ni.sli  Vdluii- 
teers,  1,018  strong;  22  companies  mixed  of  infantry  and  cavalry  on  tiio 
Mexican  (Julf  coasts;  2  comi)anies  of  negroes  and  colored  men  of  \'ora  Cni;;; 
light  cavalry  regiments,  Santiago  de  Qnerctaro  an<l  I'rincipe;  dragoon  ni.'i- 
ments,  I'uebla,  San  Luis,  San  Oiirlos;  dragoons  de  la  lleiiia;  lancers  of  ^'^'^l 
Cruz;  dragoons  of  Michoacan;  cavalry  on  tiie  fv;;;itier  ot  Siorra  ( !orda ;  dra- 
goons on  the  frontier  of  San  I.ais  de  ColotUiu,  being  9  conipaiii"S  witli  7J0 
men;  cavalry  on  the  frontier  of  tlie  colony  of  Nuev  )  Santandcr,  luiiiu'  ') 
companies  with  3(10  incu.  In  Yucatan,  one  battalion  of  I'olunteerf  of  Mi  i  I'la, 
another  of  whites  of  Campeche;  2  <livisi(>":s  of  colored  sliarp-shoot.'rs  of  Mi  iiil:i 
and  Can)peche,  eacli  division  with  8  companies.  Colon,  Ji;:.,jiid(m  M'llii.,  ii. 
527  8.  in  forming  the  urban  companies  of  Vera  Cruz  it  was  agreed  that 
lAlMi  necessaiy  tiie  citizens  should  bj  armeil,  the  ayuntamiento  fuini.-^hiiig 
500  men,  and  the  real  consuli'.do  500  more,  for  whom  the  government  jiro- 
videtl  l,(K)Onuiskots.  Azmna,  Jnnlrur.,  MS.,  172-3;  Miinjiihia,  Iwlrin-.  (l^iiKi), 
in  III"! r.ic.  I'/';-.,  184.  Humboldt,  Eioiai  I'olit.,  ii,  811-25;  Iil.,  \'cr>"(ih,\. 
30-51,  55,  gives  in  1804:  regular  force,  9,919,  and  militia,  22,277,  addiii,'  that 
of  tiie  32,190  the  number  of  disciplined  troops  scarcely  nniouuteil  to  S.(KH) 
or  10,(MK),  of  whom  3,000  or  4,000  had  considerable  luilitiiry  cxperieiiLC, 
iiiiniely,  tiie  cavalry  stationed  m  Sonora,  Nueva  Vizcaya,  and  \ueva  (ialiiia, 
marly  all  of  whom  were  natives  of  the  northern  provinces— tall,  robust  iii"iiii- 
tuiuecrs,  accustomed  to  all  weathers  and  hurdsliips.     Humboldt,  Tabla  AVu- 


mOVIXCIAS  IXTERNAS. 


400 


obstacles. 
'^iis  aided 

provincial 
ops  about 
ilar  force, 
cav- 
TI 

2 


ight 


ero 
iiiustor- 
d  f^olored 
,  and  two 


'wn  and  tlioir 
(i(i-S,  '.i.Vii, 
lii.s  iMs:iti;il)li> 
1  jiricfs,  pro- 
iieiits,  whitli 
t  to  ))(■  uiiiKr 
u  whoii  liglit- 

on,  consistci! 
itt-'d  nuiiiljer 
iitiurs.  The 
nianil  luuht 

t-'ll    .Vitll  tlli:j 

•eceniliur  10, 

pofirs   ill  an 
inlolKi,  (hi- 
C'l'liiyil,  :iiiil 
ilitia  lit'  Til- 
uii.sli  Vdlmi- 
iliy  oil  the 
'  \"or;i  ( Vii;:; 
raguDii  ivi;i- 
jurs  (if  \'('i':i 
'ionhi;  dia- 
'S  with  7J0 
er,  liciiiu'  (i 
'  (if  Mi'iida, 
■s  of  .Ml  liilii 
w  J/;///.,  ii. 
igrct'd  that 
fnriii.-hin,' 
iinu'iit  |ii'i)- 
rxr.  \\\X>\, 
Vtr.^iiih,  V. 
idilin,'  that 
L'd  to  SJKW 

3Xl)Cl'iclK.'(.', 

Vii  (iaiiria, 

Jlist  llb'llll- 

'ubla  Kfta- 


liCt  US  now  oxauiinc  tho  special  military  orcjaniza- 
tinn  of  the  provineias  internas,  sonic  of  wliicli  were  at 
iill  times  immediately  dependent  on  the  viceroy alty  of 
New  S])ain,  others  being  under  a  government  of  their 
own.  The  expenses  incurred  by  the  twenty  presidios 
and  three  flying  companies  existing  in  1721,amountetl 
to  ;170,000  pesos  per  annum.  But  though  the  treas- 
iiiy  liad  every  year  paid  out  the  full  amount,  tho  sol- 
dieis  were  defrauded  of  a  large  portion  of  their  pay.** 
Other  abuses  were  also  committed,  such  as  employing 
the  .soldiers  away  from  their  presidios  in  working 
mines  or  herding  cattle  for  their  captains'  profit. 
Officers  had  been  sometimes  d(,'spatched  by  the  vice- 
roys to  inspect  and  report  upon  the  jH-csidios,  but  no 
advantage  had  been  gained,  and  matters  had  gone 
from  bad  to  worse  till  a  complete  demoralization  pre- 
vailed. Moreover,  as  the  population  had  in  some 
ptirts  increased,  a  number  of  the  presidios  had  become 

(/(>7/'iY/,  .^^S. ,  0.")-G,  a  copy  of  which  is  said  to  h.ivc  been  left  by  the  author  in 
the  nrcliivus  of  tho  vicoroyalty,  gives  tho  v, hole  force  in  liSO."J  us  follows: 
Ru'idai'  ti(joiis  t),9"J4,  provincial  militia  'Jl,!),")!.  utIkiu  militia  1,().')9.  The  levy 
cjf  rciiT.its  lie  dcclaicJ  to  1)C  excessive  for  the  jKipulation.  Essu't  I'olit.,  i.  1173. 
'^'.Iiiiie  '27,  lOOS,  the  king  decreed  that  llio  payment  of  tho  iiicsidios 
should  1)0  punctual  every  four  months.  Recop.,  Iml.,  i.  ^^^-(i,  Gl'J.  Tho 
ciduii  iiud  from  time  to  time  issued  orders  t'.'iiding  to  the  etliciency  of  tho 
soiviic  ill  the  presidios,  and  providing  for  the  welfare  of  the  men.  Tho  fol- 
Idwiiiu  are  some  of  them :  Every  oliicer  or  private  soldier,  before  ;in  cxpedi- 
tidii  started,  might  with  a  proper  modesty  appear  before  his  superior,  and 
e.\|'i(ss  his  opinion,  and  any  ditlicultie.s  ho  might  foresee.  If  his  rcnuirka 
weie  well  founded  they  must  lie  heeded;  any  neghx't  of  tho  same  made  tho 
.superior  auienablo  to  a  fine  of  oOO  ducudos.  Sec  royal  decree  of  1(!'J2.  Vacan- 
cies ocurriiig  ill  tho  oliice  of  captain  of  jiresidios  were  to  bo  provisionally 
tilkil  by  the  captain-general;  after  which  tho  names  of  three  olliccrs  coinpc- 
teiit  lor  the  position  were  to  be  sent  to  the  king  accompanied  w  itii  a  .statemeut 
cf  the  .services  and  rpialitications  of  each;  ilio  aiipointnient  would  then  bo 
iiKiilc  :Vi)iii  the  t<  ma.  Mulattoes,  negroes,  and  iiiesti;:os  were  not  to  be  ac- 
o'litfil  as  soldiers  in  the  presidios.  No  soldier  was  to  )je  disiiiis.'^ed  ilie  scrv- 
ire  witliout  a  just  cause,    hi.,  oU7,  000-"J.     In  KJ.sS  and  lli!)0  tho  jiresidios 


jiail  incii   fully  supplied  with  men,  arms,  and  aii'.'iiunition. 
iiiirthdii  coast  had  not  been  neglected.     In  former  jears  each 
I  well  paid  agent  to  Mexico  fi.>r  its  .supplies,  who. 


to  SCIll 
tciidaiico 
iiwav  tli(. 


Tliosi'  on  tho 

iiresidio  had 

iitvr  dancin''  at- 


011  and  paying  much  reverence  to  t!io  otlicials,  obtained  i.nd  took 
goods  to  his  presidio,  at  the  risk  of  being  iilundered  (,n  the  way  by 
buliaii  raiders.  Under  royal  orders  of  104:i,  IGO.'i,  l(JGl,  and  1G7-,  the  vice- 
roys were  to  attend  to  those  supplies,  the  treasurv  ollicials  having  little  t(j  do 


Si'llli 


matter.     These  injunctions  had  been  overlo(jked.     IJut  in   IG88  tho 
taken  in  coin  to  those  presidi(js  by  the  armada  do  barlovtiito. 


lt)4-'Jl 


~'i  'J  UOiKjora,  Carta  al  Aliniruide,  MS.,  4;   Muiitunuii/vr,  Svmarios, 


410 


MILITARY  SYSTEM. 


li 


unnecessary.  Viceroy  Casafuerte  recommended  tlie 
promotion  of  Colonel  Pedro  do  Rivera  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier,  and  bis  appointment  as  special  inspectdr 
and  regulator  of  presidios,  which  was  done  by  the 
sovereign  in  1724.  Accompanied  by  the  lieutenant- 
colonel  t)f  engineers,  Francisco  Alvarez  Barreiro,  who 
was  to  make  plans,  Rivera  proceeded  on  his  mission. 
The  task  Occupied  him  four  3'ears,  during  which  time 
bo  journeyed  three  thousand  leagues,  and  reorgaiiizid 
the  presidios  in  the  best  possible  manner.  Tlie  gov- 
ernmont  Gazeta  of  June  1728  mentions  his  return  to 
Mexico  from  his  arduous  labors,  when  he  made  hU 
report  to  the  viceroy.^^ 

In  1729  the  number  of  presidii  s  was  fixed  at  twenty, 
tliat  of  New  Mexico  being  the  most  distant,  with  sev- 
enty-seven men  and  three  commissioned  officers.  Oii 
the  20th  of  April  was  issued  the  new  reglamento,  under 
which  the  annual  expenditure  for  such  troops  was  re- 
duced from  444,883  pesos  to  283,930  pesos;  the  [)iiees 
of  goods  and  provisions  sold  to  the  soldiers  were  fixed, 
and  captains  of  jiresidios  were  required  to  reside  \n'V- 
manently  in  their  presidios.  The  law  also  presciil)ed 
the  cii'cumstanccs  under  which  Indians  might  be  aided 
auainst  hostile  tribes.'^'' 

The  king,  accepting  the  viceroy's  suggestions,  de- 

^^Rircm,  Diario  y  Derrotero,  1-76.  In  October,  1727,  the  king  liml  or- 
(IcTcil  tlu'  cstai)li.slinient  of  a  presiilio  nt  the  Real  de  IJocii  do  Lcones  in  Niuvd 
Li.'oii  willi  a  cor]ioral  and  fourteen  )nen,  which  were  later  increased  to '_'.').  A'»' 
il/r.'.,  I 'ill  Ilia.'',  .MS.,  24."i-7.  In  1728  a  full  report  was  called  for  by  thti  i  nvii 
upon  all  the  pi'esidio.s,  jind  the  force  eacli  coukl  rely  on  both  paid  and  iiii|Kiiil; 
also  ujK'U  ainianieiit  of  all  kiiuls,  etc.   /(/. ,  .'f24-!U. 

'•^"  It  also  marked  ont  the  course  of  duty  for  each  man  in  the  presidio,  ;iiiil 
the  discipline  to  lie  maintained,  Inxt.nif.  fonuadn  en  v'lrtad  de  Rial  Onlm,  !i; 
2\i  IV  Mi.r.,  Crdiddf,  MS.,  'M')-';  Zaiiioru,  Hih.  Lfij.  Ult.,  iv.  284;  L'srinl^  m, 
iSuii.  y  Sill.,  (il-2,  70;  Arcralo,  Com/iciid..  228.  Mota  radill;\,  ('007.  X  '/'(/., 
177,  s|ie.ikini.,'  on  the  subject  about  1742  gives  tiic  presidios  then  cxistinu', 
namely:  Nay.irit,  Durango,  Kl  Pasajie,  El  (iallo,  Mapinii,  Cer.'  (4ordn,  .^aii 
IJartolo.  ConchoH,  Xuevo  ^Mexico,  El  I'aso,  Janoa,  Eronteras,  Sinaloa,  .\'l;ns, 
Texas,  r.aiiia  del  Espiritii  Santo,  San  Antonio  do  BOjar,  liio  del  Norte,  I '  m- 
liuihi,  C'urralvo,  Cadereita,  and  the  force  at  Saltillo,  with  a  total  force  nf  sKi 
ollieer.s,  rank  and  lile.  In  17<'34  frontier  presidios  were  ordered  to  have  latli 
four  Hwivel  guns,  and  50  muskets  with  tiio  requisite  amnnmition,  laini's, 
sliicld.s,  etc.  Sixteen  articles  were  issued  for  their  rule,  Ditches,  raiiip:ii  ts, 
und  stoekades  were  to  be  erected,  Jimlritr.  I'irciirn,  '20.  In  17."m  EuL^inKi' 
Ciiuiaras  Altas  was  sent  to  make  a  thorough  map  of  the  northern  frontieis  of 


REGULATIONS. 


411 


ided  tlu; 
)  rank  of 
inspector 
3  by  tho 
jutunant- 
iiro,  who 
mission. 
lich  tliuo 
)rj^'anizc(l 
The  u'ov- 
retui'ii  to 
made  his 

t  twenty, 
with  sov- 
3crs.  Oil 
ito,  under 
IS  was  re- 
;ho  pi'icL'S 
Cl'C  fixed, 
side  ]ier- 
irescrihed 
,  bo  aided 

tions,  do- 


kill!;  liail  nr- 
lies  ill  NiH'Vii 
I  to  •-'.">.  A .  "• 
l)y  the  1  iw  II 
land  iiniiaiil; 

prcaidiii.  Mii'l 
mlOr<ln>.\); 

onq.  X.  <!n}., 
lieu  existing, 
(Joi'ilo,  S:m 
iialoa,  A'liiis, 
I  Norte,  Coa- 
1  f(;rce  nf  sKi 
to  have  tat'ii 
itioii,  l:iii''0.s 
OS,  rami'^i'ts, 
7.Vi  Kiiuiiiii'i' 
u  froutii-'is  of 


(ided,  Xovembor  20,  1757,  that  governors  of  frontier 
provinces  should  thereafter  bo  military  officers.  Still 
another  royal  order  of  October  8,  1701,  declared  that 
inasmuch  as  tho  command  of  the  presidial  co!n])anies 
iiad  fallen  into  tho  hands  of  traffickers  instead  of  beinj,'' 
lirld  1)V  true  soldiers,  tho  viceroy  was  to  remove  ail 
captains  of  the  former  stamp  without  going  through 
the  fonnalit}'  of  a  court-martial  or  other  prcM'odure. 
A  later  one  of  January  11,  1704,  regulated  the 
prices  of  goods  for  presidios,  greatly  moderating  those 
(if  tho  tariff  of  1721).  Other  orders  reiterated  pre- 
ce(hn<»"  ones  in  tho  sense  of  reforming  the  general 
regulation  of  presidios.  Finally,  in  1705,  the  wliolo 
matter  was  referred  for  a  general  report  to  tho  mar- 
lines do  Rubi,-'  who  discharged  the  duty  in  a  satis- 
t'aci  iry  manner.  He  was  again  commissioned  by  tho 
man  [lies  de  Croix  to  revisit  the  presidios.  In  a  letter 
(if  ^iay  24tli  from  Pasago  he  reported  a  bad  state  of 
alfaiis,  demanding  a  change  in  the  sy.stem  of  presidios, 
and  that  they  should  bo  located  to  better  advantage. 
Heiici!  the  regulation  of  1772,  which  Ih-igadier  JIugo 
OC'onnor  was  directed  to  enforce,  as  governor  and 
roi!iaiRla";to  inspector  of  the  provinces.  The  regla- 
iiiento  gave  the  number  and  positions  of  the  prosi- 
(Hos,  and  the  economical  system  of  each,  and  prescribed 
the  mode  of  managing  funds;  tho  policy  to  bo  ob- 
served toward  tho  Indians;  quality  and  condition  of 
arms,  annnunition,  liOi.>.os.  accoutrements,  and  clothing 
cf  tlio  soldiers;  mode  of  providing  connnissions  jind 
proiuutions,  reviews  and  police  of  each  ))residi();  jiowei's 
and  (hities  of  captains,  subalterns,  and  rank  and  tile  of 

MfxJLu  iuiil  provinces  outside.  /(?.,  97.  The  snnic  year  the  kiiijr  riiteratcd 
lis  (inlir  <if  174s  about  Ntateii'^uts  of  anns  and  anmiunition,  and  their  con- 
uitiiiii  liciii^^f  jiuiictuall.y  forwr    led  liini.   Xar  Mix.,  < '' ihilas,  .MS.,  li.iO. 

'■'  Xi  ir  M,':r.,  (','(li(la.i,  MS.,  li.'i.'^-S.  Ividii  was  told  that  the  iiresidios  were 
iiiii state  of  confusion,  di.ssensiou  prevailing  everywhere,  and  that  a  remedy  of 
tlic  evils  wag  inueh  needed.  He  visited  tliose  of  Nueva  Vixca.\a,  Soiiora, 
'"iiluiila,  and  New  M"xieo  in  17()(),  and  that  of  Texas  in  17(i7.  Ili'i  report 
t  itlie  crown,  on  his  return,  was  the  hasis  of  reforniatoi'y  measures,  eiiiliodicd 
ill  a  iH  w  reLrlaiuento  published  by  the  marques  de  Croix  iu  1771.  Morjl,  Tej.;, 


h 


fl 


n  I 


^f<. 


i 


1 


»i 


412 


MILITARY  SYSTEM. 


the  troops;  and  tlie  mode  of  choosing  habihtados  and 
rendcrinij:  thcui  cU'ective. 

It  will  bo  unnecessary  to  dwell  here  on  the  presidios 
of  the  country  north  of  Durango,  as  they  will  ho 
fully  treated  of  in  other  volumes.-^  The  presidios  of 
]\Ionterey  and  Nayarit  were  suppressed,  placing-  in 
lieu  of  the  former  two  salvaguardias  in  each  of  tliu 
eight  missions  of  Nuevo  Leon,  and  seven  salvaguar- 
dias in  lieu  of  the  latter. ^'^ 

It  was  liubi's  report  on  the  secure  condition  of 
Xuevo  Leon  that  induced  the  suppression  of  the  [nv- 
sidio  of  Monterey.  It  was  ill-founded,  for  in  1774 
the  country  was  overrun  by  natives.  The  couum- 
dante  of  the  presidios,  Hugo  O'Connor,  came  to  the 
rescue,  and  a  detachment  was  stationed  at  Puntu  do 
Lanipaijos,^"  which  place  was  made  stronger.  Sulise- 
quently,  in  1783,  an  attempt  was  made  to  increase  tiio 
force  in  Nuevo  Leon,  but  Colonel  Juan  de  Ugaklo, 
late  governor  of  Coaluiila,  strenuously  opposed  it,  us 
expensive,  burdensome  in  every  way,  and  useless,  tor 
Nuevo  Leon  being  in  the  rear  of  Coahuila  cf>uLI  bo 
of  no  assistance  to  other  provinces  if  assailed.^^  The 
people  of  Nuevo  Leon,  however,  were  all  armed,  hi 
17*Jo  there  were  twenty-two  companies  of  militia  well 
equipped.^'"^    The  total  military  force  in  178G  iii  the 

-'^  I/ls/.  Xorfh  ^fc.r.  Slatex,  i.;  ll'ist.  Cul.,  i.-v.;  Ilid.  Xcw  Mex.  o,nl  An- 
Zf>)ifi,  putssiiii,  tlii.s  sei'Uis. 

-'■''J'liu  legliinieiito  wii.s  cari'icd  out  in  Xayarit  in  1773,  a  ilctaclnnriit  of 
tlio  (Jataliin  volunteers  jilaccil  tliove,  ami  I'udro  Alherni,  tjieii  a  si;l>:i!tini, 
made  a  eai)ti".iii  and  uoiiiauilantc.  A  sutialtein  otlicci",  sergeant,  and  tuuitt'i.'n 
piivates  were  also  stationed  at  the  nie.-a  ^\^^  'ronati.  /iV;//.  (■  lntlriii\  J'l'^i'l., 
1"J7-!';  J.itixt,  /iijhniii',  in  Pinar/,  Col.  Dor.  J/(.c. ,  "JOS;  Xai/aril,  In/i'i-.m  '/•' la 
A  it<l.  lit'  (liiadiil.,  in  /(/.,  7o.  In  17"J--.S  Jaliseo  and  Xayarit  wcri'  defenili  I  liy 
nine  ijonijianies  of  dragoons.  Ti;e  governor  at  San  LuisCulotlan  wa.-sex  oiilcio 
tlieir  eonuuander,  and  resided  at  Real  do  Jjolanos.  There  were  two  ad  jiilaiils, 
one  with  the  governor,  and  the  other  at  the  niesade  Tonatias  lientenaiii  :,''jv- 
ernor  of  the  prf)vince  of  Nayarit.  Jicvillu  (Jiju-lo,  Bandox,  uii.  bO. 

•'"J/niithold/,  A'.ssr/i  Poll/.,  ii.  812. 

^^Ui/dUlc,  ]}o<:,  MS.,  11)--'J4.  Ill  1786,  Ugalde,  as  govcrncT  .md  CMinaii- 
dante  of  Coahuila,  Texas,  Xuevo  Leon,  and  Santander,  niaterially  le  liiail 
their  foi'cc  and  otiercd  to  jiroteet  Saltillo  and  I'arras.   Ii'struc,  Ci/urtt ,  .ill  10. 

^^The  people  knew  of  the  king  and  viceroy  only  by  hearsay.  lioMiinii'S 
were  sent  out  from  Mcxieo  every  four  or  live  years,  who  at  the  expiration  nt 
tlieir  terms  remained  in  the  eountry.  It  was  not  miconnnon  to  see  un  cn^hv. 
ernor  ueting  as  alcalde  or  rugidor.  Guinuli'-.,  A2iuiiti:ti,  la  .Vcic.  Mc.t\  ('■";/•, 
iiukt-n,  3a  Op.,  i.  238. 


CONDITION  AND  NUMBERS. 


413 


presidios 
r  will  k' 
esidios  of 
ilaciiii^'  ill 
ch  of  tliu 
alvag'iuu'- 

iditioii  of 
i'  tlio  jiiv- 
'  in  1774 
0  coiuaii- 
ino  to  till! 
Punta  lie 
'.  Sni)se- 
3rease  ilio 
J  ULi'akk', 
)sed  it,  as 
sek'ss,  fur 

could   1)0 

hV  The 
■iDcd.  Ill 
ilitia  Weil 
i(i   in  the 

fcx,  (iiiil  Alt- 

ctacliinciit  of 
ii  siiIfuUitu, 
a  IK  I  fiiurteeii 

friir.   J'ltsiil., 

liij'nriiu  ill'  In 
■  (icfelhli'l  !))• 
wa.s  ex  ullicii) 
wo  atljiUaiits, 
L'iitoiiani''uv- 


■iii(>  CHiiian- 
■iallv  ifiliUL'il 

7t(/"-/r,  ;i'.l-tO. 
'.      IJovfrlKii'S 

cxpiralioa  ut 
ji'f  an  c.N  _'iiv- 

Mix.   On>'J., 


proviiifias  intcrnas,  exclusive  of  the  Californias,  was 
;;,(;(;;')  men,  of  wliich  there  were  300  in  Nuevo  Leon, 
iiiid  as  many  in  Tamaiilipas.  The  .annual  expense  for 
ill!  was  estimated  at  951,084  pesos. 

The  condition  of  the  mihtary  in  1808,  shortl}^  l)e- 
\\i\v  the  political  disturbances  broke  out,  was  essen- 
tially as  follows :  In  the  province  of  jMexico  the  vicei'oy 
lifld  connnand.  In  Oajaca,  Queretaro,  and  San  Luis 
I'dtos],  the  forces  were  in  charge  of  commanders  of 
hri;;'a(les.  In  the  other  provinces  the  respective  in- 
ttiidciites  were  in  charge;  these  officers  in  Guadala- 
jara, Puebla,  and  Vera  Cruz  were  also  commanders  of 
the  brigades  within  their  respective  districts.  The 
]ci;ular  force  now  consisted  of  the  viceroy's  guard 
(if  Imnor;  four  regiments,  namely,  Corona,  Nueva 
Ks|)ana,  Mexico,  and  Puebla,  of  which  the  last  named 
was  then  in  Habana,  and  one  battalion,  the  Fijo  do 
Vela  Cruz,  of  infantry,  with  about  5,000  men;  two 
ivoiments  of  dragoons,  the  Espaila  and  Mexico,  with 
.Vi(.)  men  each;  one  corps  of  artillery  with  720  men 
seuttcrcd  in  several  places;  a  small  number  of  engi- 
iieei's;  two  companies  of  light  infantry  and  three 
fixed  companies  in  the  ports  of  Isla  del  Carmen,  San 
Bias,  and  ^Vcapulco.** 

The  main  force  consisted,  as  we  have  seen,  of  pro- 
vincial militia,  which  was  i)laced  under  arms  only  when 
Deedt'ul.  It  was  chiefly  composed  of  country  people 
and  artisans,  iiia  caused  no  expense  to  the  government. 
The  regiments  were  distributed  by  districts,  and  the 
ooinpanies  bv  towns.  The  horses  of  the  mounted 
thKijis  were  confided  to  the  care  of  the  haciendas  of 
each  district.  The  officers  were  proj)erty-owners  of 
the  provinces.  The  honor  m\is  nuich  coveted,  ami 
hinh  prices  were  paid  for  a  commission  as  colonel  or 
'ii-Uteiiant-coloncl  when  the  forces  were  first  organized. 
In  the  central  provinces,  which  were  more  thickly 
>cttled,  and  had  a  cold  or  temperate   climate,  were 

"Tlic  total  efTcctive  regular  force  at  the  disposal  of  the  viceroyalty  did  not 
txaul  (j,0()0  men.   Alumun,  Hid,  JIcJ.,  i,  'IS. 


W 


i! 


414 


MILITARY  SYSTEM. 


^1'  i 


■H! 


i!^ 


organized  seven  infantry  regiments  of  two  battalion? 
each,  namely,  Mexico,  Puebla,  Tlascala,  Orizaba,  i\'n: 
doba,  Jalapa,  Toluca,  Celaya,  and  Valladolid,  There 
were  likewise  three  separate  battalions,  named  re- 
ispectively  Guanajuato,  Oajaca,  and  Guadalajara.  Each 
l)attuli()n  had  an  effective  force  of  825  men,  t\u-  total 
Ijcing  14,000,  to  which  were  to  be  added  the  two  uilian 
battalions  of  Mexico  and  Puebla,  having  to^ctlur 
030  men. 

The  cavalry  consisted  of  eight  regiments,  naiiK-lv, 
Querctaro,  Principe,  Reina  in  Guanajuato,  PucUa, 
San  Ijuis,  San  Cdrlos  in  the  province  of  San  Luis, 
Michoacan,  or  Patzcuaro,  and  Aguas  Calientes;  cacli 
of  which  1  ..'1  four  squadrons  of  3G1  men  in  tiiik 
of  ])eaee,  ^tud  517  in  time  of  war,  making  a  total  of 
4, DOG  (h'agoons.  In  the  vicinity  of  A\'ra  Cruz  was 
a  body  of  1,000  lancers;  there  were  three  other  bodio 
for  the  protection  of  the  old  frontiers  of  Sierra  Gorda. 
Colotlan,  and  Nuevo  Santander,  with  1,320  men,  aiu! 
an  ujbun  squadron  in  INIexico  with  200  men. 

The  troops  for  guarding  the  coasts  were  in  detaclnd 
compnnles  at  dift'erent  places,  forming  mixed  divisidiis 
of  iuiantry  and  cavalry,  with  little  discipline,  and  not 
even  a  uniform.  They  were  useful,  however,  in  tlitir 
respective  sections.  Five  of  them  were  on  the  gulf 
border,  and  with  the  two  companies  of  negroes  and 
colored  men  of  Vera  Cruz  made  up  a  force  of  3,l(jO.' 
On  the  Pacific  were  seven  companies  consistiiiLT  <•* 
3,750  men.  The  total  force  of  provincial  militia,  Imth 
infantry  and  cavalry,  together  with  the  f-.Lven  eoui- 
])anies  of  militia  artillery  at  Vera  Cruz  and  etlior 
points  of  the  coasts,  when  complete  and  on  a  war  loot- 
ing, wlii(di  never  occurred,  would  have  made  •Jl'.411 
men;'"'  but  deducting  7,200  of  the  coa.st  guard,  who 

"  Tk  June  180r»  was  living  at  the  figc  of  90  years  Antonio  Santa  Ann.  wlio 
was  (IcutJiatoil  witli  a  royal  medal,  and  was  captain  of  the  company  ol  iilad- 
of  Vera  ( Viiz;  a  master  mason  by  trade;  he  wrote  a  farce  for  the  theatiu  tliat 
Mon  a  |iri/('.  l>iar!o,  Mc.r.,  iii.  '_'07. 

'■'■  Another  account  gives  the  entire  force  of  Xcw Spain  in  time  of  piiiec  in 
I8O0  as  32,'J'J-l  men.  Not.  de  A'.  Esji.,  in  .S'oc.  Mtx.  Vcmj.,  Uoktin,  ii.  -1.   Tlis 


batt;ilion>> 


izaba,  (  or- 
id.  Tilde 
naimd  iv- 
jara.  l^ai.li 
I,  the  total 
two  uil)an 

^    t()<j;rX\M 

ts,  naiiic'ly, 
,o,  Pucltlii, 
San  J^uis, 
:nte.s;  each 
m  in  tiiik' 
T  a  total  of 
,  Cruz  was 
tlior  l»o(lir> 
;rra  (ionla, 
0  men,  and 
n. 

II  (letaelk'il 

,'d  divisions 

10,  and  not 

er,  in  thoir 

n  the  Liulf 

e<(rocs  and 

(if  3,400.'' 

nsistiiiLj  "t" 

ihtia,  iMith 

^ven  eoni- 

and    otlirr 

a  war  t'oot- 

lide  L".  1.4 II 

^iiard,  wliu 

?aiita  Ann.  wli'i 
iil)aiiy  <il  I'laiW 
the  tiitativ  tlutt 

time  of  ]i(aop  in 
kIIii,  ii.  I'l.   The 


COAST  DEFENCES. 


415 


were  never  taken  from  their  sections,  the  effective 
force  remaining  was  22,211,  which,  added  to  G,000 
of  the  regular  force,  formed  a  total  of  28,000  men 
wlumi  the  viceroy  could  place  in  the  field.  There 
were,  besides,  in  Yucatan,  one  battalion  of  regular 
tro(>|)s,  a  few  regiments  of  provincials,  and  the  neces- 
sary artillerymen.  The  disciplined  militia  and  the 
coast  (''-^'isions  formed  ten  brigades,  each  having  the 
Hiilitarv  commandant  at  the  head  town  of  the  district 
for  its  brigadier,  excepting  those  of  Mexico,  Oajaca, 
Qiieretaro,  and  San  Luis  Potosi  which  had  their 
regular  commanders,^* 

The  organization  of  troops  for  defence  against  in- 
ternal and  external  foes,  however  important,  was 
not  all  that  was  needed.  The  defences  of  the  ports 
and  of  the  whole  coast-line  on  both  seas  demanded 
attention,  and  constantly  engaged  that  of  the  supremo 
national  government  as  well  as  of  the  local  authorities 
from  the  earliest  days.^'^    The  port  of  Vera  Cruz  with 

fdi'co  of  all  organizations  is  set  flown  in  1800.  before  the  revolution,  at  29,CG1. 
Turn  lite,  I'<i:  I/iip.  Am.,  In/rod.,  i.  1!);  Zdralu,  J'ic.  M(x.,  i.  'Jfi. 

""Most  of  tlie  field  and  many  of  the  company  ollicers,  in  both  the  regular 
ami  militia  regiments,  were  from  Spain.  I'lie  sergeants,  t'or])orals,  and  pri- 
vate swore  natives  of  ^fe.xioo,  taken  chiefly  from  the  variou.s  castas,  the  pure 
Imliaiis  being  e.\empt.  Alamnii,  llin(.  Mi'j.,  i.  Ti^-'Sl;  v.  ().")().  ^Vc  are  told 
liV  u  oitnpeteut  authority,  iiowever,  that  the  country,  in  ISO!),  lacked  mus- 
kets. Iwyonets,  sabres,  iind  other  things  for  infantry  and  cavalry;  it  had  not 
iMuiiuli  hcld-pieccs,  bulls,  gra]ie,  etc.,  for  the  artillery,  nor  tents.  It  was  de- 
ticitnt  in  almost  every  material  of  war  needed  to  organize  a  competent  force 
tit  tn  cope  with  th(^  well  provided  armies  of  Europe.  .Some  of  them  could  at 
tiiat  time  be  i.btained  in  the  I'nited  States  ami  .lamaica.  (.'annonand  cannon 
lial's  and  grape  could  be  made  in  Mexico.  (Jmij)",  J,'i prcsiiil.  nl  licit/ Acuen('), 

i-J'.t ;;(),  1:57. 

"'  I'rom  loTOto  Ifi.")?  the  crown  was  repciitedly  issuing  oidcrs  for  the  de- 
fiiuriif  the  country  and  the  imimnement  of  the  military  service,  and  par- 
tiiiilaily  of  the  management  of  fortresses  on  tiie  coasts,  and  garrisons  of 
IHcsiiliiis  in  towns  t>r  frontiers.  Most  of  them  are  mere  matte;-  of  routine, 
wliii  li  it  is  unnecessary  to  give  here.  Among  those  \\  hich  were  of  general 
intc  II  st  may  be  mentioned:  A  royal  order  of  .Nbiy  7,  b">70,  made  it  iiicundicnt 
(111  all  residents  at  ports  to  have  arms  and  horses,  according  to  their  means, 
I'laiiy  to  resist  and  repel  foi'cign  aggressions.  AnotI  rt  f  Xovend)er.'U(,  1. ")!!!•.  re- 
||iiiiril  that  in  time  of  danger  no  man,  unless  sp'  _. ,  .v  exemjited  by  law,  should 
fail  ti>  present  himself  for  military  service.  One  of  March  '2(1.  1()'J7.  ])rescribed 
tlia'i  only  military  men,  known  to  be  possessed  of  experience  in  the  defence  of 
III  si,  .'ed  t'drtresses,  should  be  nominated  for  the  position  of  alcaldes.  Among 
till-  iri|uirements  from  commanders  of  forts  on  the  coast,  good  ones  piob- 
M\,  hut  will -h  often  had  not  the  desired  elleet,  they  were  urged  to  be  dis- 


11! 
!'\,',i«!i»-- 


■Ill 


u 


416 


MILITARY  SYSTEM. 


the  isle  of  San  Juan  do  Uh'ia  was  the  key  of  Xi  \v 
Spain,  and  the  object  of  special  sohcitude.^^  ICllnits 
Mere  made  and  means  sup])hed  in  order  to  put  the 
defences  in  a  condition  to  resist  attacks.^"  The  forma- 
tion of  plans  and  the  building  of  a  new  fortress  \\\re 
in  charge  of  Captain  Jaime  Franck.  Objection  haviiii' 
been  made  to  the  work,  the  subject  was  laid  before 
certain  officials  for  their  opinion.''" 

When  a  portion  of  the  fortress  was  constructed,  ;i 
small  garrison  was  placed  there  under  an  officer  \vli() 
bore  the  title  of  castellano,  subordinate  to  the  gov- 
ernor of  the  town.  In  the  course  of  years  the  title 
was  changed  to  tenicnte  rci/,  and  the  officer  succeeded 
the  governor  at  his  death  or  absence.  Both  ofticci's 
had  high  military  rank,  the  governor  having  cliaii^e 
of  the  o:arrisons  of  Ulua  and  Vera  Cruz." 

The  fortifications  on  San  Juan  do  Uliia  were  in 
17G7  strengthened  with  cannon  brought  from  S[);uii.^- 

erect  as  veil  as  energetic  ami  brave,  and  thus  make  themselves  feareil,  'j«ua 
cobrar  rcpntacion,  pues  esto  bastard  A,  atouorizar  los  dniiuos  ile  los  cosariui.' 
/.Vc(}).  /«.'.,  i.  I'fJO-l,  507-017. 

*°From  1048  to  107;i  the  place  was  well  supplied  with  means  of  (ktViKi' 
Hepairs  were  begun  iu  l(i71.  The  commander  proposed  a  plan  of  fortiti,:it:nii 
involving  heavy  expense,  but  allbrding  great  .strength.  It  wasrefcircd  to  the 
king.  After  some  changes  of  policy  in  regard  to  the  garrison,  it  wasdniikd 
linally  iu  1070  and  1071  to  keep  a  force  there  of  about  300  men.  The  wliito 
militia  and  Mic  companies  of  free  negroes  and  nuilattoes  were  tolerably  wtU 
disciplined.  During  the  years  above  mentioned  there  were  expended  ui'Hi 
Sau  Juan  dc  Ulua  $40;?,127S,  besides  $183,014  on  other  defences,  and  fur  iiii.]i, 
war  materials,  etc.  Mancmxi,  Ivstruc,  m  Doc.  IiieJ.,  xxi.  4'J0-.'J.  JMoiicy  was 
being  constantly  spent  on  supplies  for  the  defences.  Jlonfemai/or,  Svmiii-w<, 
188-0. 

^''Sigucnza  y  Gongora  was  very  sanguine  in  1092,  when  he  said  that  the 
new  fortress  of  San  Juan  de  Uliia  was  in  a  good  condition  to  defend  tin'  |init, 
and  all  accomplishe<l  within  a  few  months  at  a  moderate  expenditure.  Curi'i 
id  Ahniroiile,  MS.,  31). 

*"  Several  of  the  persons  consulted  eluded  the  responsibilitj'.  The  iiiatlie- 
matician  Siglienza  y  (iongora  recommended  that  no  change  should  be  laado, 
considering  the  defences  almost  impregnable,  though  chicily  from  the  nat- 
ural .strength  of  the  position.  Memorial,  in  Morf,  Col.  JJoc,    i.  211,  2J;'-."!', 

*'Till  about  the  muldle  of  the  18th  century  the  garrisons  of  the  iii\  aibl 
castle  had  been  necessarily  small,  but  always  being  gradually  increaseil.  li'. 
172i  there  were  in  the  fort,  besides  the  castellano,  one  major,  one  abVrc/,  niie 
surgeon,  and  1.j3  rank  and  lile  of  infantry,  one  captain  and  101  rank  ami  !ile 
of  artilhu'ists.  Tlie  captains  were  enjoined  to  swell  their  ranks  witli  S[iaii- 
iards  from  the  mother  country,  and  if  possible  with  veterans,  but  as  thi'  si'iis 
of  Spaniards  born  in  Mexico  could  not  be  prudently  excluded  'scpcriiiicia 
que  cu  cada  comiiania  pudiera  liaber  catoree,  y  uuda  mas.'  Lcnlo  dc  7'(/"/n, 
Aiiiin/f'.t  IHkI.,  .■!84. 

^-The  same  year  was  put  up  iu  Tacubaya  a  factory  for  cannon;  iuui  tlio 


SAX  JUAX  DE  ULtA. 


417 


111  tliat  year  and  the  next  Anton  LizarJo  was  strongly 
foil i lied.  At  the  same  time  was  oonstrueted  the 
Inrlicss  of  Perote,  which  cost  no  less  than  that  of  San 
Juan  de  Uliia.  The  former  was  deemed  necessary  for 
tlir  safe  keeping  of  treasure  when  on  tlie  way  for 
slii[iiiient  to  Spain,  for  if  Vera  Cruz  were  once  in  pos- 
session of  an  enemy,  a  dash  on  Orizaba  might  easily 
be  made.  In  Perote  were  mounted  six  24-poun(leis, 
tiylit  IG-poundcrs,  ten  12-pounders,  and  3."}  pieces 
of  calibre  from  4  to  8;  there  was  a  complete  sni)i>ly  of 
ammunition,  the  cost  of  conveying  which  h.id  exceeded 
40,OUO  pesos."*' 

Tlic  anxiety  to  make  San  Juan  de  Uh'ia  and  the 
whole  Vera  Cruz  coast  impregnable  if  possible,  was 
^fieat,  but  the  means  were  wanting.  Among  the 
iiuuiy  plans  presented  was  one  in  1774  which  might 
luivi;  been  acceptable  had  it  not  called  for  an  exces- 
sive expenditure.  One  and  a  half  million  pesos  the 
authors  claimed  would  suffice;  four  to  six  millions,  said 
others,  would  be  consumed  before  reaching  comple- 
tion, besides  the  demand  for  a  garrison  so  large  thiit 
other  important  points  would  have  to  be  utterly 
neglected.  The  king  favored  certain  modification^;, 
and  in  1780  the  matter  was  left  to  a  commission ^^ 
wliicli  presented  a  plan  to  guard  the  defences,  includ- 
(Hug  the  coast  on  both  sides,  against  foreign  assaults, 
hut  it  was  not  accepted.  Several  other  schemes  were 
leeoimnended,  but  no  extensive  plan  seems  to  have 
been  adopted. 


43 


iirxt  wcrn  cast  some  field  pieces.  Cnvo,  Tres  S!filo,<i,  iii.  0;  Rirern,  Il'isf.  Jahrpa, 
i.  111.  The  powder  fiictory  waa  in  Cliapultepec.  At  the  end  of  the  century 
itsu]i|ilied  lai'f^c  quantities  of  powder,  not  only  to  Mexico,  but  also  to  the 
Antilles,  Xew  (iranada,  Louisiana,  and  Florida.  Panix,  Viv.,'n\  Moinnn.  J^nui. 
K<l:.  MS.,  1.3."i;  AzaimiJitJilnic,  MS.,  180-1;  Ah<tti\  Gaalax,  iv.  .'U!)-.").');  lltr.. 
M'.r.  II7S4-5),  i.  22S-30;  Diario,  3Iix.,  ii.  IIW;  UnlcKh  liar.  Ikp.  Mvx., 
ii.  l'j;i-40. 

'■' .\s  a  warehouse  for  provisions  and  war  material  to  aid  Ve'  Cru/,  and 
as  a  K  adezvons  for  troops  to  keep  a  foreign  enemy  in  eheek,  Pevote  wa..,  Oving 
til  its  cliiiiate,  very  valuable;  l)ut  as  a  fortress  it  was  not  worth  nuicli.  lie- 
vilhi  ^■;f/^(/o,  Iii.itruc.,  MS.,  i.  5"27-8. 

'^  ('(trrioti,  Plan  dc  JJcj'eiisa,  MS.,  404-591,  in  Piiiarf,  Col.  Diario, 
^iil..  etc. 

'"'I'lie  most  favored  was  that  of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Pedro  dc  Alonso,  which 
Hist.  Mex.,  Vol.  III.    27 


■'11 


"I  li 


418 


MILITARY  SYSTEM. 


in 


The  use  of  the  native  mihtia  of  the  coast,  who  were 
good  hmccrs  and  inured  to  the  climate,  was  stronylv 
recommended,  it  being  added  that  the  regular  troops 
might  be  stationed  in  cool  localities,  and  the  ofticrrs 
make  themselves  familiar  with  the  country.***  Finally, 
in  1800,  the  government  was  still  engaged  in  providin^f 
for  the  security  of  Vera  Cruz,  largely  supplying  tlif 
fortress  with  provisions  and  war  material,*^  and  hiiild- 
ing  an  extensive  hospital.  The  two  cavalry  icgi- 
ments  were  reiinforced,  and  barracks  erected  at 
Buenavista;  but  experience  soon  proved  the  |»]a('(; 
sickly,  and  the  trooj)s  were  removed  after  sustaiiiiiij,' 
some  loss  of  life.*'  A  considerable  number  of  armed 
launches  and  gunboats  were  also  provided.  In  ISOfi, 
at  the  suggestion  of  the  Spanish  generalissimo,  the 
prinoipe  do  la  Paz,  viceroys  and  captain-generals  in 
America  were  ordered  by  the  king  to  ask  for  URaiis 
of  defence  only  in  moderation,  and  they  were  to 
remind  him  at  the  end  of  each  year,  avoiding  repeti- 
tions.*^ Tbcy  were  to  employ  the  means  at  their 
disposal,  bringing  into  moderate  requisition  whatever 
the  country  afforded.  If  they  failed  so  to  do,  and 
reverses  occurred,  they  would  be  held  accountable, 
and  the  fact  of  not  having  been  allowed  what  they 
had  called  for  from  the  crown  M'ould  not  serve  as  an 
excuse.     The  half-witted  Carlos  IV.  was  in  this  a;, 

called  for  large  supplies  in  and  out  of  San  Juan  de  Ulna;  and  a  garrisnn  rf 
IGTOinen,  including  the  governor  and  his  stafT,  attaehes  of  the  govcniim  nt, 
and  the  military  force,  hospital,  etc.  Aloiiso,  Plan  de  DeJ'ensa,  MS.,  5()S-4!>, 
in  /(/. 

*'' Co^-fan/i(},  Iteconocim.,  MS.,  594-014,  in  Id. 

*'  In  1794  the  armament  of  the  fortress,  town,  and  batteries  of  Alv.inulo 
and  Mocambo  consisted  of  132  brass  pieces  of  various  calibres,  Xl'.i  iinii 
pieces,  17  brass  and  four  iron  mortars.  Many  of  them  were  ol<l-fai5l)iiiiii/il 
and  sliould  have  been  excluded.  lii villa  Oiijrdo,  Innlruc,  MS.,  i.  ,'")-4-7j 
Ftorcn,  Iiix/ruc,  MS.,  29-30.  In  1799  the  fortress  liad  120  cannons  and  tlnce 
mortars,  besides  a  handsome  lower  battery,  built  in  the  latest  style,  to  JtkiiJ 
the  two  channels  to  the  north  and  south-east.  Exkdla,  xxvii.  59. 

^"The  climate  of  Vera  Cruz  was  deadly  for  troops;  and  the  force  .statiniud 
in  the  nearest  healthy  towns,  owing  to  distances  and  diilicult  roads,  ("iilJ 
not  be  counted  on  to  meet  a  sudden  attack.  Azanza,  Instruc,  MS.,  lol'-03, 
IG(i-71. 

■"• '  Con  una  moderacion  prudente  lo  q  liaga  falta  en  su  distrito . . .  c^'tas 
repcticiones  hacen  vulgares  las  coaas.'  Cedulario,  MS.,  iv.  24;  Zamora,  Bib, 
L<:<j.  I'll.,  V.  503. 


I^'i 


"•C    I 


YUCATAN. 


419 


in  everything  tlio  tool  of  Iiis  wily  and  avaricious 
counsellor. 

Yucatan  had  not  been  neglected.  Not  only  had 
troops  been  provided  for  her  defence  as  early  as  1045,"' 
but  ill  1G72  forts  were  ordered  by  the  king  to  1)0 
built,  and  garrisons  placed  in  theiii.''^  In  lOOO  the 
wall  around  Canipeche  had  been  in  process  of  con- 
struction for  several  years.  Early  in  the  year  thirty 
pieces  of  artillery  of  various  calibres  were  mounted 
thereon.''^  The  forts  of  Campeche  were  begun  in 
ICi'.i-J  and  finished  in  1709.  Eight  castles  were  suc- 
cessively erected.  Spain  at  first  furnished  fifty-six 
pool-  pieces  of  iron  of  small  calibre;  but  in  1731)  and 
1740  eighty-eight  pieces  of  large  size  were  sent, 
part  of  brass  and  part  of  iron.^  The  citadel  of  San 
Benito  in  Merida  had  five  small  bulwarks  on  an  arti- 
ficial hill  commanding  the  whole  town.  The  artillery 
consisted  of  old  18-pounders.^* 

In  the  island  of  Tris  in  the  laguna  do  Terminos 
Mas  established  a  presidio  for  which  a  regulation  was 
issuetl  in  1791.  It  had  a  governor  commanding  the 
forces.'*^  In  Tabasco  was  built  in  1083  the  castle  of 
iSantiago,  which  was  garrisoned  with  a  paid  infantry 
coni])aiiy.'^''  Acapulco,  the  chief  Mexican  port  on  the 
Pacific,  was  considered  in  1042  sufficiently  defended 
vntli  its  fortifications  and  garrison." 

'-" Cn.ioUvdo,  Hist.  Yuc,  204-5,  702-3;  Calle,  Mem.  y  Not.,  8.j;  Monte- 
pm>/f't\  Scmario.1,  187-8. 

■'  'J'lie  viceroy  of  New  Spain  was  directed  to  afford  all  aid.  Manara, 
//'>'-■'"■.,  in  Doc.  Iiif!(l.,  xxi.  41)5-6. 

'■'■Sicn-n,  E/finrriden,  Ancomi,  Hist.  Yuc,  ii.  273. 

''•'Spain  ill  17'.>5  and  180S,  and  Mexico  in  1827,  increased  the  ai-mament  to 
ovvi'  "Ji II ( ] licccs.   I "dlcvvque,  Dincr'ip. 

'■'  1:  had  two  inexhaustible  wells  of  water,  anil  warehouses  with  arms,  etc. 
Lli'ihjir,  i'lui'lro  Ediul.,  1813;  ^lnc'o«rt,  lli-it.  Yuc,  ii.  3G2-3. 

•"Tlic  command  consisted  of  one  adjutant,  one  surgeon  with  his  hospital 
ami  .issi.sti'.nts,  two  chaplains,  one  paymaster  and  his  assistant;  one  infantry 
ciiiiiii.niy  of  100  men  and  3  officers;  one  diiigoou  company  of  43  men  and  3 
oliiiiis;  one  officer  and  30  artillerymen;  23sL'ttlers,  some  invalid  soldiers,  one 
iif.!ro  slave  of  the  king's,  and  some  mechanics,  llcrilla  G'njvdo,  jjciiidos,  no. 
;m.  I  .-((i;  Jlospital,  Insirur.,  1-15.  In  17U8  this  inesidio  had  3  militia  com- 
I'aiiii  s  lit'  loo  men  each.  Azaiizn,  lustruc,  MS.,  174-5. 

■^'Iherc  was  also  a  company  of  colored  men.  Chiap.  y  Yuc,  JurUdic 

■"  It  had  a  governor  commanding  the  garrison,  who  could  call  to  his  aid  all 
iiau  (hvclliug  on  the  coast.  Palo/ox,  instnic,  in  Morji,  (Jul.  Doc,  MS.,  15. 


;  1 


Ml 


.1  :l 


i 


m 

ii: 


'I  '*' 
'III 


420 


MILITARY  SYSTEM. 


In  1700  tlio  saint'  <'irrt'inj,'enicnt  continued,  tlio  ljuv- 
(.'I'lior  \n'\w^  also  coniniandant  of  the  tort/*  This  luit, 
called  San  Dl(>«^o  dc  Acapulco,  of  more  niodei'n  ((in- 
struction, underwent  in  17i)4  some  repairs.  It  then  liad 
only  ten  iirass  and  iiftv-ei<dit  iron  o-uns  in  i>-ood  coiidi- 

•-  »/  o  o  o 

tion,  and  more  that  were  unserviceable."'*  The  jnovi- 
sion  of  muskets,  j)istols,  and  side-arms  was  ahundaiit. 
The  naval  department  at  San  Bias  was  established 
to  aid  the  government  in  its  efforts  to  occupy  vacimr 
coasts  and  islands  adjoining  its  settled  provinces,  i  >. 
l»ecially  the  wt'st  coast  of  North  America.  Arseiia!>. 
ship-yards,  and  warehouses  were  established.  All  or- 
ders given  to  expeditions  passed  through  the  hands  of 
its  chief.""  It  was,  however,  on  the  point  of  being  ahau- 
tloned,  when  Father  Jum'pero  Serra's  suggestions  in 
1773,  on  its  usefulness  f')r  supplying  the  Californias, 
led  to  its  being  continued  and  carefully  sustaMied.  To- 
ward the  end  of  the  cen'Mry  the  naval  force  consisti  d 
of  three  ships,  two  brigs,  three  schooners,  and  oi. 
sloop."^  The  personnel  consisted  of  a  naval  com- 
mander, seven  other  naval  officers,  one  comisario  an ! 
his  assistant,  eight  clerks,  seven  chaplains,  six  sur- 
geons, thirteen  sailinof  masters,  seven  artillerviinn. 
and  five  hundred  and  five  petty  officers,  seamen,  and 
landsmen,  besides  a  number  of  mechanics  and  laboivis 
in  the  navy-vard.  Condo  do  Ilevilla  Gigcdo  duriiii: 
his  rule  strongly  urged  removal  to  Acapulco ;"-  but  it 
was  not  removed,  and  in  1803  remained  at  San  Bias 
without  change.''^  For  defence,  aside  from  its  own 
garrison,  it  could  rely  on  the  forces  in  Nueva  Galicia 

*'Thc  garrison  wna  more  than  doubled  from  17fiG  to  1790.  In  the  lattc 
year  it  had  three  oflieers,  74  infantry,  and  "28  urtillerymcn.  The  supplies  \m  iv 
ininctually  furnished.  Acnpulco,  Provision,  in  Vif.  Iitstruc,  ^IS.,  '2<1  ser., 
no.  "J,  G-31 ;  /irrillu-Oif/'do,  Baudox,  no.  .32,  1-8.  No  change  was  niiulo  t') 
1800.  Azmna,  Iiintruc.',  MS.,  171. 

"^  Twenty-one  brass  guns  were  underway  from  Manila.  lievUlaGiijclo, 
Inxirw.,  MS.,  i.  52S-.30. 

'"  His  residence  was  at  the  port  itself.   Greonhoir'a  Hist.,  112. 

"'  In  1800  it  liad  undergone  a  small  change.  One  of  the  ships  was  lying 
useless  at  Manila.  Azair^a,  Iiixfr>ic.,'Mfi.,  194-0. 

•'-Looking  for  a  better  climate  and  other  advantages.  Jievilla  Ghjvdo,  Li- 
stritr.,  MS.,  i.  ij33-7. 

"  Murquina,  Iiiftruc,  ia  Iiistruc.  Vireye.i,  183. 


PAY  DEPARTMENT. 


4'2l 


and  the  provincias  iiitoriius.  The  oomandaiito  do 
iiiai'iiia  had,  v\\  Ids  part,  erectod  hatterics  along  the 
(•(iiist,  tor  protection  against  [)irat('s. 

rxforc  concludint;  this  review  of  tlie  military  cs- 
tahlishnient  in  ^lexico  let  us  examine  tlic  other 
liraiK'hes  connected  with  tlu;  service.  The  pay  dc- 
jiaitiiient  had  been  in  charge  of  the  oficialcs  reales 
till  December  1780,  when  a  royal  ordinance  intrustrd 
tlic  whole  financial  business  of  the  army  to  niilitaiy 
iiitcndentes,  and  to  the  provincial  intendentes  within 
their  respective  provinces."*  The  total  expenditure 
111'  presidial  and  other  forces,  trans[)ortation,  etc.,  in- 
cluding the  presidios  of  the  Philippines,  and  naval 
vessels  on  the  Pacific  and  elsewhere,  ])aid  out  of  the 
Mevican  treasury,  was,  in  1758,  882,227  ])esos."'''  In 
17(ir)-G,  after  the  organization  of  the  military  forces, 
tlie  yearly  expense  was  G2G,77G  pesos/"     The  outlay 

"  IiitendeJiU'S,  Uval  Ordeimnza,  347-407. 

^■'('rrl!/.  dii  hiH  Merrt'ilex,  MS.,  .S:{-.")G. 

'''('oiiiaiulaiitu-genc'ial's  pay,  i?18,(H)0;  three  mnriscales  tlo  campo,  924,000; 
ciiL'iiiri  rs,  !ii;,'5,8UO;  dotaclied  ollicers,  ^l.'l,(i'JO;  4  aiilcs  ilu  camp,  ;*"J,4"J4.  I'lio 
ri'st  wriit  for  pay  and  allowances  of  the  orgiiiiizcd  hodics  of  troops.  J'tn  rrt, 
G'lh.  Mr.c,  i.  402.  A  royal  order  of  January  17,  171)1,  made  clearer  a  former 
mie  of  August  0,  1770,  in  the  sense  that  all  pay  and  allowances  of  olhcers 
strviiig  in  America  should  he  in  jHxoKj'ncrtcude  Anitririt  (eight redes de  plata 
ti)c:u'li  peso);  those  coming  from  Si)aiu  to  have  their  pay  reckoned  fi(jm  the 
(liiyof  leaving  port,  liack  pay  due  in  Spain  and  made  good  in  Ameiiea  to  lie 
at  thci  late  of  Spain,  calculating  each  peso  fuerte  at  two  (/iriii/os  il<:  vrlluii.  'J'he 
S[i:iiii  rate  to  be  allowed  any  otlicer  (jf  America  who  was  in  J'hii'ope  on  leave, 
iirioraiiy  othcrpiirpose.  Ordcmifdi'  l(i('oroii(i,y\S.,  vi.  0I{-()4.  Under  various 
\v\:i\  orders,  ollicers  of  the  army,  helow  the  grade  of  general,  who  had  heldndl- 
itary  governments  in  Americaby  special  royalajipointment,  not  at  their  .solicita- 
tion, were  to  be  retained  with  the  pay  of  their  laidi,  and  if  possi!)lo  employed; 
but  if  no  longer  needed  in  America  were  allowed  1 2  months'  exti'a  pay  of  tiieir 
{.'iihIc.  (icncral  ollicei's  were  excluded  from  that  beneiit,  because  when  not  in 
actual  command  or  oflicc  they  were  allowed  their  full  pay  en  rnarii  I.  Id. ,  7.")-7'S. 
I'luli  r  a  law  of  1781  men  of  the  rank  and  file  who  had  served  2.j  or  I}.")  years, 
ami  continued  in  the  service,  received  not  only  the  allowances  awarded  to 
shi'itcr  terms,  but  also  the  full  pay  of  their  rank.  Drummers,  lifers,  tindn-el- 
I'luyriN,  and  trumpeters  who  had  served  .S5  years  could  not  obtain  the  brevi  t 
ot';ili\-nz,  but  in  lieu  thereof  they  received  $1411.  All  such  allowances  ceased 
wli.  u  the  men  were  promoted  to  ollicers;  this  under  a  royal  order  of  I'ebniaiy 
1.  I7>S.  Other  laws  favored  veterans  who  reenlisted.  A  rcgvdation  of  1810 
tstabUshed  the  extra  allowance  of  112^  realespcr  month  and  the  grade  of  tir.-t 
seiui  ant  for  i)rivate3  honorably  serving  30  consecutive  years,  and  the  brevet 
rank  of  lieutenant  with  a  retired  pension  of  200  reales  monthly  for  those  who 
st-ivi  d  honorably  40  consecxitive  years.  Still  another  royal  order  of  July  8, 
I'll  I,  ])ermitted  the  latter  to  continue  in  service  if  they  Mere  able-bodied. 
Mi.£.  tJuad.  de  Formidarloa,  40. 


h'. 


422 


MILITARY  SYSTEM. 


Avas  largely  augmented  by  the  cost  of  the  defences  of 
the  port  of  Vera  Cruz,  the  depot  at  Perote,  and  the 
foundry  at  Tacubaya.  The  expense  at  Vera  Cruz 
closely  approached  $1,500,000,  and  that  at  Anton 
Lizardo  exceeded  §1, 250,000.  I  have  no  record  of 
the  rest. 

The  expense,  in  1789,  for  troops,  including  $98,.')1G 
for  the  naval  station  of  San  Bias,  is  stated  to  have 
been  $2,594,081*''  out  of  a  total  paid  by  the  treasury 
during  the  year  of  $3,424,995.  The  military  budget 
for  1805  had  risen  to  $3,500,000,  to  which  must 
be  added  $500,000  more  for  arsenals,  fortifications, 
etc."'^  In  1809  the  outlay  is  given  at  the  same  round 
figures,  four  million  dollars.'*'^  A  regular  system  of 
pensions  had  also  been  established  in  Mexico  and  tli'^ 
rest  of  America  to  conform  with  that  of  old  Spain,  ex- 
cept in  the  amounts,  A  royal  order  of  September  20, 
1701,  authorized  the  foundation  of  the  montcjno  inlli- 
tar,  out  of  which  was  to  be  paid  to  the  widows  ami 
orphans,  or,  should  there  be  none,  to  the  mothers  of 
army  or  navy  officers  serving  and  dying  in  Amoiiea, 
a  yearly  allowance,  according  to  the  pay  of  the  ofiieir 
at  the  time  of  decease.  In  1773  were  issued  rules  for 
tlie  uniform  observance  of  that  decree,  and  the  rates 
of  yearly  allowance,  as  well  as  the  amount  to  bo  de- 
ducted from  each  officer's  pay  to  swell  the  mojitipio 
fund,  were  fixed.'" 

''^  The  prcsidial  salaries  arc  set  down  at  -inly  Slo.3,707.  2^ot.  de  X.  /,'-/'.,  in 
S(V.  J/' .('.  O'cuij.,  lioktiu,  ii.  40.  An  olticial  account  of  1780  gives  the  cxikmso 
fcrthe  military  forces  in  tlie]irovinciasiuternas  (wit)iout  thcCaliforniiisoitlic 
raeilic  ports)  at  §1).")1,084.  EMcuId  (/Pieml  que  manijiif:la,  etc.,Mii.  'J  lie  idiii- 
iiiantlant  of  a  presidio  could  not  dispose  of  his  company's  funds  witlmnt  the 
c:\ncuou  of  the  habilitjido,  who  on  his  part  coi  Id  donotliingto  the  pn  jihIIic 
of  any  mendier  of  the  company,  and  was  obliged  to  supply  the  nun  witli 
goods  at  rates  that  neither  lie  nor  they  had  any  power  to  alter.  I'uriluisis 
uere  made  by  the  habilitado  in  public,  and  with  the  intervention  ot  tlio 
nyudante  inspector,  "'^  that  it  was  not  easy  to  monopolize  ed'ects  and  piiLis, 
The  ellects  were  oft.,n  bought  at  'JO  per  cent  below  the  fixed  rates  vi  tix 
presidios.    Wlasco,  tS'oii.,  98;  Soc.  Mex.  Geu;/.,  lioltliii,  viii.  394. 

''''The  cost  for  3099  men  in  the  provineias  internas  is  not  given;  it  ii 
probably  included  in  the  §1,1200,000  given  as  the  cost  of  the  presidios.  Set.  (k 
iV.  Ksii.,  in  Soc.  Mex,  Ocoi/.,  Boleliii,  ii.  24. 

«»Military  force,  $1,800,000;  San  Cdrlos  de  Perote,  $200,000;  fortilica- 
tions  and  unforeseen,  $2.0(K),0<)0.    Tvircnte,  Ihr.  JIi.sp.  Avi.,  lulruiL,  i.  !'.'• 

'"The  foilowing  were  the  allowances  according  to  rank:  captuin-geiitial, 


ECCLESIASTICAL  JURISDICTION". 


423 


encos  of 
and  the 
;ra  Cruz 
;  Anton 
ecord  of 

698,niG 
to  luivc 
trca.snry 
y  budirct 
ch  must 
ficatious, 
nc  round 
y'Steill  of 
>  and  till'' 
pain,  cx- 
mbor  20, 
['2^10  hiili- 
lows  and 
btlicrs  of 
A.nifiica, 
lie  officer 
rules  liii" 
the  rates 
to  lie  de- 
mojiti'pio 


a  the(.'X[ic!i^e 
foniiii.sdi'tlie 
8.  'J'lic  idiii- 
I  vitliniit  the 
;lio  |ii'ijiiiliie 

10   lllfll    witli 

rurcliiisi'3 
ritioii  of  the 
s  and  jii  ices. 
rates  vi  ti;t 

piveii;  it  is 
lios.  yol.  ik 

)0;   foitilictt- 
■o<l.,  i.  \'X 
tuiii-gLiK-iul, 


To  swell  the  fund  of  the  iiontepio  militar  the  fol- 
lowing deductions  were  made  from  each  officer's  pay 
I'roni  the  time  when  he  first  entered  the  service :  half 
a  month's  pay  retained  once;  eight  maravedis  de  plata 
fucrtc  out  of  every  peso  fuerte;  the  increase  of  pay 
for  the  first  month  in  the  case  of  officers  promoted  to 
higher  rank  and  the  amount  of  the  whole  month's 
salary  in  the  case  of  officcn'  and  officials  newly  cni- 
jiloyed.'^  With  tlie  view  of  creating  iifondo  de  iiicd- 
lidus,  from  which  invalided  officers  and  soldiers  were 
to  draw  pensions,  it  was  c-'dered  by  the  crown  Jan- 
uaiy  1  i,  1775,''  that  a  deduction  of  eight  maravedis 
de  plata  should  be  made  from  the  pay  and  extra  allow- 
ances of  officers  and  men  in  actual  service. 

Tlie  JHi'isdiccion  cdcsidstica  ccustrcnsc,  or  the  eccle- 
siastical jurisdiction  of  tlie  army  and  navy  of  S[)ain 
and  her  Indies,  was  under  the  vicario  general  de  los 
vcdh'sejei'citos  y  armadas,  an  office  annexed  to  that  of 
the  2>atr'iarca  de  las  Jndias  y  capellan  mayor  of  the 

$l.l-.'):  lii'ntcnant-gencral,  ^ITiO;  inariscal  de  campo  or  roar  admiral,  .?(l-."); 
lii-ailiir  and  colonel,  .*.")(X);  licutenant-coloni'l,  i;?.'}!.");  sargciito  niayoi',  or 
iMujiii-,  .s;{l!l;  captain,  S^ISS;  adjutant,  §l(iO;  lieutenant,  81-0;  suhdicutenant 
(ir  iiiti'icz,  !?04.  The  same  privilege  waa  awardc  d  totlio  widows  and  orphans, 
or  iiKjtlicrs  of  civil  olliciala  belonging  to  the  pay  department  of  the  army  or 
navy.  The  following  exceptiona  were  established.  Widows,  orplians,  or 
iniithirs  of  ollioeis  who,  after  the  foundation  of  the  niontepio,  married  w  ith  ii 
raiik  lielow  that  of  (i  full  captain  in  t'  o  army,  or  a  teniente  de  fragata  in  tlio 
navy,  had  no  claim  to  the  allowance,  unless  their  husbands,  fathers,  or  sons  had 
(lied  in  battle;  in  this  eventthose  heiis  were  entitled  to  the  pay.  The  same 
rill''  ajiplied  to  olfieials  connected  with  the  pay  department  of  the  navy  w  ho 
had  nut  attained  the  grade  of  a  purser  of  a  ship  of  the  line.  Jt'criUd  (I'iiji  i/o, 
JJ((iiil<jx,  no.  '21.  An  order  of  Fel)ruary  *2I,  ITtii),  the  widows,  etc.,  of  otliccra 
wUo  married  after  being  sixty  years  old.   liaz.  Mix.  U7SS-!)),  iii.  'Mi',]. 

'' .\gv.(.ably  to  the  royal  order  of  Ajiril 'JO,  ITtil.  establi.shing  the  nu)ntepio 
niilitar.  J!i a/  Dcvlaracioii,  hi  I'la/cn  Onkiici,  ii.  'Mo-'.il.  The  montcpio  wa.« 
not  founded  in  New  .Spain  till  Febi-uary,  17'».").  It  was  done  with  tlu;  ftii'd 
ai'iiuiinlateil  by  taking  from  each  ofHeer  one  whole  month's  ]iay,  ami  "Jl  jjcr 
cent  fi'om  his  running  J>!iy;  to  that  were  a(hled  iirlV""^*  annually,  taken  ;'i-om 
the  .;'u;/'/"  (/('  V(iraiilc.i<  vunjorcx  y  tncnon'ft;  widows  and  orphans  received  one 
fourth  of  the  pay  their  husbands  or  fatliers  obtained  at  the  time  of  tluii- death. 
Later  all  excesses  collected  under  the  'J.',  per  cent  weie  rcind.ursi'd.  The 
iiKMnie  of  uie  fund  till  r,\)'l  was  $;!(;-J,.isi  ;  t!io  oat-go  .<!IilM'!i-.  !!<  rilln. 
I.';/' (/(I,  IiiKlriic,  M.S.,  5-8.  The  eight  maravedis  taken  from  every  ihillar 
o' au  (illiccr  or  orlicial's  pay  were  to  be  akso  deducted  fi'om  idl  other  allow- 
(UKcs  he  might  have  from  the  treasuiy,  under  royal  -jrders  of  I77!>,  178S,  and 
ITld.  Mo  such  <liscount  could  bo  made  from  persons  enjoying  pensions  from 
tile  niontepio  funil.  llrdeiicH  de  la  Corona,  M.S.,  vi.  (i8-7-. 

'■' Fuither  explanations  were  issued  in  October,  1701.  Ordenes  de  la, 
i'orumt,  MS.,  C7-'J8,  71'. 


424 


MILITARY  SYSTEM. 


K  * 


f 
.  i 


sovereign  by  the  brief  of  Pope  Clement  XIIT.  issued 
iu  17G2,  with  special  powers  and  privileges  renewable 
every  seven  years.  It  was  exercised  in  the  Indies  by 
tenicntes  vicarios  generales,  which  title  was  usually, 
though  not  necessarily,  conferred  on  the  diocesan 
bishops  by  the  vicario  general.  To  do  away  with  all 
doubts  and  disputes  on  the  subject  of  ecclesiastical 
jurisdiction,  the  pope  on  June  12,  1807,  referring  to 
and  confirming  all  previous  briefs  pertinent  to  the 
subject,  placed,  at  the  king's  request,  under  the  ex- 
clusive control  of  the  vicario  general,  and  detached 
from  that  of  the  ordinaries,  all  persons,  clergymen 
included,  belonging  to  the  military  service  in  any  of 
its  branches,  and  all  who  held  the  fuero  militar,  with 
thcii*  families,  employes;  or  servants.  The  followers 
of  the  army,  and  all  individuals  subject  to  niilitaiy 
rule,  forts,  fortresses,  castles,  schools  and  colleges,  hos- 
pitals, factories,  arsenals,  navy -yards,  war-shi[^s,  and 
transports  were  placed  under  the  same  jurisdiction."^ 

The  judiciary  system  in  its  connection  witii  the 
service  also  deserves  attention.  By  royal  orders  of 
IGOG,  IGIG,  1G17,  1GJ33,  and  1G04,  the  commandants 
of  castles  and  forts  were  clothed  with  judicial  powers 
over  all  causes,  civil  or  criminal,  of  the  troops  and 
people  within  their  respective  commands.  Appeals 
were  allowed  to  the  governing  captain-generals. 

Militia  officers  and  men,  wliile  in  active  service, 
had  the  privilege  of  fuero  militar.  Neither  the  aiuli- 
encias  nor  the  alcaldes  del  crimen  could  intervene  in 
their  civil  or  criminal  trials,  which  had  to  be  adjudi- 
cated upon,  in  the  first  and  second  instances,  by  the 
captain-generals,  or  comandantes  generales;  and  ap- 
peals from  their  deciisions  went  to  the  junta  de  gueiia 
do  Indias  in  Sjiain.'*  Still,  any  person,  possessed  of 
that  privilege,  if  found  committing  an  offence  again.-t 
the  oeneral  laws,  or  soon  after,  nii<»ht  be  arrested  hv 

'^ And  every  pinco  or  buililing  permanently  npplied  to  the  uses  of  the  aiiiiy 
imd  navy.  ZmiKiru,  Bih.  Lai.  ('It.,  vi.  1!K)  '20.');  Mc.i-.,  PnnUlcuchis  I'mn-. 
f(tii,iy,  MS.,  -M,  "Jl,  o.'i-H."),  OS,  01),  100;  ]{inl  OnL,  Kno.  'Jl,  ITUl  (with  auioi;. 
ti^ii  of  King  CdiloB  IV.  und  buc),  iu  liccilla  Uiyedo,  Uandos,  uo.  34, 


ajucz 
roth; 


a, 


COURTS. 


4'i5 


IT.  issued 
renewal  )le 
Indies  by 
3  usually, 
diocesan 
y  with  all 
lesiastical 
ferriiig-  to 
it  to  the 
T  the  ex- 
detached 
:'ler<>Tiiieii 
in  any  of 
litar,  with 
Ibllowers 
)  military 
leges,  hos- 
jliips,  and 
isdietion.'^ 
with  the 
orders  of 
numdauts 
al  powers 
:"oops  and 
Appeals 
rals. 

0  service, 
the  audi- 
ervenc  in 
jc  adjudi- 
es,  hy  ihe 
;  and  a|t- 
de  gueira 
S8es!>e(l  ot 
,'0  aii'aiii.-'t 
•rested  hy 

PS  of  llu>  ;uiiiy 

1  (with  uuiug. 
b.  34. 


P  .1  jiu  z  ordinario,  but  lie  must  bo  forthwith  surrendered 
to  til-!  'juez  do  su  fuero.'''" 

A  supreme  court  of  military  justice,  under  the 
name  of  sujyremo  consejo  de  rjuerra,  was  created,  or 
jiithcr  the  court  formerly  existing  was  reorganized  in 
November  ^'^73,''"  the  king  retaining  for  himself  the 
presidency  of  it.  In  later  times  the  administration 
(if  justice  under  the  fuero  militar  was  subdivided  in 
minor  courts,  one  for  each  branch  of  the  military  ser- 
viee^' 

Persons  possessed  of  the  fuero  militar  preferred  to 
fi'dit  or  litigate  in  their  own  camii,  having  little  re- 
speet  or  regard  for  any  authority  but  their  own,  and 
oonniiittinij  offences  that  mii;ht  not  have  occurred  if 
jiuiiishment  by  the  common  courts  had  been  certain. 
The  question  of  fuero.  not  the  military  one  alone,  for 
there  Avere  others,  has  been  in  Spanish  countries  a 
yreat  evil  in  the  body  politic,  until  completely  eradi- 
cated, as  will  afterward  appear  in  the  course  of  this 
history. 

"Tilt'  fuoro  militar  could  l>c  waived,  however,  under  n  law  of  Doceml)er 
ni ,  Kill',  by  oliiccrs  and  men,  in  contracts  or  deeds  of  conveyance.  Jii  coji.  Iiid. , 
00.VI1. 

'■' !!•  lilla  Gi'jedc,  Bniidns,  no.  22.  In  1700  it  was  declared  that  servants 
of  iiiilit;ivy  men  eniploj'cd  in  their  country  estates,  factories,  or  bu.sines.s, 
wIidIIv  loreij^n  to  the  military  service,  were  not  entitled  to  the  fuero  militar. 
/(/.,  iiu.  2(5. 

'''  l'ii(frn  Ordriicn,  ii.  1-17. 

"'  An  Hiich  causes  were,  however,  under  the  almost  exclusive  jurisdiction 
of  tlie  viceroy  as  ciii)tain-j,'eneral,  wlio,  liy  and  with  the  advice  of  an  (tiii/itnr 
'Ic  ijiii  rrii,  who  was  usually  one  of  tiie  oidores  of  the  audieneia,  adjudicated 
in  tlic  )iieuiises.  In  appeals,  which  were  made  to  the  ea)>tain-j.'eni  i;d  him- 
si  If,  lie  iissuciated  another  justice  with  the  auditor  de  fruerra.  In  alliiirs  nf 
navy  jicfsons  there  was  lirst  in  Vera  Cruz  a  jiiz<iai/o  il<'  hiatriciihi,  ]iresided 
fiver  liy  the  governor  of  N'eraCruz;  later,  njii-.i/dihi  dc  marina  was  established 
iorsuch  cases.  Lcrdo  de  Tcjndii,  Apniile^,  itSS-'Jl. 


i 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JESUITS. 

1720-1810. 

The  Society  of  Jesps  in  Mexico — Last  Services — Moral  Conditki.v— 
Squabbles  about  Tithes,  and  the  Consequences — The  Situatihx  ix 
Mexico  and  the  World  in  1750 — Members,  Houses,  and  Missions 
IN  Mexico  in  1707 — Converts  Made— Unsuccessful  Renunciatiuv 
OF  Missions — Clouds  Portentous  of  Disaster — Persecution  in 
Portugal  and  France— Obloquy  and  Refutation — Expulsion  vuom 
Spanish  Dominions  and  Other  Nations— Causes  therefor— Huw 
Effected  in  Mexico— Sufferings  of  the  Exiles — Harsh  Treat- 
ment— Means  of  Support — Revolutionary  Movements  in  Mexico 
Quellf.d — Relentless   Punishment  of  the   Leaders — Papal  Sip- 

PRESSION  OF  the  SOCIETY— LaTEB  MODERATION — ThE  OrDF      ResTOKED 

AND  Readmitted  in  Mexico  to  be  again  Expelled. 


We  coine  now  to  one  of  those  episodes  in  the  liis- 
tory  of  intellectual  development  which  occasionally 
startle  us  from  our  contemplation  of  the  more  usual 
monotony  of  facts;  in  this  instance  an  episode  wliidi 
causes  us  to  wonder  at  a  state  of  human  society  that 
could  evolve  such  phenomena.  There  are  few  cviuts 
in  the  annals  of  the  I'ace,  very  few  upon  its  later  panes, 
wherein  is  so  dis[)layed  the  mighty  power  of  one  tivcr 
the  many,  not  of  one  mind  over  the  will  of  the  many, 
as  fre(|uently  occurs  in  the  great  ciirrents  of  sujxrsti- 
tion,  but  the  arbitrary  and  unjust  domination,  tlio 
iron  tyranny  of  one  will  over  the  minds  and  bodits  df 
millions.  In  the  midst  of  its  palmiest  days,  at  a  time 
when  its  wealth  and  influence  are  almost  liinitliss, 
the  church  throws  a  faint,  almost  imperceptible  stowl 
at  tlio  state,  and  instantly  one  of  her  most  powoifiil 
divisions  is  hurled  hence,  and  dissii)ated  to  the  wiials; 
and  this  in  a  Catholic  country,  by  a  Catholic  moiiurcli, 

(426) 


IN  GUANAJUATO. 


427 


and  in  defiance  of  the  pope  of  Home.  It  was  daring 
the  administration  of  the  marques  de  Croix  that  New 
Spain,  as  well  as  the  other  dominions  of  the  Spanish 
crown,  was  subjected  by  Carlos  III.,  their  king,  to 
this  catastrophe  which  brought  to  thousands  humilia- 
tion and  distress. 

I  have  given,  with  sufficient  detail,  the  origin  and 
progress  in  Mexico  of  the  society  of  Jesus  to  the  end 
ut'  the  seventeenth  century.  The  order  continued  to 
i^liread  during  the  next  hundred  years,  and  its  hold  on 
the  country  was  such  that,  to  all  appearances,  no 
power  could  shake  it  so  long  as  it  pursued  its  cstab- 
lif^hed  policy.^  In  1732  the  Jesuits  entered  the  field 
of  Guanajuato,  and  took  initiatory  steps  toward 
founding  a  college  in  the  city  of  that  name.  The  site 
was  determined,  and  the  appurtenances  received  in 
September,"  but  it  was  not  until  1744  that  the  royal 
authorization  was  obtained.''  The  corner-stone  was 
laid  in  1747,  fifty  thousand  pesos  having  been  secured, 
besides  four  haciendas  valued  at  double  that  sum.* 
The  church  of  the  college  was  consecrateei  in  17G5. 
There  was  at  Leon  in  Guanajuato  a  bcaterio  of  Jesuit 
WdUien  for  the  education  of  girls,  the  only  one  in 
America.  In  Michoacan  the  order  had  a  mission  in 
San  Juan  Purudndiro  of  the  district  of  Patzcuaro.^ 
Tlie  college  of  San  Javier  was  given  to  the  society  by 
tlie  bishop  of  Michoacan.  In  Jalisco,  the  conversion 
of  the  natives  of  Nayarit  was  taken  in  hand  by  the 
Jesuits  in  1720."     They  labored  in  that  barren  field 


'^^A 


'Tlic  society's  extraordinary  privilegea  liatl  been  at  various  perio<ls--1708 
to  17i")7— reiieweil  Ijy  the  papal  court,  the  last  extension  being  fur  twenty 
years.  Mori'Ui,  Fast.  A'or.  ilrli.,  niS-IVJ."). 

•  It  is  stated  that  as  early  as  ItJIli  the  people  there  liad  asked  for  Jesuits; 
anil  there  was  a  tradition  tliat  for  fifteen  days  befoie  a  priest  named  \idal 
^i.sitell  the  pUice,  the  form  of  a  Jesuit  was  seen  in  the  jiulpit  of  th"  parish 
chiiiili.  Vithd  van(juished  and  drove  out  tlie  devil,  who  had  deelared  tliat 
Ik;  Wduld  prevent  the  Jesuit  entry.  Lu'.nuio,   Vila  d< '  P.  Uciedo, '210-5. 

•M /';//•(■,  Jlut.  Comp.  Jt'sns,  iii.  '24l-;j,  'JS4-(i. 

'As  many  as  500  naiiers  helped  at  tlie  work  on  certain  dnys  without 
vii;.'!  s,  aiul  yet  the  college  and  its  magnilicent  temple  cost  over  half  a  milliou 
IK'Sos.   /,'niwro,  Mkh.,  ICO-I. 

^  \")'/(i-Si-))or  1/  S(i)ii-/iic,  Tlwatro.  ii.  28. 

''Wlien  these  people  earnestly  asked  for  them.     They  had  since  1C35  re* 


ii*: 


428 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JESUITS. 


amidst  difficiiltics  and  hardsliips,  !Mucli  of  the  troul»]i} 
aroso  Ironi  the  conduct  of  the  wliites,  includinir  the 
troops  of  the  presidio,  whose  captain  could  not  control 
them/ 

The  moral  condition  of  the  province  soems  to  liave 
been  satisfact(>ry  to  the  n^eneral  of  the  order  in  1747, 
as  he  so  expressed  himself  to  the  provincial  in  ^lexico, 
who  in  his  turn  made  it  known  to  his  subjects,  in  his 
letter  enjoining  the  strictest  discipline,  in  order  that 
the  general's  words  should  be  sustained.^  The  f|iifs- 
tion  of  payment  of  tithes  by  the  society  on  its  estates 
had  been  for  several  years  a  cause  of  contention  lic- 
twcen  it  and  the  archbishop,  in  which  the  real  audi- 
encia  sided  with  the  latter.  In  December,  17o4,  the 
jueces  hacedores  of  the  archdiocese  pas.sed  a  decn-c, 
wherein,  after  noticing  the  decrease  in  the  amount 
paid  by  the  managers  of  the  haciendas  owned  by  the 
society  in  New  Spain  and  the  Philippines,  the  (•(•]- 
lectit)n  was  provided  of  the  full  tithes  due  for  that 
year  by  the  aforesaid  estates.  The  judges  also  piil)- 
lished  coisiotts  against  their  manao-ers  and  scvial 
other  members  of  the  society,  even  thouijh  it  liad  an 
appeal  pending  before  the  audiencia.  The  provincial 
refused  to  accede  to  the  demand,  and  ])retended  to  |iay 
little  or  no  heed  to  the  censuras.''     However,  in  ( )i- 


fupcd  cliristiaiiitj-,  and  in  1713  dcclinctl  to  listen  to  tlic  Franciscai'  tViar 
Antonio  Maigil,  and  even  struck  Ids  luce  witli  a  fox.  Aduju't,  Clinin.  Z'i'\, 
173. 

^  Tlio  troops  were  made  up  of  had  men  who  countenanced  t!ie  Iiicii.im  in 
their  idolatrous  and  other  evil  practices,  to  gain  tlu  ir  good-will,  an<l  tin  i'  liv 
get  them  to  work  on  their  farms,  and  tosliow  clicm  wiicre  tlie  good  mint  s  wiu. 
Aletirc,  Hist.  C'lim/i.  Ji.^iis,  iii.  iSS-l).  It  is  said  that  in  the  Nayarit  i.,i-:-ii'iis, 
wliilst  the  Jesuits  had  them  the  Indians  were  confessed  only  in  articulo  iiu'i'- 
tis,  frecjuently  through  an  interpreter.  J/«sire.<,  liij'onae,  \u  I'iuart,  Col.  iJoc, 
Mix:,  'JUD. 

^  '  Y  que  si  ay,  como  en  comunidad  de  homhrcs.  sv  mal  necessario,  se  cur- 
rigcn,  y  se  dan  las  pcnitencias.'  I'lqwlcs  da  Jcmiilus,  MS.,  no.  4'.i,  1-11. 

"It  wa3  claimed  tliat  the  censuraa  had  no  value  wiiatever  in/oro  n'ii.-<ni'n- 
ttcv;  that  they  had  no  power  over  memhers  of  the  order  of  Jesus,  liec;nis>'  it 
was  not  8ul)jeet  to  the  authority  decreeing  them,  hut  directly  to  tiiat  "f  tliu 
holy  see;  that  as  they  were  null  and  voi<l  in/oro  iiiterno  tt  ixltrno,  tiny  iin- 

iiosed  no  oltligation  of  asking  for  or  acce[>ting  al)sohition  ad  hue  ad  cdni'  'uni. 
t  was  also  alleged  that  a  royal  order  of  Octolier  4,  170.1,  pursuant  to  a  luiiial 
Lull  of  October  10,  1704,  had  forbidden  tlie  ordinaries  of  .Mexico,  Cciiiial 
America,  and  the  I'hilippines  from  issuing  exconimunicatioiis  against  mciii- 


THE  QUESTION  OF  TITHES. 


429 


tolar  173 J,  the  provincial  proposed  to  the  audicncia  a 
tciii]H)rarv  arrangeiiiont,  Avhicli  was  rejected  May  12, 
]7.!(),  on  two  grounds:  first,  that  the  provincial  had 
iiisiilriHl  the  archbishop-viceroy  and  the  members  of 
the  iiudiencia;  and  second,  that  he  had  paid  no  re- 
s[)cctt()  the  censuras  issued  against  the  priests  admin- 
istering the  haciendas  of  the  society.  It  was  orderetl 
that  the  collection  of  the  whole  tithes  for  1734  should 
hi'  made,  and  that  a  copy  of  the  i)rocecdings  should 
he  I'orwarded  to  the  royal  council  at  Madrid.'"  The 
jiidviiicial  had  objected  to  the  second  order  to  pay  the 
dtriinal  tax,  entering  a  solemn  protest  against  it,  and 
adding  that  as  it  Mould  not  be  decent  for  his  peo- 
}iK'  to  use  other  weapons  than  those  of  reason,  the 
lolhrtor  of  tithes  would  need  no  armed  force  to  cflect 
Ills  |)uri)Ose,  but  only  assistants  to  measure,  count,  and 


Wfl'ill 


11 


Tlio  subject  having  been  duly  considered  in  the 
hiiig's  council,  it  was  dccreed^^  that  the  payment  of 
the  tithes  should  be  enforced,  and  censures,  if  neces- 
sary, applied.  The  society  was  required,  under  that 
dtcioe,  to  produce  sworn  statements  of  the  produce  of 
its  estates  subject  to  tithes;  afterward,  if  it  had 
any  exceptions  to  make,  to  send  them  to  the  royal 


bcrs  nf  tlic  regular  orders,  except  in  such  cases  as  the  council  of  Trent  and 
iintain  jiiipjil  bulls  then  in  f(jrce,  authorized  them.  Srgiira,  Dcfenaa  C'ainiiiici, 
Ms.,  1  •2i)'.i.  Tlie  author  of  this  work,  Father  Nicolas  de  Segura,  being  tbo 
imi  piisitus  of  tlie  easa  pi'ofesa  in  Mexico,  in  1743,  was  disi'overed  dead  by 
.sti.iiit;ul;ition,  upon  his  bed,  the  morning  of  the  8tii  of  March.  The  lay 
Ijrothcr  who  acted  as  door-keeper  said,  '  F,n  el  nionte  est;l  quien  el  nioiito 
(liKiiia.'  I'ive  dajs  later,  on  the  13th,  at  daybreak,  the  sententious  brother 
was  also  found  dead  by  strangulation.  Some  time  after  it  was  rc^ported  that 
till'  uutlior  of  those  deeds,  another  lay-brother,  had  been  discovered,  coiitimd, 
ami  afterward  taken  to  Rome.  The  atlair  was  hushed  up  and  remained  a 
luy^trry  ever  after.  Dire.  Una'.  Hint.  GiO'j.,  x.  370-7. 

^"Aiittdn  Secretlos,  in  Mfix.  Doc.  Edes.,  .MS.,  no.  1,  1-82.  Sec  also  TJkc- 
?«'>'/•'  Jiiil.,  nos.  iv.,  ix.,  xii.-xiv. 

" 'I'he  eonclndiug  wonls  of  the  document  are  characteristic,  conveying 
as  tiny  do  malignancy  under  the  garb  of  liund)le  submission.  It  was  to  be 
luuli  Tstood,  he  said,  that  tlie  as.^ent  by  the  maimger  of  an  estate  to  the  dem;ind 
for  imodut  of  every  ten,  would  be  like  that  of  .a  peaceable  unarmed  travel- 
li-T  iiatit  iitlj'  submitting  to  necessity  when  stopped  on  his  w.ay,  and  forced 
til  Miiivnder  his  goods.  Bailnt,  llespuesta,  in  Se<jura,  Dffeitm  Caudnica, 
MS..-J1I-M. 

'  ■luiie  10,  1730.  Dk'zmos,  Uml  Cvditla,  official  copy,  1- 15. 


m 

m 


i    1.   ,.■   »!  . 


r'■■^ 


430 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JESUITS. 


council.     The  audicncia  in  Mexico  docrccd  October 
8,  173G,  the  fulfilment  of  the  royal  order. 

The  matter  did  not  stop  here.  The  Jesuits  wore 
showing  a  marked  disposition  toward  the  acquisition 
of  worldly  wealth,  and  no  more  fondness  for  ]»ay- 
ing  taxes  than  have  most  corporations.  But  fiiuliiig 
tliat  they  could  not  escape  the  infliction,  they  did  the 
next  best  thins::  they  paid  as  little  as  possible.     In 


the 


reijxn 


of  Fernando  VI.,  throuirh  Father  IVmIh) 


Ignacio  Altamirano,  they  made  with  that  sovereign  in 
January  1750  a  contract  of  compromise  for  the  tithes, 
under  which  they  acquired  privileges  and  facilities 
denied  to  other  religious  orders.  They  were  thereby 
privileged  to  pay  one  out  of  every  thirty-one,  instead 
of  one  out  of  every  ten.  This  concession  was  not  only 
an  unfair  discrimination  against  the  other  rcliujiosos, 
and  in  fact  against  all  other  producers,  but  liad 
been  actually  obtained  under  a  false  representation  of 
the  quality  and  quantity  of  the  crops.  As  a  natural 
consequence,  the  ecclesiastical  chapters  of  other  re- 
ligious orders  in  due  time  represented  the  facts  to 
Fernando's  successor,  Carlos  III.,  who  referred  them 
to  his  council;  and  though  the  pleas  of  the  attorney 
of  the  society  of  Jesus  were  duly  weighed,  the  crown's 
fiscalcs  found  them  wanting,  and  asked  that  the  so- 
called  transaccion,  having  been  obtained  on  false  j)re- 
tences,  should  be  declared  null,  whether  it  was  looked 
upon  as  a  compromise  or  as  a  favor,  for  the  right  of 
the  crown  to  the  tithes  recognized  no  privileges  cither 
anterior  or  posterior  granted  by  the  holy  see.  There- 
upon they  insisted  that  the  Jesuits  should  be  in 
future  compelled  to  pay  tithes  like  other  producers. 
The  attention  of  the  council  was  also  called  to  the 
studied  policy  of  the  Jesuit  society  in  delaying  the 
conclusion  of  this  tithes  question  for  over  a  century, 
to  the  injury  of  the  royal  treasury.  The  council,  e(jui- 
posed  of  eleven  members,  stood  six  to  five  in  favor  of 
submitting  the  case  to  the  supreme  court  of  justice. 
The  king  then  called  a  council  of  members  drawn  from 


i 


NUMBERS. 


481 


tlic  councils  of  Castile,  the  inquisition,  (jrclones,  and 
liiicieiida  or  exchequer,  to  which  were  also  invited 
isevoral  <listinguished  theologians  who  took  part  in  the 
deliberations.  Of  the  eleven  members  constituting 
this  council,  ten  cast  their  votes  for  the  anmilment 
of  the  compromise,  and  thus  it  was  declared  in  the 
roval  decree  of  Decemher  4,  1700.  The  Jesuits  wore 
tlicn  required  to  pay  thereafter  one  per  decem  upon 
all  tlic  produce  of  their  haciendas,  ranches,  and  iii- 
(ji'iiios,  or  sugar  plantations.*^ 

The  society  of  Jesus  on  the  31st  of  August,  1750, 
Imd  in  the  province  of  New  Spain,  which  included 
Giuiteniala,  Cuba,  and  Florida,  025  members,  of  whcmi 
382  were  ordained  priests.  About  one  half  of  them 
\w\\'  natives  of  America,  and  the  larger  portion  of 
tlie  latter  were  born  in  Mexico."  In  the  summer  of 
17n7,  when  disaster  overtook  the  society,  there  were 
in  the  province  of  New  Spain  418  priests,  137  csco- 
hdrs,  and  123  coadjutors,  making  a  total  of  078, 
(if  whom  404  were  natives  of  America,  1 53  from 
S[»ain,  and  01  foreigners.*^  The  society  had  in  the 
pidvincc  one  casa  profesa  in  the  city  of  Mexico, 
2o  colleges,  one  house  of  probation,  eight  convictiis 
et  scmhiaria,  and  five  residences.  It  had  taken  root 
ill  ever}-  province  of  the  country,  controlling  103  mis- 
sions witli  104  priests,  besides  one  visitador-general 
of  missions  and  his  associate.*^  In  1700  the  provin- 
cial, Father  Francisco  Ceballos,  had,  after  due  delib- 

"Tlie  viceroy  had  the  orders  published  in  Mexico,  nnd  endeavored  to 
execute  tlieni,  but  the  Jesuits  again  opposed  a  rcsist.incc.  lliri-ni,  (lab.  Mt-x., 
i.  4(iS-l). 

"  In  the  Spanish  dominions,  including  all  America  and  the  I'liilippines, 
tlicrc  were  5, IGT,  of  whom  '2.774  were  priests;  iu  I'ortugai,  ],7")4,  of  whom 
'J'J7  were  priests;  in  France,  l,r)4'2,  of  whom  about  half  were  jiriests.  In  the 
V'orlil,  •J2,04'2,  of  whom  11,1^45  were  ordaiiii'd  priests.  Cat.  I'<  r.'ioiiunuii  et 
Duiiik'dhirum  (1-21);  Vomp.  Jesus,  Col.  Geii.,  1*4. 

''''o///y/.  Jifiii.%  Catdloijn,  4-70.  Tlie  neophytes  converted  an<l  directed  by 
the  (idcr  in  Mexico  were  122,000;  in  the  rest  of  America,  1!)I,()00;  in  the 
riiili]>|iine.s,  etc.,  10.'),000;  making  a  total  of  47>^,<l<)().  To  that  number  must 
he  iidiled  the  neophytes  in  the  Portuguese  possessions,  linero,  note,  in  L'.rpid- 
sloii  (let  Jrxiiiles,  220. 

'"In  I'ppcr  Pimeria,  8;  Sonera,  18;  Sinaloa,  1(5;  Chinipas,  7;  Taraumara, 
13;  Ti'pehuane,  12;  Piastla,  10;  Nayarit,  0;  Lower  California,  I'A.  Cat.  Per- 
eomruiii  et  Domk'd.  (1-21).     All  existed  in  1707. 


m 


432 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JESUITS. 


oration,  solemnly  rclinquisliutl  to  tlic  viceroy  ill  1]^. 
missions,  more  i.-specially  those  in  Calitbrnia,  oli(iiii,f 
to  estubl.  ;li  others  among  the  heathen  whenever  d.- 
sired.  This  must  have  been  put  forth  as  a  test,  with 
a  full  conviction  that  the  surrender  could  not  iind 
would  not  be  accepted.  And  so  it  proved.  Tin 
viceroy  called  a  council,  consisting  of  oidores,  tin 
auditor  de  guerra  and  the  fiscal,  who  asked  the  opin- 
ions  of  the  bishops  and  governors  of  the  region^ 
where  the  missions  were  situated.  The  bishops  and 
most  of  the  governors  objected  to  the  renunciation, 
stating  their  reasons.  The  viceroy  then  referred  tliu 
matter  to  the  crown." 


This  great  association,  notwithstanding  its  wealth 
and  almost  unlimited  sway  over  the  Roman  Catliolic 
mind  and  conscience,  was  now  to  underlie  a  urcat 
calamity.  Persecution,  dire  and  relentless,  was  at 
hand.  On  the  27th  of  February,  17G7,  King  Carlos 
III.,  after  a  consultation  with  his  intimate  coun- 
sellors, and  for  reasons  that  he  reserved  in  his  I'oyal 
breast,  issued  a  mandate  to  his  minister  of  state,  the 
conde  de  Aranda,  for  the  expulsion  from  his  domin- 
ions in  Europe,  America,  and  Asia  of  all  the  nioui- 
bers  of  the  society  of  Jesus,^^  that  is  to  say,  ordaiiiftl 

'"  Meanwhile  the  California  missionaries  asked  to  be  at  least  rclu-vtMl  of 
tlie  two  soutiiern  missions,  which  were  trouljlosomc,  overtasked,  and  lus,i 
fruitful,  particularly  since  the  opening  of  mines.  The  re<iuest  was  nut 
granted,  t'lnvujero,  Storia  Cal.,  ii.  109-70. 

"  The  order  had  been  expelled  from  the  dominions  of  King  Jo.sr  I.  of 
I'ortugal,  by  a  royal  decree  of  September  3,  17o0,  in  which  the  Jesuits  wuie 
declared  traitors  and  rebels,  and  the  society's  estates  confiscated.  ()u  tlic 
same  date  of  the  previous  year  the  king  was  shot  at  and  wounded  in  the  jiiili- 
lie  streets,  and  the  Jesuits  were  accused  of  being  at  the  bottom  of  a  |'l"t; 
tlu'ee  of  their  nund)er  were  imprisoned,  and  the  chief  among  them  siillriiil 
death,  against  the  express  disapproval  of  the  pope.  The  expiUsiou  was  .-aiil 
to  be  the  work  of  the  minister  of  state,  marques  de  Pombal,  the  first  to  i'ai>c 
the  standard  of  persecution,  who  had  resolved  to  reform  the  church,  biiii.'ii!,;' 
its  members  under  the  control  of  tiie  royal  goverinnent;  to  accomplish  wliiih 
lie  committed  nunici'ous  acts  of  despotism  and  cruelty,  ni)tably  tiioso  ii;.'aiiist 
the  Jesuits.  So  was  asserted  by  their  friends.  The  expulsion  from  I'drtu.al 
was  followed  by  the  suppression  of  the  order  in  France.  A  decree  cf  the 
parliament  of  August  0,  170'J,  declared  it  inadmissible  in  any  civilizei!  state. 
because  of  its  hostility  to  natural  rights,  as  well  as  to  spiritual  and  t{in|ioral 
nutiiority.  The  society  should  be  dissolved  and  its  property  coulisc  atdl. 
Other  decrees  were  passed,  and  finally,  King  Louis  XV.,  in  November  1704, 


SEVERK  MEASURE*. 


433 


jiiir-is,  lay-l)i"()tlu'rs,  or  coadjutors  ^vllo  liad  talifu  tlie 
iirst  \(i\v,  and  novices  wlio  refused  to  abandon  tho 
society,  togetlier  with  s(>questration  of  tlicir  estates.'" 
The  older  was  contirnicd  by  the  pragmatic  sanction 
d'Ajiiil  2d,  pubhslied  tho  same  day,  making  known 
the  inyal  action  in  tlie  premises,  and  that  tlie  exiled 
voiild  be  allowed,  out  of  the  income  of  the  suppi  ssed 
sdcit'ty's  jiroperty,  a  yearly  i)ension  of  one  hundi-ed 
iifsos  to  each  ordained  priest,  and  ninety  p(jsos  to 
(iicli  lav-bntther,  the  foreign  born  and  those  of  im- 
iiini'.il  conduct  being  exccjited.  It  was  strictly  for- 
Kiddcn  tliem  to  write  anything  savoring  of  rebellion 
iiL;aiiist  the  royal  act,  under  penalty,  in  the  event  of 
violation  of  that  clause,  if  it  M^ero  only  by  a  single 
iDciiiliii',  of  the  forfeiture  of  the  pensions  of  all  his 
lifctlireii.  X(n"  was  this  all.  Any  Jesuit  who  should, 
witliout  the  king's  express  leave,  return  to  tho  Span- 
isli  dominions  under  any  pretext  whatsoever,  wen 
tliat  of  liaving  resigned  from  the  society  and  being 
;ilis()l\(  (1  of  its  vows,  would  be  treated  as  a  prosciipt, 
incurring  if  a  layman  the  penalty  of  death,  and  if  a 
]ii'!est  tliat  of  confinement,  at  the  option  of  the  ordi- 

•  Ort 

iianes.'" 


(■\tiiiL'iii>li('il  tlic  order,  pcrniittiiig  its  momliors  to  rcsido  in  Frnnrc  subject 
to  llii'  iiiilmiuics,  iiiid  .submissive  to  tiio  laws  of  tl)u  kin;.'<loiii,  tliou^di  later 
tliiy  Ml  re  toreed  to  ((iiit  the  eouutry.  Tlie  siipiiressiou  vas  the  result,  as 
t!ir  ji:iitis;iiis  ot  the  .Jesuits  idl('j;ed,  of  palaec  intii;jues.  Madame  de  I'om- 
Hiiliini',  the  kiii','".-i  mistress,  eutcitaiiied  a  gi'eat  animosity  to  the  order, 
l»c.iiii>e  of  the  opposition  of  one  or  more  of  its  niiMnhers  to  her  resideneu 
lit  L'ciui-t.  and  lirouyht  her  indueneo  to  liear  ujjon  the  kin;.',  t!u^  minister, 
line  lie  Chdiseiil,  and  otlier  men,  all  alliliated  in  the  new  srhool  of  philoso- 
]iliers,  t<i  ai'eomplish  the  ruin  of  the  .soi-iety  of  .lesus.  It  is  not  my  purpose, 
it  lieiiiir  not  within  the  seope  of  this  \v<irk,  to  enter  into  .'i  full  disi|uisitiou 
of  till'  aeiual  eiiuses  tliat  iirom])ted  the  poliey  of  these  two  i)roiiiinint  sons  of 
thf  Koaiau  eliiireh,  the  kiiij,'s  of  France  and  I'ortujral,  nor  into  the  history  of 
th(ii'  iir;.'iitiations  on  tiie  suhjeet  -with  the  head  of  tlie  ehareh.  Tile  (juestion 
i<  fully  treated  hy  ii  iiumlur  of  writers,  to  whom  I  must  refer  the  reader. 
.\niiiii:;  theiii  may  l)e  mentioned:  Ey/mf-'inii  (A  >•  Ji.iiil/<"<;  L'tirifln/Kiilia 
lii-'ii<iii:,ir,i ;  I)!rnoiuiaiir  (/(•  1(1  <  'oii  r/):iri/!i)ii ;  llns/iiiiiuiitr,  SkjiIiiii.,  in  C'n;,, 
.' I' <  ,y  ;//<,<,■  /(/. ,  JC.v/t(ilri'trioii,  in  Ali-ijri',  llixt.  (,'onip.  Ji'^ii.';  Jlraufi,,/,  ///'<- 
f.,/v  ./,.,■  J'lijii.^;  AlniiMii,  Disii'tudoiii'-^;  JhiiJo,  t'ri-'<!.f  Uun/ji.  Jcscs- (i.-xiii.), 
and  1-lM. 

'"Siiliseijuent  deerees  presei'ibed  the   mode  of  disposing  of  the  property. 

B<:ln:>i.  j'<, ■„/,.,  i.  pt.  iii.  ;i:iiJ  40. 

'"".Aid  IS  and  aliettois,  and  jiersoiis  kiutwing  of  sueh  arrivals  who  failed  to 
mala  theiii  known  to  the  authoiities,  incurred  the  pcualties  prescribed  in  the 
Uisr.  Mi;.\.,  Vol.  III.    28 


•Pill 

'.■'.:i 


liil', 


434 


EXrULSIOX  OF  Tlin  JESUITS. 


Tlio  ransos  prompt iiiGf  tli(>  Spaiiisli  sovorci^i)  t, 
adopt  so  cxtrvnu'  a  iiicasiirf,  very  iiiucli  a^'aiiist  lii, 
fcoliiigs"'  as  W(;  liavo  boon  told  hy  sonic  friends  ol'th 
victims,  wero,  as  I  liavo  said,  roserve<l  to  liinisclC.  Ir. 
lias  boon  assorted  tliat  tlio  grounds  on  Avliicli  il., 
council  based  its  advice  wore  purposely  or  oiln  rwiM} 
I'cmoved  from  si;^lit,  thus  not  enabliiiLj  us  to  jud.;. 
with  any  de<jjreo  of  certainty  what  it  was  tlmt  lim! 
biassed  the  kin<,''s  mind;  and  fault  has  boon  found  witli 
his  reticence  in  a  case  callinjjf,  in  his  jud^^ment,  f'orsn 
severe  a  i)unishmont.  But  if  that  record  is  lost,  \]\<: 
causes  art;  extant  in  another  equally  important  ddcii- 
ment,  of  which  I  possess  a  copy  and  will  take  iiotic 
in  this  connection. 

A  measure  of  such  ma^ifnitude  affectiniL,^  so  \it;ill\- 
the  interests  of  the  church,  could  not  have  been  cdii- 
summnted  by  a  faithful  Catholic  and  liiu'li-niiiidcil 
kin[^  and  irontleman,  such  as  Carlos  III.,  s\  itlioiit  Mp- 
jn-isinj^  the  Iloman  pontiff  of  the  intention,  and  ]irr- 
liaps  of  some  of  his  motives.  He  dutil'ully  disclunnvil 
that  obligation.  His  action  met  with  oppositidiinii 
the  part  of  Clement  XIII.,  who  felt  both  (lislits>(il 
and  indignant;  indeed,  the  destruction  of  a  r(!i'4inu> 
order  from  which  the  papacy  derived  so  much  suji- 
port  and  so  large  a  revenue,  could  but  be  unpahitaMt, 
aside  from  other  considerations,  such  as  the  possiliility 
of  the  pensions  being  suddenly  stop])ed,  nnd  tin. 
pope's  treasury  becoming  burdened  with  the  niiiiiit(,ii- 
ance  of  the  poverty-stricken.  His  Holiness  made  up 
his  mind  not  to  receive  the  ejected  Jesuits  in  liis  dn- 
minions.-^  Still,  Curios  was  a  powerful  monaich.ainl 
a  stubborn  one,  upon  whom  the  fulminatioiis  (4'  tli' 
Vatican  would  fall  harmless;  conciliation  was  then  tliu 


j-oyal  rescript.  Comp.  Jrmx,  Cafdhgc,  1-2,  30-73;  JMePa,  Jicmp.,  i.  pt.  iii. 
.3.'J7;  Col.  ncal  Drrre/o,  Feh.  27,  17()7,  in  Ji'nlcx  OnL,  v.  220-;!!). 

''He  iiaa  not  liocn  iiichuled  among  iiu.wccutor.s  out  of  ixtrcnic  ciiaiity  fir 
liis  blindness.  Er/iiilt<ioii  f/c.s  Jcsiille!!,  pref.  He  acted  '  siyiiiindo  iigciiMS  in- 
llujos.'  Alaniaii,  llif^t.  M('j.,  i.  cS3. 

'■'-Tliis  is  made  to  apjiear  iu  tlio  olfici.il  correspondence  of  tlic  ilm'  'lo 
C'iioiseiil,  and  the  maniuis  d'Aubeterre,  French  ambassador  at  Rome.  /,'.. ]'«(• 
*iiQti  dtsJcDuiks,  308-438. 


mi 


DISCrsSlON  IX  COUNCIL. 


(Hily  availuhlo  ivcourse.  It  was  tliouj^^lit  that  lio 
iiiinlit  be  Jiiuenabk'  to  ])a|)al  ri'asouiiijn';  that  soiiir- 
tliini;"  luiyht  ho  j^'ainoil  by  a  IViciully  intertcreiicc  to 
(ibtaiu  a  revocation,  or  at  least  a  suspension  of  the 
obnoxious  deeree.  The  plan  ^vas  tried  and  I'ailed.  In- 
t\vv<\  the  pope's  brief  of  April  IGth,  ovcrpraisin<,'  tlio 
virtues  and  other  merits  of  the  Jesuits,  at  that  par- 
ticular time,  and  bespeaking  favor  for  them,  was  a 
liluiider;  at  all  events,  it  did  not  mend  matters. 

Tlic  kin<(  submitted  the  brief  for  advice  to  his  coun- 
cil, which  on  the  30th  of  the  same  month  met  in  extra 
i>e,ssion,  and  after  minutely  reviewinj^  its  contents, 
(Xjircssed  the  opinion  that  the  pope  had  no  business 
U>  interfere  in  a  matter  so  entirely  temporal  in  its  na- 
tun",  and  of  the  king's  exclusive  province;  and  that  no 
]i()\vi'r  on  earth  had  any  right  to  call  him  to  account 
inr  his  decision  thereon,  nmch  less  after  he  had,  from 
[lure  courtesy,  advised  the  pope  of  his  action  in  the 
invniises.  The  council,  furthermore,  not  recoixnizimr 
in  the  Jesuits  the  merits  ascribed  to  them,  but  on  tlie 
contrary  many  serious  ftiults  that  made  them  dangei'- 
(tus,  could  see  no  reason  why  the  sovereign  shouM 
aljandon   or  even  modify  his  order."'^     It  concluded 

'•"It  lias  been  sfiid  that  the  real  reason  was  that  Clement  XIII.  nut]  his 
miiiistir  Cardinal  Torreiiiuni  hud  seen  through  the  niutives  of  the  encniiis  of 
|iiil)lic,  oi'iler  and  opposed  tlieiu  with  all  their  niiyht.  .Vc/ki//,  Cuiii-k  d'J/i.-/.,  in 
Aktniuii,  l>i-'trt.,  iii.  30d.  The  king's  eouncil  said,  the  haiul  ol  the  .lisuit 
yuiKial,  Loren/o  liiuei,  could  he  detected  in  the  hiief,  he  being  th(!  coiil'c.s.s<ir 
mill  spiiitual  adviser  of  the  i;ardinal,  with  an  iiilluence  iiotential.  It  charged 
the  Jesuits  with  the  introduction  of  false  doctrines  in  tlie  church  and  cornii>- 
tiiiii  of  morals,  probably  referring  to  what  has  been  published  under  the  title  of 
t  iict  instructions  of  the  Jesuits,  (jf  whicli  1  have  a  co|iy,  but  whose  autheu- 
tiiity  1  have  no  means  of  verifying,  it  accuseil  tiieni  of  being  promoters 
and  ai.couiplices  in  several  riots,  reljellions,  antl  regicides  in  various  kingdoms 
ct  Kinope,  as  evitlenced  in  solemn  decisions  st.mding  against  thcin  in  emirts 
(if  justice;  of  being  the  persecutors  of  bishoi)s,  and  keeping  [irclates,  ciiapters, 
unlers,  universities,  etc.,  in  turmoil  l)y  banding  thcnisclvt's  as  to  liave  their 
own  (i]iinions  and  schemes  prevail  over  those  of  other  respectable  corporations 
01' iKMsoiis:  '  assi  sedio  a  eonoser  la  Conipauia  desdc  (["  .se  fumlo;  y  as.'ii  so 
liallalia  (juando  V.  M.  se  sirviupor  su  IJl.  Decreto  de  ■J4  de  Febrei'o  mandarhi 
(.'xtiiiiiar  de  sus  Doniinios.'  The  necessity  vas  denied  of  the  society's  I'xist- 
iiiie;  and  even  its  usefulness  was  greatly  doubted,  as  it  had  tolerated  su]ier- 
stitidii  in  Ainei'ica;  and  in  the  I'liilippines  caused  a  revolt  of  the  r.atives  in 
f:ivi,r  ipf  the  ]'',nglish;  and  ever-ywheie  its  members  had  made  themsehcs  the 
actiial  .scjvcr'cigns;  'y  en  todas  las  Vndias,  como  en  id  I'araguay,  Moros,  May- 
iias  y  Oi'inoeo,  California,  Sinaloa,  .Sonorii,  I'igmeria,  Nayarit,  Ta^iinularit, 


'l«;j 


'^> 


t 


MM 
t 


*;    '■» 


I 


4r.G 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JESUIT^!. 


tliat  the  presence  of  the  Jesuits  in  tlie  Spanish  doiiiiii- 
ions  was  extrenielyprejn(licial,t]n'oiigh  their  eon)|)hcity 
in  traitorous  attempts,  gras[)inj^  and  seditious  spirit. 
fanaticism,  disobedience,  and  intolerahle  pride.  Tlic 
unanimous  decision  of  the  mend>ers,  t]ic  fiscales  con- 
curi'ing,  was  that  no  discussion  of  the  subject  with 
the  pa])al  court  sliould  be  entered  into,  and  a  nuiv 
aclaiowledgment  of  the  recei})t  of  tlie  brief  should  Ite 
returned  in  answer. 

Without  (hscnssino-  tlic  merits  of  the  charges  pre- 
ferred against  tlie  society  for  its  conduct  in  Euroju-, 
c>r  attempting  to  deny  its  worldhness  hi  the  acfiuisi- 
tion  of  proj)erty  and  its  selfish  eftbrts  to  escape  tlio 
burdens  weighing  upon  other  members  of  the  churcli 
and  tlie  body  politic  in  America,  and  without  laying' 
}i;'rticular  stress  on  its  oveibeai'ing  deportment,  sc\  oral 
instances  of  whicli  have  been  recorded  in  the  course 
of  this  history,  it  must  be  confessed  that  the  Jesuits 
maintained,  if  not  perfect  purity  of  conduct,  at  leas: 
a  degree  of  virtue  that  made  them  the  exce[ttiniial 
members  of  a  church  which  had  at  that  time,  but  I't 
Iheni  and  a  fi^w  other  honc^rable  exceptions,  nliiwist 
become  an  exemplar  of  vice.  At  all  hours  and  seasons 
they  wei'e  found  })erforming  the  offices  of  religion  ami 
charity.  The  se-ivice  of  God  in  their  churches  wa^ 
I'everentand  digi>iticd.  Tliey  s])read  education  aiiioii;^ 
all    classes;  their    libiaiies  were   open   to  all.     TIkv 


i»ii  iC 


y  otrns  ii.-u'iono.s  flo  YiidiMs.  «o  linii  apoderado  ilc  la  solicrania.'  It  IkhI  tiiatiil 
S|Kiiiianls  a^^  cmii  i.  it-s.  ilcpriviii/j  tliriii  of  traiU.  a;i(  ti'iu^liins,'  rluiii  liuniMo 
tliiiiu'w  a.LCainst  llic  kiri;.'"s  service,  nf  all  \\  hii'li  llic  jm  -o  was  ignorant,  iivni 
till'  spiiitr.al  i-arc  (if  the  iiiissidiis  had  lico)!  iicgli'L'tC('  liy  the  .Jfniiits,  ai'^jpl- 
in^;  to  tlicir  iiwii  t'diifi'ssidii  ill  tliiif  intimate  et'i  ri  sj  unleiiee.  Other  (iiai'L'i- 
v.ere  t'liiiiDcfateil,  one  of  tlie  nio-^t  serimi.s  lieing  tha  the  society  IkhI  wniki.l 
tn  lii-jnj;  about  in  S]iaiii  a  eliaa  ^..  "..  lin  goveninie  t  to  Mr*  itself.  (V. »>»/'« 
(/.  /  ('o».«/<>,  ill  ]'(ijiili:<  ill  .lisiii  ii.<^  Ms.,  lu).  (i,  I-!).  Ac'coiiliiiy  to  Al'iiiiiiii, 
l>l^iTt.,  iii.  .'Uo-IT,  the  kine;  v.i.s  induced  to  lielieve  that  the  .leMnt>  liail 
pidUKited  a  riot  that  oeeurred,  with  the  juu'iiose  of  deposing  Iiiui,  to  [iicivo 
viiieli  seditiou.s  pai>ers  were  produeid  to  him  of  .«ueli  a   nature  that   llnv 

<  luld  not  111' (livnlged  without  eomproinisiii,!,'  the  dignity  of  the  erouii  ainl 
tlie  decornin  of  the  rfiyal  family.  It  vas  also  asserted  that  Carlos  III.  was 
eliagrined  at  the  .lesiiits'  o]ipositioii  to  a  ilarK'iL'  piojeet  of  his,  namely,  the 

<  aiioni/ation  of  .iiian  l'ahifo\.  former  liisluip  of  I'uelih  and  viceroy  of  .Mcxicn, 
iiiid  of  lirother  Seliastian  del  N'inu  .lesiis,  who  foivtohi  him  that  he  would  1* 
king  of  Spain,  when  he  was  not    'le  heir  [iiesumptive, 


misli  (loiiiiii- 
irc()iiij)licitv 
itious  spiiit. 
pride.  Tlic 
fisealos  con- 
ul)joet  Avith 
and  a  hkiy. 
f  slioukl  lie 

?]}arG^cs  pre- 
b  in  Eui'ojM', 
the  ac(|iii>i- 
cscape  tli'j 
the  cliuicli 
Lout  laviii- 
lent,  sc,  vvA 
1  the  course 
the  Jesuits 
Lict,  at  1  (■;!>■: 
oxceptioiui! 
mo,  but  tur 
ons,  almost 
and  seasoiis 
relioionaiiil 
arches  wa- 
tion  aiiioir-' 
all.     Tlicv 


It  hod  tiv;iti'-i 

i^    fllL-lll  liuiril'ir 

unoriint.  Kn  ii 
JL'.suits,  aci'iinl- 
( )tlior  ciKiii:!  - 
ty  had  \\(iik!  i 
itmdf.   r,  ...".' ^ 

liy    to    .1/  iiililii. 

lie  Jesillit.-.  liail 
•^  iiilii,  (ii  [ii'mVi' 
tiiic  tliiit  tiny 
the  (Tdw  ri  ami 
C'arln.s  III.  w.is 
is,  ii.'iinriy,  till' 
LToy  of  .M'  ':irn, 
it  lio  \\(ii;!!l  111' 


RELENTLESS  COMMANDS. 


437 


incc.-saiitly  taught  the  natives  religion  in  Its  true 
sjiirit,  as  well  as  the  mode  of  earning  an  honest  living. 
Among  the  most  notabh  instances,  in  support  of  this 
last  assertion,  are  those  of  Xayarit,  Sonora,  Sinaloa, 
CIiihu;>hua.  and  Lower  California,  where  their  efforts 
ill  the  conversion  of  tlie  natives  were  marked  by  ])er- 
scvcrance  and  disinterestedness,  unitetl  with  love  for 
liuiiiaiiity  and  progres.s.^^  Had  the  Jesuits  bceii  loft 
almic,  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  Spanish  Amcicaii 
|ir(»\  iiices  had  revolted  .so  soon,  for  they  were  devoted 
sLtvnnts  of  the  crown,  and  had  great  infiuenee  with 
all  classes — too  great  to  suit  royalty,  but  such  as  after 
all  might  have  savetl  royalty  in  this  quarter. 

Xi'\  er  was  the  king's  absolute  power  made  so  mani- 
t'cst  as  u[)on  this  occasion,  when  he  d«jtermined  to 
crush  at  one  blow  the  most  })Owerfu^  association  in 
his  (loiiiinions.  The  conde  de  Aranda,  clothed  with 
myal  authority,-'  on  the  20th  of  March  circukued 
his  oi'dcis,  which  contained  minute  instructions  ])rL  ■ 
pared  by  Campomanes,  the  fiscal  of  the  royal  council. 
Everything  had  been  foreseen,  time  and  distances 
calculated,  so  that  the  society  should  be  stricken 
without  fail  at  one  and  the  same  moment,  on  the  night 
lictv.een  the  2d  and  3d  of  A{)ril.  A  later  order  of  ]\[aich 
ilSth  hastened  the  execution  by  two  days  in  ^Madrid 
and  iieighboi'ing  places,  and  it  was  carried  out  on  the 
uiglit  of  the  olst  of  ?.Iajch.  When  the  inhabitants 
aw. (!<(.'  the  next  mornii'<j:  they  learned  with  astonish- 
iiiciit  that   the   Jesuits  were  already  several  leagties 

-'Two  distinni.'sliod  ofticors  of  raidvintlii'  Sjaiiisli  I'oynl'iiavy,  .TorL'o  Juan 
niid  Antonio  I'lloa,  in  a  soorct  report  to  tlir  crown  iqKjn  atlair.s  of  S'liith 
Aiiiiiii'a,  <'i|nally  applicaldo  to  Mexico,  iiad  iiotlnnj^  Ijtit  \\(ird.-s  of  connm  lula- 
tii.n  of  the  .ii'snits  and  tlieir  work.  Jiiiin  and  i'/l'in,  Aof.  Scfn  fan,  in  \>""ri. 
/■'■■..  XXXV.  liD.'i-t.  Azara.  ai:  adversary  of  tlio  .losnits,  iidniits  that  tiny 
u^cil  tiic'ir  supronic  antliority  ovoi  tho  niission.s  M'ith  aihniraliio  modi  I'ation 
i:!i.l  iiiijdnoss.  Mairarinos  (.'('rvi'iicc,--,  a,  liljcral  and  judicious  Spaniard,  -ays 
tli.'t  uii 'or  .fi'siiit  iiillncnc'e  tlu  adniinisti'ation  of  mis.  ''ins  rose  totlic  hi  "host 
j;v;iili'  iif  jirospcrity,  and  as  scon  as  it  fell  into  otlici'  hands  tlii'y  wo'c  ri.incd. 
.■\i't.  /,'ti<rr(\  in  /lire.  Cii'v.  J/i-t.  (•'("j.,  ix.  '2W  I.  Sticii  statcni('n';s  jiro 
'"'1  lie  nut  liy  those  of  many  othei-  \\  riiers;  l>ri_i;adiei'  OicLfo  .Mlicar,  ( lonzalo  do 
l>nl,l;is,  licntenant-Ljoverniir  of  l>nenos  Ayres,  tlie  ti'avellei'  I'aLres,  who  were 
tVe-uituesses.  Ivoliertson.  Kaynal,  ( 'hatcaulaiand,  liuniholdt,  etc. 

•'Jjili'ii'i,  Jiccvji.,  ii.  .S87-S. 


mQfM 


;i-  j  ii| 


■"'P 


k^: 


4,13 


EXPULSIOX  OF  THE  JE.^UITS. 


1 


from  ^Madrid,  on  their  way  to  tJio  ports  at  "wlilcli  (Iicv 
w'cvo  to  1)0  oinljarkcd.  It  was  done  with  tho  utnio-t 
sccr-ocy,  and  oven  the-  officers  eliarj^a'd  M'ith  the  dutv, 
thouLrli  many  of  them  were  doubtless  friends,  relatives 
and  supporters  of  the  ^iftims,  dared  not  disohcy.-* 
To  other  parts  of  the  S})anish  dominions  strict  ordds 
had  been  transmitted,  and  dates  exactly  fixed  lur 
the  arrest  of  ever}'  memhei'  of  the  society  of  Jcsu>. 
Troops  were  at  hand  to  aid  the  authorities  shuiild 
necessity  arise. 

Let  us  now  return  to  New  S[)ain  and  see  liow  tlir 
order  was  executed;  and  let  us  mark  carefully  tin 
method  of  it,  for  it  is  full  ot"  interesc  and  instruction, 
Eaily  in  the  evening  of  the  24th  of  June  17G7,  tliu 
viceroy,  marques  do  Croix,  received  in  the  ])alace  tln' 
audiencia,  the  archbishop  of  ]\Iexico,  and  the  rest  of 
the  hi<j;'h  officials,  whom  he  had  sununoned  to  a  meet- 
ing  for  the  consideration  of  an  important  and  confi- 
dential affiur  of  state.  Croix  then  produced  a  sealdl 
package  which  he  had  received  from  the  supreme  gov- 
ernment. U])on  removing  the  outer  envelope  tluTu 
was  found  another,  upon  \Nhich  was  written  the  fol- 
lowing words:  "So  pena  do  la  vida,  no  abrireis  cstf 
phego  hasta  el  24  de  Junio  il  la  caida  do  la  tardc."-' 
This  cover  beinnf  removed  there  were  found  instriu- 
tioiis  concerning  the  measures  to  be  adopted  in  \\u: 
arrest  of  the  Jesuits,  naming  the  men  who  were  to  do 
tlie  work,  and  telling  how  they  should  do  it.  On  ix- 
moving  the  last  wrap[)er  the  full  order  was  inmid 
ex|)ressed  in  the  following  tei'ins:  "  I  invest  you  w  itii 
my  whole  authority  and  royal  power  that  you  sfiall 
foi-thwiih  repair  with  an  armed  force — d  mnito  "/'- 
tuada — to  the  houses  of  the  Jesuits.  You  will  s(  I/.c 
the  pei'sons  of  all  of  them,  and  despatch  them  within 
twenty-four  hours  as  prisoncM's  to  the  port  of  A  cr;i 
Cruz,  wheie  they   will   be  embarked  on  vessels  ]  ro- 


«•■'  <. 


"^Ahmaii.  Hit.  Mrj.,  i.  S'_>-4. 

"' Mraiiiii).'.  'U!i(Kr  llic  jii'iiJilty  uf  iltatli  jdu  \\\\\  nut  o\wn  tliU  (lis;;i:i 
till  .ho -Jilli  of  .liiiK' at  iiiL'htfuU.' 


M'a.S      ilrlllld 


'11  this  (U'8[i;ili.ll 


now  THE  ORDER  WAS  EXECUTED. 


439 


tliat 


pui'i 


)()SC, 


At  tlic  very  luomont  of  such 


;inv>i  Villi  ^\  ill  cause  to  be  sealed  the  records  of  said 
liiiuses,  and  the  papers  of  such  persons,  without  allow- 
iiin-  tlieui  to  remove  auythiiiL;'  hut  their  prayer-hooks, 
aiul  such  giU'Uients  as  are  absolutely  necessary  for  the 
JKUi'iK'y.  JA'  after  the  embarkation  there  should  be 
I'oiiiid  ill  that  district  a  single  Jesuit,  even  if  ill  or 
dvin.U',  you  shal'  suffer  the  j)enalty  of  death.  Yo  el 
hey,"  lliese  last  words  being  tlie  sovereign's  autograph 
^.j^iiature,  and  meaning  I,  the  king.""* 
Pursuant  to   this   conunand  the  vicerov  n'ave   his 


ordc 


an< 


1   on    the   2jth-'^  of  June,  a  littl  '   l)ef( 


oi'e 


iia 


vluvak,   tiie   Jesuits   were    arrested    in    their  resi- 


duuccs,  and 


I  tl 


leu'  paiiers 


pap( 


anc 


1  off 


ec  s  se 


i/ed.      In  tin 


casa  profesa  the  notification  was  made  by  Jose 
Arc"'-^',  fiscal  of  the  audiencia,  to  the  lather  j)nc})o- 
.-itu  .  iJMj  provincial,  Salvadcn'  Gandara,  being  then 
alisciil  m  (Jueretaro,  and  the  other  niend)ers,  all  of 
vlunn  hunil)ly  submitted,  knelt  down,  and  prayed."'^ 

•'  IhivUa,  J.  M.,  P.  Salvwlor  Gthidara,  in  Dkc.  Univ.,  iii.  ."47. 

-'■'Sdiiiu  iiiodurii  authorities  by  luistako  say  it  was  on  tlic  L'Oth.  Zi-rcnro, 


}hm.  I!< 


M,' 


U-l\  Mt 


Mix.,  iii.  L'i'>4. 


'^•'  I'atliL'r  ./os(.-|ih  Och  ixpudiiiti'S  the  ith  a  tliat  anything  ih'tiiincntal  to  thu 
Jesuits  wa.s  found  in  thtir  iiapeis,  liut  Iio  made  hastu  to  dcniroy  all  tho  \Mit- 
iiiL'.s  in  liis  jK)ssc';i.sion  at  tiio  fii.-t  oiipurtunity.  Hfdunios  tlic  impiitation  that 
time  was  anything  socrct  about  the  system  or  ndations  of  the  .Itsuits,  liut 


]ii'rlia 


lor; 


self  when  lie  admits  tliat  many  i)erson 


s  w  on 


hi 


that  i 


Sl.(.(.i)  to  nieak  to  sonic  of  them  w  lii'ii   eoiilined.  and  exults  over  the  faet 

e  1     n  actually  did  smuggle  himself  in  under  the  inetenee  of  being  a 

'.  li,  Itd.-'r,  in  Miirr,  SicJirU-liliu,  !U-(i;  <a7/,  .Iii.--i ph,  Swlinrliltn  vmi 

,Var■/iW.•//^//.   llalh',  bSW).     Oeh  was  a 

to  a 
ill- 


1!> 


liis  liU'i.  in  Ml 


isr.it  jnii'st  wlio  eanie  to  ilexieo  in   17.">(i;  soon  after  he  was  assi^ 


ned 


nilsmiii  m   I  niieria,  and  remaiiii 


d  th 


till   17(i7,  when  he  letniued  in 


liiu'.th  to  Mi'xieo.  lie  was  one  of  tlie  .lesnils  expelled  from  tiie  country,  and 
Si'i'ius  to  have  been  a  soeialjle,  jolly  [iriest,  and  not  over  jiious.  Ills  auto- 
rnj.li  iiieuioirs  lontain  much  inlormatiim  on  the  euunlrv  and  its  inli.abitants, 


Imt  iil'ile  en 


missions 


In   treatiu''  of  the 


enemies  lit    Ills  order  lie  null 


l-e 


!y  ill  sai'ca:  111,  relating;  several  exaL:j;erated  and  cNeii  unsavory  stories  in 


IVVIiUI'. 


leii  go\ern'neiit  oliieials    as  had    a    hand    in    tlie    <  x|iii!sioii. 


lui'iiKiji-s  were  given  by  Abbot  ]''ran/  Huberti  (o  Mi 


iir,  w  lio  1111 


Tl 

ibli.-lied  then 


(i  Hi  us,  reforming  them  to  suit  tlie  public  taste.      I'atlier  ()i 


li\,- 


w  in  the  ,K 
tl 


at 


.Ih 


JiC 


<ia\s  licioie  the  supjiression  ol  his  order 


.f  Wi 
f  h 


rlv  ill  .Iiilv  1' 


ainl  only  a 


liosts  ia  the  cil 


ilumis.-iouer  having  demanded  the  cousumiiti 


,f  tl 


le  eonsi'cra 


loriuin  ]irevious  to  forniiiig  an  inventory  and  sci/iiig  the  saciei 


t.d 
I 


viiscs.  lather  Iragorii  iiiijuired  if  the  .Jesuits  present  desired  to  taivc  the  eoi 


iMiiiiiuu,  iiiid  all  so  exiiressed  their  wish.    Itiinliiinuiiti',  K.r/ 


in-/ 


iii.  ;{(ii; 


III. 


Ml/ 


'I I  III.,  ill  ' ' 


Tns  Slij/ii 


n  .Hi 'II 
Jath: 


\bad,  a  Tnraseo  Indian,  uttered  harsh  remarks  in  TarasciUi  ti» 


!V -a 


{'' 


L 


<*•>> 


440 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JESUITS. 


From  that  moment  the  Jesuits  were  kept  confined  in 
tlieir  colleges  in  Mexico,  and  troops  were  statioiml 
in  the  crossinija  of  the  streets  leadinor  to  them. 

That  same  day  the  viceroy  published  an  edict  to  all 
the  inliahitants  "de  esto  iniperio,"  notifying  tlicm  of 
the  king's  peremptory  order  for  the  expulsion  of  the 
Jesuits,  which  he  had  put  into  execution.  He  waiiiLii 
all  the  king's  vassals,  without  exception,  of  their  duty 
to  respect  and  obey  his  ever  just  decisions,  which  tiny 
were  bound  to  venerate  and  aid  to  carry  out  witli  tlif 
utmost  fidelity,  or  incur  his  Majesty's  displeasure, 
and  the  severest  punishment,  should  they  by  word  df 
mouth  or  v.riting  manifest  any  disapproval  or  hostility 
to  the  measure.^'^  The  people  were  told  once  fir  all 
that  they  were  born  to  obey  and  hold  their  peace." 

On  the  28th  the  Jesuits  were  conveyed  in  coaelus 
strongly  guarded  by  troops  to  Vera  Cruz.  At  Gna<ia- 
lupe  they  were  allowed  by  Jose  de  Galvcz,  the  visita- 
dor,  who  superintended  the  proceedings,  to  enter  the 
santuario,  where  they  sent  up  prayers  to  heaven  for 
the  happiness  of  a  people  who  had  ever  idolizeel  them. 
Large  crowds  of  sorrowful  friends  surrounded  the 
carriages.  The  entry  into  Jalapa  resembled  a  ti  iiun- 
phal  march,  though  it  was  attended  by  so  nnich  bitter- 
ness. The  thronijf  in  the  streets  was  so  larLi'e  that 
the  troops  in  some  places  had  to  open  a  way  with  the 
but-ends  of  their  muskets.^*  The  exiles  from  the  cipi- 
tal  and  neighboring  paints  finally  arrived  in  \'era 
Cruz,  where  tliey  were  gradually  joined  by  their 
brethren  from  other  ])rovinces,  who  had  been  arretted 
and  treated  in  tlie  same  manner  as  themselves.    J)ur- 


Fatlior  Ii'aLTnrri.  Arcclio  then  h:\'u\  to  Iiini:  '  Fatlicr,  were  you  to  surarin 
l?iis(|iie,  Vim  iitiil  your  iiiteiloeutoi'  niust.  whetlicr  it  he  to  youi'  likiiiLT  "i  H"'. 
vi.-iit  (listijiit  liiiids,  iinil  iiiiiko  your  incket  to  ]h'o|i1c  tliiit  ilo  uot  know  liiiliain 
as  \M'  do.'  After  wliicli  he  coullned  Alind  iu  a  cell,  jiud  jilaeed  two  .<iiitik'3 
over  liini.  Zi  rnrro,  Mew.  Rir.  Mir.,  442. 

'■^'.Mevere  precissailo  il  u.Hiir  tlel  ultimo  rigrir,  y  do  exeeueiou  iiii!;t:ii'.' 
JJi.s/io.-<icioiii'H  ]'tiriii'<,  iv.  (J7. 

•'■' '  l>e  una.  vez  ])ara  lo  veuidero  delien  salier  los  sulwlitos  de  el  j.;i:ni  M"- 
iiarea  (pie  oeuiia  el  'rrmio  de  Kspafia,  (pu'  uaeieroii  ]mv:\  eallar,  y  olirdmr,  y 
iio  para  discurrir.  ni  ('linar  in  lo.s  altos  assuuiptos  (lei  (Sovienio.'  ll. 

'■^' liii-ira,  llist.  Jiduint,  i.   l.'J7-40. 


THE  EMBARKATION. 


441 


('I'uciou  luil'.tai 


inn'  (lio  sojourn  of  the  Jesuits  in  that  port  thirty -four 
(if  tlu'lii  died. 

Oil  the  24th^'^  of  Octoljcr  tlic  government  provided 
tlie  )((]uisite  ships,  and  on  that  day  the  Jesuits  em- 
liarkod  for  Haljana.^''  Four  days  out  tliere  was  a  vio- 
k'lit  Li'.de  wliieli  (h'spersed  tlic  convoy,  and  nearly 
caused  the  destruction  of  all.  Noveinhcr  lotli  they 
readied  iral)ana,  and  were  kindly  treated  Uy  the  gov- 
cninr  captain -general,  their  condition  heing  truly 
|iitiahlc.  After  recruiting  their  strength,  having  lost 
a  lew  more  memljers,  they  were  reembarked  Deceni- 
hcv  'I'^d  for  Cadiz,  where  they  arrived  the  rjOtli  of 
the  lullowing  iMarch.^''  They  were  then  taken  to  tho 
pucrtode  Santa  ^lari'a,  and  togetlier  with  many  others 
|ila(c(l  in  an  asylum.  In  tho  middle  of  June,  17G8, 
liaviiig  lost  fifteen  of  their  brethren  l>y  disease  at 
Santa  ]\[aria,  they  were  reembarked,  those  tVom  ]\[ex- 
ico  iiumbei  iug  now  about  528,  for  the  Tvonian  states, 
wliei'o  they  arrived  only  to  ho  refused  admission. ^^ 
The  unfortunate  exiles  wore  then  obliged  to  wander 
altout  the  ]Mcditorranean,  suffering  for  the  necessaries 
of  life,  closely  confmcd  in  the  ships,  and  subject  to  tho 
liarsli  treatment  of  the  connnander,  till  thev  were 
tiiiallv  uiven  refuyfc  in  Corsica.  But  ns  this  island 
v.as  the  next  year  ceded  to  France,"'  they  had  to 
traiisfi'r  themselves  to  Genoa,  whence  they  eventu- 
ally reached  the  papal  states.  In  Naples  and  Parma, 
\vhi)S(^  sovereigns  depended  on  the  king  of  Spain,  tho 
Jesuits  met  with  no  hos[)itality. 

^M)c1i"m  /I'r  (Sf,  ill  Mnrr,  Xdchrichti'U,  73-  13S,  j.'ives  the  diitcs  of  ciiiliaik;i- 
tinii  IIS  llie  -JlM  and  -S.ld. 

■'■  It  sociiis  tliat  till  priests,  one  c^oolar,  and  three  coadjutors  wcic  after 
all  ]i  i'iiiitt('(l  to  reinuin  in  America,  prol)al>ly  f')r advanced  aL;e  and  inliniiities. 
Aiiioiii;  tJRin  were  fatliers  Francisco  (/have/,  .Joi-c  Maria  Estrada,  and  Ueyis 
>al;,.'i",  kr[)t  ill  conliiienR'iit  in  Vuchla,  and  the  lirst  namcil  evcutiiiilly  taken 
t'l  Mr.\i.o.  l]i.;liteeii  novieis  aban<hiiied  the  order  in  Ann  rica,  and  'Js  piiu,-.t.-i 
«rri- iilluwcd  toivniain  inStiaiii.   ('oiiip.  J< ,•"!■<,  ('(iliiloi/o,  SS-!)0. 

'''The  barque  Uhdn-*,  Hiththe  provincial.  Father  Salvador  de  la  (laiidara, 
W:is  ill  iveii  upon  the  joiist  of  I'lTtugal,  vlieie  she  was  on  the  brink  of  ilc- 
.otnutioM.  Uustiiiiiantif,  Kr/tn'i  :■"■!<>/!,  in  Alfjir,  JJls/.  Conip.  Jixii--',  iii,  1(03; 
/'/.,  Sii'li'iii.,  in  ('tn\),  TnsSi'iha,  ei.  'i. 

"  h'riml.^iin)  (lex  .litiiiil'^  44(». 

'^  Till- dnc  du  CUoiseiil  wouW  uot  let  them  stay  there.  Alamuii,  JJinurt., 
iii.  :;i;i-JO. 


442 


EXPULSIOX  OF  TITE  JESUITS. 


Nearly  iill  writers,  botli  Protestant  aiid  Tioinan 
Catliolie,  oven  those  who  justifv  tlie  act  of"  expulsion, 
condemn  the  arbitrary  and  cruel  n)anner  of  its  execu- 
tion. The  Jesuits  w(>re  arrested  and  violently  han- 
dled, as  if  they  had  been  guilty  of  heinous  eiinies,  iuid 
without  trial  were  ch'iven  from  their  homes  and  coun- 
try, exposed  to  want,*''  and  conn)elled  to  li\e  in  Italy 
under  |)ain  of  forfeiting  the  pittance  allowed  them  for 
their  sup[)ort  out  of  the  millions  that  had  been  ruili- 
Icssly  taken  from  thcm.*^ 

lieturninfTf  aijain  to  IMcxico,  we  shall  sie  what  uc- 
currod  there.  On  the  18th  of  July  I7i)7  tin,'  viceroy 
and  audicneia  issued  an  edict  for  the  sequestration  of 
the  temporalities  of  the  Jesuits,  again  warning  tlio 
people  to  be  obedient  and  submissive  to  the  kiii^s 
ordi.'rs.'''  The  expulsion  of  the  S(K-iety  iVom  ]\Iexio) 
was  felt  in  various  wavs.     It  was  a  heavv  bhnv  to  the 


.t'f^ 


*"Tliia  AVfts  ill  violation  of  tho  kini^'s  order,  wliiih  CNprcsslj-  sniil  tb.-it  tin  y 
bIiouUI  1)0  wi'U  'rfatc'd:  'So  Iva  ti.itani  cii  la  cxociicioii  con  la  mayor  Uectucia, 
atcncion,  Imiiianidad  y  asisteiicia.'  <'nii)/).  .A.v//.'',  (V/.  Cui.,  '2. 

■"AH  till'  Kov(!ni!,'iis  of  tlu>  iioiulioii  family  doiiiaiidcd  vi  it  (irml>>  of  Pop 
Clenii'iit  XIIL  iiiat  lio  should  abolish  tli''  sncjcty  of  .Jesus  forcNcr,  hut  lie 
never  acct'dod  to  the;  domaml,  and  death  eaim:  to  relieve  him  of  his  iespoi>i- 
bilities  iu  17<i'^.  Jli.s  siicucssor,  (laiijianelli,  who  took  tlii!  nanie  of  ('leiiniit 
XIV.,  was  ,1,  J''(7ilii'iHeall.  He  at  once  set  to  work  to  icstoie  liariiiony  villi 
the  (^iitholie  .sovereiLfiiH,  and  was  Mieeessful.  IJut  the  f-overei,,'n,s  httuie 
mentioneil  beii.i^  joined  liy  Austria,  and  Ly  the  (.'land  master  of  Malta— 
the  l.-i^t  named  liad,  Apiil  '2'2,  IT'lS,  exiled  the  desuits  from  liis  doiiiiiiioii>, 
allowing  aiinujilly  to  eaeh  eij,dity  Koiiian  s<iiti — insi-ted  on  the  i.lMililinii  >  1 
the  obnoxious  soeie'ly,  and  even  made  demonstrations  to  foree  eoni)i!ialKi'. 
The  ]iope  at  last  subniittiiiL;  to  the  iiie'.  itable,  <»n  the-  '.il-t  of  July  177.5,  u]uii 
the  jilea  that  the  society  could  no  longi  r  lie  iisff((f/  JH>^ued  the  fammis  hi,., 
Jioiiihiiii  iif  I'('ili)))/i/or  A'o-^r,  fcr  its  exti/ietion.  i'h i.ii iili'  XIV,,  linUt,  X-'^l: 
I?e(i'rx  <')riliitr.<,  v.  -JllO  S!);  Jlcnr/n,',  I/i-l.  <!<■  /.--■  /'/^^-//-,  V.  :i:!().  After  <  In 
cut's  diath,  in  September  1771,  I'ius  VI.  confirmed  ait  (he  ('"■hiliiti jlisa-.iiu  ' 
objectin;^  to  the  sup{)iessi<iii:  'ii.iponiendosc  perjietiio /-if  Ic  i<;  en  el  asm. to; 
all  \iohitions  were  to  be  punisiied  for  disobedii  iii  e  and  eout<'»npt  of  the  niuii- 
dates  of  the  pope  and  the  kiiiL',  and  any  distuilwoi'P  of  tjie  public  |e.,re  ainl 
'  .gh  treason.  Jlilrua,  llvc.op.,  i.  pt.  iii.  .'WH.  .Je.siiif*  resiiliiej  in  Prussia  uii'l 
llussia,  engaged  in  the  cdiicntit)n  of  llomaii  r.itholics,  r.  rnaini  d  \ulli  llie  < 
Bent  of  the  respective  sovereigns,  Frederick  II.  and  Catiierine  II. 

^'-^  .March  11,  17()S,  was  ])iililishcd  another  edict  em) M.ilyinj/ /i  royal'n  ".' r  "I 
November  11,  17(>7,  which  forbade  the  return  of  .Jesuit.-',  nmbr  uny  umu<\ 
character,  or  pretext,  to  the  Spanish  domini.  11=;,  without  the  kiii,\''s  spniiil 
leave.  J)is/iiin!r!iiiicii  ]\tria.%  iv.,  nos.  OM  and  li'J.  April  ',i,  ]~W,  the  xi.eP'Y 
made  known  other  onlers  of  the  king  and  eount.il  to  mpprets  from  tin-  iini- 
versilics  and  colleges  e\  cry  chair  called  ./e.-iiifiia;  and  no  texts  of  th<;  onlcr  nr 
reciiiiimended  by  it  were  to  be  tlierr  after  iised.  In  this  he  wa.s  .seconded  I'V 
tile  bishops.  /'/,,  nos.  70-7-;  Cfdix,  Ileal  Cidida,  Ag.  12,  17<Jb;  Fab'aui,  C'l/. 
de  Procidviiciiis,  403-01, 


niid  Tioiiian 
(»{'  expulsion, 
of  its  oxccu- 
iolciilly  lian- 
s  fiinios,  and 
(•s  and  couii- 
livc  in  Italy 
vcd  thcni  tor 
id  been  lutli- 

seo  what  oc- 
'  tli(,'  viceroy 
uest ration  of 
wai'niiio'  tlic 
o  the  kind's 
iVom  ]\Iexin) 
,'  blow  to  tliu 

'^Ay  Piiiil  tli.'it  tliry 
l;i  lu^yur  (luci-'iiLia, 

/  it  (ir»ii<  (if  I'njie 
IS  fonncr,  but  lie 

111  l>f    !li:4   lCS|inli,si- 

ll.'Uiii;  of   (.'luliicnt 

oio  liarmony  vith 

fiovfr<.'i,.'iis   I'ltui'O 

iia.<ti-r  ot  Malta— 

jiii  his  tl<>iiiiiiiuu.s, 

II  tlii>  i.loililioii  vi 

fniTc  cdiiipliiiiice, 

f  July  177.'{,  <i|'iiii 

lljf  faiii'iiis  hull, 

X/ I  .,/!'! 'a,  1  .Ji; 

i:!().     After  <  lorn- 

■Iiihitijinaj^iiii't 

I'*  en  <■]  asm. to;' 

<  iiijit  (if  till'  man- 

(iiihlii'  I  <■;'■'■  iiii'l 

ij  ill   l'iu>.'-iii  alul 

mil  with  the  «'  !<• 

IK'   II. 

1^  II  i/iyalor'i  r uf 
Uliihi  uny  iKillie. 
thi'  kill',''*  ■'jMiial 

I7<l!l,  till!  vi.ti'.y 
I  ts  from  till-  mil- 
xlsof  till'  oilier  or 

wa.i  sc'coniliil  h.V 
ITOb;  FuOiuii,  CV/. 


CAUSE  OF  THE  MEASURE. 


443 


I  fctTiDLi.'^^  of  the  people,  because  of  the  affection  tlioy 
lioro  it,  and   of  the    deLi;radation    inflicted   on   them 

I  liv  tlio  assurance  that  they  were  mere  serfs,  born  to 
olu  y,  and  not  to  think  about,  njucli  less  dispute,  the 
acts  of  their  master.  Some  persons,  doubting  the 
truth  of  the  mandate,  ventured  to  expostulate,  and 
suffrivd  for  it.''^ 

Hut  in  destroying  what  the  royal  government  con- 
sidered an  evil  which  must  be  eradicated  at  all  hazards, 


Vulle  %if 


Vi,,.-"!"-- 


ClANAJUATO,    QCKHKTAllO,    ANH    MlOXHO. 

evci  au.iinst  th<'  doarest  traditions  of  tlu^  p>'ople,  every 
jiT'  ]i  iivitlon  ha<l  been  fcnad<3  to  confiont  any  [•ossibl*'  at- 
tiiiijiis  at  reU.'llion.     The  tW-t  should  not  be  lost  isight 

"A  raiion  of  Mexieo,  Frniicisnn  .Tavici-  ih;  i:>iiaiirri/'ar,  for  froc  ntteraucps 
in  ]iiiMilc,  was  siiut  up  in  San  Juan  ile  Ulua.  l)i.ctor AiitimioLo]  <■/.  l'oitiih>, 
iKiiiMil  of  hoiiij,'  the  author  of  a  hostile  artiele,  was  sent  to  Siiain.  ami 
lii'C'!iii>o  of  his  great  learnin'.'.  then  deeuieil  \ei'y  danfrerous,  was  never  )ier- 
mitfnl  to  return  to  his  coinitry.  Hiisfaiiiiiife.  L'.r/inlrinrioii,  in  A/njir,  Jlist. 
diiij:.  ./,>«.(,  iii.  HO',;  Id.,  Sii/'l'  m.,  ill  Cnio,  '/'"■■<  Si;ilo-\  iii.  r>.  In  .lalisci* 
the  iiiiiis  sided  with  the  Jesuits,  and  s.'iue  fanatical  iirojiheeies  were  made 
iiilu\Mrot  the  fathers' letuiu.     The  Li;hu[)  of  the  diocese  in   ITOts  niiroveil 


M 


■m 


444 


F.XPULSION  OF  THE  JESUITS. 


1 '    IT 


of  ihat  tlie  natives  of  S[)aiiisli  doscent,  l)oiiinf  mosily  nt- 
tachetl  to  the  Jesuits,  and  at  the  same  time  displeased  at 
t]io  ])rcfcrcnco  shown  by  tlio  government  to  sulijccts 
from  8])ain,  in  open  violation  of  the  right  and  piiv- 
ih'g(\s  given  tlie  former  in  tlie  hiws  of  the  Indies,  wciv 
indignant  at  the  treatment  tlie  Jesuits  had  met  wiili, 
and  whieh  could  be  regarded  as  nothing  less  than  r;iiik 
despotism.  In  and  near  the  cajfital,  where  the  govnn- 
ment  had  great  military  resources,  the  discontented 
could  not  openly  resent  the  insult.  But  in  the  nmii' 
distant  parts  the  people  im{)rudently  gave  vent  to  t luir 
leelings,  and  this  in  overt  acts,  jilanning  a  dangeinus 
cons[)iracy  against  the  Spaniards  from  Europe,  and  tli.' 
government.  There  is  no  means  of  ascertaining  wliat 
was  its  real  scope,  hut  it  is  helieved  that  in  Guanajuatu, 
!Michoacan,  San  Luis  Potosf,  and  Queretaro,  tlidsu 
who  wei'e  engagt'd  in  it  purposed  to  break  the  con- 
nection with  S[)ain,  and  establish  in  Mexico  a  nidii- 
archy  with  a  ^Nlexican  dynasty.  The  plan  had  bci  n 
matured  with  great  seerecy,  but  owing  to  an  ini- 
])rudent  act  the  revolt  broke  out  prematurely  in  il 
town  of  Apatzingan,  seconded  in  Uruapan,  an<l  i'nl- 
lowed  up  in  Patzcuaro,  Guanajuato,  San  Luis  d-  li 
Paz,  and  other  })laces.  The  pretext  alleged  was  the 
king's  rescript  for  the  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits.  E\  eiv- 
wherc  vras  Jieard  the  ciy  of  nnieran!  mucrani  '^fluio 
were  constant  violations  of  law  and  order;  life  ami 
property  became  insecure.  The  motto  was  "nuevi  i  n  y 
y  nueva  ley."  The  creation  of  a  nobility  and  ollur 
hare-brained  projects  was  contem})lated;  but  notliiii!^' 
Avas  done  toward  accom)ilishing  the  national  indejKii- 
denco  except  the  removal  from  the  court-rooms  and 

lliem,  quoting  the  words  of  the  royal  ct''ilul.a.  jRlvas  y  VnuKro,  Cari'i  /'"■• 
tiiriil,  ])as.siiii.  Tlic  goveniUK'lit  itself  violated  the  oi'dc^r  for  silence,  liy  ]iiil'- 
li.'-liini-'  a  liaiiiplilet  wliicli  jiretended  to  give  <;lii-ui;ologii^ally  tlie  ofTeiHi.-  I'l 
(he  sociity  from  its  installation.  Ajiastoralof  the  hislio])  of  I'uehlaof  iMnhrt' 
!.''■;,  ITliT,  was  severely  criticised  hy  one  SaiuLeli,  who  used  abusive  laiiL'ii.i-'*' 
a-aiiist  the  government,  accusing  it  ;.nd  its  agents  of  rohliery,  and  a^^iuin.' 
tile  Uiiig  that  lie  wotild  get  no  piolit  from  the  Jesuits'  estates,  lieeaUM'  '  a  !"■* 
niinistrus  ([HO  ai>hivieron  en  la  d'liixa  se  les  lia  pegado  niucho  en  las  inia.- 
....  '(juien  Inirta  ;'i  ladmu  gana  eten  .inos  dt'  peiilon.'  Fdhitiii,  Col.  tli  /''■«('• 
UltncUis,  'Jol-Do;  Lvxarui,  Dilhji  xriu--',  in  J'uji.  ih  Jcauihia,  MS.,  no.  1,  1-t. 


■^. 


SUBSEQUENT  SUITORT. 


445 


n,2f  niosilynt- 
displcascdat 

t    to    Sllliji'cts 

lit  niid  jiiiv- 
Iiidlcs,  Wriv 
ad  inet  wirli, 
L'ss  than  i';iiik 
u  the  ^•(ivciii- 
discoiitciitfil 
;  ill  tlic  iiKiiv 
vent  to  tlit'ir 
a  dan!j;'('i(iiis 
rope,  and  lli,' 
tainiiiL;'  v.  luit 
(jiuanajnatd. 
rutaro,  tlmsu 
.'ak  tlu.'  coii- 
3xieo  a  iikhi- 
an  liad  Inni 
^  to  an  iiii- 
urely  in  i] ,, 
lan,  and  lul- 
i  Luis  dr  li 
<^ed  was  the 
lits.    E\iTV- 
^ran!    TIiciv 
Icr;  hlV'  ami 
3  "niievo  ivv 
J  and  otlirr 
but  niitliiiig 
nal  indi'jicii- 
't-roonis  aiul 

iiisro,  Cufl'i  /'«>• 
■  silence,  liy  jmli- 
ly  tlie  (inVm-i.s  lif 
rueblimtO.  t,,liur 
iilm.sive  laiiL'iiiiu'tf 
L'ly,  mill  iisMiriii;,' 
I's,  l)ee;iii.sc  '  a  hi 
;elio  en  l.is  ufia^' 
nil,  Cijl.  ill  /^■"|■• 
lis.,  no.  1,  l-l. 


otli<  1'  |»ul>lic  ])hicos  of  the  kind's  portraits,  coats  of 
iirins,  etc.  Nor  did  tlie  conspirators  even  atteni])t 
til  restore  order  among  their  I'ollowers.  When  this 
state  (iftlnngs  l)ecanie  known  in  Mexico,  the  viceroy 
(Intlicd  the  visitador  Jose  de  Galvez  uitli  full  })owers 
to  (1  iish  the  rebellion,  and  punish  the  leaders.  Gal- 
vcz  ap[)ointed  commissioners  to  investigate,  under  his 
(liiv<tion,  the  cases  of  ti-eason,  reserving  for  his  ov.ii 
iiKHr  partii'ular  scrutiny  those  in  Valladolid,  Cuana- 
juaio.  and  San  Luis  Potosi.  Thci-e  was  lighting  in 
scvcial  places,  Indians  taking  a  ]»rominent  part,  and, 
iis  nii;4ht  be  expected,  the  disorganized  rebels  were  soon 
(l(tiat(  (1,  the  punishment  of  the  leaders  being  both 
swil'i  and  severe.** 

The  Spanish  and  American  Jesuits,to  the  munber  of 
nlxHit  six  thousand,  residing  in  the  pontitical  capital 
fiiid  legations,  were  jmnctually  ]»aid  their  pensions. 
Seine  Ncars  later,  in  17S4,  a  roval  order  declared  that 
tliiv  liail  a  I'ight  to  inherit  and  possess  real  and  per- 
seiial  property,  but  this  was  sul)ject  to  restrictions.'^ 

"',„/n;.  Itiforine  (hi  Visltridnr,  "MS..  11-48,  .')4-81:  Galrez,  Informe  Oin., 
].'i")-!l;  iJiii:.  J/i>l.  Mix.,  seiie  iv.  ii.  (ii;-4;  Jliin-iliiuria,  in  iS'oc.  Mcx.  Oiuij, 
llii'iihi,  \\\.  'JS',l-!)0;  Alaiiiini,  J^i.-i  !•/.,  iii.  ,npii.  (!(J;  Jlirc.  I'nir.  llisl.  O'idij., 
X.  Iilll.  I'pwiinl  (if  ninety  iierisims  jiei  i.^Inil  im  tlie  scaOold,  lifter  inideiguing 
tlic  iiiost  rniel  torture,  and  tliiir  linilix,  exposed  to  view  in  lii,L,'li  mads  ami 
jaiiilir  piaees,  leinained  without  Imrial  for  a  long  time.  Many  others  ^^  jro 
M  iitiiiied  to  cruel  cudgelings,  or  to  hard  lahor  in  ehain-gangs,  and  not  a  few 
til  iiiii-i  iMinineiit  for  life.  Jlora,  J'l  r.  Mij.,  iii.  "JfJ.'J-TU;  Kl  luilirnilor  di'  la/id. 
.V'.i.,  iii.  I.')  14.  The  visitadur  nntonly  haiigeil  sonic  of  the  rinter.s  of  (iiia- 
liiijuato,  hut  laid  a  yearly  trihute  of  8''^,(!(K)  tin  the  eity,  wliieh  pnteeeding  tohl 
n^'iiiust  till,'  Spanish  pdVeniiiient  in  ISlO.  A/ii/rc,  llifil.  t'omp.  Jisiin  (foot- 
iiniil,  iii.  ■J44.  'J'hat  odinus  trihute  was  jiaiil  hy  the  tnljiiiiul  dc  iiiiiivria  every 
y. ,11  till  Septeiiiliir  ]•_',  ISIO,  when  liitemknte  lliano,  to  pro[iitiate  the  good- 
vi.l  of  tlie  peo]ile  and  avert  the  levi)lutiiiii,  repealed  it.  J'i>i,ii  ro,  M'lrh.,  101. 

'  Ti>|!revent  the  removal  from  the  Spanish  dominions  of  the  proceeds  (if 
Muli  isiates,  they  were  to  lie  administered  hy  tlu'  nearest  rilativts  of  tho 
l!iii>.  uithout  tho  privilege  iif  selling,  and  with  the  ohliguti:)n  of  iu'esting 
iiii'iir\s  ;iud  other  etl'eet-i  so  as  to  ohtain  ineonies  tlieri'froni.  E.\-eoadjutois, 
il  uiiiiiarried,  were  to  receive  one  half  tlie  inemnc  during  their  lif(  time;  if 
iiiiiriiril.  two  thirds;  the  other  half  or  third,  as  the  ease  might  he,  ^^as  for 
till  ailininistrator  of  the  estate.  Tho  same  rule  a[iplied  to  nnviees.  1  ho 
i.liiiilrru  of  ex-enadjutors  or  c.\-noviees  were  alluwed  to  reside  in  tlie  Spanish 
(li'iiiiniuns,  hy  lirst  ohtaiiiing,  slioiilil  thei'e  he  no  ohjeetion  to  their  per.smial 
liiliaviiir.  a  s]ierial  passport  frniii  the  erowii.  Ordained  priests  were  allowtil 
Wf  half  the  iiirume;  at  their  death  the  estates  ■\\ ere  to  go  to  their  legal  heirs 
((/.  iiilixliiln.  \Vliene\er  an  ex-.lesuit  ae([nired  liy  inheritance  an  income  ex- 
en  iliiig  .s'JOO  a  year,  his  pension  from  tin  crown  was  to  cease.  L'cuki  Uixkitis, 
\.  11-'  17. 


H,- 


4  ■., 


■     I!" 


440 


EXPULSION  OF  tup:  JESUITS. 


Ill  1700,  with  tlio  invasion  of  the  })()I)l''s  .states,  tlie 
nnnjunin;^  Jesuits  bocaine  dispei'sed,  and  tli<'  lew 
Americans  returned  to  their  resj)ectivo  countiirs, 
Some  of  them  had  their  pensions  doubled  and  ti'iMdl, 
and  received  other  compensations.  ]?ut  the  privll(;v 
of  hvins'  in  their  native  country  did  not  hist  Inii'f. 
The  Spanisli  government,  controlled  by  Godoy,  tlio 
favorite  of  King  Cilrlos  IV.,  caused  the  la.st  survivors 
to  be  confined  in  convents.*" 

The  deputies  from  America  and  the  Philippines  to 
the  national  cortes  in  S})ain,  presented  several  |)cti- 
tions  for  tlie  restoration  of  the  .society  of  Jesus  in  the 
Indies.  The  eleventh  and  last  was  on  the  IGth  of  LV- 
cember  1810,  and  was  ratitied  on  the  31st  of  the  same 
month  by  new  members  from  ^Mexico.  The  rensons^' 
adduced  were  the  great  importance  of  the  society  in 
promoting  science,  and  the  progress  of  mission.s  wliidi 
introduced  and  spread  the  Cliristian  faith  among  tlio 

*" Bti^fatnavte,  Expatriiirion,  in  Alcijve,  I/isf.  Cntiip.  Jesiif,  iii.  ."JOl:  A', 
Siipk'})}.,  in  Ciiro,  Tnn  Siijlo-i,  iii.  4.  l''iitlit'r  lliifiiel  ile  Ci'ii.s,  a,  ii;iii\c  if 
A'crii  (,'ruz,  wrote  in  ITSO  .a  ciitalomie  of  tlic  province  of  Mexico  ciiiit.iiiiiiu' 
bioyraiiliical  data,  antl  sliowin^'  tlie  date  of  death  of  cacli  iiienibei'  till  tiw 
time  ui  liis  own  demise.  Tlie  list  was  eontimied  liy  I''atlier  I'edro  MaiijUi/. 
Only!)!)  were  alive  at  tlic  beyinniiij,'  of  the  l!)th  century;  and  in  lS-0,  !lii 
of  them  were  already  dead.  Con, p.  Jc.iiin,  ( '(ildlnijo,  ,S-"J0'2;  Ouz.  Mi.i-.  ( I TH^-H', 
ix.  S.")-7.  It  is  well  known  that  .'^evei'al  of  the  cxileil  .Jesuits  wi'ote  vniuini- 
nous  works,  for  which  the  learned  woi'ld  has  given  tium  due  credit.  Ainmi,' 
such  wiiters  were  several  natives  of  New  .Spain,  from  whose  product i.ins  1 
have  often  quoted  in  the  course  of  this  work.  1'hcir  naiiu's  and  writiu;:>  «i!l 
lie  duly  noticed  elsewhere.  Others  iiad  won  themselves  in  tlieeiylitecntii  tin- 
tury  an  lionoraMc  and  revered  name  in  Mexico,  for  their  viitues  and  a[»'-tnlii; 
zeal;  namelyl  Antonio  de  Hordonana,  Francisco  (,'havc/,  Francisco  .Inviir 
Solcliaga,  Juan  \'illavicencio;  Francis  Herman  <il;ndorll',  a  native  of  Wt-t- 
phalia,  tlie  great  apostle  of  Tarauiiiara,  who  was  conipan^d  with  Saint  I'linnis 
Xavier,  and  died  August  9,  ]'H)'.i;  .luaii  Francisco  Iragorri,  the  'saiito  iinuii- 
cano;'  Francisco  Javier  tJome/;  .luan  I'erez,  of  whom  Father  Ovie(U)  said  'li:it 
a  man  of  approved  spirit  saw  'suliir  su  alma  de  lacama  al  eielo,  sin  pa-<;ii'  ]i'  r 
el  purgatorio' — seeing  the  soul  lly  up  is  certainly  n  dramatics  foi-ni  it  >  v- 
pression.  Perez  died  in  March,  ITSO;  he  was  noted  for  the  eharitalilc  cue 
he  took  of  insane  females.  Then  there  were  Agnstin  Arriola,  Manuel  Alvuii  ', 
Juan  Caniero,  who  foretold  the  day  of  his  death;  Jose  de  (Suevara,  ('ri^tnlial 
Flores,  Salvador  dc  la  (Jandara,  ^Manuel  Arce,  Pedro  Canton,  Juan  Aiilniiii 
»le  Oviedo,  Juan  Mayora,  and  Agustin  Marcjuez.  Excepting  (JlainliTlf, 
Gomez,  Perez,  and  Alvarez,  the  above  named  were  born  in  New  Spiiiii. 
Jfiiyiirn,liif.,  1-TS;  Dice.  U»ir.  Jlixf.  Geo;!.,  i.-x.  passim;  .A'sv/.i,  (V;/.  '  i, ,;,/.., 
*20();  Lnzcaiifl,  Vidadtl  P.  Oviedo,  l-oS-2;  I'ltp.  deJc>tiuki.t,  iM.S.,no.  'JO,  I -ill; 
Casta iiir.a,  I'd.,  frontispiece. 

"  'I'lie  new  deputies  asked  for  their  consideration,  'con  la  preferencia  ipie 

soinos 


dan  las  Americas,  y  la  urgencia  de  rpie 
Jj<j'ciisa  Voiiiji.  Jesus,  lo-lti. 


testigos.'  BmtuiiMiik. 


c's  statrs.  the 
and  the  fcv,- 
ivi;  coiiiitiics, 
(I  and  trvl.|,.,|_ 
■  the  pii\  llcj^fij 

lot    last    Inli^r, 

y  G()d(n-,  tlio 
last  sui'vivois 

Pliili[){)iii(s  to 

sovci'al  pi'ti- 

f  Jesus  ill  tlie 

ointhoi"  j)c- 

t  of  the  saiiic 
The  reasons^' 
10  society  in 
issioiis  wliich 
h  anionj,^  tlio 

estm,  iii.  30-1:  //,, 
Ci'lis,  a  ii;iii\c  ,.i 
Mi'xico  coiif.-iiiiiii,' 
!l  llli'llil)ci-  till  tlie 
■r  I'edi'o  Mai.jiu/. 
•;  and  in  Isji,  % 
!(iz.  Mij-.  (17!i>-!)i, 
iiita  wrote  Vdliiiiii- 
111!  ci-i'ilit.  AiiiDiig 
lose  prDiliictidiis  I 
1  find  \viitin;.'s  will 
lieciylitefiitli  ot'ii- 
tues  and  apustdlio 
Fraiu'i.sco  .l.iviir 

I  native  of  West- 
vitli  Sidnt  Fivimis 

the  'Kanto  iiincri- 
r  Ovicdo  said  thijt 
ielo,  sin  pu-^nr  ]i.  r 
latie  foi-ni  !■!  ix- 
le  cliaritalilc  iMie 
,  flannel  Alv.ui/, 

neviira,  (J  istiilinl 
Dn,  Juan  Anlniiji) 
pting   (ilaii.lnrir, 

II  in  New  ^|':iiii. 

'VKItH,   (,'llf.    (  'i.iliji., 

l.S.,iio.  -20,  Mil; 

X  pi'efereneia  que 
OS.'  liustuiiWiik, 


DISPOSAL  OF  PROrEnTY. 


44" 


Tiidl.ins.  Xotliini;'  was  doiM^  liowever,  till  Pins  VI I., 
l.y  Idill  of  August  7,  IHll,  reinstated  the  soeiet}'. 
PV'vnando  YH.  issued  his  exequatur  Sej)tenil)er  17, 
IS  If),  apj^ointing  a  hoard  to  restore,  as  far  as  possi- 
ble, tlio  sequ(>steivd  property.  The  royal  order  was 
executed  in  ]\[exico,  the  solemn  installation  of  the 
J(  suits  being  niad(!  ^NTay  19,  1811),  at  the  C()lleg<>  of 
San  Jldtifonso,  which  was  delivered  to  fathers  Josd 
^lan'a  Castaniza,  Antonio  Barroso,  and  Pedro  Can- 
ton, natives  of  ^fexico,  and  nienihers  of  the  late 
society.*"'  ]->ut  th(!  j)ersecuted  society  was  not  long  to 
enjoy  j)eacc.  It  was  again  expelled  hy  a  decree  of  the 
SjKinish  cortes  of  1820,  which  was  carried  out  in  Xew 
Spain  in  January  1821."  The  di.sposal  made  of  the 
socii'ty's  jn-operty  and  missions  will  appear  in  con- 
nection with  iinancial  and  general  church  affairs, 
treated  of  se[)arately  in  this  volume. 

The  first  attempt  to  record  the  la1)or8  of  the  Jesuit  order  in  America  was 
till'  Ul^tiirhi  ilr  III  I'niiiitciii  ilr  la  niDijiaiiid  <le  J'nus  df  A'livva  Jisjidfui,  l)y  I'ran- 
cImu  <le  I'loreiaia,  oni;  of  tlie  society,  publisliod  in  Mexico  in  IU!)4.  Tliis  was 
a  riH  re  hc^innin^',  liowever,  tor  altiiough  tlie  author  evi<lently  intended  toeoni- 
]ilite  tile  work  it  was  never  extended  beyond  the  fii'st  volume.  Tlie  jieriod 
cnvcred  is  the  decade  liegimiinj^  in  liuU  during  which  the  Jesuit  cstahlisih- 
nu  iits  at  Mexico,  Pat/cuaro,  and  Oajaca  wer^i  founded.  Beyond  the  facts  eon- 
iji'Llid  with  these  establi^hmeiitH,  and  the  lives  of  the  founders  and  tirst  two 
iniiviiicials  of  the  (.)rder  in  ilexico,  tlio  historical  data  are  meagre.  'J'lie  ar- 
liiiigcmciit  is  faulty,  the  dates  for  manj"  important  events  are  \vantiiig,  and 
the  stv  le  is  that  common  to  the  monkish  chroniclers  of  the  foarteenth  century. 
The  must  extensive  account  of  Florencia's  life  is  given  by  Deristain.  According 
tnt!i is  author  he  was  born  in  Florida  in  1U"20,  studied  in  the  c<jllege  of  San  llde- 
fi>iiso  of  Mexico,  and  in  \M',\  took  the  Jesuit  habit.  Ibtving  successfully 
("fuiiied  the  chairs  of  philosophy  and  theology  in  the  Jesuit  college  of  Saa 
rcihi)  y  San  Pablo,  ac(iuiriiig  considerable  fame  in  the  cajiital  as  a  preacher, 
ainl  having  held  several  important  commissions  in  connection  with  tl.e  imjui- 
si'inii,  he  was  appointed  in  ItiSS  procurator  of  his  province  at  Madrid  and 
l[>  V.  Subscijucntly  he  liUcd  for  several  years  the  otlicc  of  procurator-gen- 
try 1  at  Seville  of  all  tiie  iiroviuces  in  the  Indies.  lie  finally  returned  to 
Mr\ic",  where  he  died  in  his  seventy-fifth  year. 

Ol  his  iiuinerous  writings,  which  arc  wholly  of  a  religious  character,  and 
suinc  of  which  liave  passed  through  several  editions,  his  fame  rests  chiefly  on 

"■  lather  (  anton  had  been  (piictly living  in  the  country  suice  1808.  Bmta- 
mmiii',  Siijili'in.y  in  diro,  V'/i  <  Siijlu-t,  iv.  171). 
*■' hi,  177;  /'/•,  JJi/iuiu  Cuiiqi.  J(.nti/i,  17. 


itif 


''I' 


^:-la 


I 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


12  8 


22 


1^ 

I-     ill  2.0 


1.4 


1= 
1.6 


V] 


vQ 


^^y 


^m    '^ 


->, 


^ 


A 


/^ 


'-^z 


^f/ 


Photograpliic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREfT 

WEBSTER,  NY    I4SE0 

(716)  S72-4S03 


>  € 


%'  4^. 


448 


EXPULSION  OF  THE  JESUITS. 


tlia  M'ork  already  cited,  and  the  Zfxlinrn  Mnriniio,  Mcx.,  1T">,  a  l)ostliiiinoiis 
Work  of  considerable  iniiwrtaiico  for  the  ccclosiaNtical  liistory  of  Sjiaiiih 
Nortli  America,  in  whicli  the  defaiiU  arc  narrated  with  fjreat  fidiiess,  with 
liaini-8,  dates,  and  circiini»tunees,  and  witii  autiioritiex  and  1iiliiio;{ru|i|jiL'ui 
citjitions.  Nicolils  Antonio,  liih.  llhp.  Xoiui,  i.  4'_'(i,  inukcs  no  nienticm  of 
these  two  works,  oidy  twoof  Iiis  earlier  and  less  inipurtant  i)ulilii')itiMns  l.i  inr 
citeil.  Of  tiie  author  he  says  'tiiniRoma,  tuni  }iis]iali  (.nniiuiii  Iiicliciiiiiii 
provincianini  procurator.'  Akedo,  Jiib.  Am.,  MS.,  i.  4(KV-I,  wiio follows  An- 
tonio, adds  to  the  latter's  list  two  more  works  of  the  Mime  class.  \\  liilo 
lieristiiin's  list  of  this  author's  works  is  very  complete,  Suhin  gives  sonn;  val 
liahle  information  relative  to  the  various  editions. 

Florencia's  incompleted  t^isk  was  destineil  to  he  continued  hy  one  t;n'attr 
than  he,  hut  who.  like  hiui,  was  also  fate<l  to  leave  tlie  work  uiilinishcil.  Hij 
Bucccssov,  Francisco  Javier  Alegi-c,  was  l>orn  in  17-!>at  \'eia  Cruz,  wiier.'  Uv 
received  his  early  ctlucatiou  and  studied  Ltitin.  Tlieiice  he  jiasscd  to  I'm  lila, 
where,  having  distinguished  himself  in  the  stndy  of  piiil(>so]iiiy  and  tljc  niiicr 
l»ranches  taught  at  that  period,  he  hcgan  a  course  of  canonical  law  at  tlic 
capital.  On  the  10th  of  March  1704  ho  took  the  haliit  at  the  .Icsuit  collrje 
of  TeiKizotlan,  During  his  novitiate  he  connnitted  to  nu^mory  tlie  woiks  (,f 
iSt  Francis  of  Sales,  and  the  ascetic  writings  of  Friar  J^uis  de  (iranadu  ami 
oliiers,  and,  after  professing,  diligently  devoted  himsidf  to  the  study  ui  tin; 
I^itin  writers  of  the  golden  au'c.  I^ter  he  detlicati'd  himself  with  siuli  i  ar- 
Iiestness  to  the  study  of  theology  that  his  ast<inishing  jjrngicss  in  this  sc  icii  i' 
gained  for  him  the  applause  of  his  companions,  Init  so  atl'ected  his  heallli  as 
to  comjH'l  his  transfer  to  liahana.  There  he  taught  piiilosojihy,  Mud  perfiitfl 
himself  in  (Jreek,  mathematics,  and  the  uiodern  languir,'"  >in  years  later 

he  jKissed  to  the  .Jesuit  college  recently  ojiened   in  M'  Vucatiiii,  wliiro 

after  a  few  years,  his  superiors  recognizing  his  fitness  iwi    the  work,  hi'  «aa 
called  to  ^Mexico  to  continue  the  history  of  the  socii'ty. 

Availing  himself  of  the  work  of  Florencia,  -"le  valuable  writings  of  i;il>a?, 
Kino,  Fray  Martin  Perez,  Friar  Ignacio  Ti'ysk,  and  an  immense  mass  uf 
nmnial  reports  and  i)l'ivate  correspondence,  he  descrilie<l  in  a  sii,,|ilc  but  mi- 
rect  and  elegant  style  the  extensive  lal)ors  of  his  ordir  fmm  tiicir  eslal^li^l,- 
inent  in  Florida  in  l."><i(}to  almiit  I'lM,  when  its  inend)ers  had  already  i  "in- 
J'leteil  the  coii(|iiost  of  the  north-western  provinces  of  New  Spain.  Twd 
volumes  in  manuscript  had  thus  far  been  completed,  when  two  years  l:itir 
the  further  continuation  of  the  work  was  prevented  by  the  e\]>ul.siiin  u;  il.r 
Foi'iety.  Having,  with  the  majority  of  his  exiled  companions,  taken  ii)i  Uli 
It'sideiice  jit  llologna,  he  continued  his  studies  and  teachings,  pulilislii  I  a 
ti'anslation  of  the  Iliad,  wrote  Alrramlriaila,  a  ]nnin  on  tin'  eiini|nist  nf  'Inh 
by  .MtNamkr,  and  finished  fourteen  books  on /;'/(//(( ((/<«  <lf  diuiinliiii,  air'l 
four  li'etures  on  .SVr./ViHc.s  ( '(>y(/fY(^.  Hero  also  he  wrote  the  most  fammi-^  if 
his  works,  the  /imli/iirloiifS  Tiohiijirns,  consisting  of  eighteen  books  in  simii 
Volumes,  ami  )>ubli.shed  a  j'ciir  after  his  death,  which  oecurnd  AnL'u>t  iii, 
IT^'**,  near  IJologn.a.  In  all,  he  wrote  twenty  works,  which  are  enumii.itnl 
by  lieristain,  IS'ih.  Ilixp.-Am.,  i.  54.  Alegre's  early  studies  are  evident  in 
his  various  works,  his  good  taste  and  judgment  being  everywhere  api  r- 
cnt.     His  expressions  against  the  enemies  cf  the  society  arc  moderate,  ..hil 


LIBLIOGRAniY. 


440 


the  spniv  L'ivfii  to  religion*  rliapsndics  nivl  nccoiints  of  miraclrs  not  cx- 
C(>s!iivi'.  Mi"  f/iitnrin  ili-  hi  Cfim/itiiiifi,  the  Wost  work  of  itr<  kind  left  1»y  tiio 
.Irsiiits.  Mini  iuviiluable  for  tlu'  history  of  the  nortii-wi'St  provinofs  of  Mexico, 
rciiiiiiin'l  iiii[iul)lisii«'il  until  1841,  when  it  wua  rcscutfl  from  ohiiviun  by  the 
itlirt'*  "I  thu  (ililiratid  Mexican  writer,  Carlos  Murfa  liuistanianto.  In  May 
,  f  tlii>  yiar  a  bill  to  permit  the  re-estal)li.shment  of  the  Jesuits  in  Mexico 
\v;i.s  liii'i  iKfore  congress  nnil  supported,  among  others,  lij'  Bustamantc,  who 
soui'lit  to  iulluenco  t'lc  jiublic  in  their  favor  by  the  publication  of  this  work. 
It  wui  ivMud  in  1841-2,  in  3  vols,  with  notes  and  a  portrait  of  the  author. 

niiiT.  Mex.,  Vol.  III.    29 


ik 


i 

m 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 


MEXICO  UNDER  A  REORG.VXIZED  SYSTEM. 
1709-1790. 

Separate  Oovkrnment  rem  the  Pkovincias  Interxas— Tntendisi  i\s  of 
Provinces— CiiANtiEs  ErKErxEii  ank  Finai,  KsrAitusiiMixx— AKiudv 
AM)  A^u•^n!l^sII(lI■  Alonso  NuNKZ  ue  IIauo— His  Ilicii  CiiAUArTr.u  and 
PuEviors  Record — Extraop.dinary  Honoks  Com'ekrkii  on-  Kim  uy 
THE  CuuwN— His  1>eatii  and  Dikial— ('alamitois  \isrrATMNs  -Iji. 

UEMICS  and    KaRTIUJIAKES — TuEIuEkKK(T    ON     THE    hjNOUANI-    VlCK- 

ROY  Mantel  Antonio  Florez— His  I'iikviois  Caueeu — \\\n  .u.us-i 
THE   ArAciiEs— Kn(;eisii  and  Rr.ssiANs  \Vat>iied  in  tiik    P\(  ikic^ 

tiENERAE    PoI.U  Y    OE    TlllS    lU'LEU— ]{ESH;NAT10N,    AND  CaISE  OK  ll- 

Si'EciAE   I'avor  Shown    Hni   ry  the  Crown— His  DErAi:Tn;E  kur 

Sl'AIN— OBSEyriES  OK  AND   MotTRNINCi   I'OR  CARLOS  11 1.— (Ira.Mi   I'liK- 
LAMATION   OF  CaRLOS   IV. — UoNORS  TO   RoVAL   PEKSON AOE.S. 

The  oxjicdioiicy  of  reorganizing  the  govt  runii  iit  nf 
New  Spain  was  one  of  the  })i'iniai'y  qncstions  tli.ii  > n- 
gagcd  the  attention  of  the  visitador  general,  .1<»l'  i\v 
Galvez,  <hii'ing  his  sojourn  in  the  cound-y.  In  .icrniil 
with  Viceroy  de  Croix,  who  ruled  lor  the  king  at  the 
time,  hi' foi'UU'd  and  laid  before  the  crown  a  jil.in  I'ni  it< 
better  adniinisti'at ion,  which  was  ai)[)rovcd  and  nn!'  ivd 
to  bo  carried  out.  That  [>lan  provided  among  ullitr 
things  for  the  creation  of  a  goveinnicnt,  comaiui.iinia 
genei'al,  and  su[)erintendencia  de  hacicmla,  cntiivly 
inde[»en<U'nt  of  the  viceroyalty  of  New  Spjiiii.  in 
the  ^:(ror//K'/a.s'  l)it('nias,  so  called,  inchiding  Ninva 
A'izcaya,  S()nora,  Sinaloa,  and  the  Calil'ornias,  t"g(  iIh  r 
with  ('oahuila,  Texas,  and  New  Alexico;  the  new 
ernor  to  have  also  the  pafroiKdo  rcaf,  a  jnerdg.inv 
that  will  be  I'ully  treated  <»f  in  anotiur  jiait  of  tlii 
M)lume.      ^J'hough  clothed  likewise  with  judi(  i.d  [ 


iiV- 


h'.w 


IXTKXDENCIAS  CHEATrn. 


481 


MH:Nr!\«  of 

;t— N'ic'KitiiY 

,1:Ai  Ti;il  AMI 
ON  lIlM  i;y 
kTMN>  -lilM- 
HAM  \'mi;- 
I  Ai:  Ai;\ix-T 

K     I 'All  Hi- 

.I'.sK  or  1t- 

AKTIUK    Ki'Ii 
l;\M>    I'lUrt- 


(IS.  flic  rrovornor  was  iirnctically  i-clicvod  ^roxn  tlio 
(lutifs  attriidaiit  tlicrcou  liy  tlu;  process  of  ivlV'niiiL; 
til  tlif  aiidicncia  ot  (Jiiadalajara  all  judicial  matters 
(•niiiiii'4  to  liliii  on  aj)j)cal.  I'lius  he  was  c!iaI>K'd  1» 
ill  \(.tc  a  larije  |iortioii  of  his  attention  to  niilitary  and 
lliiiiinial  atl'airs  with  lui-fect  indi-jjendenceofany  Xew 
Wmld  authority.  Full  |»articulars  upon  this  new 
(ii",ii  si/at  ion  are  <jiven  in  anolhei"  suhdis  i.^ion  of  niv 
work.'  Suflice  it  to  add  here  that  after  this  paifc 
III'  tlie  plan  had  undergone  several  ehanjj^es,  a  final 
iiirai'^enient  was  made  under  royal  decrees  of  the  'J:>(1 
;iiiil  -1th  of  Xovemhei',  I71*'J,  with  the  reori^ani/.atioii 
iifa  ((iniandancia  general  de  i)rovini'ias  internas,  coin- 
]iii>iii;4  SoiKd'a,  Nueva  A  izcaya,  New  ^Ti'xico,  Texas, 
:iiii|  ( 'oaliuila,  indejundent  of  the  vicei'oy.-  TIk'  two 
(';ilirornias,  Xuevo  ]jeon,  and  the  colony  of  X'ui\o 
S.iiitander  wi-re  attached  to  the  viceroyalty  of  Xew 
S|iaiii.  This  last  arrangi ment  went  into  eH'ect  in 
7'.i;;,  ;uid  was  still  in  iorcc  in  the  early  years  of  the 


ii  SI  lit  century.^ 


mitllt  nt 
tlial  rli- 

.ItlM'  Ui' 
1    Mi'i'iifll 

ig  at  the 
111  I'liit-^ 

nrili'l'rd 
ll;4   el  her 

aiiMMiK'iii 

cl'.tiivlv 

>p;iiii.  ill 
;•     Nil«v;i 

tl  lU,!'!  ll'l' 

rii^iiiiw 
(    .,f  ihi- 


Tlit^  other  [tart  of  the  plan  adopted  hy  the  crown 
ill  I  7()'.)  upon  the  joint  recommendation  of  the  man|Ues 
(lit'ioix  and  A'isitador  gc'iieral  (jiahez,  on  the  l.ilh 
I'i' .laimary,  17(58,  for  an  entire  change  in  the  organi- 
/.iiiieii  of  the  governnii'nt,  was  that  of  suj»j)ressing  the 
<Hii'igi(loi'es  and  alcaldis  niaytjres,  <»f  whom  th'ro 
\V(  IT  alxiut  two  hundi'ed  in  the  districts  (»f  the  audi- 
i.is   of   ^Lexico   and   ( Juadalajaia.      These   ollicials 

lia\  iiiLT 


(.•111 


I  re  deemed  prtjudicial,  lor  the'  reason 


that 


to  Mijiport    themselves,    t(»    jiay    nil'   the    dchts   cmi- 
ti;ii  till  I'nr  ohtaining  their  oliice,  and  in  retii'e  w  iili 


f'  it  line,    theV    I'esolted    to     aiiv    means    t 


o    secure 


the 


•e  ends 


L 


icero}'  LiUiares  ga\e  tJieni  a 


th 


bad 


//(■«/.  Xdrfh  .}fi.i\  S'li'iit.  }.,  tliis  scries. 


■  /.'•  r.llii  f,'/.;((/,i,  /iL^li 


MS.,  :,4'>  tl:  /ifir 


I 


/;./, 


/.'■Ill  lirtliii,   ,M;iy  ;it>,    iMil,   in  Miner's  MSS. 


irii/' 


'JO  I. 


.V. 


ciiar- 


I  ii'i. 


N. 


G'll 


loj 


|iiii|(in!iii  "■iiiiniiuiHiiti.'  iuliitiiii,  {H'V  mjii.stiMn  xtianriliiKiiiiMjiic  w.i. 


17  IS. 


4.'.' 


MF.xifo  uxr>KR  A  nEORf.AxrznD  sv^;T^:^r. 


ai'Ur  early  in  (Ik;  century,''  n't^ardini^'  them  ; 
iniseral»l(!  set  f<»r  tlie  nu»st  part,  bent  on  i»luniler 
(•t Iier  malereasanees. 

The  plan  j>r(>|i(is»(l  wastjic  r-rt-ation  ofinteiidenf 
]\ri\Ict»,  Puehla,  A'era  Cruz,  Yneatan,  Oajaea,  A 
(I'llid,  (.luanajnatii,  San  I^nis  I'utosi,  Xueva  (Jaliria, 
])uran!^(),  Soiiora,  and  Sinaloa,  Xe\v  Alexieo,  and  tin 
Cahlornias,  with  a  '^oht  rnad<»i-  intendente  at  tin-  head 


aiii 


i;i--  ii 


.■Ili;i- 


l\'aeh,  chari^^i'd  wilh  tii<'  four  iini»<irtant  hraiielu 
the  public  service,  namely,  j^overnnient  and  jtnlici, 
justice,  treasury,  and  war.  Exce[>tinL,Mh()su  of  Mexico. 
Vera  Cruz,  Yucatan, and  S(in<»ra,tlicy  wi-re  to  liavi  al^  ■ 
till- patronato  real."  Vieei'oy  IJucareli  could  not  see  tli'' 
advanta<.;c  of  tln;so  intendcntes,  with  so  many  ainl 
onlar<_jfd  powers,  feeliii''  ceitain  that  thev  never  cuiill 
eilicientlv  perform  their  manifoM  duties,  owiuLi'  niaiiilv 
to  (he  <lilHcidty  in  procuring  competent  subordinnt' < 
for  the  suh-districts  of  the  vast  extent  of  ieriiteiv 
assiL^'iied  to  each  inteiidencia.  He  preferred  to  ,■>((■ 
reinnns  introduced  more  shiwly. 

Tlie  scheme  seems  to  have  lain  dormant  till  tou.iril 
the  end  of  1780,  when  l»y  a  royal  ordinance  couutu- 
si'^ned   hv  Jose   dc  (jralvez,  as   himistro   viticci'sul  dr 


J  in  I  It  IS.     X' 


ew   Spam,   mcludni'^    i  ucatan    and   >,  iieva 
(jialicia,  was  divided  into  twelve  intendencias,  nanii  ly, 
intt-ndencia  general  f<>r  the  pi'ovince  of  AIi  \ 


olie 


1(M. 


and  the  intendencias  of  ( iuailalajai-a,  Zacatecas,  l)u- 
I'aiiLi'o,  Sonera,  lAuhla,  Vera  Cruz,  Aferida,  ()aja<a,  \'a- 
liadnlid,  (Guanajuato,  and  San  Luis  Potosi,  taking  ilir 
names  of  their  ca[)itals,  and  i-ai  h  liaving  at  its  In  al 
a  gohernador  intendente.  The  head  towns  and  iv>i- 
deuees  of  such  ofllcers  wero  nsade  the  seats  of  coiiv.;!- 
mientos,  a  rank  that  several  of  them  had  not  heiin  ■. 
I'nder  this  onhnance  the  alcaldes  mavores  wen'  di- 


''  Id'  [litliily  saiil  of  them,  Mcsdc  cl  ini^so  do  su  puiplco  fiiltnn  ii  niii-i.  en 
1 1  jni.iinciitu  inii' (|uitl)riiii;  alny,  eii  Ids  n  partiinioiitns  (lue  liaoon;  y  .il  i'"- 
mini  lie  los  iiiituiak's,  cii  la  funiiu  con  ijiiu  luu  tiruiii^an.  Limirt^,  J ii.-'> !•''■.. 
-MS.,  \:i. 

'  Ziimurri,  Ii!t>.  f.r;.  I'll.,  iii.  :!71-'^T:  I,''-»i1(titri>,  H/'nUhil.,  110:  /I  '  '■■■ 
Jt'iiiiK,  ii,  8(J;   ViUnrruil,  Jn/jfu  1,'ijitil'ti,  MS.,  -;  I!h\ro,  Uoh.  Mu.,  i.  l-~'. 


ORDKNANZA  DE  INTEN'KnNCIAS. 


4ra 


contiiiuctl,  and  .sulxK-lci^ados,  alcaldes  (H(liiiaili>s,  and 
asrsons  woro  created;  the  last  named  must  ne*  ds  Ik; 
JcariH'd  in  the  law,  actiii<^  as  le^^al  advisers  of  lli<ir 
cliirt's  in  all  matters,  and  as  jueces  letrados.  This  |il;in 
wa^'  considered  l»y  the  sujinMue  j^overnment  as  the 
licst  adapted  to  the  cf)ndition  of  America,  combining 
unity  and  centralization  of  authority,  with  de|)endeni-e 
(if  each  official  ui»on  a  higher  one  till  the  highest  w  as 
n  aclied,  namely,  the  viceroy  or  ca})tain-general,  wh<^ 
with  the  audieneia  had  ample  su[)eri«)r  authority  for 
all  cases  of  justice,  government,  and  war;  while  the 
.-ii[Mi-iiitendente  de  hacientla,  with  his  junta  supvi'tiu', 
aiiijily  {trovided  for  all  fiscal  exigencies. 

J)Ut  the  svstem  involved  innovations  of  a  radical 
iliaiactor,  such  as  could  hut  meet  with  disapprobation 
aiiiuiig  a  large  class.  Every  one  took  a  dift'erent  view 
lit'  the  matter,  .according  to  his  convictions,  prt  ju- 
diecs,  or  interests.  Indeed,  few  thought  well  of  the 
cliangi',  and  s()nie  even  foretold  a  complete  suhvcr- 
.sjiiii  of  Xew  Spain  if  the  onlendnza  tie  intemh/ntiis 
\\v\v  actually  [mt  in  practice.'     This  was  done,  how- 

'Tlio  interference  with  the  viceroy's  powers  was  one  of  the  object ii'iiriMe 
]i'iiiits.  Since  tlic  enactment  of  liie  law  of  l)ecenilier  1.'),  l.'iStf,  coniii-ni>  il  liy 
liii]'!'  III.  .Inly  I'.t,  l(il  I,  the  viceroy's  authiirity  or  functiuns  liail  rini.iim.l 
uiitnu.  Iitil;  anil  now,  it  was  clainiol,  tlio  rcj,Milation  virtually  lowircil  liini  to 
a  'mil'  |irii\incial  governor  ami  ca|)Uiin-^cncral;  in  political  atl'airs  liu  v. :is  ic- 
ilii'  >  '1  t'l  little  more  than  an  alcalcie  onlinario,  ami  e\cii  much  of  his  military 
aiitlioiity  was  cnrUtilcd  ami  transferred  to  the  intcmlcntes.  Asforthcacl- 
iiiiiu^lratiiiii  of  justice  and  of  the  linancis,  it  was  taken  away  fmni  him  alti>- 
L'ltlirr.  'riie:, Volition  of  the  alcaldes  may.  ires  to  he  rii>l,i<-i  d  l>y  siilidi  le.'.-iilns, 
jiK'.iI.lcs  onlinarios,  and  asesores  was  lookeil  upon  as  a  dclihcrate  hlow  >tru.  k 
;it  the  ailniinistration  of  justice  and  police  liy  diverting  these  two  liraiiehes 
fiiiiii  tlic  old  channels.  Ikcoj).  Iwl.,  i.  ri4;i-4;  I'illfirrui/,  Junta  li'jiiiliiu,  ">.'>-7, 
4-'\7ii7.  ^ 

la  the  EitfirmcdfiilrK  p(tl(rir(n  line  j'liihri'  la  f'n/.ihi/ih'i^fa  Xiiirn  J-'<<,iiii'i 
cii  Ills!  tiidi'.t  f,)s  Ciicrjio^ ill- Hill'  sf  1-0)11  piiiii\  Mex.  I7'>"i-"i,  .MS.,  4l'>.  4  vi>N.,  ti.e 
iiutlini-,  Ilipolito  Villarroel,  gi\es  a  re\ic\v  of  tlie  admini-trative  Kysteni  nf 
New  ^llaiu  in  all  its  liranchcs,  jioiiitin^'  out  alleged  defiets,  ami  sugg-»ting 
reiiiedies.  Tlie  corrupt  Condition  of  tlie  eoyeiiuiicnt  in  the  capital,  auil  the 
ciPiisecpieiit  degem.'rato  morals  of  its  inliahitants,  oceupy  inueli  of  his  atteii- 
ti  11.  ."Millie  facts  are  also  given  in  regard  to  the  eonditiim  of  the  Indians 
V  tiiiii  and  \vitho\it  the  capital,  and  on  tin-  char.ieter.  manners  and  cu-tiih-i, 
mill  lae  •  niixtures  of  the  inhaliitants.  The  workings  nf  the  courts  of  ju-<!i.e, 
ji.ii  tiriiiarly  tlmse  of  the  triliunal  de  la  acordada,  and  trihunal  do  miii>  iia, 
1.1" -i  tor  tin-  suppres.sion  <if  intcin])erancc  and  g.imhling.  and  thi-  state  <>f  .omi- 
III' I'l',  nianiifactiircs.  and  agriculture,  are  made  to  appear.  Volumes  i,  and 
iii.  eiiti;l,d  as  aliove  are  divided  into  live  parts.  'I'hey  were  pul>li.-.!.e  I, 
witli  a  few  uuimportiUit  verbal  chani5'c.s  by  L'arlos  M.  Ijustaiuaiite,  under  l!iu 


484 


MKXICO  UNDER  A  r.EOnCiAXIZF.D  SYSTEM. 


ever 


to  tl 


IC  LT^'M 


tcl 


la'jfiiii  <•'  cavillers 


11. 


Eail 


V  111  T 


arrived  in  New  Sj)ain  s(;vei'al  of  tlu?  iiitendentcs  ;i]i- 
jn)iiite(l  for  tlic  i)r((viiici>s.     A  royal  order  of  Octtili^r 


1787,  required  siicli  ofllicials  to  jiroduce  their 


»>.-, 
^>'( 


111ISSU)11S 


crilll- 


to   tl 


le  vieirov,  who   M"ou 


lid 


endorse 


tl 


lelii, 


j)]aee  the  appointees  in  oflioe,  and  notify  the  uudiciiria 
of  tho  fact.  The  inteiidentes  had  to  apprise  ilu;  \  iri  - 
roy  of  the  persons  api)oiiitod  hy  them  as  sulxlele^adiN. 


aiK 


I  tl 


lis  Avas  also  ni 


h 


ade  \\ 


nown 


to  th 


le  audieiicia  n 


'Mi-\\co.'^  Like  all  radical  nieasuri's  in  governnieiit, 
tlie  present  one  did  not  woi'k  w  11  at  first.  .Vfter  lliii r 
yeais'  experience  the  new  system  was  found  defect iw 
111  many  points,  and  loud  were  the  laments  and  piv- 
(lictions  of  calamitv.''  Some  trilliii'''  chaii'jfes  had  Ixtu 
effected,  one  of  which  was  that  of  annexing'  the  su]h  r- 
inteiidencia  general  to  tlu'  viceregal  o{lie(\  ^hmy 
of  the  other  inteiideiicias  had  Ix^n  tilled  with  nun  <  t" 
ahilityand  integrity,  hut  of  litth;  or  no  administrative 
exiierience,  and  eiitirelv  i«>-norant  of  the  countivV 
])eculiar  needs.  This  was  a  serious  mistake  wliirh 
<'aus(>d  the  many  defects  of  the  system  to  he  still  iikuo 
glaring,  (^)nstant  suggestions  were  made  to  the  kiii'j; 
for  reforms,  hut  they  all  remained  unheeded.^"    Tin,' 


title  of    JA' 


por  Dniiro   >/  Fucrn,    linjo  rl  iiiili!i',-iin  ilc  los  v 


irr)/i' 


I'.'/iriiii  ildil'  ^  ]i(ih/irr(.i,  I'to.  M('\'.,  iS.'il,  Svii,  1s;(,  \'(i].  iv.,  iMiifiiii;  tli<' tit!'" 
of  Jii.ilii  J,'i  jiiilsa  </<  I  Ji't'ijldiiinifn  it.'  lilt  )iili  iifitis,  given  ;is  nu  npiietidix  to  t'le 
fiirei,'(iiii^'  Wdik,  is  taken  up  eliielly  w  illi  sti  ietiiics  (ju  tliat  oriiiiuiiice.     'i'luso 


itri  are  ]iV(ilialily  miu'iiial 


aiii 


I  t 


II!  M:.'iiutures  ( 


f  V 


illaiTcK 


to  tlieiii  with  a  iiiliiiea,  in  liis  own  lianilwritiie. 


lliisti 


I'P' 


ClUlri 


iniaiite,  in  a  iritHHia 


ef  the  woilv  in  No.  '21  of  liis  periodieal  /,((  \'ii~.  i!e  At  J'litriii,  n\>i.-,\k>H'i  t!ie 


itlior  as  <iiie  who  liail  a  tlioi(iii;'li  kno«leilLre  if  tho  state  of  New  S|i: 


liail  it  liefore  him  when  ho  tor 
tliat  many  of  tlii 
forms  there  r"connilonileil  hv  N'illarrocl  were  from  time  to  time  iiilopteil. 


of  his  lielief  that  Vioeroy  llevilhi  ( i 
l.is  w  ise  instnutions  for  h 


IS  sneei^sor: 


'liitonilentes  resiilin''  williin  tin 


hail  to  notify  it  of  tho  appointeil  Miliile!ei;ai 


stiirt  of  the  amiieneia  of  « iiiailalajani, 


Ml 


•Jl,  ITD.'i,  tho  kin- 


ikiiiieil  that  siu'li  intomlentes  slionM  t:iko  the  otiieial  oath  hefoi'o  that  com  t. 


<)/•■/,■ 


ilf  la  <  'iir 


MS. 


I.  ,1-  ti; 


w/»/('o,  Ms.,  iii.  10-11.  Aiiloinii  hi^' 


uMi.r.  '<'-";/.,  lidlitiii,  'Jiio]).,  ii.  .'i.'JS. 


'Jl 


R'  ni'oess 


ity  I 


.f 


iuuemliii!.'  some  o 


f  tl 


le  a.ti  Mcs  I 


■f  tl 


10  roi.'i 


ilati 


Ipprossiii;^  others  hail  Keen  I'eprcsentcil  to  tin-  erfiwu.   /' 


I,-.   IS, 
liiylnii-..  MS. 

'"N'iieroy  lievi'.la  ( iiLreiloroeommcnded  thrt  some  of  tho  intondeneias.  sim  'i 
(IS  Jiuadalajara,  \'ora  Ciii/.  and  N'ueatan,  should  lie  intrn>tid  to  militarx  "f- 
lieors  ofliiL-li  rank,  likemarisealesde  lampoaiid  l>ii;;adiers  ;  others  toeoloih!.-; 


the 


^l  nu'di 


t  he   1,1 


in   ehai  lio  of  tivili 


JU 


still     till 


creation  of  one  iniondeneia   for  the  tour  oasteri 


liroviucias  luuruas,  ouu  lor 


TWKLVE  IXTENDEXCIAS. 


45u 


iiitrmlii'Ia  of  Ouadalnjara,  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant, that  city  \n'\U[f  the  seat  of  an  andiencia,  an 
,|ii>c(ijial  see,  and  a  university,  ^va.s  jHiU'ed  "li  t'har^e 
(if  a  lii^h  military  otfiecr,"  tlie  bri^^adicr  .lacolx)  do 
IVintr  y  T^oyola,  who  on  the  14th  of  ^Farch,  171)1, 
as>iiiii(d  the  duties  of  lii.s  offices.'-'  Anotlier  exten- 
sive iiitciideiicia  was  that  of  Vera  Cruz"  witli  a  len_i;th 
of  two  Inuuh-ed  and  ten  lea<jues,  and  a  width  of  from 


es. 


twenty-live  to  thirty  leai^u 

III  1  s04,  and  fiom  that  time  to  the  end  of  the  Span- 
ish (liiniinati(»n,  the  country  was  divided  into  twelve 
iiitciidi'iicias,  to  wit:  Sonora  and  Sinaloa,  ])uran<j:o 


,->'^> 


Z:i<;itit'as,  ( Juadalajara,  San  Luis  Potosi,  (jJuanajuato, 
A'lll.iiliihd,  ^Ii'xico,  Oajaca,  Puebia,  Vera  Cru/,  and 
^Ii'riiLi;  hcsldes  tlie  three  provinces  of  Xew  Mexico, 
Antigua  California,  and  Nueva  California.'^ 
T\\>'  Intfiidenti's,  acting  in  some  j)rovinces  as  gov- 


(Vlli 


'IS  ami  in  (^tliers  as  corre^ridores,  had  the  ordi 


n 


ary 


inViil  jurisdiction,  subject  respectively  to  the  superior 
i^ovcniiiieiit  and  the  courts  of  justice.  As  regards 
Yucatan  there  was  some  difference;  the  gobernador 
iiitriidcnte  was  subject  to  the  viceroy,  audiencia,  and 
siqicriutcndente  de  hacienda  of  Xew  Spain,  in  mat- 


f'lii!m;iliii.a,  nnd  one  for  Tal)asco;  tlie  liist  to  l)e  in  cliargo  uf  u  military  man. 
J!'!-:!!',  <r,'j,ih:,  Li.striir.,  MS.,  .Si>-110. 

"  Tlio  in;cnili'ii(.i,i  -rti.s  Imiiinlud  on  the  north  liy  Nncva  Viscayn,  on  tiie 
fiinth  l.y  th;it  of  Vallatlolid,  on  tliu  wt-st  liy  Sonora  ami  the  I'aciiii'  Oicaii,  on 
tin'  cast  hv  Zacatecas  anil  Giianajuutu.  JJincnjirioii,  etc.,  in  C<jI.  '!<■  l)iiirio% 
etc..  M->.."-_MI. 

'-'lie  lalkd  himself  conianilanto  general,  presiilcnto,  gohernanlor  intcn- 
(Iriitc  of  the  iirovimes  eonijiliseil  uithin  the  kiiiLjiIoui  of  Xuevii  (Jalieia. 
l'[rirti  //  Li.i/old,  /'< /((••!', II,  iiiSnr.  .\[<  .c.(l(Oj.,  /In!: /:,■!,  '.'.hi  ei>.  iii.  .'iUT,  -Ui. 

"It  liail  on  tlie  la.st,  Viuatali  anil  the  ;.'nlf  of  .Mexieo;  on  the  \ve.st  the  in- 
tciiiU'Mei.is  of  Oajaca,  I'lieMa,  and  Mexico;  on  the  nmtli,  the  coloiiiis  of 
KiRVo  Saiitander,  later  know  n  as 'J'amauliiias.    /■'</•« /•<»,  //isl.  ./iilu/ii,  i.  l.'iO   I. 

"The  follow  iriL;  shows  the  ai-ea  and  iiopulatioM  of  each  iutemlencia  in 
]^<\'\:  Sonor.i  and  Sinaloa,  l!l,14;{  snuaro  leaL'ues,  poji,  1-J|,4(l.t;  Durango, 
hi.^iT.'i  s(|.  1.,  ]iop.  l.V.),7(l(»;  Zaeutecas.  'J,.")."!  s(|.  1..  pop.  l,"i;!.;!()i);  (iuadala- 
jar,i,  !I,(1|-J  .s(|.  1.,  pop.  (;;;0..i(l():  San  Luis  l'ot(/si.  U'T.nJ!  s  p  1.,  ]«  ]>.  ;'>:;|.'I(H); 
•  ■•.l;ii:ajr,:ito,  !H  1  .xip  1.,  pip.  .'(JT-IiUO:  Valladolid,  ■'!.  1  17  sip  1.,  pop.  ;i7i;.  lOi); 
M  Aim.  .">.{r_'7  BiJ.  1.,  pop.  ]..")II.!t(M);  I'uehla,  '.'.(iiK!  m|.  1.,  pop.  Sj:!, ;;((:);  Vera 
tju;-,  4,111  >-(].  I.,  ]iop.  |.'.().<KMI;  Oajaca,  4,447  sip  1.,  jiop.  o.U.Sdii;  .M.iida, 
•'|,!<77  si|.  1.,  ]iii]\  4li.">.S(M).  Adding'  the  thrm  provinces:  \i  w  .Mi-.ieo,  .").7*l;( 
Ml-  1.,  pop.  4(),-J(K);  Antigua  Calilornia,  7.-!i.'>  m|.  1.,  pop.  !>.fl;ii):  Nueva  (  a  11- 
f  rnia.  •_',!•_'.■.  sip  1..  pop.  l.-.,(;()().  Totals,  118.47^  s'p  '•-  l'"l'-  ">,>So7,  ItK). 
llaiultMt,   I'ci-diu/i,  i.  no.  3,  14-24 J;  /■/.,  L'imi  I'ollt.,  lio-GO. 


4.^0 


MnXICO  UNDER  A  REOnCAXIZHD  SYSTEM. 


tcrs  of  nf()v«Tiiino!if,  ju<li('iarv,  and  fiiirinccs,  r< •<[»... 
tivt'iy;  hut  was  iinli'pe'iKloiit  in  his  militnrv  l^o^iti-in. 
bi'ini;  clothed  with  the  title  of  captjiiii-^'iMicr.il.  Th 
cxpecUency  of  creatiii!^  thn  <jffi«*e  of  intoii(K'iit(^  ounv. 
gidor  for  the  |)roviiic'e  of  Atexico  was  suj^'gestcd  t*  tli. 
crown  hy  several  viceroys." 

Soon  after  the  king's  government  learnetl  of  tli 
death  of  Vieen^y  Galvez,  it  sent  out  a  tt'nij)(>raiy  ;i]- 
IMiintnicnt  to  I)octor  Alonso  Nunez  de  ]laro  y  I'l- 
ralta/"  a  nieinher  of  the  royal  council,  and  ardilii^liuji 
of  Mexico,  who  thus  became  the  fiftieth  vicciuv. 
The  archl)ishop  was  a  native  of  Villagai-cfa,  n|"  t!i 
diocese  of  Cuenca  in  Spain,  born  on  tlie  olst  of  Octo- 
ber 1729.  He  began  his  literary  studies  in  tlw  uni- 
versity of  Toledo,  and  finished  them  at  llilo^ni, 
where  he  subseriin  ntly  was  rector  of  the  colic.-,'  ui' 
San  Clemente.  Later  he  became  professor  of  l!iin|. 
ogv,  and  a  doctor  of  divinitv  of  the  last  named  colic 'i, 
and  cf  the  university  of  Avila.  Tliis  honor  he  n- 
ceived  wlien  only  eighteen  years  of  age.  ]Iar<)  \v;h  i 
great  linguist,  having  a  thorough  knowledge  of  IL- 
brew,  Chaldean,  Greek,  and  Latin,  aufl  being  abli;  1 1 
converse  and  write  with  as  mucli  ease  and  peri'iticu 
in  Italian  and  French'^  as  in  his  native  t(HigU(\  Win  ii 
still  very  young  he  paid  a  visit  to  Home,  and  l>ciicili(t 
XIV.  was  so  nuu'h  pleased  with  his  erudition  tli.it 
he  specially  recommended  him  to  the  royal  j)riii' 
Luis  do  Borbon,  cardinal-archbisJiop  of  Toledo,  aiil 
primate  of  Spain.  In  after  years  Doctor  llaro  iilkil 
several  high  ecclesiastical  positions,  acquiring  an  en- 
viable reputation  for  learning  and  pul[)it  elocjiicini , 

^'^  MnrqHinn,  Inxtnic.  al  Vir.  Ilurr'iftnrmi,  ISO.l,  in  fimfnir.   I ■//•'•»/'.«,  -lU. 

•" />/<;)(j.i(c/o«M  Tarjav,  iii.  4.'};  Alz'ite,  On:.,  ii.  41J,  iii.  3.  I  pi >-;<(■-■)  liii 
autngr:ii)li  signaturo  iu  Ordencsde  la  (Joroiui,  MS.,  v.  4,  aiul  iu  Dor.  /-''i-., 
Mex.,  MS.,  no.  7. 

"  T1km-c  ia  nothing  to  explain  why  the  nudicncia,  without  liavinu'ollinl  •1, 
was  slightcil.  The  only  reason  tliat  may  he  nilihiccil  is  tliat  the  'iiaii|i;  •<  if 
Sonura  meant  tlic  appointment  of  Haio  to  be  a  maik  of  esteem  fui'  IIj'  lii-'i 
honor  and  consideration  he  had  extended  to  his  nephew. 

'".S'uwe,  L'/iiiro/K  Me.r.,  Id!)- 200.  A  distinguished  author  and  theoln.'iuii, 
^Gaz.  Jhx:  (lSOO-1),  x.  137-8. 


TFir.  FIFTIRTH  VICEUOY. 


«7 


n'''>il<'iiiU'il, 


iiiilil  ill  1771  C;irl<H  III.  iioiniuatt'd  liim  to  sucfood 
lvtirii/,:m;i  us  al•(•lll»i^slu)I)  of  Mi'xii'o.  Tlio  |»o|h',  (Mrin- 
ciit  XIV.,  oil  issuin;r  liis  coiilirinatory  bulls,  ^rautcd 
tin;  iii'U'  appniiiti'O  moro  [)owors,  iiuliil;^(>ii(.'('s,  and 
taviirs  tiiau  any  of  his  prcdccossors  oviT  liad,  and  tho 
(•(•ii'jfrci^atioii  d(!  pro[)aganda  iido  trusted  him  witli  a 
(Irlicato  c'oininission. 

The  MOW  prolate  arrived  in  Vera  Cruz  the  I'Jtli  «»f 
Scpteiiiher,  177-  ;  ho  was  consecrated  in  Puehla  on  tho 
i:]tli.aiid  ou  the  "Jid  assumed  the  gnvermneiit  of  tho 
ai-i'li<lioe(>so,  devotiuLf  from  that  time  his  talents  and 
ciii't^ncs  to  tin;  faithful  dischart^i.'  of  his  dutiivs,  and  soon 
wiiiniii!^  fur  himself  the  respect  and  love  of  his  iloek. 
Aiii'tii'4  tiie  tasks  that  he  completed  under  tho  kin^''.s 
s[iO('ial  instructions  were  the  l»y-la\vs  for  tiio  foundling- 
Imhisc  in  Mexico,  which  his  [)redecessor  had  been  un- 
alilc  to  do.  For  this  and  lor  the  monthly  pension  of 
twit  hundred  p(!sos  which  he  bestowed  on  that  cslab- 
lislimcnt,  the  kiuLj  manifested  his  satisfaction.  With 
the  royal  approval  he  founded  in  the  old  novitiate  house 
III'  till'  Jesuits  in  Tej)ozotlan  on  ecclesiastic  collei^e, 
iiiuiily  endowiuL^  it.  The  collei^e  was  in  many  resjK'ct.s 
su[iLri()r  to  any  institution  of  the  kind  in  tho  mother 
oiiuitry. 

I  )iiiiiit,^  the  desolating  epidemic  of  1779  ho  seconded 
thi'  \  it-eroy  in  every  way,  making  most  generous  }»ro- 
vi>ii)n  for  the  indigent  sick;  ami  while  the  scourge 
lasU'd,  one  year  and  four  months,  he  supported  at  hi.s 
nwii  cost  a  well  provided  hospital  with  400  beds.'^ 

'■'At  tlio  cud  of  that  calamity  ILiro  resolved  to  make  the  liospital,  niiiiied 
S;iM  Aii(li('-t,  a  lu'riiKiiiciit  estaltlishinciit,  ami  lictwtjon  Si])t.  'J(i,  IT^t,  and 
i''!i.  Ii>,  I7'.i;>,  ill!  cxiu'ii  led  upon  it  iR'arly  SKi(),()(>l)  without  a^l^iui,'  any  aid. 
Til"'  smiik;  lur;,'c-lioarti'd  jihihinthropy  wus  again  shown  liy  him  duriiii,'  tlio 
small  |i  >x  cpjch'niio  of  IT'.lT,  an  prosuk'nt  of  tho  chief  boaid  nf  charity;  ho 
till  a  u'avo  ^IJ,  0  )  t  )  tlie  ahove  named  hospital,  anil  .SliI.OO.)  mdi'o  fur  tlio  in- 
lii-'ciit  tliat  coiiM  ni)t  go  to  it.  llu  spciially  rcwanlcd  priests  wiio  hiiamo 
pr  iiiiiu"ut  in  aU'ol■din^;  spiritual  and  material  relief  lo  the  sieU  pour,  'i'o  hiii 
activity  an  1  pioiia  zeal  was  iluo  the  laiiid  ei)nstiuetioa  of  the  new  convent 
of  < '.ijinL'liJii  nuns  in  the  town  of  (Jnadahipo  with  every  improvement  and 
ci)iivc'ni'ue;'  fir  children  ;ind  their  teaclier.s.  To  that  work  Haro  contrihuied 
uiiwaiijs  of  .*4(),0!)0  in  four  years,  besides  liberally  t'iviuij  toward  its  su|iport 
till  his  ileatli.  iSo-a,  K/H'CO/i.  .Uc.r.,  "JOl.  This  author  refers  for  his  iuh'rma- 
tinii  1 1  Flore-t,  litsuimti  hist,  de  la  viUa,  conducfa  jiustoral  y  poUlica  of  Arch- 
bislmp  Haro. 


\ii 


488 


MEXICO  uxPER  A  nrour.AXizF.n  system. 


In  irsf)  soriotiH  injury  ])vi'v]\  tin;  <M»mi<ry  fium 
1h\'ivv  frosts.  Iliiro,  in  conjunctioii  witli  llu;  cond,. 
(Ic  (ialv«'Z,  riii(K'ri;tl  all  possihlo  aid,  I'laciii;,'  al  tin 
(lisjMisal  of  the  <'iirati's  in  ilic  iirrra  calii'iitr,  llii;i- 
ti-ca,  and  <he  SiciTa,  nearly  J?I()(),(»0()  to  lu"  di>tiil,. 
uUmI  aiMon;^'  till!  ruined  aj;riculturists.  Tlio  r(sult> 
wrw  si»  .satisl'actor}'  that  tho  jii'i-lato  iKtt  <>niy  Wdu 
tho  j^ratitud*!  *>\'  tlioso  iK'ncfitcd,  I)ut  also  tliu  \<\\v^\ 
variiirst  coniinciidations  and  thanks,"'" 

With  snch  a  record  llaro  y  ]\ra!ta  was  ('crt.iiiilv 
entitled  to  the  mark  of  eonfideiiee  reposi'd  in  him  in 
l)eini,'  called  to  tho  temporary  rule  oxer  New  S|taiii 
by  the  royal  oi<ler  of  February  25,  17H7.  Jle  touk 
j)o.ssession  ol'  the  oftice  on  the  8th  of  May,'*  and 
held  it  until  the  KUh  of  Auij-ust  of  the  same  n  ar. 
Within  his  short  rule  lie  bronj^ht  to  an  end  all  tin; 
nftairs  that  the  former  vieei'oy  had  left  peiidiiii^  at  \\U 
death,  and  lik(>\viso  all  those  that  Irom  day  to  day 
were  submitted  to  his  eonsidei-ation  I'or  des[)al 
He  forwardcfl  Doctor  Si'sse's  plan  of  ji  botanic  gar- 
den, and  resolved  the  <liiHcult  matter  of  the  iiittii- 
dencias,  fi-om  which  nuich  beneiit  to  tho  native  lacc 


en. 


Avas  exjiected.  In  this  ho  encountered  some  troiiliii, 
but  mana^-ed  to  calm  tho  excite<l  pas'  "ons  of  lliox' 
whose  interests  Were  injured  by  tlie  in.iovatioii;  and 
while  th(>  roval  behests  were  fullv  cariit-d  out,  tho 
di;;'nity  of  the  ruler  was  also  ui)held.""  lEe  placed 
in  JIabana  and  La  Guaira  larti'o  amoimts  of  mdinv 
for  tho  ])urchase  of  uogroos  from  the  ]']n,nlisli  dealers. 
He  <K'(dined  to  draw  his  salary.  J  bj  discharged  the 
vici'i-e^al  as  he  had  tho  pastoral  duties,  with  tact  and 
iiini'^litness,  his  tine  education  and  cle;4ant  maniicis 
aidinu'  at  all  times  to  onhanco  tho  merit  of  his  acts. 

'"A  royal  oiil.r  ..f  >T;i.v  19,  ITHO,  says  tluit  tlie  kiiit^'s  luart  w.as  HlK.l  with 
jiiy  oil  SLi  ill ,'  \v\w  imniilii'i'iitly  lijs  vassals  liail  l)ci  n  siiccoicil.  Ih;  was  l;iily 
Batisljr'd  tlial  Uaro'rt  aiiiioiiitiiiflit  to  Mi'xico  liail  liccii  a  most  jiidii'lous  niii'. 

-'  I'lii'  liatnii  of  coiiiuiauil  was  iklivcrcil  iiim  at  tlic  top  ot  tlio  stairs  im  iiif 
corridors  <if  t!i(;  palaec;  tlii'iu-f  lie  went  to  tlir  hall  of  the  rial  aciierilo,  win  re 
)i<'  took  tlie  oatli  of  tillicc  administered  liy  the  sei'ietary  of  tiie  audit  iieia,  h'ac 
Mariano  \'illas<'ea.   </■':.  (U'  M(r.  (17^(5-7).  ii.Ii.it;  Hmmz,  JJiarlu,  -II    M. 

•■I'lui'n,  !'(/•.,  in  Moiiuin.  Dom.  A'"^'.,  MS.,  loO. 


TWFATY  FIFTH  Anciini.^iior. 


4oO 


Til'"  l<i»>;^  in  council,  wisliiiiM-  \n  reward  liis  cfllclriicy 
ainl  ivrtituilc,  (lirci't<'(l  that,  aCtci'  Ills  .surrender  ot"  the 


MO'lcLfa 


I    oil 


lee    an( 


1  i(.> 


s  a|»i"eii(laLres 


'PI 


to    1 


lis    .sUcce.-sor 


th.re  shotdd  he  conliuued   to  liiui  the  a(l<hv«s  of  ]'^x- 
n  lriiti>iui()  e  Ihisti-isuuo  Sefior,  and  the  li..;   •! 


.t 


(;i[it;iiM-L,^eneral,    the    viceroys 


•  'uaii 


tavino 


iUl 


luri'1'4  the  rest  of  his  lil'e  the  saiiii'  honors  as  w  iirii 
111  li'  Id  the  oHicc  ()<"  viceroy.  And  this  was  don*-, 
iiltli"iH;"h  liis  successor  was  churlish  eiiouifh  to  make 
ulijiition.  Not  c<»ntent  with  that,  the  \\\\\i^  conl'en'i'd 
(111  liim  the  ^rand  cross  of  the  royal  and  distinguished 
(•nil  r  of  Carlos  III,  Tin.'  seat  in  the  royal  council 
iim>t  Iiave  l>een  <;iven  liiin  at  a  niucli  earlier  date.'*' 

Till-  archhishop's  course  and  exemplary  life  throuijh- 
out  his  tweiitv-eiLrht  years  of  scvicL"  had  made  him 
lii,;lily  esteemed  at  court,  as  ua.s  evitlent  in  upward 
(if  niic  hundred  and  Ur  i-oyal  cedillas,  letters,  and 
ntlif  r  wiitiii'^s,  from  the  kinn's  ministers  and  council, 
Willi  !i  convi-yed  the  approval  of  some  act,  and  the* 


;i  ' ! 


ivciation  of  his  merits 


After  a  years  pain 


I'ul 


ilhicss  the  prelate  died  on  the  -Gth  of  May,  1800,  at 
the  a'4<'  of  st'Veiity  years,  an  event  that  caused  the- 
pot  .sorrcjw  throUi;hout  all  classes,      lie  was  the 


(In 


Aiiiiinv'  tlio  printed  works  of  tliiit  jifrioil  in  wliii'li  hv.  is  incntinni'il  with 


lii>c  iiuii'ir.->  !.•«  Aiiriixr/inri 


./n 


I' 


)//  jiiiriijrd/i/ird. 


Till;  iiivlilii.ilii 


•1' 


Ulul-tl 


il  liU'Lii'  (li  iiiiitii  Ills  \\  I'll'  not  icMili]U'i|  to  ln'iifvolciit,   nli"ii)iis,  iiiii 


.iti.iiiiil  jiiir|>osis.      For  tli<-'  lolislrui  tioli  of  a 


(loi'kviii'il  on  till 


Ah 


.li. 


IMV.'  S.Mt.OOO;    for   tl 


h:  Will's   llL,'iilli: 


it   I'mmi'  ami  Kiiu'land,  SKMI.IKX) 


111  S'.i  ».(KH>  ics|M'ftivi  ly;  for  jpiintin^'  tl 


iiititl 


/•'/,„■,,.  I, 


.r.'JUMi:  lur  a  statiiu  of  Carlos  IV.,  .Sli.OOl);  ix  sides  other  ooii; 


d. 


nil  liiiiiii_'  S'liT.iHK)  fur  eiil,iri,'iiiL,'  the  aieliiepi.-icoiial  jialai 


and  .sJ»,(HM» 


.1 


iiftlir  iKKpr  .-itriiken  liy  small-pox  in  ITl'T.      None  of  the  almve  eoiitiilmtioiis 
imlinli  -  the  aiiiiual  anil   monthly  alms   he   ^'ave,  nor  his   laiLre  ])reseiits  t» 


■ilial 


iivli,  nor  tlio  eost  of  uold  jiid  silver'  medals  that  1 


le  eau-ei 


t'llii'  striii'k  and  .sent  to  Sjiain  to  conniieiinirate  <',irlos  l\'.".s  elevation  to  tlii 


iMi 


II 


im;  Ins  ('inscoraey  JIaro  eoniirmed  in  jiaiislies  ot  Ins  aieliilioeeso 


1  il 


iii'iii  !v 


,i>il.(l(Hl  persons,  ai 


d  onlii 


d    ll.r.17 


jiriesls,  ot   whom  (!.!).">S  were 


L'ii;i- 


/.' 


iiid  4, •_';{!>  regular  of  tlio  several  reli;:,'ious  orders.  Simi,  Kiiinixiy.  Mi 

Goh.  Mix.,  i.  401;   A/.,  ///W.  Jdlo/xi,  1  10:  Al-nmiv.  Di^nf.,  iii. 
">.     liiistamante,  who  was  not  jL'iveii  to  ;,doriiyiiij,'  the  men  who  held 


]"i\Mi'  iluiiii','  the  Sjiaiiisli  domination,  does  fi 


d  v;i 


iliialile  serviet 


s  to  .Mexico  of  this  di>liii 


Ktiee  to  till"   ]iiii'ity  of  piir- 


shed 


man:     .sii  niemnria 


iT.i  suave  ;i  la  posteridad,  excitani  .•■(•ntiinieiilos  ile  justa  ;^ratitiid  y  alaluin/a. 


Ill  '  iifi 


Si'/I,, 


VXi. 


Pastor  espiritual,  el 


i:iritiill 


vo  ejemplo  du   I'adi'e  ilu  toilos.'  I'ttiif,   \'ir.,  in  Mviiiiiii.  JJoin.  L<ji. 


460 


MEXICO  UNDEIl  A  REORGANIZED  SYSTEM. 


twenty -flftli  archbishop  of  Mexico,  and  his  fuiKral 
was  marked  Ijy  the  usual  pomp." 

New  Spain  during  the  eighteenth  century  was  vis- 
itcd  by  cahimitics  in  various  forms — epidemii  s,  of 
wliich  I  liavc  spoken  elsewhere.,  storms  and  iloixls,-^ 
and  last,  and  yet  more  destructive  and  terroii/,iii;f, 
cartlujuakes,  the  severest  of  which  were  probaMy 
tiiose  experienced  between  the  28th  of  March  ;m\ 
the  17th  of  April,  1787,^^  in  the  city  of  Mexico  and 

^'^  Del  Barrio,  Paneijirko  Oratio;  Cumlamo,  O.  G.,  Sermon  dc  hnnm>: 
CoMaiis,  II.,  Ornrion  /liiii lire;  yiiilez,  HI.,  Ihlwlon  ilc  liij'un.  cereni. 

'■"■Ill  170"2  the  city  of  Guanajuato  had  a  flood  brouglit  on  ))y  Iieavy  rains, 
which  destroyed  licr  lx,'st  l>uildings,  temples,  mines,  etc.  I'euh-n  'V./h'u, 
MS.,  i.  8.  Snow  fell  in  Mexico — a  very  rare  plienonieiion— the  '2d  <jf  IVl^iii- 
ary,  17(i7,  doing  soinc  damage.  Ahntf,  OnutiLs,  ii.  311.  An  inundiiti'm  i;i 
C.uanajuato  July  '27,  ITiSO,  made  it  necessary  to  rai.se  the  level  of  the  >:ii;iter 
jtartof  that  city,  and  many  line  edilices  were  accordingly  hnricd.  l!'jmi>'\ 
Mirh.,  l.')9.  From  l.jtii  to  "iOth  December,  171S;i,  Tcutitlan  del  V;ille  hil 
heavy  storms  of  .sleet — a  strange  spectacle  for  that  region — which  di'l  jncai 
diima^'e  among  the  flocks  of  sheep  and  grain-fields.  They  wcro  followLilia 
the  'Jlst  by  a  tremendous  rain,  half  an  iiour  before  which  a  subterranean 
rumbling  was  heard  which  tilled  the  people  thereabout  with  fear.  G'tc.  (/■.' 
Mij\  {178+-.")),  i.  10. 

'-'The  10th  of  March,  1727,  was  a  fatal  day  for  Oajaca  City,  which  was 
visited  by  terrific  shcjcks.  Many  buildings  were  tiirowu  down,  and  otliirsst 
much  injured  tliat  they  had  to  bo  demolished.  The  iSlli  had  been  lixnl  I'^r 
jiulilic  prayers  and  a  procession,  when  in  its  midst  a  still  more  violent  i^in'ck 
than  any  preceding  occurred,  frightening  ami  dispersing  the  people;  1  Jitii- 
iiately,  thei'c  was  no  loss  of  life.  Ah'jrr,  Jlix!.  Coii'p.  Jrxu-i,  iii.  •2'JtJ  7.  On 
the  4th  of  April,  170.S,  at  about  0:iiO  in  tiio  morning,  the  city  of  McxicD  lunl 
a  shock;  no  record  existed  of  any  previous  one  of  like  force,  'ihe  luim- 
tains  were  iialf  emptied  by  the  earth's  vii)rations.  It  lasted  over  seven  min- 
utes. Xot  a  building,  large  or  small,  but  showed  the  ravages  eaiLsed  liy  the 
nuwelconie  visitor.  Tlie  shoik  was  also  felt  in  the  town  of  Xativitad  Ixilula; 
the  grouiul  openeil,  and  out  of  the  fi-isure,  Mhich  was  of  about  12  inclm  i:i 
V  idtii,  and  of  gieat  ilepth,  rushed  a  stormy  wiiul  for  a  wiiile.  Ah.atc,  iUv  U:-<, 
ii.  27-."l.'i,  41."),  44S.  In  August,  177.(,  a  sevei'c  eartlupinke  so  damairiil  h*- 
eral  bridges  in  ami  about  Mexico  City  tiiat  guards  were  placed  to  iirevint  t!ie 
jiassage  of  laden  vehicles.  April  21,  1770,  the  city  was  again  scourged  in  tiio 
same  manner.  The  archbishop  fled  to  Guadalupe;  the  viceroy  bivou;aki.'l  iu 
his  garden;  the  we.dthiest  citizens  abamloned  their  houses,  some  sleei)iii_''iit- 
side  of  tiie  city  in  their  coaches,  others  in  tlic  rauohos  of  the  suburl)s.  He 
people  generally  bftook  themselves  to  prayer  and  iienitence.  The  sliiukiiii 
Mexico  lasted  20  days,  and  in  utiier  parts  about  oO.  The  havoc  to  buiiJiii.i 
everywhere  was  great.  Acapuleo  was  almost  entirely  destroyed.  I'vcii  .small 
houses  were  thrown  down,  and  just  back  of  the  town,  part  of  a  hill  tiii>.--.i'l 
away.  Idn-amilla,  Xof'ici'ii  CHrio~(f<  de  fiitaf.,  40;  Md^mn,  O/la  I'wlr'nl  i,'.^. 
'J"lie"following  year,  at  about  12:  IS  iu  tlie  night  of  the  Sth-Oth  of  (Ktf'Ki:! 
terrific  shock  lasting  ninety  seconds  visited  Antigua  \'eia  Cruz,  very  luiuh 
damaging  the  ehin-ch,  wiiich  had  not  been  repaired  yet  in  17S2.  JJa.-.  I'.<'i*. 
Mix.,  MS.,  i.  no.  2,  l-.")2.  Again,  in  17S4  ou  the  llUh  of  .lanuary,  (liiiiia- 
jnato  was  greatly  shaken.  The  shocks  lasted  till  early  iu  February;  lli'.V 
had  been  preceded  by  such  terrilic  subterraueau  uoisea  that  the  people,  Icoi- 


EARTHQUAKES. 


461 


dtlii  r  jtlaecs,  and  more  particiilaily  f.lt  in  Its  eiTccts 
at  {]\r  |»(»rt  of  Aca|)ule().  Un  tlio  28tli  of  March,  at 
aliniit  sfvciitoen  niinutos  past  eleven  in  the  niorninjjf, 
\\\r  capital  felt  sonio  of  the  sovi^rest  shocks  that  ever 
iMttll  that  city.  They  lasted  nearly  six  minutes, 
ainl  llie  vihrations  from  north  to  south  with  some 
inclination  to  the  north-west  were  so  heavy  as  to 
cause  much  injury  to  the  buildings.  A  rej)etition 
(it'tlic  shocks  occurred  at  12:1.1,  sometimes  I'roin  east 
to  wtst,  and  at  others  from  north  to  south.  During 
the  rrst  of  the  day  five  more  took  place. 

Ill  Oajaca  City  the  effects  wore,  if  possible,  more 
nianiiing.  The  first  shock  was  very  strong  at  11:15; 
tlir  second  beinff  no  less  seveiv,  the  endanjxcred  citi- 
zciis  lushcd  to  the  plaza  mayor  as  a  [)laco  affording 
soiiio  safety.  The  damage  to  buildings  was  at  once 
sciii.  The  new  and  strongly  l)uilt  casas  reales  showed 
lai-^v  Clacks  in  the  walls,  and  some  of  the  cornices" 
liail  fallen.  The  prisoners  in  the  jail,  some  two  liun- 
(livd  and  twenty,  im})lorcd  removal,  whicli  was  at- 
tended to  with  the  re(juisite  precautions.  Measures 
wciv  jiromptly  taken  by  the  authorities  for  the  pi'o- 
ti  ctidii  (if  life  and  ])roperty,  and  to  avoid  unnecessary 
feiit'iisidn.  During  the  whole  of  that  day  and  the 
20t1i  the  quaking  of  the  earth  ceased  oidy  at  slort 
iiitci-\als.  It  continued  with  increasing  force  on  the 
eiitli  till  11:00  in  the  morning,  when  it  stopped,  but 
eii!\  t(»  betiin  anew  more  severelv  at  four  in  the  after- 
iii"!i.  A  more  tremendous  shock  than  the  first  one 
ef  tile  28th  took  place  at  11  o'clock  that  night,  and 

iiii:  tliiit  n  vcilcnno  wns  on  tlic  point  of  lirc.-ikiiij,'  out,  il(  ,1  in  confusion,  Ic.ivini' 
nidst  (f  111!  ir  Viiliialilos  iRJiind.  All  tiic  » tiortsnt'  tli.- anthoi  itics,  liutli  civil 
and  ccilc-i.istic,  to  chock  tlic  oxoiln>;  were  nniivailin .',  nnd  liniiUy,  -00  nicii 
Wi'iv  I  lit  i:nil(  r  arms  to  keep  tlio  inliuliitants  in.  A'ti-r  a  niontli  tlic  noise 
<'<i>-'  '1;  It  liacl  lit'cn  like  that  of  a  hravy  wa^nn  on  a  f:!'avcl  fnad,  ti  rniinating 
ill  :i  1  iiiil  ihtonation.  Tlicn  the  sclfcxili  il  nturneil  lo  tlicir  hoini  s  to  sull'ir 
fi'diiMviiiit  of  food,  wliicli  tradcis  had  fcaiKJ  to  liiin^f.  Scmn' sii))|i(>sicl  thi^ 
li'ii.si'  to  nave  liccn  caused  liy  hu'L'c  rocks  that  diseii;;age(l  thiinsclvis  tVdHi 
fine  iiiountaiii-t(«p  near  liy.  i'li-..  ilr  .lA.r.  (17S4-r>),  i.  lo,  Id,  IS  l:i,  '27;  M'>- 
''■'.':,  Sn-iiini,  (Ic  Grifld-i',  l-'JIt;  Honiiro,  Mirli.,  l(js-ll;  h'n;'.  I'lih:  Hit. 
<!i'>;i.,  iii.  T-D  1 ;  Zinnarol.-i.  //(>/.  .!/»/..  v.  ()41--J.  On  the  'JOtli  of  .Inly  ot  tho 
s.'uii"  year,  in  the  city  of  Mexico  was  felt  a  stron^^  vibration.  ^l/;i(/c',  LiavtUts, 
iv.  ;;s|. 


4C2 


MEXICO  UNDER  A  REORGANIZED  SYSTEM. 


injured  still  more  tlic  casas  realcs  and  otlier  edificu 
This  dreadful  state  of  things  continued  till  djiytuvaf 
on  the  31st,  who  .  only  a  slight  motion  was  ft  It.  In 
the  afternoon  at  five  o'clock,  after  a  violent  huriiram, 
there  fell  a  heavy  rain.  A  rumor  was  circulated  that 
the  San  Felipe  hill,  distant  about  three  miles  lium 
the  city,  and  supposed  to  be  filled  with  water,  \vA 
burst  oj)en,  and  so  great  was  the  terr<^r  which  mI/aiI 
the  people,  that  they  lied  in  the  direction  of  (.tli(.r 
hills.  It  was  only  with  much  difficulty  that  tlic  au- 
thorities convinced  them  of  their  mistake  and  indiRnl 
them  to  return.     The   motion   of  the   earth    craxd 


Chll.ipa  .' 


TrllUiU-411  S 

Jlu^uajian 


n\ 


\  r^     T>iCrf'«*WiW<«f7V   c~  A      i  'mi^'il,.  '».    --TAN       i--      *^-,    '    tl 


-rsLj 


o 


'-      AS 


Oajaca. 

on  the  3d  of  April,  when  oj)portunity  was  oilercd  to 
inspect  the  damages.  ]:}csidcs  the  royal  houses,  tlio 
cathedral,  the  con^ents  of  La  Merced  and  iSau  I'laii- 
cisco,  and  many  other  line  buildings  had  great i.v  siit- 
fered.  Nearly  all  the  i'amilies  had  sought  si h  Iter 
under  tents  raised  by  them  in  the  plazas  and  ejieii 
fields  near  the  city.  Fortunately  there  were  mi  <a>- 
ualties,  and,  thanks  to  the  timely  measures  adopted, 
no  scarcity  of  tbod,  or  robberies.-" 

""TliP  nudiencin,  tlien  govcniing  the  kingdom,  nnd  ttic  local  nulliniitii  sat 
till"  i'("s|H'ctive  j)liK'e»  liinl  inayi'is  iiiaili^  to  luavtii  for  iiiin'y  ami  Ww  ii.->:iliiia 
of  till' s.oniL'c.  f.'fC.  (/.' J/i  ,(•."(  17S(i-7l,  ii.  .'(•^7-^1;  Alijic,  Jli^l.  Cuniji.  Jesui, 
iii.  "Ji'ii;  t'ai'riedo,  Lstadios  UUl.,  ii.  107. 


OTHER  FEARFUL  PHEXOMEXA. 


463 


..'■■--/'    '-' 

n.i  .'.l,-. 

C^  r 

M  ■     ' 

-^.\'' 

■^    -;  ' 

-  * 

^  -V  ' 

\  ^    :-     ■ 

^      '    ~-^         ^- 

>''^»>''V 

"'ri:../  ' 

t^-:;;"*>.-v. 

'-.     V 

'■>? 

From  Acapulco  the  commander  of  tlie  fort  reported 
a  strann'ii  action  of  the  sea,  which  re(;e(led  and  then 
a(h'ance(i,  uithout  forming  high  waves,  at  mid-day; 
alter  two  o'clock,  it  would  recede  ten  feet  in  four 
iiiiimtt's,  and  rise  again  the  same  distance  in  six 
iiiiiuili.'s.  Over  one  hundred  yards  of  beach  were  left 
Imre  cacli  time  the  waters  retired.  At  four  in  the 
afternoon  the  sea  rose  twelve   feet,  overflowing  the 


MkIIOACAM    and  Gl'EKKEKO. 


I'irr  and  some  houses.  The  royal  treasure  was  re- 
iiiovcd  to  the  hospital,  and  the  merchants  removed 
tli<if  goods  for  safety.  This  alarming  action  of  tlie 
'"•tan  lasted  twenty-four  hours,  the  agitation  of  the 
waters  h.'C'oiiiing  less  and  less  after  live  o'clock.  A 
jai'-^e  (|iiiintity  oi"  live-stock  Mas  carrii'd  olf  hy  the  sea. 
Ill''  e;iiih(|uakes  with  their  consequent  damages  were 
;>I>'M  \|„'ii(iic,.d  in  Tentitlandel  Valle.  ]n  A'era  Cruz, 
^.-liila]  a,  and  many  other  places  the  people  were  .sub- 


4G4 


MEXICO  UNDER  A  REORGANIZED  SYSTEM. 


jcctcd  to  the  same  alarina,  but  no  serious  daniaire 
soeuis  to  have  been  done  to  property. 

Imaginary  afflictions  were  not  wanting.  A  brilliaiit 
meteor  was  observed  about  seven  o'clock  in  the  cwn- 
ing  of  the  24th  of  January,  1G78,  running  from  west 
to  east,  and  made  the  city  Hghts  look  pale  and  sicklv; 
it  disappeared  after  passing  the  meridian,  [ire\  ious  [» 
which  it  threw  out  sparks  of  a  red  color  similar  tu 
those  of  a  rocket.  No  report  was  heard  in  ^Iixicd, 
but  the  people  of  Tacubaya  and  other  })laces  asscittd 
that  they  had  clearly  heard  it,  and  felt  much  aluriuid. 
Between  seven  and  eiijht  in  the  evening  of  XoveiuUr 
14,  178!),^ an  aurora  borealis  was  seen,  which  cowivd 
a  large  portion  of  the  hemisphere  on  the  iiorlli  siik'. 
Surely  the  end  of  all  things  was  at  hand.  The  luav- 
cnly  lire  attained  its  greatest  intensity  an  hour  latir, 
when  red  and  yellow  light  glared  threateningly.  In 
yet  another  hour  it  had  disappeared,  leaving  Xtw 
Spain  unseorched. 

The  fifty-first  viceroy,  Manuel  Antonio  Floroz," 
was  a  lieutenant-general,  or  vice-adnnral  of  the  myal 
navy,  a  knight  of  the  order  of  Calatrava,  and  ((nn- 
mander  of  !Molinos  and  Laguna-rota  of  the  same  oidir, 
He  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz  on  the  line  of  battle  ship 
San  Julian,  after  a  voyage  of  fifty-six  days,  on  the 
18th  of  July,  1787,  bringing  his  family,  one  of  wlioni 
was  Lieutenant-colonel  Joseph  Florez,  who  had  tlir 
ap[)oiiitment  oi  castellano,  or  commandant  of  the  lnri 
at  Acapulco.^^ 

^Kihale,  Oaretns,  i.  2.31-4;  iv.  445;  Gaz.  de  Mtj.  (17SS-9).  iii.  ISJ-.!; 
Piuu»,  Vir.,  ill  Mouum,  JJoin.  Exp.,  MS.,  140. 

""  Tlie  list  of  Ills  iiiimes  ns  appearing  at  tlic  hcail  of  all  lii.s  edicts,  wcit, 
be-iiik's  the  al)ovc,  Muldonado  Murtiiiez  do  Aiigulo  y  IJodijiiiii.  I  pos.-uss  hv- 
cral  of  the  n'thnriiH  or  BcroUs  tiiat  ho  usually  iiddi'd  to  lii.s  Hi;,'iuitiire.  1  iiiiin.: 
liis  rule  the  iving,  to  relievo  him  of  mucli  lahor,  allowed  that  he  tihoul'l  ai'Mx 
only  his  inn/ii  Jirma,  that  is  to  say,  iiistirst  surname  with  tiiescioll,  tipiiliHi; 
iIiiLUiiieuts  that  were  ueitlicr  warrants  nor  orders  in  any  way  iiivohiir,'  piy- 
nu  lit  of  moneys  out  of  the  royal  treasury,  nor  orii^inal  di'spatelios  to  tin'  !'"^- 
ereijj'n,  his  niiuistera  or  council.  Dtspusicionen  I'liria^i'i.  G'l,  ii.  11.  (.'idiil'irc', 
MS.,  i.  154. 

"'This  oilioer  resigned  that  coninian<l  after  a  while.  lie  nmrrie<l  in  Mix- 
ioo  a  lady  of  the  Terau  family,     lu  later  years  ho  became  tundo  dr  Oim- 


FIFTY  FIRST  VICEROY. 


405 


Tlif  tidings  of  the  viceroy 's  arrival  at  tlie  port 
nuduil  the  capital  on  the  21st.  On  the  14th  of 
Aui^iist  the  real  acucrdo  paid  its  last  official  visit  to 
Anlihishoj)  Ilaro,  as  viceroy.  The  latter  on  tlie  IGth 
surn  iidored  the  baton  to  his  successor  at  the  t<nvn  of 
San  C'listobal  de  Ecatepec,  where,  as  well  as  in  Gua- 
cl;ilii]K',  tlie  incoming  viceroy  was  splendidly  enter- 
taint'.l.  On  the  17th  he  entered  the  city  of  ^[exico 
amid  salvos  of  artillery  and  the  enthusiastic,  hearty 
givrting  of  the  ]>eo[)le,  the  troo{)S  lining  both  sides 
nC  till'  jirocession.^''  He  proceeded  direct  to  the 
c'liuiiril  chamber,  where,  his  three  connnissions  as  vice- 
roy-goveinor,  {trcsident  of  the  audiencia,  and  captaiu- 
m'litial  havinii  I)een  read,  the  oath  of  ofhi-e  was 
solciiiiily  administered  to  him.  The  rest  of  that  day 
anil  ni^lit  and  the  two  followini":  ones  were  spent  in 
lecoiving  and  returning  visits  of  ceremony,  in  attend- 
m'j;  liaiinuets,  and  general  amusement.'"^ 

On  the  21st  the  late  viceroy  was  closeted  in  con- 
sultation on  public  ail'airs  with  Florez  nearly  three 
liiturs.  The  business  of  the  ministerio  general  de 
liidias  having  become  in  1787  extensive  and  com- 
})li<ati(l,  the  king  i-esolved  to  divide  it,  placing  judicial 
and  ((clrsiastic  affairs  in  charge  of  one  department, 
and  the  military  and  financial  toijfether  with  commerce 
an<l  navigation  m  that  of  anotlu/r;  a  secretary  of  state 
]i!v>idiiig  oxer  each  of  the  departments.  A'iceroy 
Flon  z  had  filled  the  same  jtosition  in  Santa  Fe  de 
l><>i;ot;i.  and  was  tlu'reforo  familiar  with  its  ^-owers  and 
fhilics;  but  in  Mexico!;  und  a  c(»mpl;tc  change  in 
the  system  of  administration,  owing  to  the  cstaMish- 
nidit  (il'the  inti'udimcias  and  the  creation  of  a  .s/'y>ry- 
iiitrir/r/i/i'  (1c](>(j(i(h)  di'  lidficinhi  In  the  person  (»f 
rcrnando    ^fangino,   former   chief  of   the    n)int,  by 

I'l'ifi/,  viocniy  (if  l.iit'iios  Aires,  and  ainlKissiidor  .it  tlio  l^'rcncli  cuiit.     Fnim 
niiii  il( -I'liiK  (1  Dill'  of  till'  lirst  fiiiiiilius  of  Mixicu.   Aluiiuiii,  I>Uirt.,  iii.  iiiiji. 

-'  llr  ;iilii\vcil  till'  liiillH'riliiTs  wtiii  ri)(U'l)y  tlic  si<li;  (if  lii.s  coaoli  tn  .!,'(i  witli- 
oiit  till  w  lialliL'iils,  only  with  sword  in  liand.  Tlii.i  was  a  favor,  ilonic:,  J>ln- 
1(0.  -r.s  SI). 

"(.((..  .'.  M,.r.  (ITHC,  7).   ii.  .TJ7-8. 
Uwi.  Mk.\.,  Vol.  lil.    30 


4G0 


MEXICO  UNDER  A  REORGANIZED  SYSTEM. 


Avliicli  tlio  vicorogal  functions  liacl  boon  very  much 
mii"tail(;(l,  in  fact,  reduced  to  but  little  else  than  pic- 
siding  over  the  audiencia,  and  directint^  militarv 
matters.  Without  coni[»laint,  however,  he  devoted  lii>, 
attention  to  this  latter  branch  of  the  roval  sei  vice 
intro<hieinuf  many  improvement.s,  and  omployiiiL,^  the 
forces  to  the  best  advantage. 

After  the  death  of  the  once  powerful  Jose  dc  (!al- 
vcz,  niarques  de  Sonora,  the  policy  of  the  kiii^r's 
government  underwent  a  change.  The  supeiinti  n- 
dency  of  the  exchequer  was  again  given  to  the  vici  - 
roy,^*  and  Mangino  was  called  to  the  royal  couiic'l. 
The  crown,  lieeding  the  clamor  from  th(!  fiontier  pro- 
vinces and  the  viceroy's  urgent  advice,  eiiijioweivd 
him  to  wage  a  relentless  war  upon  the  wild  tiih.N, 
Florez,  accordingly,  in  1788  and  1789  made  cniistaiit 
warfare  against  the  Apaches,  Lipans,  and  ^[escalerds 
until  they  wei-e  subdued,  the  peace  lasting  lor  many 
years.^'  The  viceroy  promoted  the  officers  who  had 
rendered  etKcient  service  in  the  campaign,  nm  jur- 
getting  the  raidc  and  file,  to  whom  deserved  rewards 
were  given.  He  was  now  compelled  to  look  al'ter  tlic 
expeditions  sent  to  the  Pacific  l>v  tlio  Eiighsh  and 
Americans,  and  to  watch  the  l^ussians  iu  ( '.iliini- 
nia.  He  gave  strict  orders  to  the  governor  of  t!iis 
province,  the  commandants  at  San  Blasand  A(M|iii1c(i, 
and  tlie  other  l(»cal  auth<»riti('S  on  the  Pacilic,  and  ri- 
qucsted  thi;  presidvjnt  of  Guat 'mala  to  arrest,  if])  )-<si- 
ble,  all  such  exj)loring  ships  and  their  crews  as  raiiio 
within  their  respective  jurisdictions.  Daring  this 
rule  two  exploi'iiig  expeditions  were  despatched  iVoiii 
San  Hlas  to  the  Northwest  Coast.  Full  details  <'U 
the.se  matters  are  given  in  other  jiarts  of  this  li'slerv. 
Flor.^z  did  not  confine  himself  to  war;  he  fa\<>i<d 
letters,  and  was  a  friend  t<»  the  .scientific  and  liteiarv 
men  of  ^lexico.     He  endeavored  to  carry  out  the 


'* /'7o)V'.i),  ftif^frv.,  in  Iiixinirri'oiifK  V!r..  119. 

»5/i'.((/  On/.'//,  iMiiirli   II,  17SS.  ill  Mni/tr' ■  .USS.,  no.    ];  Escwlrro,  Xut. 
.Son.,  71;  linsiainantv,  Siiphin.,  iu  '.'aro,  Tix*  lii<jlo*,  iii.  82. 


RrrriRKMKNT  OF  FLOREZ. 


467 


jir  jr(  t  of  creating  a  botanic  garden,  together  with 
ail  institute  for  lectures,  a  library,  etc.,  but  the  heavy 
LXpfiiditurc  that  must  be  incurred  checked  these 
oiitc'i'i»ri.scs. 

At  this  time  the  treasury  had  much  troul)le  in 
luet.ting  the  outflow  resulting  from  various  causes 
1m  yoiid  i''lorez'  control.  In  1787  the  revenue  had 
(kcreased  consideral»ly,  and  left  a  deficit  of  nearly  one 
million  dollars,  though  Florez  had  remitted  ten  mill- 
jiiiis.  Being  unable  to  finish  the  palace  of  Chapulte- 
jK'c  he  recomuiended  that  it  should  be  sold,  or  that 
the  sur[)lus  from  the  liquor  revenue  should  be  ap})lied 
to  its  coniplotion.  The  old  palace  at  the  foot  of  the  hill 
was  now  a  mass  of  ruins.  The  health  of  the  viceroy 
hud  l)een  bad  during  the  most  of  the  time  of  his  ad- 
ministration. He  suffered  from  hy[)ochondria,  which 
restricted  his  efforts.^"  Consequently,  on  the  "JOth  of 
Sijtteinber,  1788,  he  petitioned  the  king  to  relieve 
liini  of  his  office  and  permit  his  return  to  Spain. 
This  was  granted  in  a  royal  order  of  February  22, 
17S9,  with  the  condition  that  he  should  remain  in 
Mexico  till  his  successor  arrived.''  The  crown,  how- 
ivii',  in  order  to  show  its  appreciation  of  Florez' 
services  in  Mexico,  relieved  him  from  the  usu:il 
lesidciicia,  and  directed  that  six  months'  ))ay  of  a 
vierroy  should  be  j)laced  at  his  disposal  ir(»m  the 
royal  treasury,  to  take  him  back  to  S[)ain.'''^  He  ac- 
cordingly left  Mexico  on  the  5tli  of  October  for  (Jua- 
(lalnpe,  refusing  the  honors  paid  to  viceroys  on  such 
occasions.'"'  After  deliverinuf  the  command  to  his 
successor,  on  the  19th  he  started  for  A'era  Cruz,  re- 
maining in  Jalapa  till  November,  when  he  embarked 
tor  S[)iun  on  the  ship  of  the  line  Sin  liuman. 

'''^rani'.i,  Vlr.,  in  Mointm.  Dom.  Exp.,  MS.,  ">(]. 

■'■  Alaiiian  believes  that  liis  son's  inarriafjc  into  a  faini'y  pcminncntly  sot- 
tli'il  ill  .Mi'xico,  contrilnitcd  not  a  little  to  1  ae  prompt  accciitanceof  the  n-sig- 
iiiitinii;  the  policy  of  the  govennncnt  being  opposed  to  high  ollicials  or  their 
iiiinii  iliate  connections  relatin"  themselves  so  closely  with  ]^)erniunent  settlers 
ill  till'  rciuiitry  where  they  iield  oJlice. 

•'"'//v/f/„,i  (/('  la  Coromi,  MS.,  iii.  82. 

'"Oumiz,  Uiario,  320-7. 


4ns 


MKXICO  UNDER  A  REORGANIZED  SYSTEM. 


Tlu^  (loatli  of  Cilrlos  III.,  wliicli  occiirrcd  tlic 
14t]i  of  Dccoinhor,  1788,  was  officially  annouiu'til  in 
!Mtxico  the  20(1  of  March  in  the  following  year.  Tin 
viceroy,  as  well  as  the  ayuntaniiento,  calling  itsdf 
"cahililo,  justicia  y  reginuento  de  esta  inn)erial  curtt', 
caln-za  de  todos  los  Reinos  y  Provincias  do  la  Xutva 
l']s|)ana,"  on  the  same  day  directed  solenni  obsf(jui(.s, 
and  })ul»lic  prayers  for  tlie  sonl  of  the  deceased  luoii- 
ai'ch;  all  citizens  and  dwellers  in  the  country  ex('('[it- 
ing  dependants,  servants,  and  Indians,  were  to  wviw 
mourning,  provided  at  their  own  expense,  duiini^' 
six  months.  The  Indians  were  exempted  on  accinint 
of  povert}',  and  left  to  use  such  signs  of  sorrow  as  tiny 
wished,  or  their  small  means  allowed,'"'  The  prdiiu- 
inary  ceremonies  took  place  at  11.30  in  the  morning  of 
the  same  dny  and  of  the  next  at  the  cathedral,  follow  iil 
hy  others  at  the  parish  and  co'.iventual  churches,  till 
1)  o'clock  in  the  ni<>ht  of  the  24th.  Immcdiatelv  aflfr 
the  announcenjent  of  the  death,  five  guns  were  llnVi, 
followed  hy  one  every  fifteen  minutes.  The  balcoiiiis 
of  the  government  and  other  principal  buildings  were 
dressed  with  damask,  its  bright  color  beinuf  ivlicvnl 
by  lilack  crapo.  The  2()th  and  27th  of  May  were  iixtd 
by  the  vicero}',  audiencia,  and  archbishop  for  the 
obsequies.  These  were  held  with  the  greatest  it()s>I- 
ble  magnificence,  the  archbishop  officiating,  and  (In 
viceroy  and  other  authoi'itios  of  all  ranks  attending 
tluMU,  the  military  also  taking  a  prominent  j)art.  Tlir 
ceremonies  were  repeated  with  much  solemnity  a*  tlir 
Santo  I^omingo  convent  in  ^Mexico,  and  at  all  the  cliid' 
cities  and  towns  in  the  country.^* 

Soon  after  the  death  of  Carlos  III.  his  son  C;iili'> 
TV.  ascended  the  throne,  having  been  duly  recogni/cd 
as  the  rightful  successor.     Viceniy  Florez  had  lurn 

""'  nhpo.iicioni'S  Var'tnn,  i.  fifi;  Onlcnrs  ifr  la  Corona, '^]>i.,  iii.  70-SO. 

«'r,'fr..  tl,'  Mir.  (17SS-0),  iii.  '_'7S-!>,  .'{Ol'  :?,  .•{•Ji:>;  /.Va/^y  Ki-n/iiia')  ni  k 
ftft  <'<(f(i/ral,  l-i;J,  .iml  i.-\xxiv.  l-'_'0;  Cdrlo^  III.,  liiulix  K.xju'iri.-i.  Miv 
-ii-7,  I7S!I;  t'diios  111.,  Iteaks  Ex.  in  H iimlalujara ;  Vdrlos  III.,  Ji'ut'S  Lx. 
til  I'ticbla, 


IMPOSING  CEREMONIES. 


409 


iliilv  ajiprisod  of  this  fact  oji  the  2.'>(l  of  DoceinlxT 
l7sS,  the  kln,!^'  iimiiift'stliiL;-  a  wish  that  tlio  l'X[h'1isi'S 
td  ]»('  iiicnrred  at  the  festivities  to  ci'lehrate  his  accis- 
Ann  sliould  l)e  moderate,  so  as  to  relieve  liis  faithfid 
vassiils  from  unnecessary  hunleiis.  Tlie  proclamation 
iif  till'  new  kiny  was  first  officially  made  in  Mexico 
oil  tlM'  '27th  of 'December  ir.MD.-'^and  on  the  23d  of 
J;i!iii;iry  171)0  the  int('ndeiite-corregidor  jdihlislu'd  an 
r(!i(t  to  notify  the  people  of  the  capital  that  from  the 
•jjtli  to  the  28tli  of  Januarv,  and  I'roin  the  Lst  to  the 
7tli  of  l"\!hrnary  feasts  were  to  be  held.  The  |)i'o- 
^iMiiniK'  included  hiii^h  mass  and  other  I'eligious  I'ites, 
>\vr,iiiii'j^  allej^'iance  to  the  sovereign,  baiKjUets,  balls, 
jmlilic  illuminations,  fireworks,  bull  fights,  and  tourna- 
iiii'iits.  ]^efitting  literary  exercises  were  held  at  the 
university. 

Tlie  ceremonies  of  recognition,  and  the  consequent 
fcstivitit's,  were  repeated  in  all  the  largo  towns,  an<l 


th 


.1( 


th 


•b 


10  people  everywliero  gave  tnemselves  up  to  rejoic- 
ing.'' Several  other  times  duiing  the  century  bad 
the  people  of  ]\rcxico  an  oi>[)ortunit3' to  make  mani- 
fest their  lovaltv  to  the  crown.     In  1781)  and  171)1, 


e  oc- 


ii[)nii  the  birth  of  princess(^s,  and  in  170G  on  th 
(Uireiice  of  the  roval  marriaues,  te  deums,  .salutes,  and 


amusements  M'ore  in  order 


44 


''^Ariiynl  ordor  of  SoptoiTilicr  IS,  ]~9,f),  ro.iiiocil  t!ic  iiiim1)pr  of  o"cn«ioii3 
that  tin;  auilioiui.i  was  1)1)1111(1  to  attuiid  iliiircli  feasts  ami  oIIkt  ciiiiiiDiiics. 
It  ii!>  iri'iri'iat(  il  till'  injal  onlcrdf  M.'.ivli  I  \,  ITS.'i,  foiljiddiiig  tlicsccumli-iitiy 
l)y  viiiiDvs.  Orili'iii'i  i/i'  In  ('irniifi,  MS.,  iii.  S."»- (i. 

"f,r,:;,/,>  Mrx:  (17i>;i-l),  iv.  18-1'.>,  -Jii,  .•JO,  ;{:{--4,  :t()-.S,  41-4.'?;  I'lnr.  ,le 
■V'.i-.,  iiUi-'i-iih'  il()i/iiiiir!)i,  soviTal  liai,'i's;  fin  urdiii  ,  ,/.,  ,Si  riiinii  tl<-  (i\iu'  if, 
1  il;  (',i,-l«x  IV.,  n,,vc  i;,l.  ,lf /.>■<  finir.,  1-17,  aii<l  ilfilt;  l\i~ni<l,t^,  I'.  .V.  c- 
)«"»,  1-1  I;  L'liiioi),  llihf.  (luimz,  S(  riiiiiii,  1  ;!().  Ji'i '/is/ra  Yiinitifi),  ii.  '1\\\  ii), 
f:ivts  fiviui  an  tin;)iil)!i-li('il  iiiaiui.scriiit  an  jitcouiit  of  tlio  fca.-»t.s  tKiil  took 
plaio  til.!  -Jlst,  •-'•.'(!,  an.l  -J.'M  of  .\i>iil,  17!)!».  in  (Juihik-cIio. 

"A'')''  /'(  (;iiii(/n,  Jiiniilnf,  IK)-;.  ;?,  4,  anil  17.  In  17111)  tlio  kiii^'  u'ranti  il  .i 
goiu'ial  i)ai(lon  to  all  minor oUbuilersa^'aiust  tiiolaws.   (.'ululnriu,  MS.,  i.  1104. 


CIIAPTErv   XXY. 

ADMrXISTRATION  OF  VICKHOY  RI-rV'TLLA  GIGEPO 
TIIK   Y0UX(;ER. 


I'll 

■  :'; 


I 'I 


1789-1704. 

Ancient  and  Modkhn  PorrLATiox  of  Xi.w  Spatn  and  the  r\;ir\!  - 
CiiAPi  LI ErEc— Palace  of  Vheuoy  (!\lvez— Moral  and  Soci  m.  ('i\. 
DinoN  OK  THE  Caimtal— Kefokms  Made  by  the  Viceiiov— Aiikm. 

ANCE     of     TJU;     ClTV     in     ISUO— PkOMINENT    liCILDlNUS— AnI'    tiTlli;, 

OiUKCTs  oi'  NoTi;-  Xrr.sTiiA   Si:n<)Iia   de  lo.s   llii.Mr.Dios  -Ai;i;i\.m.    , 

IvEVII.LA   (JlCEIiO — ruiMK.S  AND  QriCK   JlSTICK— Mll.ITAUV   l!l  |ii|;M>- 

Indian    DisTriniANCEs — The  Vicekoy's   Lktteu-hox — Foumatihn  t 
Official  Akciiives— Intfndencias — Kffect  of  the  French  IJiahh- 
TioN    ON    New   Ni'ain — IIecall  of  the  Viceroy — Unjust  1'i:i;seh 
TioN — Hia  Final  Vindication. 


According  to  a  census  taken  in  1790,  by  onlcnf 
Viceroy  llevilla  Gigcdo  the  ^'ouiigcn-,  the  populatid!! 
of  the  iiitendencia  of  Mexlc(j  then  exceeded  l,50o,OOi\ 
and  that  of  the  capital  was  little  short  of  li:3,(»()0;' 
an<l  yet  it  is  probable  tliat  the  latter  estlnuiti'  m;i> 
little  more  than  one  third  of  the  nnniber  of  in]ia!ii- 
tants  that  peoi)led  Tenochtitlan  innnediately  h 


hL'lOl 


I   I 


in 


III 


'  1  r2,0'26,  according  ti>  the  tabular  statement  of  this  census  in  O't.'^v'' 
Jl/rj'.,  V.  8.  It  was  coiisidereil,  however,  tiiat  thia  count  fell  short  hy  iilnmt 
one  fixtli.     llnniholdt,  hasiiig  his  ealculaliun  on  tliis  census,  eslini:.U.s  tl.t 

1)0]inlatii>n  at  the  l)ei,'iniiiii_^  of  tiiis  century  at  l.'!7,*KK).  Of  tlicsc  •_',.~ii  •  wiiv 
•luropeans,  (i't.OJO  Spaaish  Creoles,  ;f;{,OuJ  native  Indians,  *2(»,.">0iJ  iae.sti/u<, 
niid  l;),(!;>i)  niidattoes.  It  is  proliahle  that  tliis  estimate  is  not  t'<  WiAu 
thou,t,di  tlio  population  of  the  city  was  Uuctuating,  being  influenced  hy  llninN. 
pnlivical  disturbances,  and  otiier  causes.  Moreover,  at  certain  tiiurs  the 
ra|iital  Would  be  overrun  with  vac^rauts,  while  at  otiiers  it  would  b;'  ,iliii'i~t 
f-ei-  tfoiii  tiieni.  Consult  IliimWil/,  Vah.  K.-itwi,  MS.,  7-40;  Id.,  L'<.-<i'  /'■'.. 
i.  I',)l-S;  ('nitcilailii,  Jiiiiiiu,  715-7;  (iiiui  tic  J'ornstiros,  17U7,  l'J7-N;  /in'dji 
y  (>.,  ('(tf'iid.,  149-.")0;  Mix:,  Not.  Ciud..  178-SO;  Gm-rrn,  AVc.  (/"  V.  A'-,'. 
i.  ."il,  Xi3;  Ahcja,  I'ohlniia,  7.'j;  Ort^z,  Me.v.  Iiid.  Lihrf,  79-80;  M<.r.  i,rl 
JUrl.i'on,  passim;  Sm:  Mv.r.  (•'"jij.,  IJoI.,  ii.  S.  Russell,  IHkL  Atiicr.,  i.  ll^J 
(London,  1778),  places  the  poptilatiou  at  80,000. 

I  470) 


IM 
ilii 


rnofinns.s  of  the  cahtal. 


471 


ilic  cniiqucst.  It  is,  of  courso,  impossiMe  t.)  j;ivo  tlio 
]iii|iii!;iti(iii  of  tlic  imcic'iit  t'jipitul  with  any  aj)[)i'()acli 
tip  ;i((  tiiacy;  and,  a[)art  from  tlie  records  of  tin.!  chroii- 
idti-,  wo  can  but  draw  our  conclujioiis  from  tlio 
iiiiiii!k  r  of  wari'iors  wliom  Cuitlahuatzin  and  (^uauli- 
loiii<it/',in  arrayed  ajj;'ainst  the  Sj)aniar(Is  and  their 
allii-,  from  the  remains  of  walls  and  huildin.Ljs,  and 
111  what  we  can  ascertain  of  the  circumference  of 


In. 


II'  I 


■itv 


tl         . 

Fiom  the  4th  of  July  1523,  on  which  date,  it  will 
]>r  iciiiemhcied,  a  coat  of  arms  was  preseiit-'d  to  the 

[lilal  of  New  Spain  in  consideration  of  its  bei 


("I 


rii 


t.iii  msi-qie  y 


nobl( 


until  the  close  of  tlie  eiiiht- 


cciilli  century  the  growth  in  population  had  not  been 
rriii.iikalile.  Cortes  in  a  letter  dated  October  15, 
],VJ!,'  intimates,  as  we   have  seen,  that  there   were 

althoujxh  this  luimber  doubtless 
-residents,   while    Gomara,    who 


tin  11  :)0,000  vecinos, 
non 


llM'llK 


le<l 


m 


uiy 


\\vi>\r.  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
nuiki  s  mention  of  two  thousand  Spanish  s(;ttlers  alone," 
and  'ror(|uemada,  who  describes  events  that  occurred 
tliii  ty  years  later,  places  the  number  of  Si)anish  liouse- 
linj!.-;  as  high  as  seven  thousand,  and  (jf  native 
faiiiilies  at  eiglit  thousand.  xYllowing  I'or  exaggera- 
tiiiii,  it  must  be  said,  therefore,  that  the  progress  of 
tlie  iiirtro})olis  in  this  particular  was  much  smaller 
t!ia:i  t'liat  of  many  <;f  the  old-world  ca[)ital.s  (.huing  a 
sIiiiiLir  period,  and  far  less  than  has  been  made  with- 
in two  or  three  decades  by  many  cities  on  this  conti- 
nent. 

It  requires  no  slight  exercise  of  faith  to  believe 
thai  the  modern  cai)ital  which  is  now  distant  about  a 
L  ague  from  the  shore  of  the  lake,  was  built  on  the 

-  As  jilrcady  stated  in  my  Xatirc  lidrc^,  ii.  oOO-Ol,  the  iiuiiilpor  rif  houses 
is  v;iii(jii,^ly  given  at  from  ;W,(JOa  in  Ai/nlnu  to  l-0,UiJD  in  Jori/iK  in'i  'a;  iiml 
iinnidiii.^' tj  the  most  reliable  cstiniJitcs  the  population  in;iy  he  bet  iIdwii  at 

iiijniit  :!0v),()00. 

Sii'  /li'-f.  Mrx.,  ii.  17,  this  series.     A  tlescription  of  the  fouii'lalion  and 
tuily  ;; -iiwih  of  tiie  eity  is  giveu  in  the  opeuiay  chapter  of  that  volume. 
*' Car!  I  IS,  ;W;). 
'JJU.  M(jx.,  1230. 


47f 


VICEROY  REVILLA  fJIOEDO  THE  YOUXfiER. 


Rito  "wliore,"  an  TIuinl)(>Mt  savs,  "stood  old  TiikkIi- 
titlaii,  with  its  iiuinerous  trocalli^,  wliicli  rose  t  twani 
tlio  sky  like  iniiiaivts,  surroutidiMl  l»y  water  and  cuisc- 
ways,  l)uilt  upon  islands  covered  with  ve;,'etatIon,  an.I 
with  tlu^  constant  movement  of  thousands  of  huats 
on  tlu!  surHice  of  the  lake."  The  main  cause  that 
c^ntrihuted  to  dry  n\>  the  lakes  romid  the  city,  i^  ilio 
drainai^'e  work  of  Iluehuetoca,  of  which  mention  lia> 
been  made  in  its  place."  The  destruction  of  the  j'lp- 
ests  in  the  valley  of  Mexico,  occasioned  hy  the  vast 
consTunption  of  lumber  needed  to  rebuild  the  city 
and  for  other  purposes,  of  course  helped  to  cause  a 
shrinkaL^e  in  the  volume  of  water. 

Cliai)ultepec,  a  historic  spot  in  Aj^tec  as  wtl!  a> 
New  S|)ain  history/ alone  retained  its  former  beauty. 
After  the  conrpuist  the  Spanish  commander  statloiicd 
there  a  small  garrison  of  TIascaltecs,  and  from  t!iat 
time  it  becamt!  a  fivoritc;  place  of  ivsort  f)r  the  Sjiaii- 
ianls,  as  it  had  formerly  been  of  the  Mexican  <  'ii- 
perors."^  Viceroy  Luis  Velasco  dedicated  "t  »  his 
soverei;^ni  this  forest,  bi'autiful  place?  for  ])ubli('  r  'cici- 
tion,"a!id  placed  there  two  greyhounds  that  had  I'vn 
brought  from  Si)ain  by  Archbishop  Montufar.  T\\r^<; 
multiplied  so  rapidly  that  the  species  after  some  years 
became  (juitc  common  throughout  New  Si)aiii. 

The  viceroy  Galvez  chose  the  heights  of  Chapidto- 
pcc  on  which  to  build  a  palace  for  himself  and  his  lu- 
eossors."  The  design  of  the  structure  was  somewhat 
remarkable.  The  side  facing  Mexico  was  foriiliid 
with  walls  and  buttresses  c  ipable  of  su|)p()rting  <•  m- 
non,  though  built  as  thou;."      merely  for  architectural 


'  Page  7  ct  soq.,  this  vol. 

'Sou  Xa'ir,-  J{(irrs,  ii.  KUi-T;  iii.  2n.S 

*Tlii!  piilaco  which  the  Moiitoziiiuiis  1 

tory,  ami  w.is  blown  up  in  17S4,  witiitlic 

C>kii<l(irh\  ls;jS;  Mvjc.  (Inrvta,  Due.  1,  I 


V.  ->02;  V.  29.-)  7,  :V21-1,  V,?,:)] 
it  tlii'i'c  wa.s  used  UH  a  piwih 
ss  of  f  )rty-.scvt'U  livo.s,  Suo'/'( 
H,  siipl.;  Cdii),  Tii!<  S'ljfu'',  ii 


llionholtlt,  E-'.i'ii  I'lil.  (torn.  ii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  viii.,  IJerman  cil.)  On  .In 
17-'!^,  the  city  cotnieil  issiicil  a  license  to  Juan  l):az  del  Ileal,  to  estal)li.s!i 
a  li!)nse  to  furniih  refreshments  to  visitor.s  wiio  '  fueran  ii  liolgar,  i)aa  c 
(■' otr.M  nianteniniieiito.s.'  /■■ir.balrftit,  Xdfri.i,  in  S'if(r.  if,  .U<.i:.  ci  l')'i'/,'2 
'••'rhe  (ri)'.vn  disapproved  of  the  enormous  cxpcn.se,  )jut  too  lute.    / 


;i)0. 
r  laiJ- 
/run, 

i.  :a; 

lie  .'), 

lIuiO 

\  iim 
''!-  I. 

■  ■hi 


Cvduluii,  MS.,  103-0. 


rTIAPrLTHPIT  PALACE. 


47S 


ndiiriniioiit.  On  tlic  iioitli  wcro  dltdu's*  nii<l  wiilo 
siiuto'iiiliis  largo  (Mioiigli  to  ('ontiiin  stores  for  si-vmil 
iii.iiitlis."'  Wlii'ii  (lalvc/  was  wrongfully  suspcct«-«l 
(if  ti'c.i'^oii,  it  was  tlioiiglit  that  tlu'  italacc  was  in- 
t('iiili>l  to  scM-vc  liini  as  a  last  i-ctroat  and  plarc  of 
(1(  linri',  should  Kuropcan  troops  ho  sont  against  him. 
Till*  structure  roniainod  unfinishod  until  devote*!  to 
utlit  r  uses  after  the  iiidependence,  and  its  hcauty  was 
iiiarn  d  hy  the  addition  of  an  astronomieal  ohscrva- 
tniy.  From  this  point  is  ohtained  a  tine  view  o*'  tho 
viilli'V,  and  of  tho  rit}'  of  ^[oxioo  with  its  towering 
^]iiiis  and  })rominont  structures  encireled  with  gar- 
dens, urchanls,  eountry  villas,  and  shaded  eausi-wavs.'* 

At  the  time  of  Hovilla  Gigedo's  arrival  as  viecioy 
nf  N'cw  S{)ain  in  1780,  tho  capital  appears  to  have 
Ini'ii  in  a  demoralized  condition  morallv  and  soeiallv. 
"It  had  heon  converted,"  says  ]iustamante,  "into  a 
rcceptaclo  for  immoral  persons,  coming  from  all  itaits 
(if  tlie  countrv.and  hidinix  M'ith  <;roater  securitv  in  tho 
ciliital  than  thieves  in  their  forest  haunts  and  d^ns; 
tliry  aet  with  impunity  knowing  that  there  is  no  poliei3 
in  interfere  witli  their  conduct.  '  And  in  no  verv  Hat- 
tdin'-  luii-uanfc  this  writer  laments  that  tho  eitv  was 
imt  tile  capital  of  a  flourishing  empire,  hut  "a  cess- 
pnnl,  liltliy  and  pestiferous,  with  its  centre  in  tho 
luinciiial  s(|uaro." 

Indeed,  this  plaza  presented  a  singular  appearance. 
Xotwithstanding  the  orders  issued  after  the  liot  of 
l('i'.)2,  its  sui-faco  was  covered  with  hooths  and  stands 
of  every  description  and  filled  with  half-naked  huek- 
sti'is.  The  gallows  and  tho  pillory  occu[»ie(l  a  promi- 
nent place  in  front  of  the  viceregal  i)alace  to  tho 
vi.L,^lit,  an<l  tho  execution  of  criminals  could  he  wit- 
nessed hy  many  thousands  of  spectators.  A  cohmm, 
p(Miily  constructed  and  crowned  hy  a  statue  of  lYr- 

^'lliimho'dt,  i:^m\  Pol,  i.  202. 

"  Mori'  p;irtioiil;ii-s  cDiicpniingCliapultcpcc  may  1)0  found  in  PerUfn  di'i-  7o, 
;?'•.<;./.,„•;„,  MS.,  :J7.1-S.'>;  /'a«.'v,  rinyrs,  MS.,  li'S;  .Mciul'i-n,  <'iirt<i,  iii  /Vo- 
rnlti.  (',./,  ])oi\,  l;i7;  Ti'niititx-('oiii/i.,nC'\:  ii.  toni.  v.  273;  Dice.  Un'n\,  ix.  31- 
5,  oS.'i;    ]  iidj.  ru  L'liif.,  xxvi.  I'JOetBeti. 


''?i! 


II'  i!i 


47t 


VICHROY  REVILLA  GIGEDO  THE  YOUNGER. 


naiulo  YI.  ro.s(^  in  the  centre  of  tlio  square,  .'.ucl  on  oni 
.side  was  tlie  graveyard  of  the  cathedral.  The  intrijur 
of  tlie  vicercLjal  pahice,  wliicli  was  never  closed,  wa> 
also  filled  with  hucksters'  booths,  and  alon'jf  the  >uh-^ 
of  its  walls  flowed  the  draina^'e  canal  which  receivcil 
the  ofial  of  the  citj.  The  |»olice  system  was  in  keep- 
ing with  the  condition  of  the  pla/.a;  tlu;re  were  no 
watchmen  or  guardians  of  the  peace,  nor  any  oilur 
means  to  assure  safety  than  the  occasional  lew  i)atr(j!,> 
of  alcaldes  or  citizens;  there  were  no  street  lights, 
and  at  night  it  was  necessary  to  carry  torches  or 
lanterns;  the  pavements  were  neglected,  and  tlnouuli 
the  middle  of  the  streets  ran  open  gutters  loaded  with 
filtli.  Xevertheless,  comparing  the  condition  of  tlir 
ca]»ilal  with  that  of  many  of  the  ])rinci[)al  l^uropcni 
cities  in  the  eighteenth  century,  the  contrast  is  imt 
verv  mai 


ked. 


llevilla  (;!iu'edo  comprehended  the  innnediaien 


l'(•^■^ 


."^itv  of  reform.  He  recognized  that  the  ]>revailiii" 
abuses  were  caused  by  the  indolence  and  criiiiiiial 
neglect  of  former  rulers,  whose  })rinci[)al  aim  seeiiuil 
always  to  have  been  tlie  accumulation  of  riches  wlii.h 
they  nii''lit  enlov  on  their  return  to  Spain.  ]le  sum- 
pressed  the  festivities  at  his  reception;  tiie  [);ilar(j 
and  file  [ilaza  were  di'prived  of  tlieir  lilthy  bo(i(li>; 
rking    uu'U    were    c»)nipelled    to    ajtpear    in    iin>iv 


Wci 


we  IV 


decent  dress;    public    baths   and    mailvet-plac 
(jvei'hauled  and  I'cgulated;    a  system  of  lighting  tin' 
streets   was   inaugurated,  the   paving  of  streets  was 


reconnnence( 


I,  and  an  effective  lire  bri^'ad 


e  was  er- 


nized.      A  multitude  of  other  useful  measui 


(.'S 


w; 


a(h»[tted  (hu'ing  the  administi'ation  of  tliis  able  ai 
energetic  ruler.  Among  them  was  a  reduction  in  tl 
number  of  feastdays  which  clogged  the  regular  cnui' 


ot    tralhc  and   conmierce,  and   mcreased   tlie  natura 


,1 


lUtU'leiice  <»i 


tl 


le  n>asses. 


A  I 


oun( 


Uing 


r  institute  was 


also  ei'ected  to  check  the  crime  of  child-murder,  which 
had  beconu'  very  prevalent. 

Tiiis  was  n'>t  all.     Not  a  single  elementary  live 


CITY  ARCHITECTURE. 


475 


scliix)]  is  said  to  have  existed  at  the  time  in  tlic  capi- 
tal nr  ill  tlie  })rovinces,  and  iieaily  all  the  other  insti- 


tutimis  of  leanimuj  \vc 


re  under  the  chi 


irii'e  () 


f  fr 


lars. 


giiicrally  ignorant  and  cruel,  whije  the  IV-niale  insti- 
tutes were  directed  by  women  whose  mode  of  teaching 
consisted  in  narrating  ridiculous  stories  of  saints,  cal- 
culali'd  to  develop  the  su[)erstItion  of  the  listeners. 
Of  useful  knowledge,  a  little  reading  and  writing  were 
sullieient.^'  Even  the  school  of  miniuLT,  so  celebrated 
ill  a  I'ter  years,  was  only  an  institute  in  name.  It  lacked 
|iniressor.s,  instruments,  and  apparatus,  and  its  utility 


\va.- 


fpiestionahle.  All  these  matters  received  the 
altt  iiiion  of  the  viceroy.  At  the  same  time  he  es- 
talilislied  a  new  police  system  and  remodelletl  the 
tration  of  iustice.     Great  chanu'es  wei-e  soon 


adiiiimstration  ot  ji 
apparent,  and  the  labors  of  Ilevilla  (Jligedo  became  of 
]a>tiiig  benefit  to  Xew  Spain, particularly  to  ( he  capital. 
XotwithstandinLj  these  drawbacks,  at  the  close  of 
till'  eighteenth  century  ^Mexico  was  the  lai'gest  city 
in  America,  and  one  of  the  finest  built  by  Euro- 
peans on  either  hemis[)here.  From  north  to  south  it 
measured  one  league,  and  three  foui'ths  of  a  league 
JVoni  east  to  west.  It  was  encircle-d  by  a  ditch, 
er  navigable  canal,  which  served  at  the  same  time  as 
a  (li  ain  and  military  defence,  and  j)revcnted  goods  from 
luiiig  introduced  except  by  the  causeways  and  gates, 
thus  serving  as  a  protection  to  the  customs  depart- 
iiH'iif.  The  Ijuildings  v,\.re  plai  .  and  elegant,  not 
•  •veiladen  with  ornament,  and  not  disfigured  by  the 
uiieMiidi  o-alleries  and  balconies  so  connnon  to  other 
Spani-,!)  cities.  The  material  of  whleli  tln'V  wei'e 
iiialiily  >  onstructed — tet/.ontli  ar-d  a  j)eeiiliar  kind  of 
pMipliyry*'' — gave  them  an  aspect  of  solidity  and  ^;plen- 

' '  Kivcra,  OofiiriKHit' a,  i.  47fi,  mIioso  f.-icilitics  to  ascrrt;iiii  liistoric;il  data 
ciniMinii^  llio  lity  (if  Munil-i)  may  Ijj  (.Mja  iiliTi'tl  fill. y  as  ain[ilo  a.i  lliosu  i.f 
Z  !MMC'ii.-i,  .suiipDi't.s  tlio  stati'iiiriit  iiui'lo  i;i  l!ic  text.  The  l:it:or  ailLln)!-,  //('•'. 
M'J.,  V.  OS."!,  takes  uiulna^u  at  tlii-i,  ciaiiiiiiij;  that  many  oli'iiu'iitaiy  insiitii- 
ti'iin  ixistoil  ill  the  CDUiitry  at  the  time,  iiarUciilarly  fur  oi^iiiaiis,  in  v.liirli 
tuiiii'ii  ami  iiiaiiiti'iiaiKC  were  ;;ivt'ii  qratuioiv-ly, 

''i'lu'  ]M)rim.i  aiiiy^ilaloitl  called  tot/uiitli,  ami  a  porpliyiy  of  vitivoiis 
ftl-l'ar  «iilniut  any  'iuai'ti!. 


476 


VICEKOY  REVILI.A  GIGEDO  THE  YOUNGER. 


dor.  The  most  prominent  arcliitcctural  structure  in 
the  city  was  then,  as  it  is  now,  the  cathedral;  and 
as  to  the  pakice  of  the  viceroys,  it  was  said  t!iat 
no  edifice  in  IMadrid  could  compare  with  it  in  si;:c." 
AdjoininjT^,  and  on  the  side  fronting  toward  the  palaci.' 
of  the  archbishop,  stood  the  mint,  a  largo  and  im[)()siii^f 
structure.  The  custom-house,  fronting  on  the  jilaza 
Santo  Domingo,  was  also  a  fine  edifice.  The  botanic 
garden  in  one  of  the  courts  of  the  viceregal  palace, 
though  small,  was  famous  for  its  collection  of  laiu 
plants,  and  of  such  as  were  important  to  industry  and 
conunerce.  Here  Viceroy  Bucareli  would  pitcli  liis 
tent  during  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  receive  vis- 
itors day  and  night,  and  transact  his  business. 

Another  larije  building  was  the  t(jbacco  factorv,  in 
which  more  than  five  thousand  persons  were  employed. 
A  structure  of  historical  interest  was  the  fanmiis 
acordada  buildiuLr,  erected  durintx  Bucareli's  admin i^- 
tration,  and  situated  between  the  alameda  an<l  llio 
pasco  bearing  that  viceroy's  name.'^^  The  munici[)a!ity 
buihlings  were  also  of  imposing  proportions,  situated 
on  the  principal  plaza  and  facing  the  paria>i,^^  wliieli 
had  taken  the  place  of  the  baratillo  and  occu[)ic(l  an 
area  of  a  hundred  and  forty  varas.  Other  edifices  ef 
note  wore  the  college  of  San  Ildefonso,  and  the  miiiini,' 
scl'.ool  with  its  physical,  mechanical,  and  mineralogieal 
collections;  the  university  building  and  public  libiaiv, 
and  the  academy  of  fine  arts  with  its  collection  ef 
gyi)sum  casts;  the  celebrated  hospices,  and  the  build- 
ings of  the  inquisition.  The  least  favoicd  of  all  the 
public  buildings  was  the  theatre.*^ 

The  principal  entrances  to  the  city  were  those  of 
Guadalupe,    Angeles,    Traspana,    Chapultepec,    San 

'* '  Xo  liny  en  Madrid  edifioio  comparable  en  extension  con  el  palaci'>  iltl 
Vircv. '  Est'iUa,  xxvi.  278. 

'■■A/.,  'J7t). 

'^Suo  Villa-Serior  y  Sauchcz,  Ti'atro,i.')3-G\;  Mcx.,  Not.  Cludad  Mv.,  S 
ct  .SL'(|.;  (.)rt'i~.,  M<x.  Iii'/rj).  Lihrr,  4S,")  ct  .scij.;  L'.'i/alla,  xxvi.  '2SI. 

'^ '  J^l  colist'o  6  tcatro  t'S  iiuligiiodo  MOxiui),  y  no  so  i)U('<k'  poiulci'.u'  sii  ilo- 
f'niiiilad  .siiii)  allnnaudo  (jiie  I's  al)oiiiin;ililo  v\  cdilioio,  y  lo  puur  cs  ipio  ;i:iiO' 
iiaza  dosplomarso.'  Orliz,  J/t.f.  Lul.  Libre,  41)7. 


TASEOS  AND  CONVENTS. 


477 


Ant' 111,  and  San  Lazaro.  The  two  magnificent  aquo- 
cliKt.s  which  ontor  b}^  way  of  Traspana  and  Chapulte- 
pic  and  supply  the  city  with  water,  have  been  described 
Ll>c\\liere. 

T!iL'  so-called  pascos,  or  public  walks,  were  the  de- 
liuhr  (if  the  Mexican  population.  The  most  beautiful 
(if  tlniii  was  the  famed  alameda,  which  had  no  equal 
in  Spain.  The  paseo  of  Iztacalco  was  another  favor- 
ite ifsort,  and  lay  on  the  banks  of  a  canal  of  that 
liaino.  By  this  route  and  the  canal  of  Chalco  luni- 
divils  of  canoes  brought  daily  into  the  city  building 
matt  rial,  provisions,  vegetables,  fruit,  and  flowers  in 
giiat  (juaiitities,  until  in  time  the  canals  were  fillud  up 
ill  the  central  part  of  the  capital;  particularly  when  the 
stiVL'ts  became  raised  in  consequence  of  the  deposits 
ki'l  l>y  inundations.  The  greater  part  el:'  the  vege- 
taUes  and  flowers  were  raised  on  the  famous  chinam- 
pas,  or  floating  gardens;  their  number,  however,  was 
daily  (Hminishing.  In  the  paseo  of  Bucareli  an  ob- 
jurt  of  just  admiration  was  the  colossal  cquestT'ian 
.statue  of  Carlos  IV.,  first  erected  on  the  priiici})al 
S'juarc,  but  in  later  years  removed  to  this  ])lace  of  rec- 
reation. This  \ncco  of  American  art  was  executed  by 
tin,'  order  and  at  the  expense  of  Viceroy  Branciforte. 
It  v.;is  of  bronze  and  in  one  ]iiccc,  modelled,  cast,  and 
ciO('t.nl  [)y  tlie  celebrated  ^Mexican  sculptor  ]\Ianuel 
Tulsa.  Humboldt,  who  wns  present  at  the  unveiling 
•  'f  tlie  monument,  says  that,  except  the  statue  of 
^.laivus  Aurelius  at  Home,  there  was  nothing  of  the 
hill  1  ill   Europe  to  equal  it  in  beauty  and  purity  of 


1-1 1 


IS 


Aiiidiig  the  convents  the  most  prominent  was  that 
' if  I  lie  Franciscans,  which  in  the  year  1800  enjoyed  an 
iipiiiiie  from  alms  alone  t)f  more  than  a  hundred  thou- 
sand pesos.  (,)f  the  t-hurches  remarkable  for  s])1endor, 
i.k'Uaiice,  andl)eauty  of  design  those  of  San  Agustin, 
Saiiio  Domingo,  San  ]?al)lo,  Soledad,  Jesus  Maria, 
and  Santa  Teresa  were  the  most  noteworthy.     In  this 

''.•JLx  lltimbMl,  Eumi  Vol.,  i. 


478 


VICEROY  RE  VILLA  OK  J  EDO  THE  YOUNGER. 


II 


i 


if ''^.;^ 


connection  may  be  mentioned  an  image  of  the  virgin 
worshipped  under  tlie  name  of  Nuestra  Senora  dv  Ids 
RemeJios,  to  winch  miraculous  powers  were  attiili- 
uted.  This  was  aniong  the  images  brought  to  ^Mexico 
by  the  soldiers  of  Cortes.  It  belonged  to  one  Juan 
Rodriguez  do  Villafuerte,  to  whom  it  had  been  giwn 
by  his  brother,  who  said  it  had  aided  him  greatly  in 
his  campaigns  in  Italy  and  German}*.  The  imam; 
was  at  first  placed  in  a  temple  hastily  built,  and  IVdia 
that  time  became  an  object  of  veneration  to  Spaniards 
and  Indians,  on  account  of  favors  said  to  have  bciii 
conferred  on  the  pul^lic  and  on  individuals  in  times 
of  calamity.  In  1574,  as  before  mentioned,  a  cliuivh 
was  founded  for  its  reception,  where  four  festivals 
were  celebrated  yearly — those  of  the  nativity,  })urifi- 
cation,  incarnation,  and  conception.  Many  gi*  it 
marks  of  favor  were  recorded,  after  the  building  of 
this  temple;  particularly  in  times  of  drought,  stoiiii, 
epidemic,  earthquake,  inundation,  and  famine.  l)(i\vii 
to  IGDG  the  image  had  been  solenmly  carried  in  [iru- 
cession  to  the  city  as  often  as  fifteen  times." 

Of  all  the  viceroys  of  Xew  Spain,  the  fifty-second, 
Don  Juan  Vicente  de  Guenies  Pacheco  de  Padilla, 
conde  do  Re  villa  Gigedo,  was  one  of  the  most  alilc 


"The  first  Rolrmn  occasion  was  in  l."77,  'para  <1ar  rcmedio  ,1  la  cpiilimiii 
del  cocolistli.'  MaVma,  C/inin.  S.  Di'd/o,  .SI  2.  In  ISIO,  iiftur  tliu  that  w.iinf 
iinU'piiiiltiKo  bloke  out,  it  was  i>roilglit  to  and  placed  in  tiiu  eatlieilral.  Tlie 
viceroy  l:iid  at  its  feet  iii.s  lialon,  and  di-elared  the  viryin  'generala'  of  the 
royalist  tronj)s,  decorating  the  inia^e  witii  the  iiisij^'uia  of  that  rank.  The 
patriots,  on  the  other  Iiand,  liestoviiil  the  raid;  of  t'aptain-^'cneral  <ili  their 
favorite,  the  iiuajieof  the  vir/^in  of  ( Jiiadalupe.  'J'huswasthe  virj,'iii  iindii  uif- 
I'erent  names  called   on   to  lead  the  two  hostile  armies.    Winnrrrf,  /'/•■■'■.  S. 


h'rriiiii,,  \'2S-',]'2.     For  description  ami  paiticillais  eoi 


the  eitv<it 


ico  i;t  ditlerent  periods,  sec  OniHii/'.i  A  inirhn,  S(i,  'i-t.'i ;  (niiji's  Siirri  i/.  )>'  l"iil; 
^((miiiliii.i/.  III  isih. ,  4'>'A~~S;  WiniirrrI,  C'lmhid  Mi\i\,  1-.");  Mnllint,  I'/irun.  S. 
JJi<;in,  .1/V.i-.,  -J:!!;  An/cv,  I'a //<'.s  MS.,  PJ8;  Tmlodn,  .1/rr.,  pt.  v.  'J^  -l."i; 
i'lill''.  Mini,  y  Not.,  Al-o;  Darilri,  Con/.,  MS.,  :il)-_>;    Titripiciiimln,  i.  "JUS  :i(l4; 


i'l/irilii,  I'll.,  in  y>i 
ViUii-Sorinr,   Tait 


vi.    I.'i4:  (/ 


ilcz  1  hi  Vila 


•III, 


K<-lr.<., 


S,  n 


/•(),  1. 


;}-()! ;    Ml  iiilir.i,   ('lU't't,  in  F/iiriila,   Col.  JJnr. 
.lliimM'lt,  /,'.«,((•  Pol., '20-2  i;  Ilvrilla  (ili/eilo,  /iVwW.,    MS.,  374  S.");    T 


f '»/•(•.,  I'Ktet  sc(i;  O.-;.':,   Mi. v.   litih-ji.  Lik,   4S.".  ,".:i,');  (h- 


Cliiil.  Ml 


\r,\)--22-2;  i 


".'/'■' 


/;, 


.'/  w 


.1/.  IIU 


ii'i'iii./vr 


Col.   To//.,  vi.  44-<i;  ('urnnl.  I"//. 


(I'aiised.),  i.  50-00;  Ml.c.^'ot.,   Viitd.  J/ec,  8-lh8;  /,'«,s«'//"(f  JJi-l.  Ai 
3Si'-4. 


A  NOTED  BAXDIT. 


479 


Aftii'  Iteinuf  n|;p')iiit<Ml  cnptaiii  of  tlic  viceregal  guard 
under  lii^"  latliei',  who  was  a  fornier  viceroy,  lie  served 
\\]{\\  distiuctioti  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Spanish 
ouiu'ds  at  the  siege  of  (libraltar.  Landing  at  A'era 
Cruz  on  October  8,  1780,  the  baton  of  ofHce  was 
(Idivcred  to  hin\  at  Guadalupe"*^  on  the  IGtli  of  the 
SiUiif  month. 

The  count  was  the  man  needed  for  the  occasion. 
One  morning,  about  a  week  after  his  arrival,  it  was 
fnund  that  the  house  of  a  wealthy  merchant,  named 
J();u|uin  ])ongo,  had  been  broken  into  by  burglars, 
money  and  valuables  stolen,  and  all  the  niend>crs  of 
tlic  household,  eleven  in  nund)er,  assassinated.  The 
criuiiiuds  were  executed  on  November  7th,  a  fortnight 
after  the  connnission  of  the  deed.  Never  before,  ex- 
cept in  the  days  of  Velazquez  and  other  officials  of 
the  saiita  hermandad  and  acordada,  had  justice  been 
administered  with  such  despatch. 

Fur  many  years  l)efore  the  viceroy's  arrival  a  cele- 
liiated  bandit  named  PiUo  Madera  had  been  the  terror 
ef  the  <'ommunity.  The  authorities  either  would  or 
could  not  bring  the  miscreant  to  justice.  His  astute- 
iiiss  and  audacity  were  as  great  as  those  of  any  of  his 
famous  colleagues  in  Italy,  and  his  band  of  cut-throats 
liad  never  been  surpassed  in  ferocity  and  cruelty. 
Madera  alone  had  conunitted  twenty-eight  highway 
loliheries  and  seven  assassinations.  The  new  ruler 
made  slioit  woik  of  the  matter:  in  I7l)l  IMllo  ^ladera 
was  captured  and  hanged. 


Dui'iuo:  Ivevilla  Gij^edo's  administration  war  was 
(Icclared  with  France.  Although  there  was  little  fear 
oi'iii\asion  the  \iceroy  made  all  needful  pi'eparations. 
A  regiment  of  dragoons  was  sent  to  ]J)uranL:o  to  pro- 
tect the  borders  of  the  provincias  internas;  the  militia 
on  the  north  coast  was  prepared  for  efficient  service, 


■C'li 


m 


■'"Ifowas  oi'iiiiiially  appointed  viceroy  of  Rucnos  Ayrcs;  l)ut  in  ccmse- 
O'li'Mcf  i)t  tliu  iTsigniition  of  Flori'z,  liu  was  ordered  to  proceed  to  New  Spain. 
Sw  iJnli'iKu  delu  Curoiiu,  MS.,  iii.  8'2. 


480 


VICEROY  REVILLA  GIGEDO  THE  YOUNGER. 


|i'   "1, 


!^ 


and  the  fortifications  of  San  Juan  (ic  Ulua  strciiLfth- 
cnotl;  the  j^arrison  of  A^-ra  Cruz  \va.s  rec'ni'orcftl,au(l  tlif 
king's  treasuro,  ready  for  slii[)inL'nt,  ruinovcd  to  a  .sail 
distance.     All  this  was  acc<»inplislK'd  at  little  ox})cn8o. 

The  condition  of  the  army  occui)i(jd  the  viceroy's 
special  attention  and  a  reconstruction  was  i)r(i[i(is(.(l 
according  to  orders  issued  in  January,  l~'Ji2.  TIr 
regular  troops  and  the  militia  were  in  a  demoralized 
condition,  and  their  insuhMr(hnati(jn  gave  such  seri- 
ous cause  of  offence  that  they  were  ])ut  under  stiiet 
regulations,  and  a  portion  of  the  latter  disl)an<leMl. 
These  measures  caused  dissatisfaction,  })articularly 
among  the  Creoles,  anel  it  is  claimeel  that  tlu;  reduc- 
tion  in  the  militia  was  one  of  the  few  errors  of  Ilevilla 
Gigedo's  administration.  Bustamante  says  that  he 
gave  a  fatal  Mow  to  this  hranch  e>f  the  service',  ilo- 
stroyin<j:  a?id  unmakini;  what  had  heen  estahlisheel  witli 
much  care  and  lahor  since  the  time  of  A'iceroy  Ciu- 
fllas.  In  his  instructions  to  Branciforte,  the  c(Uiiit 
claim(;d,  however,  that  in  the  enlistment  of  pi(i\iii- 
cials  tliere  seemed  to  have  been  no  other  pur[H)>c 
tlian  to  defrauel  the  king's  treasury,  for  such  tioif^ 
were  unreliable  in  action.-^ 

The  immediate  consequence  of  this  measure  was 
that  native  tribes  connnitteel  depredations  in  the  i , int- 
ern provinces.  Alany  colonists  wove  assassinated  in 
Coahuila,  tlie  Indians  penetrating  to  witliin  the'  con- 
fines of  Saltillo,  drivinLf  off  cattle,  and  wimiinn'  <ivtr 
the  presidio  of  San  Juan  de  Ivio  Grande.  Still  greater 
disturbances  occurred  in  the  cejlonv  (if  Xucno  Saiilaii- 
der,  where  in  the  settlements  of  Laredo,  Ilevilla,  ami 
]\[i<;r,  twenty-five  Spaniards  were  killeel  betwiuu 
;March  and  Julv,  1791. 


"<.: 


2'  npr'illa  OUfeiln,  Iiiffnir,,  147.  I>n<tnmniitp,  in  Crtro.  Trrs  Si;ih<,  iii.  IM. 
says  tli;it  tlic  \  ieorny  lu'licx  t-il  tlieni  tu  l>f  iiu  niatcli  fcir  t(iiei,!,'ii  trmijw  in  i:im' 
of  invasion.  'J'lio  viccrnj'  ridiutd  tlie  militia  in  unlcr  to  inerciise'  t!ir  i".v:il 
j'Vi'inio;  for  wliili'  sci'vinj:,  the  ImliMi  Mas  ixcnijit  froni  llie  ii;iynicnt  ot  liil'- 
llti'.  coii.sing  to  inj  ly  tlii.s  jiii\  ile;_'o  a.s  MMin  a>  ilisiliai-^til.  /•/.,  /(/.,  ll'o.  Hii' 
Sj):iii'- h  goxxMinnent  (li.-.a|ii)iovi'il  of  tlio  cijUiits  nic-.snics,  and  deciecs  wov 
si;ii.-!eijni.'nlly  issued  for  tlic  recoustnictioii  of  Uic  iiiililiu,  during  l>rani.il"iti.a 
ailininistratiun. 


PUBLIC  ESPIONAGE. 


4S1 


Another  source  of  dissatisfaction  anionic  tlio  officials 
iif  the  capital  was  the  viceroy's  order  that  a  letter- 
liox  sliould  be  placed  in  one  of  the  halls  of  the  [>alace, 
into  which  any  person  liaving  cause  for  yrifvance 
min'lil  deposit  a  written  statement  of  the  faets  for  his 
iiiloniiation.  He  knew  well  that  the  complaints  of 
the  people  seldom  came  to  the  ears  of  the  ruler,  and 
tliiit  tlie  abuses  connnitted  by  those  who  surroundt'd 
him,  were  carefullv'  concealed  by  the  courtiers  whose 
iiittiest  it  was  to  represent  cvervthiiiL;'  in  the  most 
favorable  light  for  themselves.  This  matter  rxjjoscd 
tlir  \iceroy  to  insult  through  anonymous  communica- 
tions, and  many  an  honest  official  was  wrongfully 
arciisfd  bv  some  hidden  foe.  This,  however,  Itevilki 
(iii;('(h)  had  vmdoubtedly  anticipated.  Wise  enough 
ti)  disregard  vilifications  of  this  kind,  he  received,  on 
the  (itlier  hand,  many  important  suggestions  from 
WL'll  mean  inn"  and  loyal  citizens,  who  denounced  actual 
ahuses,  and  disclosed  the  true  state  of  affairs  in  the 
kiiiphmi.  The  secret  information  no  doubt  enabled 
liiiu  to  inaugurate  many  useful  measures,  of  which 
tlic  instructions  to  his  successor  give  ann)le  proof,  and 
wliicli  otlierwiso  might  not  have  been  suggested. 
The  officials,  however,  who  were  thus  attacked  from 
an  nnluiown  quarter,  and  often  with  sullicient  cause, 
cnntinued  loud  in  their  denunciation  of  the  practice, 
as  dii-ectlv  favorin<>'  a  sy.stem  of  es|)iona<>e  unworthy 
nftlir  higli  station  and  dignity  of  a  viccnoy.  Though 
it  ni.iy  lia\  e  been  a  dangerous  practice,  Kevilhi  (ligedo 
niaih'  good  use  (»f  it." 

]'he  dispositions  of  the  viceroy  made  necessary  a 
change  in  the  system  of  arranging,  classil'ying,  and 
invservini'-  official  documents,  whicli  had  received 
little  or  no  attention  on  the  ]tai't  of  his  ])ivdecessors, 
the  secretaries  g(.'nerally  using   their  own  judgment 


'If 


■'' '  Su  ha  qiieriilo  decir  <iue  por  cste  medio  ae  autorizaha  el  cspioiuigc;  ci iii- 
fuso  f|ii(j  I's  peliirroso  cuaudi)  v\  guft^  ih»  salio  liaccr  biitn  uso  dc  I'l,  y  i|Ul- 
soiirjaiitr  iMi  vi'iiciii)  ajirovcclia  n  iiiata    sukuii  el  ])ri)fcs(ir  i|ii»'  li  itiiiit.>U'a. 
Kii  l;i:\illa  (li:.'filii  (pbin  los  laifiKjs  (.fuctos.'  t'aro,  Ti\-s  S'njlox,  iii.  lUJ. 
Uibi.  iltx.,  VuL.  III.    ai 


il 


482 


TICEnOY  REVILLA  GIGEBO  THE  YOUNGER. 


and  coTisnltincf  tlicir  own  convenience  in  the  ni.'itti  r.-' 
]levillji  (iiij^edo  tlieret'orc  deterniined  to  f'(jrni  l,^  luni! 
archives  in  wliich  were  deposited  all  documents  of 
ini})ort!ince  pertaining  to  the  tribunals  and  (itlnr 
branches  of  administration,  without  any  expense  to 
the  crown.'"'* 

The  intcMidencias  established  by  his  predecessor 
ccmtinued  unchanged  during  his  admini.stration,  ex- 
cept tliat  he  ordered  the  intendcncia  of  Hun  \a\\- 
Potosi  to  comprise  the  territories  of  Coahnil;!  and 
Texas,  the  intendente  himself  to  act  as  subdele^i'tc  in 
regard  to  all  contentions  arising  on  questions  nl'  ex- 
diequer  and  war.  In  accordance  with  in.strnctinns 
from  the  crown  commissioners  were  sei»t  to  expldiv 
the  portion  of  Texas  near  the  confines  of  Louisiaim 
to  determine  whether  it  were  convenient  to  exteii.l 
the  limits  of  the  latter  territory  to  the  river  Sabiiia 


as.' 


While  the  vicero}'',  ftiithful  to  his  trust,  was  im|ii<iv- 
ing  the  condition  of  New  Spain,  the  tenii)est  ol'  Hi- 
Fi-ench  revolution  was  raging  in  its  greatest  fuiv.  .iml 
]jouis  XVI.  was  no  more.  Though  most  of  tin'  i  i- 
dores  wow  inimical  to  the  viceroy,  tlie}'  vied  with  •  ai !i 
other  in  representing  to  the  ])eople  that  tlie  im- 
prisonment and  execution  of  the  Frencli  nionarcli  wa^ 
a  transgression  against  laws  divine  and  human.  ^\u\\- 
over  the  J'jiglish  colonies  of  Noith  America  ha-l  it- 
cently  shaken  oif  tluir  allegiance.  The  autlioritli-^ 
l)egan  to  trembjo;  and  to  increase  their  alarm,  t'lnm 
the  motlu-r  country  came  secret  i;eports  that  ainmi'i 
the  mei'chandise  sliipped  to  the  colonies  were  nuiiin- 

'^  The  vcjiik  r  will  icincnibor  the  loss  of  the  valuable  manu.soripts,  tiikcii  fr"i:i 
Botiuiiii  (luring  I'lieiRliiia's  adiiiiiiistration,  which  could  only  be  attiilmu  i 
to  the  caiclcssiiess  of  the  Kccretaries. 

'"It  w.is  the  custom  of  the  x  iceroy  to  drop  in  unawares  u]iou  tlie  jrovcni- 
nient  euiilnycs  when  they  least  exjieeted  him.  In  this  manner  he  vi^it'  i 
the  triiinii.ils.  tre.isury,  aeordada,  and  other  oliiees,  where  he  had  fmiiKl  tii' 
ai'eiiives  in  dii'e  Cdnfusion. 


(Is  us  of  the  times  of  Nufio  de  eiizmiin. 
He  was  icmove  l  by  tiie  viceroy  for  liavin.i;  kille(l  in  cold  Ijlood  live  fiicinilv 


'I'l 


le  Lrovernoi'  o 


f  I 


.ouisiana  remin 


I 


ijian 


ludi 


\Mio  were  on  a 


visit  at  his  own  residence,  and  also  fi 


j^ravc  ollenecs. 


PROGRESSIVE  MEASURES. 


483 


rodocessor 
atioii.  cx- 
Haii  1, 1.1  is 
linil;i  aiul 
eleg'i'tc  ill 
)ns  of  ex- 
struct  ii  111-. 

,0    C'XJlldl'r 

L()uisi;ili;i 
to    CXtcllil 

Sal)iiias,'' 

IS  iiii|triiv- 

."st  <.r  til" 

f'ui'V.  .iml 

>(■  tiir  ri- 
with  (';ic!i 
;  tlic  iiii- 
U.ircli  \v;i- 

1.         ^IlllT- 

;i  liii'l  IV- 
ntlioritir> 
inn,  iVdhi 
at  a  moll-' 
[\'  iniiiii'i- 


t)c  attnliiiU'i 
11  tlic  j:ov(Tii- 

It'l-  lir  visit'! 
i;i(l  I'mhiiiI  til' 

()  (Ic  I  ii/iiiiin. 
.  11  Vf  tiiri!.;!y 
llso   I'nl'  iitlar 


(lus  nrtic'lcs,  as  snufF-l)()Xos,  watches,  and  even  |)ioces 
III'  nil  nicy,  hearinj^  the  fij^iire  of  a  woman  drcsssed  in 
white,  disj)layin!,'  a  banner,  and  around  her  the  in- 
Miijition  "  Libertad  Americana."  Tlic  viceroy  was 
iiijiiiiied  to  confiscate  all  of  these  articles  that  he 
could  lay  hands  upon;  and  in  order  to  prevent  the 
revolutionary  contagion  from  spreading  to  Xew  Spain, 
the  introduction  and  circulation  of  books,  j)ainphl<ts, 
and  i)a[)ers,  bearing  on  religious  or  political  einanci- 
jiatitti),  were  prohibitetl,  and  the  greatest  vigilance  cx- 
iiciscd  by  all  the  authorities  to  impede  even  private 
cmivsjtondence  on  matters  relating  to  the  French 
revolution.  It  was  at  this  time  also  that  Ctli'los  IV. 
issued  his  famous  decree  prohibiting  French  prison- 
ers ill  New  Spain  from  discussing  public  afiliirs  per- 
taining to  their  countrv. 

During  his  administration,  Rcvilla  Gigedo  made 
(ttlier  public  inn)rovenients  and  did  much  to  develop 
the  commerce  and  industrial  condition  of  New  Spain. 
]](itauical  ii'ardens  were  lai<l  out  in  the  suburbs  of  the 
(•a]iital;  the  drainage  of  the  citj*  received  attention; 
nulls  were  built  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  silk, 
lieiiip,  linen;  bridges  were  constructed;  and  the  roads 
were  repaired  and  improved,  especially  the  one  lead- 
ill^•  from  Mexico  to  Vera  Cruz.  jMining  and  agri- 
culture were  also  encouraged,  and  it  is  said  that  at 
this  period  the  coinage  averaged  twenty-f  )ur  millions 
ef  pesos  a  year  against  eighteen  to  twenty  millions 
|iii\  ioiisly.  The  series  of  orders  which  the  viceroy 
issued  for  these  purposes  are  regar<led  with  great 
interest  even  at  the  present  day  by  students  of  polit- 
ical administration.-'^ 

])ut  the  expenses  occasioned  by  these  improve- 
nieiits  were  necessarily  great,  so  much  so,  that  the 
ciMwn,  always  selfish  and  grasping  with  her  colonies, 

-^  Sci'  IkrilJn  Cli(jrilo,  /?(^»»f/o.>i,  pnssim;  /iL,  InDtruc,  MS.,  passim;  DisjicK. 
Viiniis,  ii.  (;;{;  Alrari'Z,  Mmii/.,  (!;  /^iiiiii/n  y<).,  Caknd,,  35-7;  Arroniz,  lli^l. 
yCroii.,  144- 1);  Dof.  Ecks.  Mix.,  MS.,  v.  pt  i. 


•iS4 


VK  FROV  RKVILLA  (IKiKDO  TIIK  YOUXflER. 


hi\gan  to  put  (>l>sta(l('s  in  the  way;  paitlculaily  a    ili, 
viccrov  had  ])ai(l  iiuicli  attention   to  tlu3   nioi-al  aii! 
social  progress  ot'  tlio  conununity,  and  cnlij^liti'mm  ,,: 
Avas  not  particularly  <le.sircd  at  this  time      The  huh,, 
gMVci'nnicnt  having  hcconu;  displeased  with  his  admiii- 
isti'ation,  his  successor,  the  niar<jues  do  ]>rancirniti . 
was  a})poinled  in  1794;  thus  he  did  not  completr  tin 
five  years  of  office  for  which  it  was  intended  tliat  \:> 
sliould  sei've.      It  was  ordered  that  his  resideiniu  l- 
taki'ii   in  secret  l»v  the  new  viceroy,  and  u  i»ublic  ih- 
vestij^ation    proclaimed   and    conckuled  within   fnrty 
days.     The  marcpiis  refused  to  hold  a  secret  resideiiri;i, 
allei^iuL;'  that  it  was  necessary  for  llevilla  Gigedo  in 
de[»art  for  S[)ain  previous  to  taking  any  steps  in  tin 
matter.     When  lie  had  sailed,  his  successor,  knowiii;: 
tlie  cause  of  liis  removal,  incited  the  ayuntamieiitu  i4' 
]\re\ico  to  j)refor  numerous  charges  against  him;  hii' 
though   the   matter   was    not    concluded    for    sewial 
j-ears,  he  was  finally  acquitted,  and  the  corrcgidnix- 
of  Mexico  Mere  sentenced  to  pay  all  costs. 


27 


-' Xotwitlistaiuling  apparently  serious  accusations  against  Rcvilla  CiiLreili, 
on  lii.i  rcliini  to  Spain  lie  was  ajiiiointtd  iliiector-geneial  of  artillery  I'V  tiif 
kin;.',  vlio  it  seems  Ix'lieveil  him  innocent.  His  death  occurred  May  1'2.  \''.fK 
Itifore  any  decision  was  rendered  concernin!,'  ids  residencia,  and  his  hif^t  ii;iy> 
^M  re  emliitti'red  by  unjust  persecution.  Wlien  tlio  sentence  of  tliu  conn,  il 
of  tlio  Indies  was  finally  pronounced,  the  truth  liecanie  known,  and  tlu-  vii- 
tnes  and  faithful  services  of  this  eminent  r'dcr  were  duly  appreciated,  ainl 
Ills  descendants  made  ^rjiiidees  of  Spainof  the  first  class.  In  connection MJiii 
his  reii;!!  may  he  nu'iitioned  an  expeilition  desjiatched  in  January  17!l<>.  lui'i'i 
.iiiaii  J',li/.a,  to  occupy  tiie  new  estaliiishment  atXo  itka  on  tho  northern  cua^t 
of  tlu^  ( 'alifornias,  wilh  orders  to  explore  tlio  islands  and  plai'cs  on  the  t:i<:i>l 
visited  l)y  Cook.  One  year  later,  in  May  17!)1,  the  eelei)rateil  mariner  .\li\ 
aiuiro  ^lalaspina  touched  at  Acajmlco  on  his  voyage  north,  to  investigate  tiu' 
e.\i-.tenct'  iif  the  noi'th-west  passage  to  the  Atlantic.  Iiased  on  a  narrative  ot  tin; 
voy:ige  of  Jjorcii/.o  Ferrer  (To  Maldonado  in  l,").jS,  anil  saitl  to  have  hecii  n- 
eently  discovered  in  private  archives. 

'J'lie  fiillowing  antliorities  have  lieen  consnlted  on  matters  conceiniiu'  ti.i- 
ndmiiiistiation :  Uirilla  d'ii/cilo,  In^trurrhni,  MS.,   jiassim ;  A/.,  JJainlo-'.  \'U. 


xxxiii.;  /</.,  Suli/n 


1.     111.     XXI.    XXlll. 

MS.,   passim;  Dixpn-ilrhiuiH 


V 


iim  r^.rujinii-i,   passim 


J(l.,   Jli.sitli 


i.  (10-04.  WW-?,;  ii.  (I.'i;  iii.  41;  Ofl'. 


V 


(I.  MS.,  iii,  S2;  V.  l.')l{;  Cnlii/nrids,  i,  \'t'2:  JJoc.  L'rlr 


i.  -J;  1\ 


'iljivkn  J-i'('(lir/S'-r(iio< 


MS.,  i.  1st  ser.  'Ji21;  Panes,  Vi 


];!!)  40;  Cam,  7';y. <«'?/;//<).<,  iii.  SO- ItiO;  IhiMumitHic,  Kfc) 


Mi' 

I'i'i/i'' 


.\1.> 

.M.> 


(assiuii 


Zl'l'nija 


I/O.,  ('iil-iiilnrio,ll')-'J;  Lin/oilt'  Trjaila,  Apiint.  llUt.,\^\..\.\\\•l-\\^•,  Esiaih 
xxvi.  mo  et  serj;  Arroiih,  Jlisf.  1/  Croii.,  144-!);  Honn-.,  /Jitirid,  317  4ij'< 
Dire.  T/, (■('.,  iii.  103-4,  73--4;  x.  2by-tJ9;  Alamaii,  Dhcrt.,  iii.  apj).  SO--. 


CHAPTER   XXVI. 


FIFTY-THIRD  AND  FIFTY-FOURTH  VICKUOYS. 
1704-1803. 

Vlri;i;nV  r.KANrlFOUTE- Pl;E.iri>ICF,  AdAINST  riiM  — A\D  (.'.vrsES  TIII'.r.Kor  — 
I'MISKiflKiV  or  FkKNCII  Ri:sniI-,NT.S— OucANrZATK'N'  DF  TIIF.  MlI.FlIA  - 
SlIAMKFir,      TlJAFFK!     I\      IfoNoliS     AND     CdMMISSIOXS — .\      ]  M'.l'I'.I.FTKli 

Ti:i;  A^ritY— AiTo  uk  Fk— I'euskcction  of  the  Knglisii — I'repakationh 
Kill:  Wau— Kei'all  of  liiiAMiFoUTE— Auuival  ok  Viceroy  A/an/.a— 
MiLi  lAiiv  CiiANdF.s — Effects  OF  the  Wau  with  I^niii.and— (Jkums  i>f 
llr.viii.iTioN  IN  Mexico— (icKUKF.Ko's  t'oNsi'iuAcv  1''ateoftme  Mai.k- 
cnNTFMs— The  Machete  1'lot  — Iniuan  Asfikations  to  ]!ovai.iv-- 
l»i-c(i\iKiTFnE  OF  Native  ('onsi'ikaious — Inteunai.  I'uocuess — Siou.ms 
AMI  JvMiTiiyUAKEs— Recall  of  the  Vicekoy. 


On'  tlio  15tli  of  June  1794  tlic  niar(|m.'s  do  J^raud- 
foitc'  arrived  at  Vera  Ci'uz  and  took  eliarii'e  of  the 
'^ovciiiineiit  altout  a  inoutli  later.  He  was  a  native 
ot' Sicily,  and  belonged  to  the  family  of  the  princes  of 
Caiiiii.  His  rank  of  ea[)tain-general  of  the  Spanish 
army,  his  grandeeship  of  S[)ain,  and  a[>})ointnient  as 
\ictroy,  lie  owed  to  his  brother-in-law,  ]Manuel  (jlodoy, 
ilukc  of  .Vlcu<lia,  and  afterward  known  as  the  prinee 
of  jM  ace.  His  administration  was  in  strong  contrast 
\vith  that  of  his  predecessor,  and  even  bclon;  liis  ar- 
iiv;il  he  gave  jiroof  of  qualities  which  al'terward  made 
iiiiii  oiic  of  the  most  tini)o[)ular  rulers  of  Xew  Spain. 
Alilioiigh  he  received,  besides  his  s;ilaiy  as  vifri'oy 
iiii'l  ••■uitain-ijcneral,  an  additional  sinn  oftwentv  thou- 


and  jn'sos  a  year,  he  contrived  that  all  his  bagg;ige 
111  I  cliccts  should  pass  throu'di  the  ctistom-lioUM'  at 


'  T)"ii  ^limK'l  <lo  Ififliuii  Tiilniiuuica  y  LrMiieifni-tc,  iii!ir(|iii'silu  V, 
W;is  till' liity-tliinl  xiciTov  of  New  S[iain.   ('ultdurhi,  ^IS.,  iii.  |-j: 


i-j:i;  D 


OiJIHi    I  UlUilS,  1,  'J7 


i.z,  Di 


u'JS.  410. 


irte, 


(4SJJ 


MP" 


480 


rirrv-TiiiuD  and  fiity  rounxii  vicF.novs. 


Vt'Mi  (\'\\7.  witliont   (XMiiiiiiatiMii.     This   ciu-dcil  ||i 


Ix  lit  r  that  he  liad  hroiiu'lit  a  lai 


<  >"(^  ( 


juaiility  i»r  \, 


a!'!''  iiu'rcliaiKhsc  from  S|)aiii  to  (hspose  of  in  the  cul- 
ouiis,  and  thus  defraud  the  revenue.''^ 

The  inanjuis  was  iuvi'strd  with  the  oi'dcr  if  tin 
o-dldcii  llcc'co  l)V  Carlos  IV.  A^aiiiulorious  wltli  Ili:> 
tcsl  iinoiiv  of  roval  lavor,  lie  made*  liastc'  to  aunra  hi, 
]>(  I'.-ioM  with  tho  l»ady;t',  and  lost  no  o[>i)oi'tunity  \<< 
(liNliJay  it  Ixjforo  the  [lublif.^     'JMiis  dciuonstrat 


Inn    I 


van 


Itv  1 


M'canio  ollcnsivc 


to  th 


10  j)eo[tl(',  and  ,na\c  ocia 


sioii  foj-  niuch  satire  and  lidieule.  Caricatures  of  tl 
\  ieeroy  lteL;an  to  circidate,  with  a  dead  cat  suspend' 
iVoin    his   neck    instead   of  the   land>   insi'>nia  <if  il 


ol'del- 


At 


a  ivcoption 


held 


in    the   palace   lie   i 


(•■■r. 


niaincd  seated  under  a  canop\'  dui'ing  tlu;  usual 
monies,  thouiih  this  pretension  to  roval  homanv  1 


i;i' 


no  |)i'eee( 


lent 


unoii'''  the  vicorovs. 


The  main  object  of  the  new  viceroy  was  to  eniic' 
himself,  hy  fair  means  or  foul."     Rivera  says  th;it  I 


11  n( 


lid    all  the  benefit  wrouuht    by  Ilovilla  ( 


<i 


'•^  Alaman,  r.ivon,  Miiycr,  Armiiiz,  and  otlitT  authoriti<>s  niako  tlic  .-[ii 
assertion;  and  IJii.staniiinte,  wIkj  knew  J)rain.i;'()rto  j)in-.--oiially,  taty^:  'Ij.i 
niur!:a,  iintici|)acii>ii  se  jiioviiio  pur  la  vuvU;  nw:  mi  su  la  lo;  istrasn  f-n  o;|iiip:i:  . 
<|iiu  llf;^(')  <k'nti<Mli3  pocn,  y  ostn  dii't  1ui'l:i(  ;i  iMnioctT  (|iio  tiai'ii  una.  rii|!!ii:iii.i 
laotuiii  ill!  ^I'litTos  jii'i'ciu.sos  jiaia  vi'iulfilds  |M,r  alto^  |irtuiot(,  y  i-uiinii.ar  .1 
Imcir  hit  fi>i  tuna,  (ilpyuto  jiiiiicipar'i'iiii  (|ui' si;  Ic  tin  ialia. '  l':irn,  V'/i  s  iV';' ■, 
iii.  l(i(i.  Zaiiiacois,  who,  lor  some  ivason,  Biunis  anxious  to  scrt'(  11  tin,' laciii- 
ory  (/f  tliis  viciioy,  Jicro  makes  hut  a  niilil  a|iology  in  nayin.ir,  //'■>'.  .'/'./.,  v. 
O'.l'J,  '  \o  mo  ntievi'ie  yo  il  deeir  <|U0  las  sosiieclias  descan.'ahan  en  tin  lii'i!:  1 
jiositivo,  ni  (juieio  iuulinar  el  auiino  del  loctor  A  i.n  dcsfuvoi'ublo  eniui.j':j 
liaeia-  el  mievo  noliernanto.' 

^  'Sill  demora  so  lo  puso,  y  con  el  so  prcscjitO  ;i  luciilo  aipiella  noelic  (U 
teatvo.'  (I'liiinz,  Jiirtria,  411. 

*  '  Kl  i>iiei)lo  •■xpliealKi  sti  ciiojo,  no  solo  eeit  Ira  liaMillas,  sino  tani'i:! 
con  las  catieaturas,  ( 'uando  lu  vino  ol  toisoii  >!;.;  oio,  pintaron  ii  ]5rancii"r;" 
con  el  collar  jmesto,  jiero  en  liij^ar  del  eoi'dero  con  (jiio  teiiiiiiia  cstc  culLu',  .c 
piisieiMii  till  ;/!(/').'  Caro,  7V'.-t  .S/;//o.i,  iii.  173. 

■'•Tliew!  trides,'  sajs  Zam.icois,  Hist.  JfcJ.,  v.  G97,  'which  pci'hiiiis  ia 
iinolher  woidd  liavo  pjisscd  tninoticcd,  wcfc  coiii^idcred  censur;il)lc  in  1',i:iik: 
forte,  as  the  people  were  ali'eady  prejudiced  against  lain  because  of  hi.s  lull.; 
a  foni;,'ncr. ' 

"'Sn  principal  objcto  fue  cnriciuccer,  y  el  intcrnicdio  que  sc  valioi'.'iia  <!.) 
fill'  !>.  Francise(j  I'ere/,  Sonanes,  eonJe  dc  C'ontr;iniiiia,  (pic  era  el  caiial  I'lr 
<lon<!o  so  consegni:in  todas  l;is  j^riicias  il  piecio  de  dincro.'  Alu/iiini,  /"Vc'., 
iii.  ijip.  S.'i;   Lariur.'!.  J)ici\  lilt'.,  ."i.'SO-l;  lli  .^iiuisfti,  in  I'ap.  Var.,  17  I'- 

' '  Flic  corrupU)!'  de  la  seveni  y  lienefua  iuhniiiirtriieiou  dc  ]ie\i!!.i  a  ■  , 
iisf  e'.ino  reeiiiMla;'!)  en  la  Metri'ipoH  I).  Manuel  (icnloy  ;i  Vs,  iniiiistr.;  1  il'.i.;.'.^- 
dus  lie  t'iii'lus  111.'  Ii'ivcru,  Hob.,  i.  4>)S;  ticc  also  Jd.,  Jliot.  Jul.,  i.  I77->^,  ^^^■ 


rni 


IIVrOCUISY  AND  I'lXJL'LATIOX. 


487 


]Ii.>  (iTorts  at  (Usslinulalion  wrw  of  no  a\all,  and 
nil  itly  .slioNved  liiiu  in  u  hasLT  li.^lit;  \\>i-  hi-,  rliaractcr 
\v;i>  I'lit  a  l)li'ii(Iiii;^'  of  suIjIIc  astutt'iiess  ami  liyiJOfri.sy. 
A'l"i'''iti(»ii  ol'llic  royal  I'ainily,  and  vciu  r;;!  lon  lor  tlio 
viiuiii  <'!'  ( Juadalujtc,  wvvv,  uvi-r  on  liis  li[)s.  ]]vfi-y 
SiiiiU'ilay,  and  cvL-ry  twcli'th  day  oC  (lie  inonili,  ho 
Wdulil  a|>[>t'ai-  at  tlie  sanctuary;  and  a  \»  IL-d  inia;^o  of 
tin    virgin  was  placed  on  thu  balcony  «J'  the  palace.* 


^I;i  ikk'Ik,'  I  u 


Tl 


ic  war 


latwi 


con  France  and  Spain  still  conlinuct 


aiul  one  of  the  iirst  acts  of  the  viceroy  waa  to  eon- 
li.M-ate  the  posses.sions  of  all  FreiK-himn  li\inL(  in 
Jviul;>iana  and  New  S[iain.*  ]lis  jiretext  was  that 
l'iii"/h  settlers  were  spreadinijf  revolutlonars'  doi-trines 
til!' 'U''hout  the  coiniti'v,  andcastinn'  asijursioiis  on  the 
\iii;;e  (,f  Oueen  Loui.-a  in  connt'ctioii  wlJi  hi^  hi-oth- 


a\v 


Tl 


le  vicerov  raisec 


y 


d   tl 


le  torce  oi    nilllLla  to 


it.>  i'lainer  strength,  though  for  what  [)iii'pose  save  to 


Ills  o 


\vn  pockets  does  not  appear, 


1 1 


that  til 


nu 


rii 


lauiis.sions  were  much  souuht  after  bv  the  sons  of 

tlic  noble  and  wealthy.     It  was  notorious,  says  JJusta- 

iv,  that  he  appointed  as   his   representative   tho 


liiaii 


I'tl.Ult  o 


f  Contraniina,  at  whose  house  lav 


ors,  oiiices,  am 


I 


cnunnissions  were    dispensed  to  the    hi^lie-t  bitkler. 
There  was  ucjt  a  stri[)ling'  <jf  means  or  lahiliy  in  iho 


l.IuLi'iloiu  who    did    not    h 


onii'   to    Weal' 


au 


i>au 


let 


le. 


■v.ly  ai)[iointed  oliicers  were  recjuircd  to  coniributi 


bb 


hrocur- 


Minis  oi  money,  ostensil>Jy  hjr  the  purpi:..e  i 
ill,;  arms  and  accoutrements  for  the  troops,  thouifh  it 
i>  asserteil  that  none  were  })urchased   I'loiii    tlie  pro- 
was  al.-o  notorious 


cei'i 


Is  of  these  contribution^ 


ID 


It 


.-'■II.    1-   iii\^iiv^i,     t    ti,>iiifi'litl   f'f    1   I  t  U'  II  y    111    lit  riiiiif  .^iii  ^    I    It  J  It     I   !(/,,     II      HI, 

'"Xo  liciiios  visto  lli';;ar  nil  fusil  dc  Ku'iip;i  c(jii  ost.'i  inn'c'.  ibucioii,  }•  I'lui- 
Ciiiiuiilo  consta  eii  la  corrL'spuiidomia  iiiiiiistcrial,  (jui;  Kolo  li;:I>i.i  n.  lnj  inil  fii- 
filis  utiles  (11  I'lTiito,  y  f^uo  Id;!  tuii'iicis  Icvantaild.s  no  ti  iiiaii  ;:::.i;ilmi!ti>.' 
C'd'/,  'J'l-t  s  iSiijlu.'i,  in.  IG'J.    The  luutikc'ts  liLie  iiieiiliuinil  were  i.iuu.ibly  tlio.?^ 


' 


488 


riFTY-TIlIRD  AND  FIFTY-FOURTH  VICEROYS. 


H 


ji  tlio  time  tlifit  soon  after  liis  arrival  Brancifortc 
had  sold  tlic  office  of  subdele<]fatc  of  Villa  Alt.i  to 
one  Francisco  Ruiz  do  Conejares  for  the  sum  of  luitv 
thousand  pesos. 

TliouLjli  durinj:^  the  administration  of  Rovilla  Oi- 
godo,  nearly  one  hundred  and  ten  millions  of  jjcxis 
iiad  been  coined  in  the  ^Mexican  mint,  the  cxorhitant 
demands  of  the  crown  had  always  ke[)t  the  colonial 
treasui'V  dei)leted.  IVIoreover  the  duties  on  su!];'ar  ainl 
other  conufiodities  had  been  repealed.  In  order  to 
replenish  the  royal  coffers  and  his  own,  the  viceroy 
now  enforced  an  order  which  required  all  intc.'ndeutis 
to  deposit  ti'U  thousand  jicsos  as  security,  this  siim 
being-  retained  until  their  residencia  was  taken. 

Rumors  of  war  between  Spain  and  the  ITnitid 
States  were  at  this  time  afloat  because  of  the  hostile 
attitude  of  the  latter  country  concerning  the  jiroviiico 
of  Louisiana.  ]]ut  the  matter  soon  ended  in  a  treaty 
of  friendsliip  signed  at  San  Lorenzo  in  October  ]"'.).")." 

After  the  conclusion  of  peace  between  S[)ain  and 
France,  Brancilbrte  received  orders  from  the  cinwii 
to  release  the  French  prisoners,  whereupon  ])i\iii(i- 
forte  delivered  them  over  to  the  incpiisition.  Aimtiii;' 
tht)se  jiersecuted  were  Juan  Lauset,  and  ]']st('vaii 
^[orell;  the  latter  a  profoisorof  medicine,  licensi-d  Ky 
the  medical  faculty  o"'  ^F-'xico.  He  escaped  torture 
by  connnitting  suicide;  but  sentence  nuist  l)e  pr^i- 
nounced  and  executed  nevertheless.  On  the  IMh  ef 
August  17'.).')  an  auto  de  fe  was  ccii'brated,  in  wliidi 
the  dead  physician  wtis  con<,lenmed  as  a  conliniud 
heretic,  deist,  and  materialist,  "voluntary"  suieic.le,  ami 
"apparent  atheist.' ''^ 

uliicli  ;ini\i-1  cluriii'^  Rcvill-v  nigcdo'.s  riilo.  Otiur  Jiutlior.s  .'igr-'c  ;is  to  (lie 
sliaiiR't'ul  Milo  iif  oliioi's  jiiid  cniiiiiiissidiis,  wliilc  Z:iuiMLiiis,  //Isf.  J/i/,,v.  {','.)'- 
S,  iis  usual.  ciiili'MMiis  to  civatc  Ihi;  iiiiijri's.siuu  that  llrauci forte's  cnailiiLt 
was  sti'iclly  lioniiialilc. 

"  Uouihlar  i<s  ami  ii.aviu'atiou  were  regulated;  tlu'  treaty  Mas  sigiu  d  I'V 
Tliiiuias  I'inrkiii'y  on  the  jiart  uf  the  Uniti'd  States,  and  liy  the  la  vm'iie  0..(l -y 
fir  S|i,-;iu.  Xortli  Anierieaus  were  iirohiliite  I  from  entering  the  terriLmy  ef 
Isew  Spain.   See  (litirrn  I'ntrv  Mi.i\  if  las  JJ.   ('.,  ;>,">. 

'-"riie-:e  faids  a''e  taken  from  tlu'  ^;eel'l•t  iireiuvesof  the  viceroys,  whi  r>'  11 
the  eorre.  "pondenee  is  fnund  lietw'eeu  I'-raneilorte  and  the  iu(;uisiaun  eoueiiu- 


rREC'AUTIOXS  ACJAIXST  THE  ENGLISH. 


4S9 


On  tlio  declaration  of  war  between  England  and 
Snail)  ill  \7UC>  all  intercourse  between  the  two  nati<Mis 
trascd,  and  the  English  who  resided  in  New  Sjiain 
shan^d  the  fate  of  the  French  during  the  war  which 
tciniinated  the  previous  year.  The  colonial  forces 
wvrc  increased,  and  Brancifortc  concentrated  his  army, 
li^iit  tliousand  strong,  between  Orizal)a,  Cordoba, 
Jalapa,  Perote,  and  ]']ncero,^^  with  head-([narters  at 
Orizaba.  He  strengthened  the  fortifications  at  San 
Juan  (ie  Ulua,  and  provisioned  that  fortress  I'or  a  six 
months'  siege.  All  the  batteries  on  the  coast  were 
put  in  a  state  of  defence,  and  several  gun-boats  were 
(•(instructed.  The  conunander  of  the  fortress  at  Aca- 
jiulco  was  directed  to  complete  the  organization  of 
tlu^  niihtia  on  that  coast,  to  call  to  his  aid  the  com- 
panies at  Zacatula,  to  rounforce  tlie  infantry  garrison 
and  Ills  artillery  detachment,  and  to  mount  guns  of 
the  heaviest  calibre.  The  naval  commander  at  San 
IJlas  received  orders  to  the  same  eft'ect,  and  was  in- 
structed t<;  cooperate  with  the  commander-general  of 
tlie  [iiovincias  internas  and  the  intendente  of  Guada- 


ara. 


u 


In  the  midst  of  these  warlike  preparations  Branci- 
fnite  I'eceived  notice  that  his  successor  had  been 
aii[iiiinied.  The  excitement  during  the  preparations 
t'nr  wai-  gave  him  an  opportunity  to  leave  the  ca[)ital 
in   i7'.)7,   under  pretext    of   taking  conunan;!  of  tl"! 


iii'j;  the  jjcrsccution  of  foreigners.  Thouf,'h  Zumitcois  profusely  coimos  AIjuikiii, 
li'  iKi'li.-.ji.s  iiiti'iiticnally  .siipi)rL'sscs  the  :.LutL'im.'Ut  of  tlii-i  iiutlnir,  Jlini'.  .1/'./., 
i.  I'.'7-S,  '(|iic  (_'!  vircy  iiKiri|iic3  dc  jifaiicit'ortc  cxcltasi.'  i-cpiti'laiiifiiU'  tl  zrlo, 
11(1  miiy  tiliiu  jiur  citrto,  do  la  ilKiuisicion  y.xni  im  (kjarlarf  (scdilioaH  ddctiiiR's) 
wli.ii-  lai/,  jn'i-siL'ui'.'iulo  do  iicuordo  ainbas  autoiidadt^  ;1  Ics  IraiiresL'S  .  .  . 
iiiiicliiis  dc  Ins  ciiaU'd  fucroii  llcv.ados  A  las  c';'irc'i.'l(.'S  do  la  iii(|iiisiL'iiiii,  utron  A 
la  (If  la  (iirti-,  y  t(jd(js  cua  iiiuy  poiuis  excupi'idiius  ohliLjadn.s  a  .«alir  di  1  r;  iiui.' 
^\  liv  Z-iniaioi  i  ^,li()uld  liavo  umuted  U>  notice  these  slatemeiit.s  of  his  l.i.\(jiito 
aiiilini'  against  llraneiforte  is  not  clear. 

"The  army  e(nisisie(l  of  llie  nd''  '^'iiiients  of  Mexieo,  Tlascala,  Toliiea, 

Tics  \'il!as,  (.'elaya,  Oajaea,  and  \ainidoIid,  to.^'ttlier  with  a  eavalry  fori-e. 
(uii.'il,  /;„((v/('n)s(l7;t7'),  l."j(;-S:i;  Hinm,  /list.  Jul.,  i.  IT'.I. 

"The  [larticular.s  (if  these  preparations  may  Ik^  found  in  Itriiiiiij'nili ,  Mitr- 
<P"^  il',  liislnurhiii,  M.S.  (M ex.  IT'.'T),  p.  A~.  This  manusetipt  eo'.iijiiises  ii 
review  (jf  I!raiieif(jrte'a  administration;  pro,i,'ress  in  various  hranelies  of  uov- 
iinniciit,  eonditlon  of  treasury,  revenue,  army  defenses,  with  snuijesliond 
liii-  their  eontiiiiiatioii,  and  :i  lirief  aeeouut  of  the  condition  of  the  Califoruiai. 


400 


FIFTY-THIRD  AXD  FIFTY-FOURTH  VICEROYS. 


troops  at  Oiizalja.  His  stay  at  that  tt>\v'  wlicie  Ik 
■was  surroaudiKl  ])j  his  creatures,  was  marked  l»v  a 
series  of  disgraceiiil  orgies,  and  when  in  May  17'jj, 
lie  embarked  for  S[)ain,  he  took  with  him  nearly-  llvu 
milhons  <jf  pesos  in  gold  and  silver,  the  greater  por- 
tion of  which  belonged  to  him.  Xever  had  the  people 
t)f  Xew  Spain  complained  so  bitterly  and  willi  >ii 
good  cause,  as  against  this  viceroy,  who  in  after  years 
deserted  his  sovereign  in  the  horn*  of  his  sorest  need.'^ 

The  new  viceroy,  Don  Miguel  Jose  do  Azanza, 
assumed  office  on  the  31st  of  May  1798,  and  as  h: 
was  known  to  be  a  man  of  ability  and  character,  li'w 
])iiblic  reception  in  the  capital  on  the  10th  of  July  f)l- 
iowing,  was  enthusiastic.-^"  He  showed  himself  wortliv 
of  the  good  opinion  of  the  people,  and  secured  tlicir 
confidence  and  respect  by  one  of  the  earliest  measmvi 
of  his  administration.  llavin<j:  determined  that  the 
exi^'cncies  of  the  war  with  Eniiland  did  not  recjuiiva 
standing  army  of  eight  or  ten  thousand  men,  \iv  at 
once  dissolved  the  military  encampments  formed  l>y 
lirunciforte,  whicli  had  been  maintained  at  a  iiKnitlily 
expense  of  over  sixty  thousand  pesos.-'''  This  hcavv 
tax  on  the  colonial  treasury  had  long  been  a  burdi  n 
on  the  })eople,  and  the  withdrawal  of  so  large  a  miiiilur 
of  men  from  industrial  pursuits  necessarily  relar.Kd 
t!ie  j'.rogress  of  the  country.  He  took  all  neecU'nl  \>\\- 
cautions,  however,  to  provide  for  the  coast  deiemo, 
and  ordered  gun-boats  to  l)e  built,  two  of  which  wliv 
stationed  in  the  River  Alvarado. 

Tiie  continuation  of  the  war  with  England  auaiii 
necessitated    heavy  contributions  from    the   S[):ini>!i 


IT-!'',  iiihI  ( 
i.iU'lo,  who 


I  o  serve  .lose] 


ih  15 


i.ipiii 


to,  when  kins'  of  Snui 


tlie  liity-lViiiitli  vicuniy  of  A'cw  Sjiaiii,  was  born  in 
no  to  jNloxico  for  tlic  first  time  at  tlio  silto  of  scvcntu 


en,  VI. ii  J" 


lilkd 


it  tl 


several  important  ^'oscrnnKnt  luisiiion 


10  f^li'L;0  <- 


f  (Jihralt; 


(1  afU 


(lliUc.l  % 


s.     In  ll^l  1'  ■  ".■!»  .t 
irioud  inipori.iar  ilip- 


liuaiic  an> 


1  military  Jiositions.     Jlo  was  ii|i]iiiinlt'(l  to  the  viixToyalty  iu  I7'"i. 


1 

liiitiliJ  n;it  iirrivi!  until  tiio  timu  nii'ntionul  in  tliu  text,   d'onic:.,  J>i< 

4[is\   llii„ilr,l'lt,  i:.<s,a  /'.-/.,  ;ill,  S(»:i;   irn-mi,  OoL,  4'JG;  C'at'o,  Tn's  •'iijli'^ 


iui 


in. 


ISO- nil;  A  In 


J>>. 


.Sco 


A:a 


ft..  111.  app. 


t>4. 


litstruc,  MS.,  loS. 


3YS. 


MILITARY  MEASURES. 


401 


wlici'o  1k' 
irkod  l)y  a 
May  l?Jt, 
nearly  five 
reatcT  jxn- 
i  the  j)L'u[ile 
id  with  Nj 
ai'ter  years 
)reyt  iil-cJ.'' 

lIc  Azaiiza, 

and  as  ho 

amctor,  lii> 

of  July  tU- 

isclf  \V()i'tliy 

cured  llicir 

si  nieasuiv, 

A  that  th'j 

ot  recjuii'e  a 

men,  \\v  at 

formed  liv 

t  a  iiioiitlily 

This  heavy 

n  a  bunli.ii 

0  a  nuuilxr 

ly  retarded 

i"'(jfnl  ]iiv- 

t  d('ielKv>, 

\vliieh  Wfiv 

viand  a-ain 

ho   S[)aiii.>li 


11  in  Na\:iru',  in 
I'litccn,  vi.li  'I'l 

In  17?-1  I"  WM.  .1 
s  iiiiiiiiii.iiit  .l:p- 

oriiyalty  i'l  !''"'• 

;(i  ■.,   Jhlliif.  4l'l, 

aiv,  Tiy  >S'"il-' 


II 


suhjeets  In  tlio  colonies,  this  time  ])ririeij)ally  from 
tlid.si.'  in  the  northern  j)i'ovin('os,  and  dan;4'er  was  once 
iiKirc  apprehended  from  the  United  States.  Xotwith- 
>ta!i(Iin!j,'  the  recent  treat}-,  it  was  believed  that  the 
giivciimient  of  the  latter  country  was  in  sympathy 
witli  England,  and  would  not  prevent  her  from  in- 
vadiii'^'  Spanish  Florida  and  Louisiana,  with  a  view 
to  make  herself  master  of  the  conunerce  of  the  West 
Indies.'^  It  was  also  feared  that  the  people  of  the 
Ignited  States  might  attempt  to  extend  their  posses- 
<\n\\s  southward." 

Thong];  a.7;;  iza  had  dissolved  the  encampments 
foi'iiu'd  ',)'■  hi-  ;■  -.■decessor,  it  now  became  necessary 
til  Iiave  at  his  disposal  an  etFective  force  of  troops. 
Till'  biigadier-general,  Gai'cia  Davila,  intendente  of 
YvKi  Cruz,  having  returneel  from  Ilabana,  was  or- 
(Kred  to  ^lexico  to  receive  verbal  instructions  con- 
crniiiig  the  defence  of  the  coast;  Pedro  (-laribay, 
a.itcrward  vicero}',  Avas  appointed  to  the  presidency  of 
tJuacladajara,  and  Felix  de  Calleja,  who  was  destined 
tn  play  an  imjiortant  })art  during  the  re\'olution  in 
till'  service  of  the  crown,  .and  also  as  viceroy,  was 
a]';)ninted  to  take  charge  of  the  brigade  of  Sail  Luis 
]'«iti)si.-"  During  this  thiio  brig'ades  were  e>tal)lished 
tlii'DU'diout  the  countV'-,  to  v/hich  the  militia  lui'dit  be 
a>-i;;';ied  for  uuHtai'v  •  i',)'i:"-.ig.  Azanza  also  proposed 
iiii';i-iu'es  to  avonl  tl  •  ie'.'onvenience  caused  by  the 
;diii<'st  independent  o(.'ii<!<»l  of  the  pvovincias  iiitci'nas 
hv  l!ie  comandante  av*:-  '^•>^  a.  matter  wldeh  former 
viceroys  had  not  been  able  satisfactorny  t )  arrange. 

'"  Without  giviii,!:,' any  authority  for  tliu  .statuniriit,  Rivera,  liiJx  ri/d/ih-t,  i, 
4!)7,  says;  'i;i  miuistro  Talhyraiul  dio  hi  vo/  du  ahiriiia,  csjire^aiuh)  al  cliilia- 
j.i.iur  Ls.paiiol  en  I'aris  lus  tcniorLS  (|uc  alirigaha  [lor  hi  cuiuluci;i  do  his  Jlstfi- 
'!  I- I'liiiliis,  tn  ciiyo  congroso  tl  oro  y  hu  intrigas  del  iiiiuiatro  I'itt  hahian 
ganaih)  iniK'hfis  adi'iitos.' 

'■' Dt'causo  of  this  inij<tn'st,  ,i  umiihrrof  Englisli  and  AiiKTiciii  <  v,  lio  liacl 
hiiiilc '.  in  ( '„lift)rni,i  wero  csted  and  .'hipped  to  San  Rhi.s  itiid  Iu(.iki'  trans- 
iVnvij  to  Vera  Criii;.     Om      :   the  inisoiierci  died  ou  tlie  way,  and  aiiollief 

t^CllllI"]. 

'  Wlieu  Calloja  first  In  i'  the  vovoliitionary  onthreak  at  I)olorcs  in 

I'^l'V  hi!  iinniediately  eoiieeiu.,  .e('i   W,i  liri;;aiK'  ~'or;,'aiii;'.t'i  nn  eji'i'i  ilo.  y  eon 
1 1  iihliivo  Lis  j^iriijieras  ventaj.is  del  gobierno  espafiol. '  CWfo,   'J'rtu  li(jti>-<,  iii. 


492 


FIFTY-TIIIRD  AXD  FIFTY- FOURTH  VICEROYS. 


The  frontiers  liad  not  been  extended;  no  Indians  v.cro 
being  converted,  nor  were  those  [)rovinces  [)acifir(l. 
For  these  reasons  it  was  considered  advantnLj'ous 
tliat  they  should  a^jain  be  under  the  direct  ccjiitrol  df 
the  viceroy. 

The  jnvparations  made  l)y  the  viceroy  were  a  tiimlv 
precaution.  In  1799  war  was  declared  with  I\u>sia. 
Durin<'-  tlio  summer  of  this  year  several  Eniijlisli  iiilva- 
teers  had  moleste<l  the  Mexican  coast  on  the  soulluru 
sea.  They  cnptured  come  valuable  Spanish  vosds, 
and  cruised  along  tlK  {  "^  >f  California  to  the  iiMitli 
of  the  Colorado,  touchn  o  the  soutlie;'n  part  of  the 
Peninsula,  and  at  the  IMaiia  Islands,  to  procure  I'loli 
stores.  The  Si)anish  vessels  at  San  Bias  were  jmw- 
erless  against  them,  and  the  English  squadron  even 
prevented  the  departure  of  the  ex})edition  whicli  the 
captain-general  of  the  [)rovincias  internas  had  pro- 
pared  against  the  Indians  on  Tiburon  Island."^ 

Foreign  wars  and  expected  invasion  were  not  all 
that  the  authorities  dreaded.  The  political  liDriziiu 
of  Xevv  Spain  became  overcast,  and  germs  of  reljcliiou 
already  began  to  appear.  Ideas  and  opinions  disre- 
spectful t(^  the  authority  of  the  king  were  here  aiiil 
there  diifused  among  the  peo[)le,  and  were  no  secret 
to  those  in  conunand.  This  was  particularly  nulict- 
able  when  some  occurrence  calleil  forth  the  ancient 
rivalry  between  Creole  and  Spaniard.  Prosecutitnis 
for  high  treason  became  more  frequent,^^  the  first  im- 
portant  case  of  the  kind  being  that  against  .Juaii 

"The  brin  Actiro,  schooner  Siifil,  and  sloop  Jfoimsi/ai^,  which  were  toj;o 
on  tiio  expedition,  hud  to  take  refiigt'  in  Puerto  Kscondido.  Ar.ii»-.ri,  Jii-<'i-<v., 
.MS.,  IS-l-(i.  Aiumza  feai-ed  that  the  Itui-sians  niijilit  in  conjunction  vitli  the 
]'hi;_di.sh  invade  Alta  (Jalifornia,  where  tluy  had  always  l)('''n  anxious  lo  U<\v\ 
setth'nients.  'J'hc  viceroy  thcrefoie  ashed  the  kin<,'  to  estalilisli  a  naval  tivcc 
at  Aeapulco.  It  was  thought  inipf)ssil)!o  to  establish  forts  and  garri>'iiis  in 
Calilornia.  Ar.nuyi,  Iiintriir.,  MS.,  1,S4  (i.  At  this  time  the  coast  of  Talm^o 
and  the  ('lirnieu  presidio  were  liarassed  hy  eoi-suirs,  whodiil  little  daiaa^'e, 
liDWi'ver,  thanks  to  the  activity  of  the  lu'overnors. 

■■-See  the  c;ise  aL.'ainst  the  a^'itatur  liojas,  who  e-icaped  from  the  cluti,in.'3 
of  llie  incpusilioa  to  Xew  Orleans.   Alaiimn,  Hist.  Mij.,  i.  1"_'S. 


•r  • 


)YS. 


GUERREROS  PLOT. 


493 


(iians  Were 
s  [)aciliiMl. 
•aiitaL;""ous 
conti'dl  (»f 

re  a  tiiiirlv 
til  riu>>ia. 
;lis]i  priva- 
3  soul  Ik  Til 

sll    Voscls, 

tlio  ii'ii'th 
lart  mC  iho 
leuro  iVi'sli 
were  juiw- 
dron  (Vi'ii 
wliicli  llio 

had  [)ro- 
d- 


1=^ 


ro  lint  all 

1     llDl'i/.OH 

rclidiidii 
)iis  (li>iv- 

lioro  aiiil 
no  sc'crut 
]y  iiitiict- 
o  aiKlciit 
)SOouliiiiis 
3  Ih'^t  ini- 
nst  Juaii 


oil  were  to  go 
ir.ii,  hiy'rif., 
tloii  wifli  tlie 
xioiis  to  loi'iii 
a  iiavjit  t.iire 

glU'lisniis  ill 
t  (^f  'l'al«>.:0 
ttle  d;iiiiii.'0, 


tlic  (.•luti'hus 


Guerrero  and  his  companions  during  the  administra- 
tion i>t'  Jirancifbrto.-'' 

Tlie  instigator  and  i)rincipals  in  this  conspiracy 
\w\\'  ]'An'0[)cans.^*  Their  plan  was  to  sur[)rise  the 
coiiiiii;inder  of  the  [daza  by  night  in  the  capital,  and 
with  threats  against  his  life,  force  him  to  put  at  their 
(lisposal  a  force  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  men  irom  one 
of  the  regiments  of  the  garrison.  This  accomplished, 
the  city  prisons  and  the  acordada  l)uilding,  the  latter 
aluiic  containing  eight  hundred  prisoners,  were  to  he 
threw  11  open;  the  archbishop  and  ^hc  authorities 
were  then  to  be  secured,  after  wliich  hn..  mint,  treas- 
ury and  the  wealthy  merchants  were  to  bo  plundered. 
The  hanner  of  liberty  was  then  to  be  unfurled  on  the 
jialaee.  and  the  Indians  releajied  from  paying  tribute. 
(Jueirero  thought  he  might  then  possess  himself  of 
Vera  Cruz  by  merely  sen(Hng  to  that  place  an  envoy; 
the  [lort  was  to  be  opened  to  the  sliips  of  all  nations, 
withi)Ut  permitting  any  to  depart,  lest  news  of  the 
state  of  affairs  should  reach  Spain,  though  he  did  not 
oivaily  fear  that  troops  would  arrive,  as  the  atten- 
tinii  of  the  mother  coui'try  was  ab::orbed  in  European 
aH'airs. 

This  plan  Guerrero  communicated  to  the  ],'rcsln'ter 
Juan  Vara,  chaplain  of  the  regiment  de  Corona,  in 
Mexico,  whom  he  oft'ored  to  make  archbisho[)  in  case 
of  success.  But  Vara  must  impart  the  news  of  his 
|iiii>|M'ctive  exaltation  to  a  countryman,  who  in  turn 
iiiai!"  haste  to  l)etray  his  friend  l)y  reporting  lln'  matter 
to  the  authorities.  Guerrero  was  im})ris(jned  on  the 
l.'ith  of  Se[)tember, and  all  his  companions  soon  shared 
the  same  fate.  With  the  exce])tion  of  the  ])resbyter, 
v.liii  managed  to  escape  from  >San  Juan  de  Uh'ia,  the 

'•'S,.|.  OnJcnex  (If  la  Coronet,  MS.,  iii.  ]~~-S0;  Biistnminifc  MKl'dhia  Piic'n'., 
M^..  ii.  iuV-A;  AkuiKtn,  JJi.st.  Mij.,  i.  l-S-Jil;  Arraiii/oiz,  i.  o3-4;  Jjointinrh, 

Ji'-i.  :!ii  M,.c.,  i.  .ms-d. 

'•'(liR'iTero  was  a  native  cif  Esto]ioii<a  in  Oranada,  Spain,  and  had  chiik'  to 
Mtxii'i)  as  imisei'  of  (iiie  of  the  ships  from  the  I'iiilipjiiiies.  Ilaviiiuc  li<  rii  kft 
at  .\r.i|)iili.()  on  aecount  of  yieknesM,  he  asked  his  pay  from  the  auiho:  ities  at 
^K^i<•o,  )iiit  \\as  I'efused.  Poverty  then  drove  him  to  rebelliou.  Aluman, 
Jl"t.  Mrj.,  i.  PJS-U. 


404 


FIFTY-THIRD  AND  FIFTY-FOURTH  VICEROYS. 


c()nspirat/(jiT,,  after  eight  years  of  investigation,  avoio 
exiled  to  different  parts  of  the  world.'^^ 

While  Guerrero  and  his  f/iends  were  under<T(iiii" 
trial,  another  plot  was  disco\'ered,  which  created  nmdi 
excitement  at  the  time  in  the  city  of  jSrexico.  Tlli^ 
was  the  so-called  "  machete  conspiracy"  toward  the 
end  of  1799,  instiixated  hv  Pedro  Portilla,  collcctdidf 
duties  of  the  city.  His  nephew,  Isidoro  Franciscn  (k' 
Aguirre,  a  former  government  employe  at  Guadala- 
jara, to  whom  Portilla  had  confided  the  matter,  lio- 
lieving  him  dissatisfied  with  the  authorities,  disci isril 
the  affair  to  Viceroy  Azanza.  The  conspirators  iium- 
bered  thirteen,  and  were  either  relatives  or  fritiuU 
of  the  loader,  some  of  them  holding  public  posiliitiis. 
The  object  was  much  the  same  as  that  of  Gueinro. 
but  th'  'project  \>'as  ir:  its  conception  impractical ik-. 
Without  weicfhinc:  the  dilHculties  attendin<j  the  oxt- 
cution  of  their  plan  the  conspirators  had  providvil 
themselves  with  no  other  arms  than  a  number  I'f 
machetes.  Prisoners  were  to  be  liberated  with  wli^se 
aid  tliey  would  make  themselves  masters  of  the  \);i\inx 
and  government  offices;  the  authorities  and  all  Eiiio- 
peans  were  to  be  imprisoned,  and  their  possessimis 
confiscated.  Tlie  people  should  then  be  called  ui>i»ii 
to  decide  on  the  convocation  of  a  congress  like  that 
of  the  United  States,  or  other  form  of  governiiitiit. 

Thougli  the  plot  was  ridiculous,  Azanza  did  ii"t 
undervalue  its  moral  im[)ortance.  "Although,"  lu' 
says  to  the  king,"*'  "the  condition  of  the  individuals 
who  formed  the  project  would  cause  me  little  anxiety, 
as  neither  for  their  [xr.sition,  faculties,  nor  talents  wire 
they  fit  to  carry  out  a  plan  of  that  kind,  3'et  by  some 


i;«! 


'"BcsiiU's  Guerrero  and  Father  Vara  there  were  Jos6  Rodriguez  V,iliiui:i, 
a  wi^-inakiT,  intended  asanihassadfir  to  tlie  United  States;  Antonio  Jit  yi's,,i 
retired  otljoer  <if  ilragoons;  Mariano  de  la  Torre,  government  olUeial,  amlli.-i- 
Tainavo,  master  liarijer,  wiio  died  in  jirison.  According  to  Ahinian,  //(•'. 
ifij.,  i.  !;{•_',  (iuerrerohad  al)andon«d  iiis  j^nrpose  before  Ids  arrest.  Nivir- 
thi'less  he  was  Hentenced  to  six  years  of  exile  to  Africa,  after  being  Ui  I't  in 
irons  daring  the  investigation.  Oi-'l-'ifx  </(•  hi  Coruiia,  MS.,  iii.  )77-S0;  IJiK-i- 
iiiaiilc,  Mii/iilw,  I''ici/.,  yiS.,  ii.  ()H-4:  Arriui'jui-.,  Mix.,  i.  33-4. 

•^  Iiijorme  It'cucrnulu,  Nov.  30,  17fJ. 


THE  ]SIACnETE  CONSPIRACY. 


495 


[>Tent  misfortune  there  exist  in  America  an  ancient 
division  and  bitter  enmity  between  Europeans  and 
rrcdlis,  an  enmity  capable  of  ])roducing  the  most  fatal 
re?<ults,  and  which  must  ever  be  a  source  of  apprelien- 
sidii  to  the  government.  I  deemed  it  necessary  to 
liinlc  seriouslj'  at  this  matter,  and  to  take  active  ste[)s 
to  clieck  the  evil  at  the  start." 

During  the  niglit  of  November  9th,  tlic  conspira- 
tors were  surprised  "without  noise  or  scandal,"  at  their 
place  of  meeting,  and  imprisoned.  Tlie  greatest  care 
was  taken  to  conceal  from  the  public  the  motive  f  »r 
tliis  proceeding,  so  as  not  to  excite  the  rancor  between 
the  two  classes.  Though  Azanza  bv  this  measure 
I'Odti'd  out  a  conspiracy  of  which  he  atfected  to  speak 
li^litly,^'  it  was  understood  that  he  foresaw  the  coming 
storm,  and  was  desirous  of  leaving  the  countrv.  The 
prisoners,  who  expected  sunmiary  punishment,  enjoyed 
tlu!  benefit  of  tlie  delicate  political  situation  of  the 
country.  According  to  the  opinion  of  many,  among 
Avliom  was  the  oidor  Guillermo  de  Aguirre,  the  dav 
wliicli  should  sec  a  criminal  of  that  class  executed, 
Would  be  the  commencement  of  a  reaction,  the  result 
ol'wliicli  would  be  the  independence  of  New  Spain. 
Si'V(  ral  of  the  conspirators  died  in  prison,  and  the 
(»tliors,  it  seems,  were  released  by  Azanza's  successor.-^ 

Azanza's  judgment  concerning  the  political  fermen- 
tations was  well  founded.  During  the  administration 
of  his  successor,  !Marquina,  a  conspiracy  was  discovered 
ill  Xutna  Oalicia  among  the  natives,  headed  l)y  an  Ind- 
ian named  ]\rariano,  son  of  the  governor  (^f  Tlaxcala,-'' 
v.li  I  liad  pretensions  to  royalty.  His  plan  comprised 
imtliin'''  less  than  the  reiistablishment  of  the  ancient 


-■  i.Uialif;  ''ig  it  iis  '  do  mala  naturalcza,  por  la  disposicion  que  liabia  en  tl 
I'lii  li!,i  ;i  iliviiiirst!  on  Ids  partidds  de  gacluipiiics  y  ciiollns.'  Avuizt,  In/nr- 
II"  <i''  Uij,  Mcx.,  Nov.  ;]().  IT'.K);  Akiman,  Jli.sl.  X/ij.,  i.  V.U. 

rin'  piiiicipal,  I'di'tilla,  wasa  man  of  some  note  alter  the  indepeiidenee. 
]'.■!!  ".i'lilai-iof  the  trinlare  in  Pur'lUa,  Hi'jtn'tirHtririoii,  passim;  Seea'.so  Avi/'yi, 
li'/n,-,,,,'  al  J,'i  >i,  passim;  Alnnian,  lliM.  Mij.,  i.  ll!'_'-4;  Cnro,  Tr.-f  I'^'n'"-; 
iii.  Is2-;];  J/.,/v(,  /.',  f.  JAj.-.,  iii.  '2'.)-2~i;  Zumif-uk,  llUt.  M<j.,  v.  715-17;  x. 
l:!ii4:  Iih'<:  L'„;r.,  i.  ,S!)(i. 

'■'X'lt  the  iineicnt  eity  of  Tlaxeala  near  Puebla,  but  one  of  the  colonies  of 
'llii\'-;ikeei  established  in  the  interior. 


406 


FIFTY-THIRD  AND  FIFTY-FOURTH  VICEROYS. 


Aztec  onipiro,  with  liimself  as  kini^;  and  IjcIiil:'  -it  a 
loss  for  a  crown,  he  stole  tliu  one  I'rom  the  iiiia^u  cf 
8t  Joseph  in  one  of  the  churelies  at  Te])ic.  Aiioin- 
mous  proolaniations  were  circulated,  and  tlie  would-lic 
l<in<jf  was  in  connnunicaticn  with  the  Indian  towns  nf 
Colotlan  and  Nayarit.  It  was  sup|)()sed  that  tin 
movement  was  encouraged  hy  Count  ^MiravalKs  of 
]\Iexico,  who  held  large  possessions  in  the  vicinity  of 
Te[)ic,  and  that  everything  was  done  with  the  knciwi- 
C'dijc  and  assistance  of  the  Enolish.  The  timorous 
viceroy  had  even  conceived  the  absurd  notion  that  the 
I'nited  States  had  a  hand  in  the  conspii-acy.  This 
time  a  woman,  named  ]\Ialdonado,  divulged  the  names 
of  the  leaders,  and  the  president  of  Guadalajara,  -Id.-c 
Fernando  Ahascal,  reported  tlie  matter  to  tlie  viceroy. 
At  the  same  time  Lieutenant  Salvador  Fidalgo  anil 
Captain  Leonardo  Pintado  were  ordered  out  witli 
forces  against  the  Indians.  Eighty-six  ])ersons  were 
arrested  by  these  two  officers,  and  many  others  by  tin- 
civil  authorities,  all  of  them  being  taken  to  Guadala- 
jara. This  conspiracy  [)artook  somewhat  of  a  niliilis- 
tic  character.  It  had  been  decided  that  during  tlio 
festivities  to  the  virgin  of  Guadalupe,  her  sanctuary 
near  IMexico  should  be  fired  by  means  of  explosives 
concealed  in  wax  candles,  to  be  donated  by  tlie  natives 
on  that  (lay.  During  the  confusion  the  palace  of  the 
viceroy  was  to  be  blown  uj),  for  which  })Ui'[)oso  it 
M'ould  be  previously  undermined  at  the  four  coiners.'" 
The  most  careful  invcstiu^ation  in  the  matter  did  not 
l)ring  to  light  sufficient  evidence  to  convict  any  of  the 
participants,  which  either  proves  that  the  vicrroy 
dared  not  publicly  inflict  punishment  for  rebellion,  or 
that  the  plan  had  been  so  astutely  managed  as  to  |ire- 
clucle  the  possibility  of  conviction.  jNIany  of  the  \n'\>- 
oners  died  in  the  hospital;  among  them  Jt)se  GciHuiinio 
Perez,  who  had  communicated  with  the  Indians  in  the 


'■'Tliis  was  told  to  the  woman  Maldonado  l)y  the  wife  of  oik^  of  thi  .  .n- 
8iiirat(irs;  it  wiis  iilso  divulgeil  by  an  unknown  person  paissing  thiuiiyh  'l\[w. 
Alatmiii,  Hint.  M'j.,  i.  l!ij. 


EFFFX'T  OF  FOREIGX  WAR. 


497 


Intel  ioi',  and  lii.s  wifo,  wlio  Imil  disclosed  the  affair  to 
ihv  Wdiuaii  Maldoiuido.^^ 

Ill  the  mean  while  the  Comanchca  continued  their 
(Icpicdations,  Laredo,  Reinosa,  llevilla,  and  other 
|i]an'sheing  attacked  at  various  times.  Of  not  nnich 
avail  were  the  measures  dictated  by  conniianders  of 
iiivsidios,  and  the  count  of  Sierra  Gorda,  governor 
(itXui'Vo  Santander.  Though  these  outbreaks  were  of 
llttlf  iir.})ortance  in  themselves,  the  concern  which  the 
irovennnent  showed  in  re<:jard  to  them  is  a  ijroof  that 
K'ridtis  trouble  was  expected. 


TIh'  European  wars  seem  in  one  respect  to  have 
lecii  rather  an  advantage  to  New  Spain.  The  li^ng- 
lisli  llt'its  blockadinsf  Vera  Cruz  or  cruisinn'  about  the 
uulf  were  the  cause  of  a  great  diminution  of  the  silver 
LXjioi't,  ]»reventing  on  the  other  hand  the  entry  of 
iiicrcliandise  from  Spain.  This  necessarily  ])ronioted 
lidiiu-  industry  and  internal  commerce,  to  which  the 
siiijtlus  funds  could  be  applied.  Thus  New  Spain  was 
iiiadi'  nearly  dt^pendent  on  herself  for  the  time  being, 
tile  eninniotions  of  the  old  world  makinn'  the  colony 
ac(|uainted  for  the  first  time  with  the  extent  of  her 
ivsdiiiees,  and  teaching  her  the  value  of  an  indepen- 
dent existence.""'-^ 

])nring  his  short  rule  Azanza  was  too  busy  to 
,i;'i\e  niueli  attention  to  the  formation  of  new  settle- 
ments; but  on  the  bordeis  of  the  river  Sahtdo,  in 
Xu(\(i  Ijcon,  he  established  a  new  colony  under  the 
name  of  Candelaria  de  Azanza,  with  a  detaelinient  of 
militia  as  a  guard  for  ])rotection  against  the  savages 
who  passed  throuuh  those  regions  durinu"  their  raids 
nn  the  frontier.     Of  the  calamities  during  this  admin- 

"  In  iuknowlvil^'iiiciit  of  his  services  duiini,'  this  coiispiiaey,  ])re.sident 
AiKusciil  Was  iiiiido  vicemy  of  IJucnos  Ayies,  ami  then  of  I'eiu,  where  lie  re- 


ctiv(-l  the  title  of  nui 


••lu 


'S  (le  la  L' 


oueordi.i 


''■A/iiiizii  tin e  much  eiicfuiraKeiiiciit  to  the  mainifactures  of 


cotton. 


illlll  W(" 


In  the  town  of  (Jadereita  uloni!  there  were  nioi-e  than  two  hundred 


I'i'iiiis,  -ivm;,'  enijiloynieii 
erist.pli.il,  Isoo.     The  unit'onn 


it  to  over  live  hundieil  iiieii.    Ar.ni 


/.'./. 


ic  Oil,  San 


)f  tl 


le  wjiule  arm 


II  rlotii  niamifaetured  at  <^>ueretaro. 
llisr.  Mtx.,  Vol.  III.    32 


ly  of  Ni;w  .Spain  were 


madi 


1 

tin 


4ns 


FIlTV-TIIirj)  AND  FirTV-FOURTH  VICEHOYS. 


istnitioii,  two  iwv.  i-cconlcd  ms  of  iiotr.  In  .Fiilv  1703 
a  (K'stiuctivu  liLinicane  ,s\vc'[)t  <jvor  the  ])<)it  and  citv 
of  A('a|)u](j;o,  causing  imioli  daniagc  to  lilr  juid  pii  p. 
orty.'''     On   the  day  of  8aiiit  Join;,  ^I;ircli   8,  Is 


1)11, 
ono  of  tlic  sovorost  eartliquakes  on  record  Avas  felt  in 
tliu  city  of  Mexico,  extending  with  more  or  less  liuve 
over  many  of  tlie  ])rovinces.  It  commenced  wilh  jm 
oscillation  from  east  to  west,  thence  changing  its  <li- 
rectioii  from  north  to  south,  and  terminating  with  i!;. 
circulai'  motion  observed  at  times  in  othei'  (aiiL- 
(juakes.'"'  The  greatest  constei'nation  ]))'evail(Ml  \\,y:i 
time,  hut  fortunately  no  lives  were  lost,  and  th<'  (l;ii;!- 
ago  to  huildinu's  was  not  so  f;reat  as  had  hecn  f  nin!. 
The  ti'ansit  of  coaches  and  wagons  was  prohihiitd, 
until  it  was  ascertained  1)\'  a  hoard  of  engineers  that 
the  walls  of  the  buildings  throughout  the  city  iv- 
mained  s(>cure.  Of  an  rarthrjuak«!  which  occurred  at 
Oajaca  the  next  year,  Carriedo  says:  "It  happciad 
at  midnigjit,  duiing  a  heavy  rain;  the  people  td^k  ti 
])raying.  the  (logs  to  howling,  and  the  priests  to  liiai- 
iuiX  confessions.^^ 


While  Azanza  was  bcgimiing  to  enjoy  the  conf:- 
dence  of  the  })e()i)le,  it  seems  that  hisg<wd  qualitii'sa' 
a  ruler  were  not  appreciated  hy  the  home  governiiicnt, 
for  without  any  aj)pa rent  cause  he  suddenly  lost  I'awr 
at  court,  and  his  successor  was  apjtointed.^'^     lie  \va>, 


s^Sw.hffrar,  fiistnir.,  MS.,  02-3. 

"^'J'Ik:  (huiitidii  wuH  over  lour  iiiiiiutcs.  In  Giian.'i junto,  wlicn'  I'lU^t.i- 
•manto  was  at  the  tiliic,  no  siliock  was  felt,  l»ut  '  sciioto  una  <,'ian(lo  opaci'h'i'" 
]a  atnidsfira,  cdsa  r.na  vn  aiiucl  tiulo  liciinnso.'  ( V(co,  'J'i<  ■<  .S/';//".-,  iii.  i^'-'- 
Other  sli(i(  Us  (it-ouiicil  in  Oajaca  tin'  l\)'liiv  iiig  yt'ar,  in  Vvv.i  ( 'ni/  an<l  ( h i/.i'  a 
in  ISO,"),  ;nitl  more  or  lc.>^s  .scvi.tc  shocks  (hirinn  the  ncxl  lour  or  livo  ycai  >.  >i'' 
/<!.,  /</.,  IDT-S;  ('<(rrh(lo,  E.-<ludio<,\\.  107;  Orhiiha.  (.hciirri-iirlii'<,  i.;  .l.'i"'. 
Iiis'nir.,  Ms.,  o.');  Fossil/,  M(x.,  ;W8;  C'orliiin,  Si'lsnuildiiid,  \)i\iiiiinr.  /^'''i 
J/('.r.,i.. •{();!, ;?;!7;  ii.  ;i44;  "iii.  70-1,  103-4,170;  vii.  159;  viii.:xiii.;  iic:  M'.c, 
xiii.  'Jli.'^l.  400,  411- Hi. 

'•^''h'ytiii/io.H  /Jisl.,  ii.  107. 

•"'Alanian,  ///-/.  MiJ.,  i.  ].']4,  assumes  that  Azanza  was  anxiou.s  to  la\il"V'ii 
the  {government  on  account  of  impcndiniT;  troubles  in  Mexico.  Ijustamaiitc  i" 
<'(/V(i,  7';■^.^■  .b\i//(w,  iii.  l.S,")~(i,.a11irms  that  tlie  I'enioval  of  the  viccr<iy  uas  tin.- 
work  of  intriijne  and  liartir  iKtween  ( ioiloy  and  Mar(|uina.  '  l-l  vii'eiaiit"  rf 
•]uiso  on  venta  en  a(|nclla  ciirte  (Madrid);  dicese  i|n('  se  ofi'ccii'i  en  oclnn'a  niu 
l)esos  al  Sccretario  IJoniUa  ipio  rcsidia  en  la  ciJi'te,  y  so  (picdo  siu  el  ["ji'  iw 


AZAXZA'S  LATKR  CARr.JT.. 


409 


lidwcvor,  only  too  <i;]i\d  to  bu  reniovt'd  from  ofllcc. 
Shortly  Ix't'oro  liis  (Icjuirturo  lie  iiuirricd  his  cousin, 
the  widow  coniitoss  of  Contnuniiui;  tlirn  ivniovinn' to 
San  (  Vistobal,  ho  dohvercd  tlic  ndvernnient  into  tho 
liaiids  of  liis  surt'ossor,  and  sailed  Ibr  Spain.  Nothinof 
of  the  odium  of  his  ))rt'docossor  attached  to  this  i-uKt, 
iiiid  iho  })Ooplc  of  Mexico  wore  unwilling  to  see  him 

(Irl)ai't. 

Oil  his  arrival  at  ^Madrid  ho  received  some  honors 
at  till'  hands  of  Carlos  IV.,  but  remained  awav  from 
niurt  until,  m  1808,  he  became  unmster  under  Fenh- 
iiiiud  \']I.  Until  that  time  Azanza  seems  always  to 
have  labored  for  tho  welfare  of  his  country,  but,  lilio 
liis  jirodecessor,  was  afterward  guilty  of  desertion,  and 
tddk  service  under  Joseph  I>ona])arte.^' 

The  people  of  Xew  Spain  were  again  filled  Avith 
liirt'liodings  of  evil  on  the  ai-rival  of  the  new  viceroy, 
fur  he  was  sup])osed  to  bo  another  of  tiio  creatures  of 
(jodoy.  The  power  of  this  misnamed  ))rinco  of  })eac(j 
over  the  king,  and  bis  alleged  j)aramour  tho  queen, 
and  his  fatal  iniluenco  on  tho  destinies  of  Spain,  had 
lii'*4un  to  cast  a  sondjro  shadow  on  the  colonies.  Felix. 
Iniviiguer  do  ]\rarquina  took  tho  customary  oath  in 
the  capital-'^  on  the  oOth  of  August  1800.  *  Ho  was 
iKit  received  in  the  city  with  the  customary  enthu- 
siasm, the  popular  mind  being  strongly  prejudiced 
Tho  audiencia,  it  seems,  wore  even  re- 


agtiiiist  him 


lialiei- iiicontrado  im  libramicnto  contra  su  yerno  D.  Lorenzo  Guartlainino,  y 
feo  If  luiiliiii)  ii  1).  Felix  Dereuyiier  do  Mar(|uiii:i.' 

'•  He  ilii'(l  at  llordeaiix  on  tlie'JOtli  of  .liiiu'  iS'JO,  at  tlic  nt;o  of  SO,  poor,  ainl 
licnft  "I  Jill  hi.s  offices  and  titles,  liut  n]i])reciated  in  eivil  lit'c'  lor  liis  |ierMiiial 
liiiiit8  iunl  virtues,  i^cu  Disposii'/oiic-f  ]'(irifiK,  MS.,  i.  !0,S,  140;  A<irii/'i,  I'lji- 
ruchf..  M.S.,  passim;  S/miii,  Mdii'jii's/o,  (ili-lOO;  <'(iri>,  'J'ri"  Sif/lns,  iii.  "Jill  ."i; 
lUrov.  (lull.,  i.  50:2;  Abimaii,  JJim  rt.,  iii.  aii]!.  S4-').  In  Ar.air.fi,  /uslr/hrntii 
S'A/v /,(.<  /,/(),•//((•;«.•,' f/t'  Niiera  L'yjiai'in.  MS.  (Mi'X.,  April  "JO,  IsOOi,  arc  the 
mstnictidiis  given  hy  tlic  vicei'oy  to  his  sueee.ssur.  It  also  I'luitaiiis  full  infor- 
iiiiitiDii  lOMcirnint^  tlie  policy  of  Azanza's  luhniiiistration  from  lyosto  j.MHi.  and 
aslutcliof  tiio  general  condition  of  Now  Spain  for  that  period,  with  many 
(ktailson  mining,  connnerce,  and  military  miitti'rs. 

""  .M,ni|iiina,  the  (ifty-lifth  vieeroy  of  Xew  ISjiaiii,  lulil  the  rank  of  irai'- 
ailiiiiiil  in  the  royal  navy.  Of  his  earlier  life  \ery  little  is  known.  On  his 
Way  til  Mtxieo  he  was  captured  by  the  J'higlish  noar  (Jape  ('atoche  anil  taki  u 
tfi.laiii.iitii;  lie  was  allowed  to  proceed,  however,  to  liis  destination  witii  iiis 
stci-ftijiA  liouilla. 


r,OD 


FIFTY-THIRD  AND  FIFTY-FOURTH  VICEROYS. 


liii'titiit  to  vororruhv  tli(^  iuitliority  of  tlio  new  iiih  i, 
|)ri't.iii»liiiH-  tliat  liis  ])ii|K'rs  were  not  in  the  ciistoniaiv 
I'liin.  TIk.'  I'iict  of  liis  liaviiii^  Keen  taken  ])iis()n(i'  l,v 
the  l^n^hsh  duriniif  his  voya<^e  to  Ne-w  Sjiain  fivatnl 
the  hclicf'that,  as  an  offieer  of  the  royal  navy,  he  li.nl 
liccn  ohhged  to  ])roinise  not  to  take  up  arms  iiL;aiii>t 
that  iiation  dui'ing  liis  aduiinisti-ation,  in  order  t^ 
secure  his  release.  It  was  well  known  that  wliil' 
uovi'inor  of  the  Mariana  islands  he  had  shown  hiiiiM  It 
inimical  to  the  audieneia  of  IManila,  whieh  uiatlii 
eame  to  the  official  knowle.ljjfe  of  the  oidores  of  Mex- 
ico. Hence  they  had  reason  to  fear  his  authority.  lu.t 
heinn'  iiNvare  of  the  harndess  character  of  the  inili\i(|- 
ual.'"'  His  intei'ference  with  the  right  of  the  pcnjil, 
to  I'lnov  hull-fiuchts  by  forbidding  them  from  the  \riv 
day  of  his  reception,  though  humane  and  ])raise\V(iitliv, 
in(;reasL'd  his  unpopulai'ity.  The  ayuntanuento  of  Mex- 
ico claimed  that  in  the  festivities  on  this  occasion  tlnv 


had  ex])ended  a  greater  sum  than  the  legal  allowaiir. 
i'ov  that  [)Ui'[)Osc,  and  they  must  have  the  bull-lii,flit 
customary  on  such  occasions  to  cover  the  deficieiicv. 
Still,  Mar(|uina  remained  firm.  "Such  festivities."  In 
tells  the  ayuntamiento,  "contribute  to  the  denmial- 
ization  of  the  people,  and  ruin  the  heads  of  families 
l)y  augmenting  tlu'ir  expenses  at  a  period  when  imhiic 


miserv  is  at  its  heiixht. 


Th 


len  irom  nis  own  nn  nii> 


h 


P 


le  paid  seven  thousand  pesos  to  make  hoc 


pej 


dtl 


le  (iiiti 


ii; 


euce. 


Nevertheless  he  was  considei'ed  little  hetti 
than  a  fool,  for  he  was  thouixht  to  lack  abilitv  to  u 
ern  a  gi-eat  country,^'^  and  though  kind  of  lu-ait.  li 
simplicity  often  exposed  him  to  ridicule.'*^ 


(tV- 


'■' '  Se  habia  contlucidi)  con  animosidad  cuaiido  fiii''  fiohci' "adur  dr 
^Minianas,  y  se  tenia  <iue  ol)rasc  del  niisniu  niodo  en  Mexico.'  Ctud, 
,sV;//o.s  iii.  l!f.>-.S. 

"'Tills  seems  disproved  liowever  by  tlie  fact  tliat  subsccjuently  M.iii 
^^■:l^i  made  \ieeioy  of  IJiienos  Aires,  and  tlien  of  Peru,  wliere  lie  obtaiin 
title  of  nianjile.s  <le  la  Concirdia. 

"  He  \v;\s  fond  of  wiitiiiy  lii;'  decrees  liiinsidf.  At  one  time,  vlirii 
certain  measure  the  assessor  supjiorted  one  \ie\v  and  the  liscal  aiiotln 
tlioiiglit  to  reconcile  the  two  extremes  by  ending  his  d'.'cree  witli  the  u 
'As  the  tiscal  claims  and  the  assessor-general  thinks,  altlioiigli  it  dn. 
fseeiii  so  to  me — Marijuina. "     During  a  trip  to  Vera  Cruz  the  senior  ui<l 


lUl.i;, 


ijr  ia 


MARQUIXA'S  nr.F()It.\[S. 


501 


AiiMtlior  of  ^ror(|uina8  acts  sliowiiin'  liis  liuiiiaiio 
(li>|»u-iii(>ii  was  tlic;  ivlt-asi;  of  I'ji^iisli  |irisiiiifrs  ;it 
WvA  ( 'I'MZ.  Hi;  li.'ul  seen  tlu;  Spanish  jiiisoiH  is  >iif- 
jti' at  Jaimnea,  and  l>y  this  i^ciiei-oiis  st(.'|M>htaiii<'<|  tho 
ivlia-c  «»f  his  couiitrvnuMi  IVoiu  th(!  n'oNcniur  of  that 
i>laii(l.  Kcforms  woru  n\iu\c  in  tliu  pohcc  sy>tL'nj,  ami 
.-tiiit  measures  wciv  tnken  to  enforce  tiic  or(hnan<<s 
passed  hv  llovilla  (Jii^cdo  and  A/anza,  hv  which  flu- 
jilclirians  were  pi'oliil>ited  to  present  thi-mselve^  in 
jiiiMic  unk'ss  decently  clad,  all  such  offenders  heinij 
tlii'iirrforth  treated  as  vagrants.  Thoiii^h  this  nieas- 
nic  was  considered  tyrannical,  its  enforcement  incetin'^ 
with  '4ieat  obstacles,  it  is  claimed  to  have  had  a  verv 


■aliitai'V  e 


tfect, 


42 


lie  rctj;"iilations  of  the  various  ;_;ui 


ild- 


if  ^Itxico  excluded  women,  an<l  jU'ohihited  them  fr<>m 
'iiL-a'^'iiiL''  in  anv  lahoi'  or  industry  of  which  thev 
•laiiiicd  1,  mono[)oly.  j\[ar(|uina's  predecessor  had 
ni/ed  the  injustice  of  this  social  tyranny, 
.  v;(l  hy  an  ordinance  of  A])ril  '2-,  17l)l»,  th;it 
liould   be   free  to  eniolov  their  time   in  anv 


nilly  ) 
ami  (K 


Wiilllcll     s 


l)loy 


lalmr  suited  to  theii'   strenu'th   and   tlu;  d 


the 
I'lllul'cci 


ecorum  'f 
<v\.*''^     This  ordinance  was  ncjw  reiterated  and 


.1,.-, 


oii;. 


fl.vl 


or  'iidrir  Ar  I-!;l- 

1   Ir.i- 

icifo.'  Cti'ii,  if'- 

V,ll>. 

Ilic-I] 

neiitly  M.H'iui.iu 

■•:iri| 

hu  oijtiiiin'.l  tk 

/.I 's 

tiilit. 

time,  whiU  oiia 

C|!!i- 

isimI  iuiotlii-i'.  li« 

OiIUi 

:  with  thi'  wiii-iU: 

t. 

im;^li  it  il<"  -  ii-'i 

i|llir 

0  ncuioi'  uiil'jr  ia 

'W-  .- 

ire  iif  tiio  jiovi-rnmcnt  took  ndvantngc  of  the  ■vicrroy's  nlismoo  to  •/)\i-  tli<j 
ill'  ii  l)iili-li;,'lit.  On  liis  return,  Miir(|uiiia,  tiiraj^'uil.  iniiiniliatcly  is>t:»-cl  u 
n  (IcL-lariiii.'  that  hnll-tight  null  ami  voidi  T\\v  <m\\  imliiii'  iin|ni'V<in<  nt 
1'  ihiiinir  hi;*  riik' wa.s  a  fountain,  ilonati'd  l;y  thu  vii.ciny  liini>t  If.      K"r 

■  riMsnn  it  was  witiiout  water  and  soon  licctiiiii'  a  ruL'tjitarlc  tdi-  liltli  an<l 
Onij  nioniiny  thero  was  attached  to  it  a  plaeunl  with  the  lolL'«iii^ 

lam: 

Tiini  piTpi'tna  nii'iiioria 
Xiis  iliji'i  <■!  SiUcpi'  Maniiiiiia 
run  |iila  (11   i|iii'  SI'  iiiiiiM, 
Y  iiijiu  su  ac:ili;i  Ml  lii>l<<ria.' 

"I'lu'  rcfiini)  was  extended  over  the  wlidle  country.  Tlie  guilds  ami  eo- 
i:i>i  Were  jirohiliited  from  rccei\  inn  any  ]ierson  nut  deci  iitly  dressecl.  In 
r~<i.iiis,  or  in  the  streets  tliey  jiasseil,  in  the  Jiaseos,  ni'  at  eliureh  iV~ti- 
.  ii'i  jiciscin  was  allowed  with  a  'niaiita,  s:diaMa,  /ara|K',"(ir  .--iMiilar  :_ar- 
1  iiiiiler  ]>.dn  of  eight  days'  imprisonment,  'i'lu'  same  wna  enfi>r<cd  i.i  re- 
i  to  children  in  primary  schools,  'i'his  was  in  compliance  witii  .\z;iii- 
rroninu'iidation  that  'la  vcrj^onzosa  desnudez  del  puelilo  liajo  "t<  nde 
•  >  la  vista  de  hi  gento  culta,  y  oeasiona  niuchos  daflos  lisici>s  y  inor..li.i, 

■  de-;tiuia  enteramento  este  alniso  pernicioso,  tan  eoniun  en   la  (  a|it;.l 
'  I II  otras  f'iiidades  del  I'eyno.'   Iiixtriicfinncx,  MS.,  (iO. 
' '  Ucclare  por  punto  general  (pie  las  mujeies  piieden  ocuparse  en  ipiah  s- 
r.i  laliores  y  inaimfaetiiias  (pie  scan  ( (im]iatil)les  eon  his  tiu  rz;is  y  dceoro 
■1  •■-c.xo.'  A:.uii-,(i,  /ii.s/i-ui\,  -NIS.,  o'J.     A  similar  decree  with  lefircnee  to 


,f.^  . 


602 


FIFTY-THIRD  ANT'  FIFTY-FOLTvTH  Vi'CEnOYS. 


Rcforins  of  .1  (lifTcrcnt  nature  and  of  inoio  ii;!])i.it 
liad  l)eiL(iiii  to  iiiai'k  tluj  jnogrcss  of  tlio  a^o.  Ti.i 
Spanish  novcniiiieiit  had  issued  I'uvs  teiidiiiL;'  In  r- 
strict  the  abuses  coiuiiiitted  hy  ecclesiastics  in  tlnii 
capacity  as  conl'essors,  wlio  would  induce  repentant 
siiuiers,  and  ])ei*sons  on  their  death-bed,  to  make  dVrr 
to  them  their  [iroperty,  aj)parently  for  charitable  juii- 
])<ises,  to  th<.'  injiuy  of  the  lawful  heirs  and  thi'  .-lati. 
The  coun<'il  of  the  Indies  had  therefore  declaivd  nI! 
such  l)e(|U(  sts  void;  but  this  had  not  the  desired  elKrr 
imtil  Carlos  IV.  forbade  notaries  to  legalize  sii'ii 
transactions  in  any  form,  or  under  any  }iret(ii(x 
^vhatevcr. 


A-  r 

(l.'pd  1 

XrllK'C- 
t(i   '^(iVC 

Aiitoiii 

\VilS    HI 

oilii  r 
was  (li; 
o\'  1  Ion 
v.'ilc.  .ii 
nje  for 


i%mi^' 


The  Eu'dish  fleet  continued  to  damao-e  the  ciii!:- 
inerce  of  X(;\v  Sjiain  and  to  blockade  the  liarlsnp  nf 
A'eia  Cruz  in  sight  of  the  fortress  of  Ulua  aiid  tli. 
gund)oals.  The  poor  construction  of  the  latt('r  m  \m 
enabled  them  to  do  any  harm  to  the  more  jiowciiV,! 
enemy,  who  had  control  of  the  m-uH'  of  ^[exico,  ai;i! 
was  ready  to  ca})ture  Spanish  cral't  that  might  vm 
ture  into  or  out  of  any  poi't  on  the  coast.  ]\lar'|iiiiii 
repaired  to  A'era  Cruz  where  a  council  was  Ik  hi  a- 
to  the  ieasibility  of  sendhig  out  the  naval  force  s  in 
engage  the  eui'iny  and  oblige  him  to  retire  from  tin 
coast.  I'h"  })lan  was  disapproved,  but  on  the  271  li  nt 
till'  same  month  when  an  JOnglish  frigate  ap})ear((l  in 
front  of  ^'era  Ci'uz,  the  four  available  cralt  in  iIh' 
Iiai'boi"  Were  sent  out  to  engage  her;  they  ;-;()ou  i;- 
tin'M('(l,  howeyer,  not  being  in  a  condition  to  ri  k  an 
attack.  .MI  the  public  treasure  located  in  the  juiii 
Ayas  transported  to  ,|jila])a  Ibr  sal'ety;  pi'(jyisioii> 
aiiniiunitioii  weiv  stored  in  Ulua  in  expectation  <• 
attack.  Jnsti'Uctions  also  were  giveri  that  if  the  plMv 
could  not  be  held,  the  conunander  should  cut  his  wav 


in<i 
'ail 


tlii'ough,  and  retreat  toward  the  capital  as  best 
nii;j;ht. 


lie 


X. 


w  s- 


'1\   WilH    I^SUI'I 


ujkI  iii,M)lituil  liy  Ciirlos  IV 


I  l)y  C';iilos  III.  in  17S4;  this  was  siihscquenU)'  ivfipiiiii.il 


TREASURE  SIIII'MENTS. 


£03 


X. 

Ai 


-if 
v.-il 


A>  rurtlu'i"  ])r(,'cinili()ii.s  for  ricfeiisc'  Callcja  was  ov- 
to  joi  in  a  ln'ij^udo  <>f  cavalry  at  Sail  ] ^uis  J^ocosi; 
iiiccio  Salc'L'do  vuis  appointed  conumdantc  gencn'al 
•govern  tlio  provincias  internas,  and  tlic  lie-entiato 
itniiio  Lopez  de  Santa  Anna,  tlie  future  ^•eneral, 
s  made  subdelcLi^ate  of  Antigua  A\!ra  Cruz.  An- 
H  r  appointment  made  by  ]\lai"<|uina  at  this  time 
s  tliat  of  a  corre_L>i(lor  for  Queretaro,  in  the  jx'rsou 
l)iiu  IMiniiel  Doinin<j;uez,  who,  together  with  his 
ic,  .josefa  Alari'a  (Jrtiz,  became  I'anjous  in  tlie  strug- 


for  hbert}'  ikning  the  revolution. 


Amonij;'  the  most  notable  events  during'  the  admin- 
i>ti;iTi()n  of  ^Marcjuina  was  the  publication  in  Mexico 
ill  r^u2,  of  the  peace  concluded  with  J'JiL;land,  and  a 
yi.ir  previously  of  that  with  Portugal.  The  immediate' 
v\\'rr\  was  a  fall  in  the  prices  of  all  coimnoihlies,  and 
(uiaiin'ree  received  a  new  and  vigorous  im])ulse.  ]?ub- 
lii'  titasure  had  accumulated,  and  ]\far(|uina  shippetl 
tivasiire  to  the  amount  of  six  million  dollr.rs  to  lia- 
liaiia  and  eighteen  millions  to  Spain.  Stih  the  crown 
iiiiist  have  n)ore  gold,  ;uul  a  })aj)al  bull  was  obtained 
I'lU'  thi'  sale  oi'  new  indulgences  whereby  ail  could  Ijo 
)( I.  ascd  from  fasting  during:  lent. 

Thcsi.'  exactions  were  more  severe  on  the  inhabitants 
as  at  the  same  time  they  wei'e  suflei'ing  iVom  other 
calaiiiities.  ])ui'ingthe  latter  ijortioiiot'  tlic  vicerov's 
;iiliiiiiiistration  there  occurred  an  extraordinaiy  i-nin- 
I'lll  ill  Tamaulipas,  lastin;^  about  two  weeks,  and 
iiiiiiidaling  many  towns  and  ranchos.  In  Lanipaz(->s 
.•-'iiuc  hnndivd  dwellings  were;  destroyed;  the  new 
town  of  ^\/anza  was  swept  away,  and  tlu'  )i\ci'  Salado 
(i\ (Implead  its  banks  Ibur  leagues  on  cithci'  sid.e.  In 
Nii'No  Santander  all  the  noi'thci'n  scttlciiicnts  wri'e 
uii  li  r  water,  and  the  inhabitants  of  Ibiiiosa  abaiidoiu  il 
till'  town  on  I'afts.  In  the  town  of  Santa  I'.isa  in 
Tiiiihuila,  only  seven  dwellings  were  saxcd,  and  in 
-M'iirl()\a  two  hundi'ed  houses  were  destroved.'* 

^'-l/'t/i.  Stir,  J/f.t'.,  tuiii.  c'cxi.  carta  dulxlviii. 


f 


504 


FIFTY-'lIIir.D  AND  FIFTY-FOURTH  VICEROYS. 


i' ''  ■; 


!Many  expedients  provided  by  ]\Iarqnina  wore 
disaj)])r()ved  by  tlie  home  j^ovcrnnient,  especially  in 
eases  of  n[)p()intnieiits,  a  matter  in  wliieli  he  always 
proceeded  nith  t]ic  greatest  care,  to  satisfy  liinisclf 
that  he  neglected  not  his  duty  to  the  crown."*''  The 
disa})pointmeiit  which  he  felt  in  not  seeing  his  l(»yal 
intentions  appreciated,*"  induced  him  early  in  18(i-J  to 
resign  in  disgust  an  office  which  he  tried  in  vain  to 
iill  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  people  and  liis  king. 
The  resignation  was  promptly  accej)ted,  and  in  Janu- 
ary, 180;^,  he  delivered  the  baton  of  office  into  the 
liands  of  his  successor.  Although  he  was  not  a  ciijia- 
ble  ruler,  the  government  of  New  Spain  had  never 
been  intrusted  to  purer  hands,  and  his  departure  \va> 
i-egretted  by  many  who  had  learned  to  respect  in  liim 
the'  good  (jualities  which  had  drawn  forth  the  ridicuk' 
of  the  vulgar. 

Never  was  an  able  viceroy  more  sorely  needed  at 
the  liead  of  affairs  than  at  the  opening  of  the  iiiiu- 
teenth  rcntury.  Discontent  and  impatience  of  Ikhih' 
rule  were  openly  ex[)i'esscd  throughout  the  pro\  imi  s, 
and  the  distant  moaning  of  the  storm  which  was  sdoii 
to  burst  over  Spanish  America  could  aln  ady  Ix^  dis- 
tinctly heard.  It  was  a  favorite  maxim  of  ]»e\  ilia 
Gigedo  the  younger  that  the  first  duty  of  a  Spanianl 
was  gratitude  to  the  mother  country,  it  must  Ik 
confessed,  however,  that  slie  was  an  exceedingly  sdf- 
ish  parent.  The  burden  of  excessive  imposts,  and  ilu' 
vexatious  restrictions  on  connnerce  and  in(histii(s, 
which  ln'came  her  settled  ])olicy,  fell  heavily  on  tln' 
colonies.  ( Vowds  of  indolent  and  dishonest  officials 
lived  in  luxury  at  the  public  expense,  and  helped  tlu  iii- 
selves  iVom  the  ])ublic  purse, 
time  received  a  salary  more 


.1  he  viceroys  at  tl:is 
than  twice  as  larue  a< 


*•'  'Mp  p.'in'cc  f|iio  rstr  piiiito  In  lie  nmncjado  con  oxorpivn  rscrupnlosid.iil,  y 
ostoy  jmscidii  dc  niiii  interior  .siitisfaixiiiii  dt;  (jui'  iif  llfiiado  ini.s  didicus."  In 
n/riif.,  !'(/•' (/»''■.  217- 

"'  'Sill  cinliarLTu  dc  cstf  prcini'ditMdo  ])roc'i'diniiciito.  .  .tuvc  el  dolor  df  lialuT 
icciliido  I'll  A;:osto  iiitiuu)  dos  Itoidi's  (Jrdi'iu'.s  (]iii'  no  aprolialmii  1 1  imiulna- 
liiii'iito  (pii^  liifc.'  Jil. 


OMIXOrS  SIGNS. 


C05 


that  (if  the  presidents  of  tlic  United  States/'  l)ut  this 
WHS  small  as  compared  with  the  profits  of  ofHce,  for 
lint  infrequently  the}'  I'etired  -with  enormous  fortunes 
;ic(jnii('(l  hy  stolen  gains.  Yet,  as  we  have  seen,  the 
Siumish  monarch  and  his  re])resentatives  in  New 
Spain  often  neglected  to  find  means  for  the  protection 
(if  tlir  colonies  from  the  raids  of  corsairs,  and  I'rom  in- 
vasion by  foreign  powers.  So  little  coniideiice  had 
t!i(^  |.('0|)le  in  their  rulers  that  even  in  the  reign  of 
luvilla  (jigedo — one  of  the  most  able  and  energetic 
of  all  the  viceroys — the  presence  of  a  fishing  fleet  in 
tlic  gulf  of  ^Mexico  threw  the  country  into  a  pauic.''^ 
])iit  other  causes  were  also  at  work.  The  success- 
ful tciininatioii  of  the  American  war  of  independence, 
and  the  vast  increase  in  material  prosperity  whicli  en- 
sued within  less  than  a  quarter  of  century;  the  marvel- 
lous change  which  the  genius  of  the  First  Consul  had 
wrought  in  the  fortunes  of  the  French  repuldic;  the 
j'lrhle  administration  of  Carlos  IV.,  who  in  the  darkest 
lioui'  of  his  country's  distress  still  left  the  control  of 
atliiiis  in  the  hands  of  his  crafty  but  incapable  miii- 
i^tci',  Manuel  de  Godo}^ — all  these  events  tended  to 
foster  the  spirit  o^'  disloyalty  among  the  [)eoplo,  w  ho 
hrcaine  every  year  more  ripe  for  rebellion.  Though 
the  hour  had  not  yet  come,  the  term  of  S[)ain's  long 
dominion  in  the  New  World  was  well  nigh  ac(;om- 
]ili>h((l;  her  dixy^  were  nundjered,  and  already  the 
handw  riiintr  was  on  the  wall 


'■'J'lic  saliiry  of  the  viceroys  was  now  liO,000  pesos  a  year. 

*"li  wai-.  lit  lirst  supposcil  that  tlie  fleet  Wiis  sent  for  the  imrposi'  (if  estah- 
li-liiii^  .'1  settlcnient  or  iiiiiUiiii,'  raids  on  Spanish  territni'y,  Init  tlie  al.irni  siili- 
>i'lfl  wlirn  it  w.is  known  tiiat  it  hiid  sailed  fnun  ISoston.  'J'o  priMiit  siieli 
'  xprilitluiis  in  the  future  a  royal  decree  wa.s  issued  in  Septein))i'r  I7s!l  nidui- 
ill  r  II  rMiiijiiiiiy  to  lie  estiililisiie<l  with  tiie  exi-hisivr  riL.dit  to  tlie  u'ldf  lishciies 
t'l'  twi  iity  years,  and  with  the  privile,:,'e  of  trudiui,'  and  estalilisliinj;  eolouies 
ill  Aiiicrii.-a  and  -  ■ 


tiie  king  furuishing 


I" 


ri'i  I'ililiii^'rapliie  r<!view  nt  the  close  of  the  proie<ling  volume  may  he  said 
'■'  iiuliiile  in  its  general  features  the  present,  hy  explaining  tlie  imperfect  and 
>  att.rid  nature  of  tlio  material  from  whicli  I  have  had  to  cull  the  facts. 
Wiling  \\lio  have  attempted  to  cover  the  entire  licld  from  the  eoni|U('st  to 
tii'ii  ">Mi  times  ai'e  most  nnsatisfuctory  in  their  scanty  outline,  swelled  now 


506 


FIFTY-THIRD  AND  FIFTY-FOUIITII  VICKllOY.S. 


mill  then  1)y  dispi-oiiortioniitc  dotnils  on  sonio  lopio  for  which  tlioy  h.ijiyioiied 
ti)  (ilitaiii  s[i(i:i;il  iiiforinatioii,  or  witli  ]iri'<liltcti(m  for  cortiiiii  roj,'ioi)s  oi-  sul,. 
jocts.  Ill  the  latter  lospect  the  monk  chroiiielers  excel;  and  intent  as  tluv 
me  on  their  favorite  theme,  they  spiinkle  Init  scantily  political  and  ;:cMir;ii 
information  in  a  mass  of  tlieolo^'ical  veiliiage,  in  extenuated  accounts  of  mis- 
sion labors  in  obscure  districts,  and  in  leciting  the  negative  virtues  of  lnnnl)le 
(iscetics.  Add  to  tlu^  want  of  liistoric  nietliod,  the  lack  of  jnd,'nu'nt  in  sclent- 
ing interesting  matter,  and  in  distinguishing  truth  from  absurdity,  tiie  hi^is 
given  by  credulity  and  l>igotry,  the  involved  style,  and  other  defects,  aud  \\k 
confusion  is  complete.  Mot  tiiac  I  ever  expected  to  tind  tiie  sulij'ct  iimrh 
better  presented;  li:;d  it  been  so,  my  cfl'oits  Were  of  less  im])iiliance.  1  w,i.<, 
nnd  am,  fully  aware  of  the  necessity  to  go  to  thi^  fountain  head  for  infunna- 
lion,  if  I  would  rescue  much  valuable  material  cast  aside  l)y  the  unieili  itiu,' 
mind  and  which  serves  in  its  less  tangiiile  points  at  least  tc-  promote  the  jihil- 
osophic  treatment  of  the  rest.  The  original  soinces  lie  not  alone  in  the  iikiiiv 
collections  of  letters  and  I'cports  from  tiie  political  and  ecclesiastic.d  otlic  iuli 
indicated  in  the  ]irefaee  to  I/isf.,  Mcx.,  i.,  this  scries,  and  throiigiiout  the  f'Rt- 
notes,  but  tlicy  are  to  be  found  in  the  many  annals  of  special  ilistricts  ;in.l 
corporations,  based  <in  documents  from  obscure  convents  and  local  olliivs, 
especially  for  periods  lieyond  the  leacli  of  the  writei's  own  observations.  The 
Value  of  such  anuals  is  increased  by  the  disappearance  of  the  sources  Ixi'me 
the  inroads  of  time,  the  ravages  of  factions,  and  such  orders  fi'om  the  sii[)ciior 
govi'rnment  as  instanced  in  Zanindti,  liih.  l.dj.  Ult.,  iii.  .")()!),  wiiereiii  a  rciiiis. 
Bion  to  Spain  is  demanded  of  books  and  documents  which  may  serve  for  a  „',ii. 
eral  history  of  the  Indie.'?.  Among  the  special  works  must  oc  mentionnl  ilu' 
diaries  of  private  individuals,  which  connected  extend  over  a  long  pciinil.  mA 
allude,  thougii  often  very  biielly,  to  almost  every  incident  of  note  througlumt 
tlio  country.  Latterly  i)erio(licals  begin  to  apjiear,  and  while  subjected  tu;; 
most  depressing  censorship,  they  fail  not  to  add  botli  facts  and  clues  fur  tlio 
investigator.  Many  of  these  special  treatises,  annals,  and  diaries  arc  .-^u  -..iii' 
as  not  to  have  reached  the  hands  of  modern  national  writers  on  New  S|i,nu 
history,  or  they  have  only  (piite  recently  been  brought  to  light;  others,  and 
especially  ollicial  reports  from  viceroys,  governors,  judges,  jnelatcs,  aii.l  o'l- 
poi'ations,  exist  only  in  nianuscii[>t  form,  many  of  them  iiniipie. 


In  the  collection  of  such  rare  and  valuable  materia 


I    1 


i.ive  been  e\i  iri 


ingly  fortunate,  partly  through  the  active  aid  of  friends  and  agents,  and  the 
researches  of  esteemed  j)redccessors  in  certain  portions  of  my  liclds,  as  Vwi- 
cott,  Scjuier,  Stephen.s;  but  also  l)y  constant  personal  search  and  elibrt  fiia 
pt'riod  of  ;{()  years.      AVhile   possess 


iiiu'  these 


lvanta''es  ovtr  the  few  11 


jiano- American  writers  who  have  in  a  nioie  or  less  coiindete  mannc 


IS- 

r  sou-lit  to 


CO\ll 


acUnowlc( 


the  colonial  ]ierii 


h1,  I 


nil  not  unmindful  of  tluir meritorious  etl'oits 


Ige  also  the  aid  atlonlcd  me  by  their  dill'crent  views,  now  in  favur 
of  ,'<pain,  now  for   Mexico;  upholding   the   cause   of  some   p.irty  or  oi'dcr,  w 


i:'inging  into  prominence  some  speci 


;d  t 


line. 


For  th 


listoiiaii   nii;-t  ii"t 


I  \i  ~.  m 


alone  sift  facts,  but  look  upon  them  from  all  siilcs  ami  with  many 
oidt  r  to  arrive  at  a  true  statement. 


The  U 


idni''  genera 


1  ch 


er  for  the  sixteentli  eenlurv  was  T 


injui  HUM 


and  tl 


•anie   rosilion  must  be  assigned  fur  the  scvcntcculh  to  .\u''u.>uu  Uu 


VETA^X'URT  AND  CAVO. 


607 


ons  (11-  sill  • 
cut  as  tliiv 
nil  ^I'liL'ii:! 
lilts  iif  iiii-. 

3  of  IiUIiiIm' 

it  in  sildt- 
ty,  till!  lii.is 
uts,  iilicl  tlie 

llj'iCt    iDllcll 

ice.  1  Mas, 
'or  infiiriiKi- 
uiiri'fl'x'tiii,' 
)tt'  till'  ]iliil- 
ill  thu  iiiiiny 
icil  iillii  ml:' 
imt  till'  t'ltt- 

listlii'ts  illld 
loi'iil  iiUkis, 
•atiiilis.  The 
lUivus  liclmc 
1  the  Ml|.l  rii'V 
■I'l'ill  11  irllli" 

vf  for  a  '^^n- 
lontiiiiuil  llie 

L.'  piM'ioil.  Ull'l 

(■  tliroML'hdUt 

Uliji'i;tril  to;; 

cllli'S  fl)l'  tliO 

I'M  a  IV  t<ii  Viiro 
Xiw  Si«iiii 
jllicrs,  ami 
tc.-i,  aiiil  cor- 

ici'ii  r\''<<''l- 
Its,  aii'l  till' 

s,  as  I'll.?- 
I  I'll'ort  for  a 

„•  few  Hiv 
lor  SDiiLlit  to 

(■ll'oit>,  ami 

liiW  ill    l:i\"i' 

or  oi'ikr,  i-'f 

II  niii-t.  ii'it 

laiiy  <>'-'.  i" 

'I'oriiui  iii;.'lii. 
AiiL'u.^imdc 


il 


Vrtaiiriirt,  also  a  Franciscan  \vlio  covoreil  llic  same  PcM,  tlion;jli  in  a  less 
ililln-^c  iiiaiiiicr,  and  carricil  liis  oliscrvations  onwanl.     He  wrote  under  ordirs 
as  I'limiiieler  of  tlie  central  Franciscan  jiroviiicia  Santa  Fvaiigelio,  a  position 
iissiuiirl  to  liiin  for  his  high  attainments,  his  eloquence  as  a  proaclier,  and  his 
iissdriation  witli  Mexico  as  a  curate  for  40  years  of  tlic  aneiiiit  Imlian  parish 
of  St  .fosepli.     He  was  born  in  tliat  city  in  1()"20,  and  claimed  descent  from 
till'  famous  Frenchman,  Juan  ilo  Ijetliencourt,  conrjueror  and  so-called  Uinj; 
(,f  till' Canaries,  whoso  'posteridad  so  cstalileciii  eu  I'lspaaa.'  Mmrri,  \\.  '211. 
till  p.  :iS  of  his  Trat.  Mv.r.,  lie  mentions  his  relutionsliip  to  Vetauciirt,  the 
f..iiihk'i-  of  the  ISetlileheiiiite  order  in  New  Spain.     After  joining  tlie  Francis- 
cans at  I'uelila  he  rose  to  become  member  of  the  provincial  chapter  and  conii- 
faii'i  u'l'iieral  of  tho  Indies,  dying  in  ITlW,  after  00  years  of  zealous  labors,  not 
till'  I'  ast  of  wliich  were  in  connection  witli  liis  numerous  works.    Tlic  earliest 
i.f  tlu'se  according  to  his  own  list  is  ^1/'^'  </<-  Liinjiia  Mc.ihctiin,  Mex.  1()73, 
(iiic  wortiiy  of  the  pen  of  so  profound  an  Aztec  scholar.     There  are  several 
iiiaiH'.als.  sermons,  lives  of  martyrs  and  apostles,  mid  theologic  treatises,  cmi- 
iiioiatcd  in  his  .Mcnoloijio,  144,  and  in  Pindo,  L'jilltiiiic,  ii.  7o-,  701,  7'.*",  8.j4, 
MIK,  etc.,  most  of  which  were  published,  some  in  several  editions;  but  tho 
li  ailiiii;  work  is  undoubtedly  Tvitiro  Mt'.rirttiKi,  Drscr.'/iriin  J]ri  iv  tlf  A's  .Stvessos 
Kr,  .ii/ilmr.-:,  //i.-itorh'o.<,  Poltlirt.s,  MiH/rins,  ij  /■'( /((//o.sos,  ^lex.  1G".I7-1'8,  in  four 
]iarl>  ;iiiil  (wo  volumes  folio.  The  'J'cd'rn  proper  in  the  first  volume  contains  tho 
tii'st  tincc  ]iarts,  Svri'!<itri.<  Xadiralr-^,  relatiii;;  tophysicial^'eogr.ipliy  and  natural 
M'siiiiri'cs;  .S'ccrsso.'t  I'li/ilicoa,  to  ancient  history  and  rites,  and  ,<rfi yso<  Mil'tarin 
t'l  iliscovery  of  America  and  conquest  of  Mexico.     'J'he  fourth  ]iart  forms  a 
ilistiiii  t  section,   published   in   1007  as  (hronha  d    la  rrorinrid  lUl  Smilo 
Kfii,rj,)i,,  lie  M( xico,  andgi\estlie  history  of  the  Franciscans  in  Xt.'W  Spain, 
iiotaMy  nf  tlie  mother  proviiu-i:i,  interspersed  with  much  matter  nu  military 
•  xpeilitiniiR,  foundi.iir  of  towns,  and  so  fnrtli.     To  this  is  a]i]i"nd'il  .Vi  iiol(ii/!o 
J i-iiiiriscfuin,  a  series  of    biographies  of    ].romineiit  members  of   the  order, 
iiiuiiks  mid  nuns,  p>'elates,  ollieers,  and  wi  iters,  a  few  in  list  form,  but  mostly 
iiiiaii  '111   ir   the  chronologic  order  iiuliiated  by  the  title,  under  tiie  dat(^  of 
tlic'  ile;iih.     A  smaller  aiipendix  of  ."lO  pages.  Trti/in/o  iff  hi  Ciinlml  ilr  Mflxh'o, 
Livi'^  ;iii  ;i('('e]itablc  account  of  the  civil,  ))u!itii'al,  and  religious  institutions 
et  t'li    (ity,   with  brief  biographiis  of  its  iioteil  men.  and  outlines  of  tho 
mil'  lit  laeh  \ieeroy  and  artlibi.--hi';.      The  last  7  jiages  relate  in  a  similar 
liiai;iiii'  tn    I'liebla.      A  re[)rilit  of  the    'J'lfilrn,   Chrinii'ii,   uiid   M<  inloijlo  wua 
is>iii'i|  at  Mexico  1S70-1,  as  volumes  vii.    x.   of   IHIil'nfi  I'u    /I'l  r'",  in  modern 
firtliii.'ia|>liy  and  with  a  brief  notice  of  the  author.      His  name  aii]ie;irs  in  dif- 
li'iiiit  tMiin;  he  hiinsi'lf  signs  Vetaiuurt  in  /'ror.  S/o  J.'rdinf.,  pt.  i.  71. 

Ill  lIms  (piitu  a  respectable  list  of  authorities,  ]iriiited  a}iil  in  manu- 
S'-rip!,  as  the  sources  for  the  Tiulro,  but  it  is  only  too  apparent  tiial  lie  has 
I'lpii 'i  111'  condensed  Toniuemada's  versions  for  a  great  jiait  ut  it.  'be  epi- 
'"iii.r  .  .lietancur,  en  sii  Meiiologia,'  observes  I'iiielo.  L'/'ihur'  .  ii.  7'd.  Clavi 
giTii  alsii  criticises  him  for  this,  while  aeknowlrdging  tiiat  he  '.serisse  sii!l<! 
iiiiiiiiirie  ir.Vlba'  anil  others.  Sforin,  .lA.s.s'.,  iii.  7').  It  must  also  be  eoiife.:.s( d 
tlia!  Ill'  inclines  to  hasty  assiini[itioii  of  facts,  without  duly  \vi'i,.;liin;.;  proba- 
ni'ii  .  ur  laiiii!.'  for  a  ecu  racy;  '  eon  limy  nniehas  iiiconserueiK  ias.'as  ii  v.  liter 
expii- SI'S  it  ill  I'djii'lin  rriiiiriKraiios,  .MS.,  i.  pt.  i.  'lA.     On  the  other  hand  ho 


608 


FIFTY-THIRD  AXD  FIFTY-FOURTH  VICEROY'S. 


it 


indulges  in  no  rliiipsoclius  or  soarin;^  elegance  with  which  to  obscure  liis  dji-- 
tion,  hut  is  exceedingly  plain  and  clear  for  his  time,  with  a  niarkod  eUnrtut 
conciseness,  althougli  the  hiograjiliies  lead  him  away  at  times  into  trivi;ilitifs. 
Indeed  his  works  may  Lc  s«iid  to  he  a  condensation  of  the  hulky  and  vcrlni!'.' 
material  of  many  predecessoi-s,  and  I  gladly  join  with  Alcgre  in  reeoL'in/iiij' 
the  value  of  his  labors. 

Siniilar  in  nature  to  the  biographic  history  of  the  viceroys  in  VetiiiK  uit's 
Trat.  Mc.v.,  is  tlie  Croiiolo'ji'i  <k  /"s  Virryi'n,  by  Diego  Panes  y  Abelhiii,  litu. 
tenant-colonel  of  infantry,  MS.,  1.">1  folios,  m  liicli  does  not  add  much  iiil'uniia- 
tion  to  the  part  covered  liy  the  preceding  work,  bu'o  carries  the  accoiuit  a 
century  furtlier,  to  17S0,  and  serves  in  tiiis  respect  as  a  useful  cheek  on  'oii- 
temporary  writers.  Anotiicr  woik  by  tl>e  same  otiieor  is  Eji'iiximi  intcri -m.itf 
lie  la  Plaza  de  I'cra  Cruz,  MS.,  'HW  pages,  4to,  with  plans,  wherein  lie  dwilk 
on  the  ])lan  and  necessity  for  extending  the  barracks,  and  improving  the  niuuu 
for  the  liealth  and  protection  of  the  trocps.  Witli  this  is  intcrpersed  a  ei  rtaiii 
amount  of  historic  information. 

The  only  comprehensivo  historian  of  New  Spain  after  Vetaneurt  is  the 
Jesuit  father  Andres  Cavo,  who  was  conindssioned  by  the  city  coiuiril  nf 
Mexico  to  write  the  annals  of  the  c  n  .lal  from  the  conquest  down.  W'liiii; 
com])lying  with  this  he  included  al.-  j  all  notiiltle  events  in  the  country,  liaM.l 
jiartly  on  nicagro  data  rendtted  by  the  council  to  Rome,  wliero  he  lived  in 
e.xilc  as  a  niendjcr  of  th'j  expelled  society  of  Jesuits,  and  partly  on  well  kimw  ;i 
standard  authorities;  but  he  lacks  the  far  more  thorough  and  reliable  fn.ts  in 
diilerent  (litirioH,  nilulas,  despatches,  and  similar  matter  from  otiicial  siinicts 
or  from  eye-witnesses,  so  that  his  narrative  is  both  mcfigre  and  unsatisliictciry. 
It  i  i  nioi-cover  in  tlic  form  of  annals  rather  than  philosophic  history,  tlmu^'li 
attractive  in  its  pure  simple  stjle,  cleiir  judgment,  and  impartiality.  Iii  tlio 
Litter  respect  Cavo  goes  so  far  as  to  praise  the  integrity  of  Marques  il'  (  Vnix 
and  the  talents  of  Visitador  Galvcz,  who  were  leading  instruments  in  liis  ix- 
pulsion;  he  abstains,  however,  from  alluding  to  this  episoilc,  and  also  iVciii 
entering  on  church  affairs,  except  when  absolutely  needful.  His  arnum;, 
entling  with  170C,  was  dedicated  to  tlie  municipality  of  ^lexico,  and  jiasswl 
into  the  hands  of  Bishop  Madrid  of  Tenagra,  after  1794,  in  which  \.;ii' 
'escriliimos  en  Roma  csta  histoiia,' as  Cavo  states,  Trea  Shjlos,  i.  till.  Ho 
■was  born  at  Guadalajara  in  1731),  and  joined  the  society  in  his  nineti'cuth  yiar 
to  become  a  missionary  among  the  Indians.  At  the  expulsion  he  furiiml  a 
close  friendship  with  Father  Parreno,  the  inlluential  rector  of  the  colle^'c  of 
Mexico,  and  shared  with  him  every  comfort  and  discomfort  till  death  iiartiil 
them.  Dr  Vila  Jiiscphi  Julinni  Pnrri  Dili,  Ilitraiieiinis,  Rome,  17!)-,  coiirimiii- 
orates  this  intimacy  an<l  the  virtues  of  his  fiicnd.  An  intense  li.>i,iii.'  t'lH- 
homo  had  at  one  time  induced  both  to  .sever  their  connection  with  the  t-"  icty 
witli  a  view  to  return  to  America,  but  their  wishes  were  not  gratilied. 

The  well  known  Mexican  writer  Carlos  Maria  llustamante  learned  in  \'V^ 
from  a  brother,  Lorenzo  Cavo,  of  Cavo's  historj*,  and  obtaining  tlie  (ni.iiial 
!M.S.  fi-om  the  prelate  Madrid,  he  caused  it  to  be  published  at  Mexico  in  h.'iii 
in  'J  Volumes,  sm.  4to,  with  addition  of  notes  and  certain  not  very  coninuiiiialilu 
changes,  which  extended  not  only  to  langua/e  as  stated,  but  to  inteipolatiniis. 
He  moreover  replaced  the  original  title  of  llit^turia  Civil  y  PoUtica  de  }L.cko 


VALUABLE  DLVRIOS. 


509 


vitii  L  '<  7';r,<  Siij!o.-t  (If  Mi'xiro.  Two  years  l.-iter  appeared  its  continuation 
l,y  thi  c'.lit()>-,  ill  two  otlicr  volumes,  from  17(i7  to  1S"JI,  the  end  of  Spaiiisli 
nilr  in  New  Spain,  just  three  centuries  after  tiie  fall  of  Mexico,  haseil  in  this 
ca>e  oil  the  govei'imieiit  areliives,  with  the  ilespatclies  of  viLcniys  and  other 
ollii-i:il>.  "f  which  he  claims  to  have  examined  "JSO  volumes.  It  certainly  gives 
t!u'iii'j>t  tliorough  account  so  farof  the  1707-lSOO  period,  and  a  very  accept- 
able tme  fur  tlie  following  years,  and  it  is  written  in  a  more  historic  Sjiiiit, 
tliough  marred  l)ya  singular  bigotry  and  effusive  patriotism,  strongly  array ed 
aiaiiist  tlie  'Spanish  opi)ressors.'  The  value  of  the  work  has  Ijeen  recoguixid 
liy  twii  reprints  of  1S.V2  and  1.S70,  in  4to  form. 

Altluiugh  the  material  for  special  topies,  periods,  ami  districts  has  as  a 
nilt;  lieiu  commented  upon  in  appropiiate  jilaces  throughout  this  volume, 
I  must  here  allude  to  several  private  diai-ies  which  present  the  daily  rocnrd 
otevuiits  in  the  capital  for  about  a  century,  together  with  frerpicnt  mention  of 
the  iiiniL'  important  occurrences  in  other  portions  of  New  Spain.  Vuv  tlic 
j.nliliLatiiiii  of  some  of  the  most  important  we  are  indebted  to  tha  Jfiario  of. 
jii-'inl  i,i  Mexico,  ill  whoso  rare  collection  of  Jhirimiiiifo-' ]iiira  la  J/l.-</'iri<i  '/c 
j/',i<' ■,  ciinsistilig  of  twenty  volumes  of  various  sizes,  issued  in  Mexico, 
IS"]!!  7.  they  are  included.  Although  mention  is  made  of  diaries  covering  the 
j.ciiixl  liiiui  l(Jl21  to  1047,  HoUvt,  .l)i(ui<),  i.  p.  ii.,  the  earliest  one  which  has 
bicii  piiserved  is  that  of  the  licentiate  Gregorio  Martin  del  Guijo,  presbyter, 
and  M-.icLary  of  the  cathedral  chapter  of  Mexico  City,  comprising  the  periixl 
Iriiiii  JiilS  to  l(iG4,  and  occupying  the  first  vulume  of  the  above  culleetidii. 
It  relates  to  every  imaginable  subject,  particularly  within  the  capital,  and 
jiiiSMv-.Ms  (hat  value  which  attaches  to  the  testimony  of  an  intelligent  eye- 
witness and  contemporary,  iiotwitlistandiiig  certain  ilefeets  of  style  anil  <nea- 
bii'iial  i>niissioiis.  The  second  diary  and  continuation  of  the  foregciing,  by 
which  it  was  suggested,  is  that  of  the  licentiate,  Antonio  do  Ifobles,  a 
presbytir,  and  memljer  of  the  college  of  San  I'edro  of  Mexico  City.  Tlie 
piriod  eoveiid  is  from  ItiO.")  to  170.'J  inclusive,  but  the  diary  material  is  for 
the  most  part  a  compilation  or  copy  of  others;  indeed,  Koblcs acknowledges 
liaviii.;  taken  more  than  half  from  that  of  the  licentiate  Diego  do  Calderon 
lieiiavides,  supjiressing  some  of  its  details  and  making  some  additions.  He 
proliMsid  to  add  a  summary  of  events  from  the  conquest  down,  liutno  such 
result  a[. pears. 

As  late  as  1849  there  existed  in  the  library  of  the  university  of  Mexico  a 
iiiaiiiisi  lipt  diary,  which  according  to  Alaman,  ]>'i>«  rt.,  iii.  app.  IKJ,  had  Iteen 
krjit  by  a  cha))liiin  of  the  liospital  of  Jesus  of  Mexico  City.  Leaves  were 
Valuing  at  l)oth  the  lieginning  and  end,  the  reinaining  portion  comprising  the 
piiiod  iViiiii  danuary  1075  to  Ai)ril  1000.  Carlos  Maria  Dustamantc  in  ]S4:{ 
made  an  abstract,  added  numerous  notes  and  interpolations,  whieh  greatly 
iiiil'aiivd  its  value,  ami  published  the  more  interesting  }iart  in  the  J/»-,() 
J/'  nihio.  \.  4!)  et  passim;  nndi'r  the  title  of  Dhirio  curium  y  rsn'-to  ilf  .hiun 
Ai''i,iiiii  J.'.'crra,  raiitllitn  del  ho!<jiilal  Jc  Jut/ii  Xaz'iri'iio  (/»,' J/i  .ivVo.  In  IS.")4 
till'  eoiiiplete  abstract  of  liustamauto  appeared  in  Z)'/o.  J/'ft  .  .''X. ,  serie 
ii.  toni.  vi.  Why  this  diary  was  attributed  to  Itivera  does  not  appear;  fur 
aliiinii^li  r.ustamantc  culls  the  autliora  chaplain  of  the  hospital  of  .Ic.sus,  it  is 
stated  ill  l):jr.  Jlitit.  Me.i:,  that  the  manuscript  had  formerly  Kdoujjcd  to  the 


-.10 


FIFTY-TIIIUD  AND  FIFTY-FOURTIT  VICEROYS. 


^  ,  f 


Jesuits,  Init  that  its  autlior  wiis  nnkuown.  Now  if  tlu- so-called  I>U(r,i,u\ 
Jiivcra  ho  compared  with  that  of  lloblcs  for  the  same  period,  their  idfiitity  of 
oii'^'iii  is  at  once  apparuiit;  the  manuscript  attributed  to  Kivera  is  the  J'nirlo 
of  IJenavidca  iiientioiicd  )>y  llolilcs. 

Owing  to  the  defects  of  IJustaniante'a  version  already  noted,  that  of  II' IpIi-s 
is  to  lie  preferred,  not  oidy  because  of  its  greater  fulneH:s  but  beeaiiN  •  the 
editors  of  the  JJoc  J/ixt.  Mix.  have  wisely  refrained  from  an}'  iitteiiqt  t) 
change  the  original.  'J'lio  style  and  manner  of  treatment,  wliieh  is  in  the 
usual  form  of  a  diary,  is  the  name  as  in  Guijo.  It  occupies  volumes  ii.  iii.  i  f 
l>'ic.  lli-t.  M(j\,  serie  ii.  Following  the>.e  are  the  7>/'«;'('<  of  Jo^e  Manuil  da 
Castro  Santa-Anna,  extending  from  \~,')'l  to  ITjS,  Doc.  Ili.^l.  Mix.,  Keri.'i.  um\. 
iv.-vi. ;  and  the  Dkirioni  .lose  Gomez,  one  of  the  vico-rcgal  halberdiers,  extm,]. 
ing  from  August  177(i  to  May  1708,  Doc.  lli<t.  Mix.,  serie  ii.  toni.  vii.  To 
these  may  lie  added  the  Gacelai  ih  Mexico,  with  reviews  of  both  domescii'  ninl 
foreign  events,  and  the  political  and  local  afiaiis  of  the  capital  and  t'.ic 
l)roviuccs.  Toward  the  end  of  the  century  the}'  became  iiernianenlly  t  >iali- 
lished,  after  appearing  previously  for  short  periods. 

About  the  middle  of  the  eigliteenth  century  the  .Spanish  ci'own,  feelii.^the 
need  of  a  full  and  detailed  account  of  the  actual  extent  of  its  inereasiii;,' 
dominions  in  the  new  world,  and  the  civil  and  religious  condition  of  tliiir 
inhabitants,  issued  a  royal  decree  dated  July  lit,  1711,  demanding  from  the 
alcaldes  mayorcs  and  justices  a  complete  report  on  their  lespcctive  distvicts. 
Tlio  compilation  of  t'.iese  data  in  Xew  Spain  was  conlided  by  Viceroy  riicii- 
clara,  t')  t lie  auditor-general  of  the  department  of  quicksilver,  J(jse  -Antonij 
de  Villa-Senor  y  iSanchcz.  Villa-Senoi',  according  to  Alcedo,  liih.  Ani.,  M>., 
ii.  1 158,  was  a  native  of  Val!adoli<l  in  Michoacaii,  but  Brasseur  de  liouvliniii;:, 
IjIIi.  M< x.-Guat.,  ir)4,  gives  Mexico  as  his  birthplace,  describing  bim  ns  'uu 
matheniaticien  distingue^,  un  lii.storien  exact  et  nn  bon  eitoj'en.'  Villa-.^rTKr 
lost  no  time  ia  ))cgiuning  his  labors,  and  published  in  Mexico  the  first  vo'iimo 
of  his  work  in  17-10,  and  the  second  two  years  later,  under  the  title  of  'Ha- 
iti ro  Americano,  Dcxcripcion  General  de  loa  lieyuos,  y  Proriitciu-i  dc  la  X^.'^ra 
Z,'-7'«/7((.  After  a  ])ricf  and  general  account  of  the  early  histoiy  of  Anuiiia 
and  the  A;:tecs,  with  an  outline  of  the  pliysicnl  geography  of  Xew  Sp;un,  the 
text  proper  follows,  in  six  parts,  corresponding  to  the  six  dioceses,  Mitli  the 
history  of  their  towns,  parishes,  and  missions,  classified  by  districts,  tii:_rihLT 
V.  ith  some  information  regarding  their  relative  situations,  actual  popul.r,  i"ii, 
condition,  products,  and  industries.  \'olumo  i.,  containing  books  i.  ii., 
with  .'>S2  nuiidxM'cd  ]i;iges,  is  devoteil  to  the  archbishopric  of  Mexico,  and  t!,e 
see  of  I'uebla,  including  a  full  description  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  its  pidilie 
buildings,  general  and  local  goveinment  depaitmcnts,  and  icvenues.  I  he 
second  volume  is  equally  divided  l)etwecn  tie  reniiiiuing  bishopries.  Tiiiiii^!i 
at  the  time  of  its  puljlication  this  work  enjoyed  a  high  reputation  for  iic- 
curaey,  it  was  .subsequently  found  to  contain  many  errors.  A  la  do,  Iii''. 
Am.,  .MS.,  ii.  ]  159.  .Approaching,  in  its  nature,  a  geographical  and  histiiiirul 
ilictionary,  it  was  the  lirst  lI  its  kind  relating  to  New  Spain;  and  iiotwiih- 
standing  its  defects,  which  later  puldications  have  serveil  to  rectify,  it  i^  in- 
valuable for  the  history  of  this  period,  and  has  been  freely  used  by  .sub.seqiii  lit 
writers.     Vilki-Senor  is  said  to  have  been  the  author  of  several  other  wuil^s, 


»■■«.   If 


viLLA-si:5:oR  Axn  alcedo. 


611 


likewise  piintc'it  in  Mi'xieo,  liruxMiiir  do  IJoin-ljoiir;/,  Dih.  Mi.i\  Ciaif.,  1.",",  li;t 
1  Iwive  liLLii  iinublo  to  iind  (iny  iiifiitiou  of  sueh  vorks,  oxccptiii,!,'  that  givea 
livAli-'  >l>Ji  J''l>-  ^I"1m  M><.,  ii.  ll.VJ-(i(),  tutitli  il  l!i>-iiuiMa  a  Ut,  Aiiolin/ni,  \.vs.. 
171'J,  relating  to  tlii;  nioiioiioly  of  ijiiickailviT. 

Ai'init  forty  years  after  tlio  iniMiciitiou  of  tlic  Tlnalro  Auk ririnin,  tin  ro 
nppeaieil  in  Spain  tin-  first  ;,'i'nL'r;il  gcographieal  and  liistorieal  oneyeliip:i'i!iri 
(if  America,  the  Jl!i:<ioii'irlo  0'ri,i/ri{licu-J/i.'<iiiri<'f)  ilc  Ian  Iiidhm  Orc'iihiitah  <  li 
Jiif  r'c-n.  Madrid,  ITSO-t),  o  vol«.  4to.  Tliu  autiior,  Antonio  do  Alecdo  y 
IVNaiaiiii,  was  liuni  at  (Jiiito,  during  tiie  ruh;  of  liis  father,  l)ionisii)  do 
Akeilci.  president  and  captain-general  of  that  province.  Returning  to  Spain 
niim  after  tlie  autlior's  liirth,  his  fatlier  was  Jippointed  to  tli(i  presiilene>  (  f 
tiie  aii<lieneiii  at  l'anani:i,  MJieneo  lie  departed  in  174'_'.  Aftei- studying  in 
till'  Jr.-iiit  college  of  that  town  till  17")-,  Antonio  eiitereil  the  Spaui.sh  guards 
iu  S|iain  as  cadet,  and  pursued  a  course  (jf  niatheniaties  in  tli(!  Imperial  enl- 
le;.'c  uf  Madriil,  and  later  that  of  niedii'ine  in  tiie  college  of  Montjiellier.  A 
few  years  afterwards  lu'  hegan  the  eoUeetidu  and  preparation  "f  material  for 
lii-;  Jiirriiiii'irli',  which  eniplciyed  all  the  lime  he  eouhl  sjiare  from  his  ^al•icll 
duties  during  the  next  twenty  years.  Meanwhile  ho  had  risen  to  lieuti'uant, 
viiile  still  a  minoi',  and  tonk  part  in  the  opirations  against  Gibi' .Itar.  ]ii 
17sl  he  reeeivi  d  the  rank  of  captain,  and  later  that  of  colonel.  Ahont  17!'-t 
l.e  was  ai>piiinted  political  and  nulitary  governor  of  the  city  of  Aleiras,  with 
tlie  rank  ef  lirigadier-genoral.  In  ISOO  he  rose  to  that  of  mareseal  ile  canipn, 
and  in  IMI'2  was  made  military  governor  of  Cornua. 

'i'lie  iioyal  Academy  of  lli.story  made  him  one  of  its  nicndiers  in  1784,  and 
iiuh  eiiueiilly  he  received  similar  honors  from  the  society  Cantahrica,  and  that 
(it  the  city  of  Valencia.   Abuilo  Bib.  Am.,  MS.,  i.  'J7-9. 

Tor  the  compilatiim  of  Ids  I)k'vionario,  Alcedo  has  drawn  upon  a  variety  of 
Bdiuees.  The  articles  ii'lating  to  the  ]']nglish  anil  French  possessions  of 
Nnrth  America  are  taken  from  the  Amc.riiaii  Ouzi'/tirr,  liOnd.  1711'-';  tho 
gieater  portion  of  those  relating  to  South  Amei-ica  from  Coleti's  Drjoiitirio 
S'>  ri'-ii-(i'((ii/ri'-jico,  Venice,  1771;  l>ut  the  information  relating  to  Xew  Spain 
is  said  to  eouie  from  over  three  hundred  works  on  America,  in  various  lan- 
guages. In  addition  to  these,  nundjerless  ilocuments  were  examined  and 
laueli  iiil'ormation  received  from  intelligent  residents  of  the  Indies,  towimni 
lie  suhuiitted  his  work.  The  lesult  of  these  laboi-s  was  a  work  wlio.se  valuo 
Was  iiiiiiiediately  recognized,  and  though  in  many  respects  defective  wlan 
eiMiipaied  with  later  encyclopivdias,  owing  to  the  numerous  valuaMo  authori- 
ties used,  anil  now  lost  or  inaccessihle,  it  remains  a  standard  work.  I'ho 
ile>iie  of  stimulating  eonnnercc  Iictween  Spain  and  lur  .\merican  possessions, 
li\  enllectiug  the  most  full  and  accurate  information  possilde,  was  one  of  the 
eliirl  motives  of  the  author,  hut  tliis  laudahlc  desire  was  well  nigh  friistratid 
liy  tlie  Spanish  government,  which,  in  order  to  prevent  this  iriformation  from 
f^jiieailiii:^  among  foreign  nations,  ordered  the  suppression  of  the  work.  A  tew 
en]. Irs,  however,  eseapied,  hut  though  the  woik  at  once  hecamc  very  rare  mi 
repiiiit  was  ever  attemjited,  owing  chiefly,  lui  douht,  to  its  siihseipunt  tiaiis- 
lal  on  into  I'.nglish.  'Jhe  gi'owing  importance  of  Knglish  trade  with  Auier- 
iea,  which  had  increased  eiiorinously  since  the  American  n^volutioii,  and  tlie 
necessity  for  more  extensive  information  induced  t!.  A.  Thompson,  one  of  her 


K 

ill! 


|H*<iL 


012 


FIFTYTIIIKD  AND  FIl'TY-FOURTII  VICEROYS. 


IN 


citizens,  to  »imk'rt.iko  tlic  translation,  wliicli  rcstiltud  in  tlic  j)ul)lii';itioii  in 
l.srj-l.">  of  live  largo  4to  vols.,  containing  as  nearly  as  ixissililo  a  literal  tiaus 
lation  of  Alcuil(j,  anil  with  many  valuable  additions,  cliiefly  from  tliu  wniks  i  f 
Morse,  M'jlina,  lliiinboldt,  ]>ej)ons,  Azara,  and  ollieial  sourees,  'i'o  luiiiiy 
vi  tlie  leading  articles  much  matter  lias  lieea  ailded,  including  statisiici  in 
the  preface  to  thcs  first  volume;  a  statistical  review  of  English  trade  is  ;^iviu; 
Alcedo's  filossary  of  provincial  terms  lias  lieeii  revised  aiK,'  enlarged;  viuimij 
im])rovenients  have  liecn  made  in  the  arrangement  and  treatmi'iit;  iiiiiny 
inaccuracies  have  been  corrected;  and  tho  whole  has  been  suppleinentnl  with 
ji  valuable  collection  of  maps  in  a  separate  volume. 

^Vitll  the  object  of  avoiding  tlie  e'lidless  repetition  of  authors  in  cciiuiictiin 
with  the  various  articles  of  the  Diccloiinrio,  Alcedo  wrote  two  separ.itc  vnl 
limes,  containing  bibliographical  sketches  of  all  the  works  consulted,  to  wliidi 
lie  gave  tlie  title  of  liUtliotvca  Aincriruiin,  v  ('(ild/oijo  J/is/urini  ilc  tmlus  li^ 
anloreH  (jtw  hitn  excrito  sohre  malerlax  dc  Amdricu  en  vurios  klioniuit,  can  ii,i'i 
ii'ilirld  dt'  nHx  riddn,  MS.,  fob,  'J  vols.  This  work  was  never  publi.slieil,  iiinl 
but  few  copies  of  the  original  arc  extant.  t)iic  of  tliese,  .scut  to  Mexiro  in 
)S,")4  by  William  11.  I'reseott,  is  now  in  my  possession.  Anotiicv  nuuiusui'itit 
work  of  Alcedo,  whose  title  is  given  in  the  foregoing  work,  is  Iliiforia  ild 
Jt'-i/iio  di'  T'arni  Finne  1/  Ciiidnd  (/>•  I'amund,  dcsdc  <l  aiio  dc  lol'J,  MS,,  witii 
cuts,  4to.     I  find  no  mention  of  tins  work  elscwiiere. 

In  common  with  other  ndigious  provinces  of  New  Spain,  the  Franciscan 
province  of  Zacatecas  had  its  special  chronicler.  The  labors  of  its  friars  wore 
chiefly  confined  to  that  portion  of  New  Spain  in  wliicli  are  included  tiie  muil- 
crn  states  of  Zacatecas,  San  Luis  I'otosi,  New  I^eon,  Coaliiiila,  Chiliiialiuii, 
]  lurango,  and  tlie  north-eastern  part  of  Jalisco,  and  were  closely  identilinl 
with  tlie  eouiiuest  and  settlement  of  these  regions.  All  this  is  related  in  the 
Chronica  de  la  Provincia  d<'  2^.  S.  P.  San  Fi'diir'iKi'n  dc  Zitfatrcas,  Mex.  IT'!", 
4to,  by  Friar  Jos6  Arlegui,  with  sjiecial  attention  to  tho  founding  nf  cini- 
vents  and  the  lives  and  sutl'eriugs  of  its  members,  including  dcseiiptiniiji  di 
miracles.  Arlegui,  who  was  a  native  of  liiscay  and  provincial  of  this  luov- 
inco  in  17-.5-8,  had  in  IT.'IO  been  appointed  chronie)er  of  the  province,  hi 
181 0  tiic  continuation  of  the  history  was  determined  upon,  and  Aiitiiiiiol  lalviz 
was  commissioned  for  this  purpose.  He  brought  the  historj'  of  tho  ])ro\in(.c 
down  to  1828  in  the  form  of  a  list  of  provincials,  on  whose  eharactei-  and  nilc 
he  dwells,  interspersing  brief  accounts  of  outside  political  and  eec]esia^tiLlll 
history.  This  atldition  witli  the  title  of  Mimuflas  /mra  /a  cuiiliniiarinn  il  hi 
Ci'onka  dc  la  viiiy  relifjiona  provlucia  de  X.  S.  P.  Sdii  Fntiicisro  de  l(i.-<  Zwi- 
ti'cax,  a/'c/iiado  j)or  Fr.  Antniiio  Gnlvez,  uiio  dc  lS,i7,  was  added  to  a  law 
edition  of  the  former  work  published  in  I80I,  tiie  paging  running  eontiiiii- 
ously  throughout. 

Among  iny  rarest  provincial  histories  is  that  of  ixdigious  labors  in  Cijai:! 
by  Fatiier  Francisco  de  Bnrgoa,  identified  with  the  district  by  birth  aipl  \<s 
life-long  work  in  its  missionary  field.  He  had  joined  the  Dominican  i>iilii' 
there  in  Ki'JO,  and  succeeded  twice  in  reaching  the  chair  of  provincial,  iii> 
sides  representing  the  provincia  at  Rome  in  Kioli.  He  also  acted  for  the  iiiijui- 
sition,  and  lived  latterly  as  guardian  of  Iluaxolotillan  and  other  conv,  iits 
dying  at  an  advanced  age  in  lUSl.     Several  writings  of  his  were  publi.licJ, 


s. 


AKLECL'I  AND  BUIUIOA. 


fllS 


nbliL'.-itinn  in 
litoral  tiaiis 
tliu  wmlis.i 
I,     'I'd  iiiiuiy 

stilt islic.-i   ill 

•ado  is  ;;ivuii; 
'gcil;  Viuidiij 
tliifiit;  iiiany 
iiiicntiil  «itli 

in  coiiiHctiim 
S('inir!itu  Vdl 
Iti'il,  tiiwhicii 

•O    ill'   l(.l'l':1  l"t 

iiiKi.-t,  roil  iiiin 
ulili.sla'il,  ami 
to  Mi'xii'i)  ia 
:r  niaini.sL'ri[it 
I  IlUiiirhi  ihl 
I'J,  MS.,  witli 

he  Franciscan 
its  friars  were 
ideil  tilt!  inml- 
I,  Cliiliualina, 
<i'ly  idt'Utilicil 
elated  ill  tllO 
Mex.  17:17, 
ing  (if  cdii- 
useriptiiiMn  ci 
f  tliis  inw- 
•ijviine.    ]a 
tcmiol  ialvtz 
the  \H'o\  iiice 
tcr  aiiii  rule 
eelesiaxticiil 
Kucion  il'  /'I 
lie  la.-i  /((Cl- 
od to  a  new 
11)''  cntiiiu- 


idi 


lors  ill  Oajacii 
irtli  aii'l  I'V 
luiicaii  "I'llcr 
'ovineial,  !«.'• 
for  the  iiii|ui- 
lor  ci)ii\i'iits 
'O  puhliaii'-'J, 


l,iit  t!i(>  iiin.st  important  is  tli<'  Ptih^tni  llislnr'nul  ilc  Virlrili\<,  ij  l.'ri'iti/ilnrrn, 
MixicM,  M7>>,  -!i'J  folioa,  foUowed  in  1(}74  liy  u  Hccond  part  uii(U'r  tht;  lith'  of 
(ltd //"./'  "  JJisrrljiciiiu. .  .lie  i.-itu  I'mnncin  <ti'  Priilirni/orri  i/i;  Aiiln/i'i  rn,  4-H 
f.ilids  and  a  sni)|il(;meiit,  in  two  vnhiinos,  Ixitii  dovcted  to  tlio  hi.^tory  of  Do- 
iiiiiiiian  iniinious,  and  tlio  lives  of  tho  friars,  iiitorapersod  wiili  luuiieroiirt 
ili'tails  iin  tho  ancient  liistory,  i-itos,  and  relies  of  tho  Zajiotics  and  adjoining 
triliis.  It  is  tho  only  source  of  any  valuo  for  tlio  liistory  of  this  iinportant 
].iMviiicc;  yet  it  is  so  rare  t  veii  in  Mexico  as  to  liavo  ln'cii  overlooked  liy 
Kvcial  iiihliograpliors.  An  engraved  pugo  ropresonting  a  portal  with  ii  mini- 
licr  of  statues,  astroiiuniio  signs,  and  other  elaljoration,  precedes  tho  title- 
li;i;.'c.  Till  printing  is  in  doiilile  cnliinins,  and  rather  crude.  'J'hc  diction  is 
llnwciy  .'ill  1  vtiliojc,  witli  the  siiperalmndanco  of  religious  inattor  to  liu  ex- 
]ncUil  fi'iiii  SIR  1  11  ]ien,  and  t!io  phraseology  is  obscure,  reiicli'iing  it  on  tho 
wliulu  very  trouhlesonio  to  glean  tacts;  Init  tiiosc  are  faults  of  tho  time,  us 
imuli  a-i  of  the  man,  whose  pious  biographies  do  justice  t  >  his  I'laternal  zeal, 
if  ii'i!  t"  his  judgment,  and  whoso  curious  aiuuils  rouse  oiir  interest. 

The  cnwiiiiig  liguro  in  tlie  biiiliogi-aiihic  .series  for  tho  latercoloiiial  period 
is  iiii.liriliicdly  I'liedrich  Ileinrich  Alexander  von  lliiiiiboldt,  whose  well 
kiiiiuii  \M)ik  on  \e\v  Spain  forms  a  review  of  its  condition  at  tho  most  ad- 
vanced p'-iiod,  tho  llrst  (.xhaiistivo  account  of  the  kind  I'Vcr  given,  and  that 
liy  uiicof  a  loreigii  race,  hithertoso  jealously  excluded  from  inaUing  impiiries. 
Til"  cxeiiiiitioii  granted  in  this  case  was  due  greatly  to  Ilumlioldt's  fame  as  a, 
siiciitist  and  traveller,  which  had  paved  tho  way  to  favor  at  a  court  roused  in 
aiiicasiirc  to  tho  lilji  lal  leipiirements  of  tho  age.  ]lo  early  displayed  a  tasti) 
fi'i- Imtaiiy  and  kimlreil  subjects,  and  was  allowed  full  liberty  for  his  iiielina- 
tiuii  at  tiie  nii'Vvisity  of  (iiittingen,  at  that  time  preeminent  lor  si  icntihc 
stuilios.  His  rapid  ;.dvaiic:'meiit  in  tiicse  and  other  branches  can  bo  traced 
L'l'catly  to  tho  iulhienco  of  a  nolilo-miiided  mother,  on  whom  had  devolved  his 
catirc  care  siiico  his  tenth  year,  owing  to  tlio  death  in  177'.)  of  hi  i  f alher, 
a  major  in  the  army  and  chamberiaiii  at  the  Uerlin  court.  At  (oittiiigeii 
lliiiu'jiillt  formed  a  friendship  with  (Jeorge  Forstcr,  companion  of  tho  iiavi- 
iratiii'  C'ipoii,  which  gave  impulse  to  au  innate  love  for  travelling,  and 
liclict  forth  his  reading  was  especially  directed  to  preparo  liini  for  scientifiu 
ixi'l'Mlioii,  while  a  series  of  contributions  on  subjects  randng  from  physics 
t'l  iiiiil.isophy  gave  evidence  in  his  twentieth  year  both  of  his  profundity 
ainl  tlic  variety  of  liis  attainnionts.  In  17!I2  ho  had  accepted  a  position  in 
the  milling  department  with  a  view  to  advance  ids  studies,  but  displayed 
sncli  iiiarked  ability  as  to  obtain  rapid  advancement,  as  well  as  important 
c'iiiiiiii»ioiis.  Ill  I7!),"i  he  undertook  a  scientific  tour  through  Switzerland  and 
Italy,  |>ie]iared  shortly  after  to  join  the  projected  circumnavigation  party  iin- 
'ni'  baiiiliii.  but  drifted  to  Madrid  ami  was  invited  to  select  Si)ani>h  Anierica 
as  a  Held  for  investigation,  lie  accordingly  left  C'oruna  in  171''.',  aceom- 
I'iiiiiiil  by  tiio  botanist  lionpland,  overran  successively  Nueva  Aiidalucia, 
^'liaiii>li  (liiaiana,  and  Cuba,  established  the  existence  of  a  connection  between 
tile  Orinoco  and  Amazon,  and  began  in  1801  the  celebrated  exploration  of  tho 
.Aiiile-,  riduiied  by  all  ascent  of  Chiliiborazo,  and  coniplemented  by  observa- 
tions..a  t!ie  transit  of  Mercury,  on  tho  sources  of  the  Aiiiazou,  and  on  tint 
krtili/.ing  properties  of  guano. 

Uiar.  Mkx.,  Vol.  III.    oj 


014 


FIFTY  THIRD  AND  FIFTY  FOURTH  YICEROYS. 


In  ISO'2  III'  left  ralliKi  for  Aoapiilcc,  Htill  (iccompniiicd  liy  I'miplnnd,  wlm 
attciitU'il  to  lidtiiniwil  I'csfiirclii's.  'I'lu' li'ttcrs  of  .MiiiiHtcr  I'niuizo  jirmiiicl 
liiiii  in  X<'\v  Spiiin  hh  cIhowIkto  tlic  attention  and  eoitjiui'ation  oi  the  liii.'liijt 
olliciiils,  iind  lu!  wuh  fnal)li;(l  to  make  invt'sliyutiond  coinicctt'd  not  alone  with 
till'  al)Htraot  and  coiuTetf  scionci'x,  wliicli  fornicd  liis  cliiuf  aim,  Imt  with  tiie 
political  and  iMononiie  condition  of  the  loiintiy  hitlicrto  no  jialoii>ly  viik.l. 
During  a  stay  from  March,  180,S,  till  the  same  niontli  in  the  following  year,  Ik; 
made  trijiM  in  dillt'i'cnt  directions,  emhraciiig  the  mining  districts  of  jtcul  dil 
Monte,  (inaniijuato,  anil  Zacateca><,  the  agricultural  regions  of  .Michi'iaiui, 
and  liack  past  the  .suow-crowned  volcanoes  l'o[ii,eiitei>eil  and  I/taccihu;itl  t^ 
the  aboriginal  center  of  Chohdawith  it  famons  jiyiannd,  and  tiiencc  to  tli.- 
niiasmatic  gulf-shoi-e,  diiireting  his  penetrating  oh.servationM  on  ancient  iiiiil 
modern  society,  on  moiddering  ruins  and  unfolding  elements  of  a  hi;.'hir  cul- 
tui'o,  on  .snpeiiial  phenomena  and  subterranean  forms,  all  the  more  interesting' 
since  in  connection  vitli  his  southeiii  explorations,  they  formed  the  )i:i.-<c  fir 
several  branches  of  science,  to  which  lie  lays  claim  as  foumlei',  not:ili!yiii 
meteorology  and  physical  geography.  Jlereturned  to  Kuropein  1804,  ami  In- 
gan  soon  after  at  Paris,  with  aid  from  ditl'eiint  ipiaiters,  to  prepare  for  piilili- 
cation  tlie  fruit  of  his  I'cniai'kable  tour,  a  task  occupying  a  gi'cat  jiiirt  ni  lib 
attention  for  over  "JO  years,  and  intimately  connected  witli  other  wnil,^  ,; 
cncyclopujdic  ri.iige  which  (lowed  from  his  ever  busy  pen,  anil  procured  liiiiui 
fame  almost  inn  i  v.illed  in  scientilic  annals. 

The  results  (if  his  American  journey  were  given  tothewor"  ^  in  Voiinijciniz 
ri'ijioiis  ( i/iiii/ii.r!<i/i .-I  (III  iioiiruiii  i'lititiiK  III,  f'(tt  i/mis  Im  aiiiircx  IVJ'J  n  JSC'i, 
divided  into  six  parts  in  'M)  folio  and  ijuarto  Milnmes,  nnd  eml)racingsucli  sfi- 
tions  as  Hiliilioii  JJiiiforiqiir,  I'lim  (As  Cnri/il/i  ri-.-i,  A/ln-i,  K.cuiimii  ri-Ili'/u,  i'- 
r/iis/olrc  di'  Id  i/roiirdiiliie  (iu  iioiiridit  cuiiliiiciil,  spoken  of  in  connectinn  «i:!i 
my  Sinniiiiuii  if  (lioijrdjihirid  KiKiirlnhji'  din/  J)i):rnri'ri/,  Hist.  Ciiit.  .l;/i..i., 
and  Ksmi  J'oilldjiie  sur  le  Ji'oi/ditini'  ilc  la  Koiinl/e  Ks/idi/iK,  Pari-,  1nI1,  2 
vols.,  the  rest  relating  especially  .to  natural  history,  geology,  inetenrcilu.T^ 
accompanied  ))y  niajis  and  drawings.  Most  of  these  and  other  works  ha\  r  Imii 
translated  into  dill'erent  languages,  and  issued  in  many  editions,  both  com- 
plete and  abbreviated.  My  remarks  nmst  for  the  present  be  coi  lined  tu  the 
iiVftt  /'oliliqid',  as  tlio  only  section  which  relates  particularly  to  Xeu  Spiiin. 
It  is  dedicated  to  Carlos  IV.,  as  his  patron  in  this  instance,  and  has  ,i  valu- 
able atlas.  After  an  introductory  explanation  of  the  maps,  it  opiii-  wi'.li 
physical  geography  and  its  bearing  on  agriculture  and  other  iudustrii-,  ai.l 
proceeds  to  treat  of  population,  the  causes  w  hich  alFect  biitlis  and  dciitlis, 
notably  epidemic  diseases,  and  characteristics  and  conditions  of  the  races  iiinl 
castes.  Then  follows  a  description  of  the  difierint  intendencias  and  picviini-, 
their  extent,  resoui'ces,  iind  leading  towns;  the  second  volume  with  the  tliiw 
last  directions  is  devoted  respectively  to  agrieulttnv  and  mines,  cuiuimivc 
and  manufactures,  revenue  and  defences,  followed  by  two  snpiilcuiiuts  "1 
notes  and  additions.  Like  many  other  jiarts  of  llumbildt's  work,  this  w':is 
lirst  issued  in  sections  from  lSOS-11,  as  noticed  in  J-'i/iiilmr-jh  ]!' i\.  .\l>nl 
ISIO,  and  Xovcndicr  ISIl,  the  lirst  complete  I'dition  being  the  folio  lulniv 
nie  of  l.^ll.  1  have  also  the  lirst  (;ennan  issue  of  Ks0!l-I4  in  ,">  vol.>.,  >vu, 
and  Juiglish  and  Spanish  editions,  those  of  later  date  containing  additien*. 


inrMDOLDT. 


m; 


Tlif  \:i!iii'  of  tlic  work  i.s  rccoj^'nizcil  not  wo  miicli  in  the  many  roprin!*,  an  in 
tlii'i'Xtiiisivc  use  iiKiilcipf  it  \>y  Iiitirwritirs,  liaiilly  lUiN'  oii"'  iittiiiiptiiiu  t"  •■'•ii- 
siilt  ciirliii'  imtlioritii'H  for  the  licM  lovi'ii  i!,  iiml  indiiil  tiny  <'oiilil  not  liaxc 
(liiiic  luttfi,  for  it  is  with  rare  uxct'ptioii.i  not  only  full  iiml  ULiiirate,  Ijiisttl  oii 
olliiiiil  ilata  frc'i'ly  jihuoil  lafoie  t]w  iuitlmr,  Kiit  it  niay  i>o  calliil  tin-  .,■  t 
(•iiiii|'iiljiiisivo  ami  (iliiloMiiiliic  trcatisi' of  the  kiiiil  on  Nrw  Spain.  N«\iitl:<- 
1, -<  it  is  not  t'xliaii.stivc,  and  it  iiiifly  trdcs  liai  k  licyoncl  tlii'  gciienition  of 
Iluiiil"'lilt'x  time  foi'  statistics  or  histo!i<;  infoiiiiation,  a  liivuinstanit-  nvc-i- 
Innj,!  .1  liv  many  ii  liasty  and  \ingratiful  hoitowi  r.  ]'or  luy  J'Imiiom-s,  ilioi.;.li 
tin  .>ciniu  is  hroad,  the  work  has  served  nieiely  as  an  aid  to  till  n  rtuin  ;-'iil's. 
Nnlic  the  less  do  I  aekliouledye  my  (plilii^ations  to  the  reMalihes  of  tlii-  tinly 
^'ifict  man,  the  liisL  to  liidock  the  Sjianisli  eoloini's  to  loitiL'ii  investi.atoi.-, 
aii'l  1  licartily  join  inj  voice  to  the  applause  xtill  riiigiiij,'  to  his  ineinury. 


Hri'cwitli  I  give  liroader  I'efeix'iices  to  some  authorities  eonsulteil  f'^r  t!ic 


jm  rnir.iu'  eliai 
til  4.  IJ!);  ' 


ters:  Ctdiiltii 
•J4-.->,  1.-.8-!);    n, 


MS.,  i.  ()!»,  !»t),  l.V.'-l,  17!t-'.'7,  1*04: 


l'.», 


■rl/l'K   I 


If  Ml 


llixl 


rnr. 


y\t 


,1.  hi  (■ 


.MS. 


.".(i,   4:)-.)0.  i:!4;  iii.  |-'   4-'.  .".;{ 


jia.s.si 


O/./. 


Ml;  V.  I-H  i:!;{;  v'.  (i;i  7(1;  ' 


fiiir/iio.s 


I' 


(i;;  -Jo.'J:  IV.  0'.)  i-t  he. 


viii.    )(»,  '.M, 
.MS. 


y.vr/- 


4    !.■>;    Li-^f 


I  hill  III . 
rili'rUiil 


MS., 
■)4-S;   ii.    i-i: 


!»-.s(i,  i-js-:;ii,  i.'.->, 

:«>!l;  ii.,   jKi.-i.'^iMi; 


:i(j.- 


IVi'l/l 


•J!),  <.17,    1()4--J04;    /.'. 


S-IO, 
MS., 


(),  )().")-();  ii.  r),s-(;;f,  i.w.i,  i7-'-:{,  •_':{7 


lassim;  ii.  l-S,  >St)  U)();  lil.,  Jii.-<ii 


I   .{.1 


J.'i -iili  iirid,  MS.,  pissim-   /(/.,  Jliniiln.<,  jiassim;  Jil.,  Si.li  niin  h  L'.ci  i/'iiii-i. 


ihn'ti',  IiiMn 
MS. 


i.>. 


).S-;f(i;  A-.u 


J 


iiitnii'. 


MS. 


l; 


I 


untrue. 


MS. 


passim; 


/'. 


).i.>>iin; 


'"I 


,  /, .,  .Ii- 


fiL',  !!!);  rcrt'ifiriirioii  ilr  Ins  Min:rili'<,  MS.,  .");{-,"i.  1  i!l  •_'();   Muliii'i,  C/i, 


]):■ 


U;  I'iiiiiIm  I' 


rii,iiri':niii(i. 


s,  .MS.,  '22\,  Hi:{-1.-);    Vill.i-Siiii.r,  Thmir...  i. 


a;\;1\ 


/•OI'lilill(''U-< 


J:>iiI.s,  MS.,  .V'   •_'()4-.");  Calli,  Mi 


li;l    ■_',  |Sl-.'{:   Iii/'ii'li'iilis,    Hull  Onli'iiniivi,   ;{47-4l(»;  ]) 


I,  y.,f. 

tsiiltstrinti' 


iissini;  Uuiiyiliz  JJ'.irild,  Tinlru  Kili.-<.,  i. '^74;    'J'/in/iii niniln,  i.  ■_'!iS-C{ii4 


(i'.'O  I;  Alfin;  J  list.  C 


Ji 


i.<,  I.   .'JS  4(1;  li. 


iiiinioi'i 


I,  (artit  id  Almiraiili',  .M.S.,  4-!>, 


Jil.J 


Ii  4;  iii. 

'nritijsii. 


Or 


,S;  S:u"' 

■I I..  "J-'.-.TJ 


y 


.1/. 


il  Cardinal,  Col.  JJof..  iv.  K{(J-4(),  Jid.'l;  Uniqi.  ih'  Jiidiii.-t,  i.   .")ti7  et 
'■„/.  Jjor.  /iii'd.,  x.\.\i.  4>,M  )-.■.()•_';  Corfr.-',  //!>/.  .V.  A'-;'.,  .Tt  .■>:  J'',.  Iii-i. 


I'rie  1.   toni.    1.,  11. 


Id. 


si'Tie   11.    tom.    VI. 


p.i-.-iiii;  Alaiiiuii,  JJi.<iiit.,  iii.   (i■_-^.">,   •_';>!)  44,  •J(i-J~l, 


.)-!•(>;  turn.    \ii.. 


.1/. 


i.  S  et  se(i.;  ii.  l-'J;  iv.  7-4;  v.  !).">(!;  Culuii,  JiK.'jiidii.-i  .Mililiir"',  ii.  .Vj;{_ 


(iii;  iii.,  iv.,  i)assiin;  Cmfii.s  ili:  liidh 


•VJ;  ('nrrinlij,  Kxtiidins  Hi"!.,  ii.  107;   I  ilniic 
'.KS\:',:  Id..  Tifd.  Mr.c.  1-"),  ;i4  4.".;  Jlili' 


It !-•_';  JJoi:  Kil'.<.  Mix.,  .M.- 


/•/,  Ch, 


i: 


iiii'i.,  .SI-4>>, 


'AWl- 


Id.,  Trnt.  Ml 
•I'Z,  JJifirio,  iiai 


.d'liii,  Ci)l.  Jjii 


.M.S. 


I 'nil 

,s--_'ti. 


'dn 


lilt.   J!i-i-i>ii.,   1.,   ]i,is.sim;  11.   sii 


III  ijlniiii  ittii,  l-l;>'_';  /I'lilil.  <,  Ili 


1!);  .1 


ml  Ill/Ill': 


Ml 


no.  cS  et  se( 


A I 


Ji:. 


iiUi.i  Jjoiiifii.  L'k/i.,  .MS.,  passim;  d'nij",  /'in 

'.,  I.'/I)~.");  Mofil  I'ndillii,  Citiiij.   X.    (I<d.,   ,'{-lS,    177;   i>ii.'<tii iitnnfi 


i.  ;{.■{  4:  .Ml. 


10  II;  /(/.,  Kl'i 


dis,   i.   ;i:i;   A/.,    Miilida.i   I 


(i:i  t:  Id.,  Vir.di'  la  I'lilri'i,  iii.  7-N  -4;   Vdliu-roil,  Kiij'i 


firifu'i/i'ioii, 
luidiidi 


.M> 


.v..  111-14, 


7-:  .Miihli inaijor,  Srnutr'tox,  3-!),   iS4-',)l;  Cdrlo.s  III.,   Itiali.t  JJj-ii/iiim 


/./.,  /!'.,  n. 


Ihluc 


issim;  r'.i/o//   di'   Lnrriidvi/iii,   Jir.,ii:il ,-,  \- 


4ljli;  Al-.nic,  Can-In.,  i.  71-7,  l()(i-7,  SM   \,  'MTr,  ii.  ,S-_>  et  .se((.;  iii.   I-H.  4i;-.S, 
(I'J;  iv.  ]ia^siin;  JUnra.  Hist.  dnlii/„i,  i.  (i7,  14l'--_M(»;  (Ir/i-..   Mi-x.   Imlii,. 

I'liiiirl,    Col.    J)iir.    Mi.r.,   4li:{-4;  Of'-.ro   if 


L.I: 


St  I,    l.")'.)--_'-J-_'.   4,s.") 


.1/. 


///.    (  nil: 


I.    Ml' 


I--'     l!»4-'-M(i;    Ln 


Di. 


.W.WI. 


) ill  ;!.');  J'aliilhj:  i)  Miiidozii,   111    V 


.Si- I 


!.•{;   M, 


M  et 


■<i- ; 


^i.jlu 


■Ml^ 


\'  a. 


iii.^i. 


.1/. 


J^Sli 


:W11 


-I 


CIO 


FIFTY-THIRD  AND  FIFTY  FOURTH  VICEROYS. 


H 


iK!-8,    IGC  •22");    Snm,    Eplirop.    J/r-.r.,    102-205;    Ifiimhohlf,    £ssa!  P,,l., 
4-1,   14.')-2;;7,    27;i;   ii.  .SIl-UO;  /</.,  X<  w  iS}i(iiii,  ii.  ;<,  (il,  1:{JS; 


IV.  L'l: 


;i22-;i;  y</.,  'r,ii, 


./.,    >:S. 


-•10,  (w-(j;  y./.,   1' 


V.   ;!U-."jI,  01  mS;    Sor.   JA.f.    (/.'</.,  Jlu/ilin,  i.   4!l-."»0;   ii.   iVS,  21,    ;!.">  Il 
iv.  Ii);  viii.  lGl-0;  /</.,  2»lii  (■p.',  i.  212-;};  ii.  570-7;  iii.  ;f07,  'Mi;  hi. 


L'l). 


Ill    12;  11 


><  riM'ihl  (/(■  SiiKsd,  ('(iiito.t,  iiiissiiii;  (I'lK  rrd,  Hi  vtti 


y.  f.-, 


i.  20(»,  '2b\-'A;  Sanoii,  Si  nniiii,   I'M;   'J'oi-nii/c,  J'crol.   Jli'^jxi, lin,  i.  ii-li;  l'.\; 

,   piiwilli; 


Zih'ihja   y  V.,  (  al< lulnrio,    2'J-.'{7,   (S2-IU7, 
clou,  jia-ssiiii;  /(/.,   Uii^lniiiuu,    1— 10;    Jluil 


120-;i((,    140-o0;   Li 


i-i'jiu:, 


,]>, 


vl  J)ulo, 


Jjiiriinli,    Itiijldnifiitu,    l-."2;    V(ii(j(i.:,    ('(irfd,    jiiissiin;    Ccdii/a,  Aij<i<tn  ,:i. 


I'.ijU,  1-7 

Mr 


01- 


Ordr'niil,   1-40;  -/•'( 
'M.\,  WW,;  ii.  07  L't 


I'io,  Iknhn  J-Jxci/iiid",  passim;  Ji! 


iii.    10,  70-1,  :iOS;  iv. 


■S,  41: 


OOctseq.;  vi.    12,   10,  21-20,  210-01;  vii.  4tS,  \ 


jassiiii;  vui 


11-. 


;i0-4 1 ; 


l.\. 


ir.O-OO,  .•{10-20,  40.".,  r>4S;  X.    12, 


-44,  401-2;  xi.   407-70;  xii.   200,  lU.Vli, 


0:!l-4, 


20 


i(;7-7i»,  i7;{-o,  .')0.vo;  /.(/; 


JJvr.  M( 


;{SS-!);  /,', 


OuIm  rill  I  litis  (Ii:  Mc.i.,  i.  ,'{7,  0.'{,  lOS,  144  et  sl'((.;  Mvx'ivo,  BoKqmjo  Jli  iuI.,>\\ 


hi.,  Ciiuiti 


40;  hi.,  (Jii 


noliri'  Xi,inli.,  .MS.,  [Kissiiii;  hi.,  h'.ch 


CiiliildK,  M.S.,  i;{-;5li;  A/.,  Jiifiiriiic,  0;  /(/.,  Miiiiorid  li'iivrra  ISAO.'.^-W. 


J'l.,  Miiiii 

a  III  I,  jj(\, 


l!ild 


IS-'iU,  «-0;   /(/.,   .Sola 


04,  1I:M4,  2;!4;  hi.,  X 


.'S,  17S-SS;  hi,  Onli' 


1-02;  hi.,  I' 


il.  J) 


IIH'I  ,•<  Hill'. 


.MS.. 


jia.ssiiii;  hi.,  Itujla  Liiica  Front.,  '2S-'.);   llo>^ji'iliil  ilc  la  '/'rn/ni,  I iiilriir.,  1-1.": 
iioir.dll  z,  CijI.  A.  Li  Oil,  140-50;  Lliiia  dc  llcicieiidd,i\.  120-40;  /(/.,  Foruslifn' 

aiivn  J'diiiij.,    l-o7;    iltxt  liidiix,  Ltt.icr'qit.,  00-1; 

lid  Oiiiit.,  i.  4;  I'iiikirloii'.-i  Jlmlirn  (imij.,  in.  liiii  ij; 


J!ii!,  150-8.");  Cdfitiilii,  Oi 


Modi 
Zi 


iriri'i 


I  rii  J  nin- 


ec, 


o,  J, 


lli'i;  Mi- 
Mc.i:, 


( 'iisiiii.i    Orcuion 


L'.ijili 

Vl-.,   Jill 


H77-S5;  Za 
oriiii:  AUiiri/iii 


•d.  Hist,  y, 

S,n 


v/t  /; 


iijure 


>rd,  Jlih.  I.tij.  Ult.,  iii.  ;i71-0;  vi.  100-20.1 
17-KS,  54-00,  ISO:  hi.,  Oraciou  Fumlirt 


■;^4,  :i02-5;  iii.  4;;j,  4!:(; 
In  Am.,   112-14;   Pib'^ 
220-55:  (/»/. 
1-11;   }■«.».• 


tdii,  Fstdil.    'J'ldild,  .'{  et  si'ij. ;  (iiii/drri'-i,  JJi.sl.  Lulli.i,  Hjl-ii;  (  'oiidi   i/dqin  „ilfi 


Oriir 


\Vi;  Znrald,  ltii\   M 


I.e. 


•M;  /• 


'/'■ 


)■ 


i5-(i ; 


1" 


xxxv.   11  et  sei|.;    lxxi\-.   1-12;    exxii.   20-7.'i;    cxlix.    10-20;  ecxvii.,   [i: 


<  'oil 


le  JJi 


iilirriOII    ( 
17- IS;  Fldtin 


(Jliili 


Ml 


;i-o 


.'25-40;   Li 
1-5;   Ji'(  1/1(1 


La  K.-il, 


'■/" 


'llo,     Jllxll' 


1-27;  .lii''<]iiii.'<ld  dl  I'i 


(/.,   l-i: 


.Ml. 


i.  ;i04-0,  :!.5y  S,  .•{0;j-4O2;  iii.  212-l(i,  ;{07-400;  iv.  02  .">,  110  2ii.  J-li- 


5  :!5;    Will'ii-,  Xoth 
IKS-.'JOO,  ;i2;{  4;  Fsi 


U( 


4-5;  Arrilliuid,  /■'< 


I  la.  Nut.  ( ' 


■'!> 


is:m,  142  s'.i; 


ildiii.  Fi 


il,i 


l-:!l;  E^ 


de  dtiat.,  40,  50-1;  -l/v/v//..,  /.-., 
ii'in  rfiil.  \\\i 


:m,  ;{4:{  4, 


A'oi.  iSiii.,ij'.i,'JO-l;    I'iiiiji  ri),  I 

51-80,    100-0,  247-0;  jfoi/ia,   i'odnjo  .\  i>\,  u. 


oO;  Li-rdu  dc   'J'cjadu,  A/iiiiit.    Jlist.,  .'{01-02;  (lonzdlcz.   Col.   Do 
140-50;    Jiiarro-s,    ('otiiiniidio  (lunt.,   2(i7-7(t:    (iir.cia 


l^.■:lln; 


Zd 


nut.  Mr 


passim;  vi.   0-i)i), 


74,  555-0 


vii.  40,  7S5;  viii.  411; 


1.-  XI 


A.   L 
V 


X.  1200,  1;{7I{:   Youmj'it  Uisl.   Mcc,  Oi>;  6uii  Halaidor,  El  Hcitlini'iciilo,  1-o'J; 
Cai.o,  Tn-.s  ,'iiijlon,  ii.  17;J-{>5;  iii.  7-02;  (Jraiiados,  'J'aidcs  Ati<.,  4;{0-!55. 


J5ff  \ 


CHAPTER  XXYIT. 

ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  ISYSTEMS. 

1500—1800. 

Pki  ri.iAU  Features  of  Spanish  Colonies — Tiik  I  .ti'remk  Aitiioiuty — 

IMVISION    OK    THE    IMIIES — I'HOVINCIAL    GOVERNMENT— MfNUirAI.ITIES 

—Local  Administkation — Indian  Communities— OFFicE-iiOLmNo,  1!e- 

STKICTIONS  AND   REQUISITES- SaI.AIILE   I'OhiTTONS — VaNITY  AND    I'RECE- 

iii'.NCE — New  Si'AiN,  Extent  and  Divisions — Offices  and  Duties  oi.' 
■111.;  Viceroy — Pomf,  Puivileoes,  and  1'ay — VicissuruoEs  and  .Ii  kis- 
mcTioN  ok  the  Audiencia — Oidoi:es'  Tasks  and  Honoks — Different 
Instance  Courts— Costly  LiTKiATioN— Causes  of  Crime — I'lculiau 
AND  Severe  I'unisiiments — At  the  Scaffold. 

The  Spanish  possessions  in  America  partook  of  tlio 
Roman  colony  t'oatures  in  l>eiii<jf  acquired  hy  contiucst, 
lu'M  as  integral  parts  of  the  state,  and  usetl  gri'atly 
fi»r  the  benetit  of  certain  classes;  yet  they  presentt-d 
iiiuiiy  peculiarities.  The  conquest  was  j»erfoj'ined 
uliiflly  by  [)rivate  venture  inq)elled  by  ininiediate  yain; 
tlu;  sovereifi^n  stimulated  bv  similar  allui'ements  step- 
]iiii^-  111  to  rea|»  the  more  solid  acquisitions,  without 
t'ostiM'ing  them  by  any  special  encourageiiieiit  to  im- 
iuii;ration.  The  title  to  the  Indias  ( )cci(lentales, 
iiiider  which  term  were  embraced  the  transoceanic 
(Idiiiains  of  Spain,  includiiiiL^  tlu;  lMiili[>))iii('s,'  rested 
iininiiially  on  the  j^a*ant  of  l*ope  AlexancU'r  XT.  to  tht; 
Catholic  sovereign;  and  by  virtue  of  this,  Charles  A'. 
Ini'iually  d'^clared  them  incorjtorated  in  the  crown  of 
Castile  inalienably.^     All  right  to  laiuls,  all  control 

'  'Coiiieni^adoihcontnr  )ior. .  .trcintay  iinevc,  i>  jiorfiiiait'iitii  (Irados  iIcIdii- 
pitm!  »)cii(l(iital  ik'l  MeriiliaiuKle  'Jdlcilo,  (jih'ch  i»)r  la  ISoca  del  1 1  in  Mara  nun; 
i  |'i>r  la  Oriental,  iior  la  Ciuilad  do  Malaca.'  Ilcrnra,  l)<.^rii}i.  /iii/.,'2.  Tln! 
i|Ui'.stiiiii  is  iiioio  fully  disL'ussi'd  in  Murilli,  Fasli  Xari  <til>i-<.  '-'SI  ;{,  \\t  with 
tlir  iiiiuhision,  '  liiifii  dfiiiaiTatioiiis,  noiidiim  tli'tiiiitum  est.' 

-  'IVxt  uf  de»ri'e  in  Jiaxiii.  linL,  i.  u'23. 

( sn ) 


vii 


'i: 


Mil 


r.is 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


over  natives,  all  political  power,  remained  \vitli  ilir 
kiiii^',  wlio  ke])t  jealous  guai'il  over  his  })rerogati\is, 
]esolve<l  to  exact  for  himself  and  his  favorite  subjictis 
every  heiiefit,  and  went  to  the  extreme  of  placing  nu 
colonial  thought  and  enterprise  restrictions  which  have 
generally  been  condemned  as  tyrannical. 

Jhit  Spaniards  felt  not  the  yoke.  While  loving  to 
rule,  they  preferred  also  to  bo  ruled.  The  nobles  liad 
trained  them  in  loyalty,  so  much  so  that  they  readily 
responded  to  the  appeals  of  the  sovereign  to  aid  in 
Inunbling  tlic  nobility  who  interfered  too  nuich  with 
the  free  sway  of  the  sceptre.  Foi-  this  they  receiwd 
among  other  i)rivileges  a  right  to  pojiular  representa- 
tion, but  it  Avas  not  long  ere  the  astute  Charles,  with 
the  aid  of  the  church,  managed  to  wrest  from  the 
communities  all  power  to  interfere  in  state  go\<  ru- 
nicnt,  and  to  assume  for  himself  supreme  contidl, 
Avhich  extended  also  over  the  church.  Still  tin' 
sovereigns  were  ever  devoted  to  the  iaith,  and  so  wcil 
ready  to  I)e  guided  l)y  philanthi'opic  prelates  and  sage 
counsellors.  Xo  country  indeed  can  point  to  a  <'"i|i' 
su])erior  lor  general  benevolence  and  wisdom.  \\< 
(1  lief  defects  must  be  attributed  to  the  mania  at  ^Mad- 
rid  for  excessive  governing,  and  to  the  sway  allow  cil 
to  leelintj:  over  staid  iud'>nicnt  and  determination  in 
dirlatiiiLi'  and  enforcinu'  it,  no  less  than  to  the  constant 
])ressurc  I'or  money  at  court,  foi"  which  so  nuich  was 
saci'iticed.  WhiU>  selfish  in  its  restrictions  against 
foreign  elements,  like  the  chiu'ch  the  su})remeaullioi- 
ity  was  sympathetic  and  lenient  within  limits,  and  it 
looked  with  ])aternal  care  to  the  interests  of  all  coii- 
C(>rned,  A\hether  Spaniai'ds,  Indians,  or  mixed  breeds, 
althoun'h  the  first  were  naturallv  rci-arded  v.ith 
special  favor.  If  jxreedv  ollicials  circumvented  the 
laws  and  used  their  ])o\ver  foi' oppri'ssion,  the  1>\\'V 
•  •lasses  who  suffered  were  ready  enough  to  recogni/.i' 
tho^ood  intentions  of  the  government.  Thus  for  <i  ii- 
turies  its  control  ivmaim-d  lUKpiestioned,  even  by  tlic 
parlies  which  at  times  jiresumcd  to  rise  against  the 


to ; 


DIVISION  OF  AUTHORITY. 


610 


viciiriv;  and  t'liis  it  was  al)lo  to  carry  out  as  late  as 
]7(!7  >\'.--]i  extraordinary  measures  as  the  exitulsion  of 
the  Jesuits  wit  lout  serious  troulile. 

Till'  administration  of  the  difi'erent  dominions  of 
Spaiir  resided,  in  ditlerent  ct)uneils,  wliicli  possessed 
alselr.u'islative  power  and  were  wholly  independent  of 
(■acji  other,  sul)jeet  o!  i\  to  the  sovereign  who  cimrerred 
with  liis  ministers  and  his  I'oyal  and  supi'cnie  eouneil 
(if  (';i>tile.  Thus  the  transoeeanie  po>sfssions  were 
iiitnisled  to  the  supi'eme  council  of  tlh'  Indi*  s,  h<tlding 
pcriiiiiiient  sessions  at  ^ladrid.  Its  jurisdiction  ex- 
truded to  every  de[)arvnient,  civil,  niilitiiry,  cc clesias- 
tic,  ;ni(l  commercial,  with  particular  attention  to  the 
wiHarc  of  tlie  Indians,  and  with  the  existing  laws  in 
Spain  for  guidance  in  framing  cednlas,  which  t<><>cther 
with  loyal  decrees  i'ormed  the  laws  for  America.  Its 
jiuwcr  corn^sponded  to  the  vast  extent  of  ti-rritory  con- 
tmllcd:  for  hy  it  viceroys  and  governors  wen;  made 
and  unmade,  also  }>ati'iarchs  and  bishops,  vww  the  [)o[»o 
liaving  here  to  sul)mit  for  a[)[)roval  his  hulls  and  brieis 
(.oiiceiniiig  the  Indies.'' 

For  j)iu'p()se  of  government  the  ])ossessions  \vero 
(li\i(K'd  into  viceroyalties,  provinces  of  audii  iicias,  of 
rhancillcri'as  reales,  and  of  royal  officials,  addantami- 
tiitos,  gohci'nacioncs,  alcaldi'as  mayores,  cdiicgimi- 
Liitiis.  alcahh'as  ordinarias  and  of  hermauihid,  town 
(iiiiscjos  of  Spaniards  and  Indians;  and  \\n'  spiritual 
aihiiiiiistration  into  sees,  parishes,  religious  prosinces, 
and  other  divisions,  whicdi  were  inteniK'il  to  conform 
tn  th(- temporal  hounchiries.^  With  the  di.^.covery  of 
liiw  abuses  among  the  e\"er  transn'ressinL:'  olliciajs,  new 
(iHirci's  were  created,  thtis  fornnng  whcids  within 
wheels  for  watching  watchers  anil  carrying  out  the 
king's  will.  This  (.lisision  was  the  growth  n\'  centuries, 
and  embraced  toward  the  end  of  S[ianish  (hunlnation 
thr    four    viceroyalties    of   I*eru,    New    S,:.iiM,    New 

'  l'"!'  tlir  lii.stnryaiul  rules  (if  tliishody  .soe  Ili.'it.  Vt  id.  Anur.,  i.  'JS'l-'J,  tluM 


.; 


SrlH>. 


'A~  (liM-Iaivcl  1)\  supi'LMiU!  (H'dor  of  I.")71.     Sees  were  to  covrcspdiiil  to  gub- 
tiimtoiiiil  luoviuei's,  aud  su  loitli.   Ittinvial,  Ui)il,  Chi/apa,  5.)_'. 


520 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AXD  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


ilil 


Granada,  and  Buonos  A3'r(,'s,  a  number  of  more  or 
los,'  IndcpcndtMit  captain-gcncralcies,  and  twelve  an- 
dicncias,  including  those  at  Santo  Domingo  ainl 
Manila.'' 

The  provinces  of  ro3'al  officials  were  merely  revenue 
districts,  whoso  heads  received  their  ap[»ointment  from 
the  king,  and  administered  tlieir  (jffiee  und(.T  a  ccitaiii 
supervision  from  the  viceroy  and  governors  atteudiii;' 
their  councils;  yet  tlicy  were  resj)onsible  only  t  >  th.' 
linance  tril)unal  of  the  viceregal  capital,  and  tliis  a^alu 
re[)orted  direct  to  S})ain.''  Adolantamientos  was  au 
early  term  for  gubernatorial  districts,  o-enerally  of  tia- 
defined  limits,  to  be  extentlod  by  farther  comjui'-t, 
Goborna(,'iones  were  the  pro\'inces  of  governors  win 
usually  held  also  the  ofiico  of  ca|»tain-generul,  and  at 
the  audien(,'ia  capitals  acted  as  presidents  of  tliis  IidiIv, 
Over  them  the  audiencias  had  a  jiassive  su[)er\  isiia 
with  active  interferenc>_  oidy  in  judicial  matters,"  an  1 
the  viceroy  could  contnd  them  only  in  a  limited  di- 
Sfreo  fis  rovid  representative.  In  1780  the  u-ulxriia- 
torial  districts  were  re[»lacod  by  intendencias,  uii'lii- 
intendentes,  who  combined  in  themselves  the  i)olitica]. 
judicial,  iiuiincial,  and  military  c()ntrol,  assisted  1)\" 
an  asesor."^  Tlieir  sulxlelegados  exercised  in  county 
capitals  similar  jurisdiction  in  subordinate  degree 
iv[)lacing  gradually  alcaldes  mayores  and  corregidori- 
who  had  for  noai'ly  three  centuries  been  ruling  as  dl- 
trict  or  county  magistrates,  witli  political  and  ici- 
nomic  supervision,  sometimes  indeed  as  govei'uors.' 
These  minor  rulers  also  were  appointed  chieily  \>\  the 

^Tho  ciTiitiiiii,  j^ll■i^■(lictioll,  and  cdinpositiou  of  ouch  iiiiiy  I'O  fdiiiiJ  ia 
Jtcrnp.  lie  Jill/.,  i.  '.l-',\  ct  slmj.;  Zanvira,  /Jih.  J./ij,  III/.,  i.  ;uul  passim. 

••Am  will  111!  I'xpliiineil  in  tlio  cliiipter  on  linance. 

'  Florida  was  ,si;liji'('t  to  no  audicncia,  owing  to  its  distance. 

*As  cxjilaincd  in  another  ciiaptt".'. 

•The  alcaldes  niayoica  of  \e\v  Spain  under  Cort(''S  were  merely  inti':!-ti>l 
'with  judicial  matters,  as  we  have  seen;  later  those  of  San  Luis  i'ot^i-i  :;n'l 
other  places  acted  also  as  lientcii  iits  for  eaptain-gcnirals,  and  cxi  rci.-'  I  in 
other  respects  the  duties  and  eeremoines  of  j^nvernois.  'J'he  lenn  tlu  i' ;"i" 
does  not  always  convey  a  clear  idi.a  of  -what  the  diyiiity  eor/sisted.  Cni  rJ- 
dores  were  inUiided  to  replace  eiicoincnderis  wiuii  the  Indians  fell  i  >  t!;'' 
erown,  as  i'X])laiued  in  //(>/.  Jl(.i.,  ii.  3J')-I!0,  but  alcaluci  m;.yores  luukituuk 
bimilur  duties. 


MS. 


IXSTRUMKNTS  FOR  COXTitOt,. 


521 


)f  more  or 
twelve  an- 

Ulli] 


imiufo 


:'ly  re\'e!iiie 
tin  cut  IVoiu 
T  a  cci'taiii 
j  uttendiii;' 

)llI_V  t  )  ill: 

I  this  aL;';iiii 
t()s  Was  ail 
•aliy  (»['iiii- 

conqiu.'st, 
rnovH  who 
ral,  fiiiil  at 

tlii.s  l)()i|\-. 
iU[>L'i-visi;ia 
.tters,'  aii'l 
limitcl  (1,- 


^  gUDc 


•iia- 


•ias,  uii'li'i' 

li  ]):)]ili(;t!, 

^sisteil  liv 
in  Cdiiiity 
o    dc'i;ivi', 

ron;-i(ii)lV.-5 

n^-  as  (lis- 

[\\u\    ici- 

)verii(  )!•:,.' 
ily  l»y  i!io 

lie  fdiiMil  ill 
issiin. 


fly  intrustc'l 

I  xcivi.-i  :l  ill 
■fill  tlu  Irl'iMU 

■i],  C'liiH-i- 
lis  J'ull  1.1  the 
uiulirl'.'ulj 


Iciim",  and  enjoyed  tliereforc  a  certain  independence, 
aeliiig  in  a  degree  as  spies  on  one  another  and  on  their 
stii)L'iiors.  This  policy  of  subdivision  of  authority 
ami  mutual  watch,  which  could  not  fail  to  strengthen 
the  control  of  the  supnMne  government,  was  prom[)te(! 
]iait] y  I)}'  the  distance  of  the  colonies,  and  precipitated 
liv  the  aui1)ition  and  quarrelsome  disposition  of  the 
early  governors.  Whenever  unsatisfactory  reports 
came  in  concerning  any  governor  or  magistrate,  the 
Iii(ha  Council,  or  its  higher  representatives,  at  once 
(Icsjiatched  a  visitador  to  hold  investigation  and  suh- 
iiiit  tlie  result,  although  at  times  he  had  jiower  to 
cany  out  reforms  and  penalties  on  the  spot.  Usual!}', 
liDWover,  tlie  only  investigation  needed  was  the  resi- 
ckiicia  demanded  at  the  end  of  his  term  from  cverv 
oHicial  with  air.' jurisdiction.^'* 

^[unicinal  fjovermnont  was  vested  chiefly  in  alcaldes 
and  ie!j:idores,  of  whom  lar^je  cities  liad  two  and  twelve 
irsiuH'tively,  and  ordinary  towns  two  and  six.  In 
miiioi'  places  many  of  these  ofKces  I'emained  vacant, 
iiaitlv  owiii'j^  to  the  interference  of  o'overnors  and 
tlieir  lieutenants  who  wished  to  retain  sole  control. '^ 
In  (itlier  places  the  alcaldes  were  mere  figure-heads. 
At  the  founding  of  a  town  the  munici[)ality  was 
olei'ted  for  one  year;  ^^  after  that  tlie  regidor  positions 
in  most  [)hices  were  sold,  always  with  ])refereiice  for 
iiK.iitorious  persons  and  descendants  of  conquerors. 
The  (hities  of  the  alcalde,  who  could  ajipoint  asosores 
to  aid  Idm,  was  to  take  cognizance  in  first  instance  of 
ciimiiial  and  civil  cases,  appeals  l)eing  made  to  city 
cMiiiicil,  alcalde  mayor,  governor,  or  audieiicia.      lie 

'"As  fu'.lv  i'\pl;<iiie(l  in  Hist.  Cnit.  Am.,  i.  '2.")0-l,  this  series.     Sec  iiltso 

/.'"7>.  iii<i.,'\.  'Ml,  ;!iis,  r.ij,  ii.  ic: J  ft.  SOI]. 

"  111  villa  di.'i'  lo  states  tliat  oiilyJH  towns  in  X'ow  Spain  hail  two  nloaliles 
t'lwiinl  the  eiul  of  the  ei^liteeiitll  eeiitury.  Jii.'<ln!C.,  18.  Soiuu  places  had 
iiKitiiscl  tlio  nuinher  to  tiiree,  Imt  this  was  checkeil. 

'- N'oiie  to  l)>i  reeiecteil  withir  two  years.  In  one  place  the  Re  ik  ImL, 
ii.  .'il,  l_'l(,  haa  ii  tliree  years.  '1  ne  distriet  ^^oMTiiur  or  his  superior  eonliniieil 
tlie  eleetinn.  in  the  i'rovineias  luternas  the  iiiililia  captains  were  in  later 
times  iiiaile  perpetual  alcaldes,  the  lioutemuits  regidores,  and  sergeant  pru- 
cai'adur. 


Alt 


■M*  . 


1, 


''^K 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


^y 


also,  assisted  by  a  vcgidor,  u;-avo  tariffs  to  shops  and 
taverns  in  towns  wliere  no  j^overnor  resided,  and  in 
such  towns  also  ho  presided  over  the  council,  a  piivi- 
]e<jfo  otherwise  hulouLjinij  to  the  Lrovcrnor,  or  alcalde 
mayor,  or  tlieir  lieutenant.  None  of  these  ])resi(kiit>) 
had  a  vote  in  tlie  assend>ly,  or  could  interfere  in  iiuiui- 
ci[)al  administration.  Honorary  regitloros  and  com- 
munal dej)uties  were,  toward  the  end  of  the  last 
centurv,  given  a  place  in  councils,  as  in  Spain,  after  a 
stuh'iorn  resistance  on  the  ])art  of  the  |)erpetual  nuini- 
ci[)ality.  Th(\y  could  be  elected,  every  second  year, 
from  the  trading  class,'^  Other  prominent  otlicials, 
partly  chosen  from  the  regidores,  [)artly  electetl  frmu 
citizens,  although  not  fully  repi-esented  in  every  town, 
were  the  alferez  real,  who  canaed  the  banner,  tlio 
procuradores  and  sindicos,  usually  lawyers,  who  i('[)- 
resented  the  council  in  Icjfal  matters,  and  made  oollec- 
tions,  tlie  treasury  officers,  and  the  alguacil  mayoi-,  m' 
sherilf,  who  could  appoint  lieutenants  and  prisond<e(;>- 
ers,  and  had  to  carrv  out  the  orders  of  o'overnois  and 
alcaldes  without  nieddlini>'  with  the  alguaciles,  or 
police.'* 

At  the  election  of  alcaldes  the  municipality  clioso 
two  alcaldes  do  mesta,  whose  duty  it  was  to  [iresidc 
over  the  semi-annual  council  of  live-stock  ludders,  and 
to  atti'ud  to  ren'ulations  conceiaiiu'j,"  douH'stic  animals. ' 
^runici[)al  funds  were  derived  })rimarily  I'rom  lands 
set  asiele  for  each  town  when  founded, '"^  sometimes 
certain  tines  could  l)e  appro})riated;  and  for  urgent 
])ul)lie  works,  suits  at  law,  apj)(»intment  of  agents,  and 
the  like,  contributions  might  be  levied  by  the  manis- 

'•'  /'( (•/■//.(  Ohjiilo,  Iiisfnic,  35-G.  The  other  icgidorca  conlil  not  oiiL'.iiii'  in 
trailo.  Tlii'il"  duty  was  to  .supcrvij-e  luarkot.-:,  shops,  streots,  iiiovcnn  nti  "i 
ptipuhitioii,  and  tho  like.  In  case  of  death  the  alealdc  was  suceeedcd  by  a 
ii'gidor. 

"Th'se  were  .i]ipoiiited  by  LToveniors,  alraldes  iiiayorcs,  or  ahaldis, 
and  existed  also  in  Indian  villa^'es,  when'  alguaeiles  niayores  did  not  tiL'urt'. 

''The  ooiMKils  were  lieLl  on  .lauuary  UJlh  and  .\iigiist  111  at,  in  conv(  iiuiit 
places,  and  must  be  attended  by  atlea.--t  live  hennanosde  la  niesta,  a  ili-iiity 
til  which  ev'ty  owner  of  UDl)  head  of  small  stock  an, I  "JO  mares  orcowsWiU 
entitU'd.   Hc'dji.  Ln/.,  ii.   l;{.'>-8. 

'''For  this  aiiil  other  features  connected  with  formation  of  towns  see  JJift- 
Cent.  A, It.,  i.  IJO-S,  this  series. 


MUNICIPAL  COVKRN'.MEXT. 


523 


tiatc  n>r  amounts  not  exeecdinij;'  firtoen  thousand 
i:i;ir;ivi(lis.  Autlicncias  t-ouUl  fxtund  tin-  Ifvy  to  two 
!iuii(lr«'d  pesos,  but  anvtliiuL;'  above  this  amount  re- 
(luiiv/,  royal  sanction.  Lands  and  certain  other  prop- 
iitv  wiie  leased  at  auction,  and  the  rents  intrusted 
-itarios,  whose  books  ^vere  usually  inspected 
lor.'"     Drafts   for   ordinary    exj)enses    -wci'e 


1  oKior 


i>-urtl  hy  magistrates  and  council.'^  'I  he  city  had 
li^lit  cuartel  thstricts,  live  of  whicli  were  adniinis- 
t^ivtl  judicially  by  the  five  alcaldes  del  crhm'n  of  the 
aiu'.i^'iuia,  and  the  remainin_n'  three  by  the  alcaldes 
uiilinaiios  and  the  corregidor,  subject  to  whom  were 
I'liur  p'tty  ward  alcaldes  in  eacii  cHstrict,  created  in 
L.tcr  limes.  There  existetl  also  a  sjjccial  patrol,  and 
lighted  streets,  although  tlie  latter  feature  was  se- 

after  many  e 


il   only  until  a  comi)aratively  recent    date,    and 


fl^u-t. 


i;) 


About  the  same  time,  1790,  fire-engines  were  made 
fni' (lie  public  offices,  tuid  ivgulations  issued  fjr  tlie  guid- 
ance of  the  people  called  to  assist  at  lires,  with  jtreniiums 
I'll'  till'  lirst  leaders  of  U'anij^s  who  (jbeyed  the  bell  s!!>'- 
iials  ot'tlie  watchmen  in  the  church  towers.  IJefore  this 
l!ic  iiciijlibors  hurried  i»ell-mell  to  the  scene,  and  iViars 


1(1  ili'iu'v  came  wi 


thi 


1 


inau'es 


anc 


I  rel 


ics,  so 


me  of  whicli 


v.e 


re  even  cast  into  the  lu'e  with  a  view  to 


;iwe  tue 


th 


I'.aiiic-  into  submission.-'    Among  this  crowd  of  })salm- 
and  frantic  hel[)ers,  thieves  found  good  o[)[)or- 


liiL;''' 


tuuitics  while  pretending  to  render  aid. 


d  not  cii,LraL:i'  in 

niOVt'lllrUt.S  I't 

HuoceeiU'd  by  a 

a,  or  ali';>lik'3, 
ili(l  not  liL'iire. 
ill  cunvi iiuiit 
losta,  a  tli^^iiity 
cd  Of  cow  s  V  aj 

towns  see  JJl-l, 


■V\ 


uaU'is.  1  artKill 


1  xoinitores  sluircd  in  oertuin  trusts  and  snptjrvisod  tlic  honesty  of 


m  iiiovi.-iuiis 


•l'r;itt 


til 


s  iiu  thi'sc 


I 

fund 


a  nuist  not  oxrtcd    ^,00(1  niaravi  di 


id  hal.-i 


"ulil  Hut  l;o  assigned  thereon  vitliout  superior  jierniit;  yet  tiny  could  lie 
111  f<ir  royal  celeliiatioiis — not  for  the  reee[itioii  of  [irelates  and  otiier 


i.'.awii  u|M 
'liL'tiitarie.- 


1:1 


Vet  I 


uucli  iimiiey  uas  sjieiit  on  suits  and  <!isplay 


L  uder  iJevilla  (Jige(h)",s  ener;:etic  rule.     Sineo  ITT'i  ri 
coiiie  In  eiitorec  street  li;;htin;,',  lirst  fni  tlr 
i'!iiijik( 


ited  (inh^-s  had 
art  of  Avell-to-di)  eiti/eiia  ami 


,  later  liy  systematic  levies  on  the  part  of  the  wai' 1  .•dealdes.     All 

tiiis  failiii;.',  the  city  council  was  given  the  eontrol,  and  lamps  were  erected  at 

>i  I't'  ;!.">, 4'J',I  jiesos,  the  annual  expense  for  oil  and  labor  heing  ahout 


:,  1 1(11 1 


if  il. 


\  lOal 


(1(1  pi-()s,  covered  by  a  tax  (il   three  reals  on  eacli  caijio  o 

led   ;!(i,t!O0.     Kight   corporals    supervised  the    lightiiiir.    U'r'iHa  (liiiulo 


Vill„.St 


Till 


10  ordinary  revenue  o 


f  tlr 


■LI. 


-4;  t.'((/ 


nor  'ipecilies 


•ity  came  to  nearly  halt  a  million. 


flillerent  soui'ies  and  amounts.  7 
ill  Diji:.  lH>t.  Mix.,  belie  i.  toin.  i.  41"J-i;{. 


I  rij I'll.  I.  .(,)-(). 


I 


C24 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AXD  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


Roo-ulatioiis  for  Indians,  as  wc  liave  re])cate(llysicii, 
\vero  lull  of  liberal,  hencvok'nt,  and  as  a  rule  wisr  incn.. 
iiros,  though  misapplied  by  rapacious  or  negligent  olli- 
cials.  More  consideration  was  shown  for  the  limits  df 
the  natives;  special  exemptions  were  granted  fioiii 
taxes,  and  many  privileges  extended,  as  if  in  repaid 
for  their  })rimary  right  to  the  soil,  and  their  povi  rtv, 
and  as  if  they  were  less  responsible  beings.  The 
(piality  of  this  consideration  has  no  parallel  in  tlujlii- 
tory  of  colonization;  there  is  a  pure  charity,  a  Itiidi  r 
humanitv  about  it,  which  we  look  for  in  vain  anioii"'  tlio 
other  nations  of  Christendom.  The  encomienda  system 
had  been  gradually  abolished,  and  liberty  graiilcd  1 1 
the  Indians  freely  to  dispose  of  their  labor;  yet  ad- 
vantage continued  to  bo  taken  of  their  poverty  and 
ignorance,  to  abuse  them,  and  practically  to  maintain 
them  in  slavery,  notwithstanding  the  many  strict  laws 
against  advancing  money  or  effects,  or  otherwise  to 
place  them  under  binding:  obli<;ation.  The  alcaldis 
mayores  and  corregidores  placed  to  protect  them  wciu 
only  too  often  their  chief  oppressors,  who  relentlessly 
exacted  the  tril)ute  from  wliich  tliey  (tbtained  a  ]tui- 
centage,  and  who  sold  to  them  by  compidsion  ns(  less 
goods  at  exorbitant  rates.  The  cstaldishmelit  of  iiiten- 
dencias  had  for  its  object  the  reform  of  these  abuses, 
and  improvement  certainly  took  })lace.  The  elTort  to 
congregate  them  into  villages,  particularly  near  mines 
and  settlements,  was  still  carried  on,  partly  to  pronmte 
their  culture  by  means  of  priests  and  example,  partly  1' n- 
advancement  of  colonization  and  increase  of  state  rev- 
enue, the  frequent  practice  of  introducing  laborers  I'loiii 
a  distant  })ro\ince  being  objectionable  in  many  ways. 


all( 


In  th 
il 


ill 


le  viUaues  so  lorme 


no 


stran 


Gfcrs 


must 


m 


owed,  even  o 


f  tl 


leir  own  race. 


an 


d  th 


ose  enrii 


lei 


I 

as  settlers  must  not  live  away  from  the  place.    J.av^ii 
villages  had  two  alcaldes  and  four  regidores,"^  elected 

'^  Though  they  may  own  himl  there.  Travellers  could  stay  two  il:i\s, 
traders  not  over  three. 

''-  A  uie(liiiin-i?ize  village  had  two  regidores,  and  one  of  40  to  SO  Imliaus 
only  one  alealde  and  one  reyidor. 


MANAOEMEXT  OF  INDIANS. 


025 


;!liliU;illv 
curatr 


n 


oiii  ainoiiijf 


tl 


10 


pc{ 


{•1)10    111 


p^ 


■cscnco  o 


f  tlu 


who  was  tlio  adviser  and  j^uido  in  nil  inattors. 
Tin'  tk'ctioii  was  as  a  rulo  iioiniiial,  i'or  the  offices, 
iiaitii'vilaily  the  former,  loll  to  the  liullaii  nobles,  and 
ill  sdiiio  villaixes  the  cacKino  was  ])erj)etual  alealdo. 
This  ollieer  could  inflict  punishniont  to  the  extent  of 
a  (lav's  iiiiprisonnieiit  or  ei^'ht  lashes  on  drunkards, 
aliseiitees  from  mass,  and  similar  oileiidors.  Greater 
ciilinits,  including  half-hiveds,  must  he  nicivly  arrested 
aii(l  t;ik(Mi  to  the  nearest  Spanish  town.  The  caciipie.s 
(ir  ciiicfs  retained  i\  certain  p(jwcr  indejiendent  of  any 
(itiiii;il  rank,  with  right  to  establish  their  claims  to 
>U(i(ssion,  to  wiuld  authority  over  the  Indians  with- 
ill  tliiir  district,  and  to  exact  tribute,  although  this 
was  moderated  if  reuarded  as  excessive.  They  must 
pay  the  men  cm})loyed  and  inili(;t  only  light  [lunish- 
iiiLiils.  ■*  The  privileges  granted  them  as  nobles  were 
"ciKiallv  abused  in  tyrannizin'j;  ov(jr  their  semi-sub- 
jrcts,  partly  as  a  relief  to  their  feelings,  which  suf- 
i'vivd  so  much  iVom  Spanish  insolence.  The  curates 
and  political  agents  were  generally  prepared  to  su[)}>()rt 
tliriii  I'oi-  eci)nomic  reasons.  Special  care  was  taken 
to  (lisjK).se  (jf  Indian  civil  and  criminal  cases  prom[)tly 
aiul  w  ith  the  least  expense.  Indeed,  processes  were 
iii)t  ])ennitted  except  in  grave  instances.  In  audiencia 
citirs,  a  lawyer  and  procurador  attended  exclusively 
to  ihcin,  without  char^'ino;  fees,  their  i)av  comiirjr 
iVoiii  lines  or  community  elfects."*  Cases  of  lirst  in- 
^talu•e  pertained  to  governors,  and  at  jNIexico  an 
Indian  tribunal  und(3r  an  oidor  or  alcalde  do  crimen, 
who  acted  as  asesor  to  the  viceroy,  attended  to  this 
duty.-' 

■^Xo  ordinary  jiulgc  could  seize  a  cacique,  except:  for  grave  ofTcnce.  No 
liKistizc)  (•(iuM  holil  this  ili;;iiity.  Hrrop.  Intl.,  ii.  'Jlj-i);  Zuinura,  JJi'i.  Lcj. 
V't..  i.  l.")'J  ct  i^erj.;  Icazhii'n tti,  Co/.  1)q<\,  ii.   \-l\. 

'■'  In  Kuits  Ixt'oro  the  audiencia  the  liscal  ilcfcudcd  one  party,  the  jirotcctor 
tl.c  ol!ur.  I'l'-op.  lull.,  ii.  "211!.  'i'ho  provector  and  defcnfiur  ullices  were  .sup- 
pii-viil  in  l,")S-2,  but  revivcil  a  few  jears  later. 

-'  For  its  sup])ort  a.  tax  of  half  a  real  Mas  levied  on  each  Indian.  LL,  20'>). 
A  clcrl;  and  ri'lator  assisted.  Aznirjt,  ///,v^ ;•'/.•.,  MS.,  11.  The  oidor  received 
4')it  pesos  a  year  for  tins  extra  duty.  Indians  could  freely  give  powers  of 
utii.ihi  y  so  as  to  avoid  appearance  iu  person. 


086 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


AiiioiiLi^  tiic  s( mrces  for  villa!j;'ore\oiiiU'  was  tlic  \i(.].l 
of  coimininity  luiid,  each  Indian  boinjj^  obliged  to  ciilti. 
vatu  a  eortaiu  auumnt,  or  to  pay  a  tax.  Tlic  IiiikI. 
Avcro  generally  invested  in  n^rtgagi^s,  with  advic.' ,,(' 
an  oidor  and  in  charge  of  royal  treasuiy  olHcials,  uiidic 
bond,  who  disbursed,  for  crown  taxe?-,  school  and  mis. 
sion  exj)enses,  and  other  jjiirposes.  The  capital  ((iiiM 
not  be  encroached  upon,  save  in  extreme  cases  unl 
with  approval  of  the  Indians;^"  indeed  this  as  wcjlas 
a  part  of  the  inflowing  money  came  to  be  held  almost 
as  crown  proi)erty,  and  the  real  owners  met  with  such 
difficulty  when  making  demands  thereon  that  llnv 
seldom  renewed  the  effoi't. 


Office-holding  in  America  possessed  special  featr.ns 
not  alone  in  its  allurements,  but  in  its  effect  on  thu 
destinies  of  Spanish  colonics.  Almost  every  jxrsoii 
above  the  artisan  class  who  migrated  to  the  Jiidirs 
came  to  en^'aije  in  conunercc  or  to  obtain  offici'.  In 
fact  nearly  all  the  higher  posts  were  occui)i('(l  liy 
them,'-^'  })artly  on  the  long  established  principle,  as 
instance(.l  by  the  restrictions  on  oidores,  to  let  im 
official  exercise  jurisdiction  in  a  province  or  distiirt 
where  he  was  bound  by  tics  of  kinship.  This  seoined 
the  more  necessary  in  countries  so  distant  from  tl:o 
seat  o^'  government,  and  whose  population  had  In- 
personal  concpiest  and  colonization  acquired  iiiorc 
immediate  rights  and  greater  freedom  of  discus>iiiL; 
them.  To  the  children  born  within  the  boun^ls  et' 
loyal  Spain,  and  influenced  by  no  foreign  ties,  imist, 
therefore,  be  intrusted  the  supervision  and  man.iij^e- 
nient  for  their  king  of  these  less  secure  possessions, 
They  also  had  readier  access  to  plead  for  positi:)ii<. 
Creoles  could  not  be  wholly  excluded,  and  a  sliarc 

'""'Tlio  audicncia  appointed  tlie  needed  clerk  and  collector.  Rerop.  Iwl., 
ii.  'J14ot  siMj. 

^'Of  70  viceroys  in  America  only  three  were  Creoles,  ftccidcntiilly  sn  in 
beini;  1)01-11  of  ollicial.s;  and  of  GOO  captiiiii-genenils  onh'  14.  In  ISOS  onlydiie 
l)islio|iric  and  a  few  canouries  were  held  by  Creoles  in  Mexico.  Alanmn,  M'j-, 

i.  r.'-iy. 


OFriCE-IlOLDINO. 


627 


liiid  ti>  I'J  ^^Iveii  tliL'iu;  hut  it  was  .sinjvll,  vcrv  stnall 
(•(insideri'ij^  the  suju'iior  claims  of  tlicir  iiiiccstry, 
wlio  ]i;ul  won  and  loyally  transmittal  domains  so 
ricli.'-^  In  addition  to  tho  discontent  civated  hy 
the  ])artiality  for  Spanish-born  subjects,  tho  position 
and  favor  enjoyed  by  the  latter  made  them  arroL,^'iii1 , 
and  tended  to  I'onder  more  marked  the  caste  distinc- 
cascs  anl    ■      tieii.  all  of  whicli  nv.ist  in  due  time  bear  fruit. 

Xeaily  all  high  ollices,  especially  those  with  jui'is- 
(liction,  were  :•<  served  by  the  kin_L;'  for  his  own  ap- 
pointment, and  the  viceroy  or  president  of  audiencia 
coidd  fill  tho  post  only  temporarily;  yet  his  recom- 
mendation had  weii,dit.^  It  had  frequently  been 
(k'clared  that  descendants  of  conquerors  should  bo 
niveii  preference  for  most  offices;  then  settlers  and 
tliits(;  horn  in  the  country,  with  s[)ecial  attention  to 
meritorious  and  married  men;  but  ceaseless  intiii^ues 
and  tlio  ])ressure  of  personal  interest  assisted  to  mdhfy 
this.  In  the  magistracy,  ability  should  receive  su{)ori(  )r 
weight;  traders  could  not  be  given  treasui'v  olHees; 
tlmse  who  had  been  artisans  could  not  hold  aleal- 
di'as  niayores,  cor-regimicntos,  and  similar  positions; 
])lanters,  mulattoos,  mestizos,  and  natives  were  also 
debarred  from  the  higher  offices.  Adlierents  and  rela- 
tives  within  four  degrees  of  the  high  dignitaries  were 
tleclared  ineligible  for  many  offices  witliin  the  same 
state,  but  su[)[)lenientary  laws  practically  annulled 
this,  as  well  as  many  other  rules,^'*  as  we  have  seen. 
While  meritorious  service  formed  a  main  feature  in 
tho  application  for  office,^^  it  was  above  all  necessary 

'-'•'"  Tlio  liheval  Ciirlos  III.  souglit  to  remedy  this  injustice  in  .a  measure,  but 
till!  pll'urt  (lid  not  prove  lasting. 

'''l']ven  the  temporary  appointment  of  governors  was  in  certiiin  cases  with- 
liclil  frijiu  him,  but  ho  h;ul  a  numlier  of  alealdias  mayores  and  otlior  grades 
at  liis  ciitiri^  disposah  The  governor  of  a  province  could  aj)poiiit  temporary 
ticasure  oliicials,  but  his  selection  might  be  set  aside  by  the  presi<lent  of  an 
aiiilieucia,  and  his  l)y  tiic  viceroy,  who  again  had  to  yield  to  the  sovereign. 
Par  III.  /mi,  i.  r)'J.")-0. 

^"  It  was  <leclared  that  persons  of  merit  should  not  suffer  from  the  rule, 
auil  this  sullicid  to  oprn  the  gate  for  evasion.  A  papal  decree  of  I'.V.)  eon- 
dciiius  the  restrictions  aLcainst  breeds  as  excessive.  JlonUi,  Fanti  yovi  Urbiit, 
5U4-.">. 

■''  runn  of  application  may  be  found  in  Doc.  Ecles.  2Itx.,  MS.,  iv.  pt.  0. 


S28 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


that  the  cmRruliito  sliould  owe  iiotliiiin'  to  the  trras- 
ury.  lie  must  teiitlcr  oatli  for  liiithfiil  mihI  loyal 
purtorni.'inco  of  duty,  give  bonds  iu  many  cases,  iind 
in  certain  instances  inventory  of  estate.  In  tcim 
offices  a  certain  i)eriod  must  elapse  en;  tlu^  siime  |i(is(iii 
could  be  reappointed."^  While  lieutenants  couM  he 
chosen  by  governors  and  others  in  dill'ei'ent  towns, 
otHce  could  not  be  held  by  substitutes  without  speciil 
j)ermis;sion,  nor  could  they  bo  resigned  in  I'avdr  nf 
another.  The  pay  varied  greatly  even  loi"  similar 
offices  according  to  location  and  wealth  of  districts,  ' 
Temporary  holders,  till  reniovetl  orconllrnied,  reci'ivLil 
merely  half  pay  when  it  fell  below  a  fair  amount, ' 
It  was  clearly  s|)ecilied  to  whom  salarii's  should  cnino 
from  the  r(»yal  treasury,  and  who  should  receive  tliiir 
pay  from  tines,  fees,  and  other  sources.'"  l^iynxnt-; 
Were  made  three  times  a  year,  in  silver — gold  Ix  iii^' 
reserved  for  S[)ain"'"' — the  time  counting  from  dtite  of 
taking  })ossession,  although  severed  obtained  ))ay  I'khii 
the  day  of  leaving  Spain. ^'  To  some  advances  wiiv 
made  for  travelling  expenses.  Certain  dr<luctii)ii> 
served  to  form  a  pension  fund  for  widows  and  or[)liaiis 
of  those  who  died  in  office,  and  others  in  i'orm  (if 
media  auata^^  went  to  the  king.     The  civil  pension  sys- 

'-'Tlirco  years  l)y  docreo  of  1087.  Ordeiies  do  hi  Cnrow,  MS.,  i.  8^.  ''alio 
gives  tlic  form  for  tlespatcliing  coiiliniiations  ami  tiUes.    Man.  1/  \<il.,  ]''■<-'<■ 

^'During  the  seveiitteutli  century  t\w  Iicca/i.  Iiid.,  ii.  Il(-1(!,  iii>t:iiKC^ 
tlio  foll.jwiii;,';  corregidor  of  Mexico,  ilOO.OOO  iiKii'avediH;  governor  ami  tup- 
tain-general  of  Yucatan,  1,01)0  pesos  do  luinns;  coriegidor  (if  Vera  Cruz.  J.OlX) 
)ieso.s;  alcalde  mayor  and  captain  of  war  at  Aeapuk^o,  1.000  dueados;  alialiio 
mayor  of  Taliasco,  300  dnc:a<los;  <  iuadala  jara  governor  and  jire.siilent,  Ii,.")!!!!  ihi- 
ca(los;  governor  and  captain-g'jnoral  of  Nueva  Vizcaya,  '2,000  pcdo.'i  dc  luinas, 
nml  corregidor  of  Zacateeas,  1,000. 

^^  l>y  decree  of  1700  those  with  less  than  400  pesos  were  .,>:'>mi)t,  and  tlii^ 
limit  being  shown  to  lie  too  low  for  decently  snppoi'ting  the  oIUcImI,  a  dcivc 
of  1702  raised  it  to  1,000,  with  a  partial  reduction  on  amounts  less  tlian  'JiODO, 
Jii'vil/d  Ciii/rdo,  Bdudox,  no.  7-. 

''-'The  ^lexican  treasury  had  to  supply  funds  for  the  Philippines  aL<d  other 
quartets  wlien  their  treasuries  were  empty. 

^'''  '.   'i-Oji.  Iiid  ,  ii.  r>Sl  etscq. 

*'  Yet  a  decree  of  1040  decided  that  pay  must  be  allowed  only  fron;  ilate 
of  taking  possession.  />/.,  20.").  Salaries  stopped  with  death.  A'o  deihu'.iiu 
was  made  during  sickness  or  justified  absence. 

"'''rhe  sources  were  a  half  month's  pay,  a  small  regular  percentage.  aUo 
salaries  acci  iiiiig  duiing  vacancies,  termed  rucafidiifa;  id.so  deductions  li'.iin 
certain  ollices,  called  (jiiitas,  and  other  sources.    From  the  latter  came  special 


SALAIILE  rOSITIOXS. 


529 


lie  trcas- 
luil  Joval 

'MSCS,  illld 

In    term 

no  jwrsnii 
could  1)0 
it  towns, 

lit  SJ)('ci;il 

I'jivor  lit' 
V  similar 
listi'icts.-' 
,  rc<'(Mvci| 
illlloUllt,  ' 
llld  Cdliii' 
,'ivi'  llu'ii' 
.*!iyiiK'iits 
old  Ixiiin; 
11  (!;itc  of 
pjiy  I'lom 
ices  WL'iv 
ediictiiMis 
I  ()r|)liaii> 

inn  11  ut' 
isioii  sys- 

i.  8.S.     Calle 

.Vo/.,  it::-"'. 

(1,  ill^lnlic'Ci 
Kir  iiuil  '"ip- 
Cm/.  l.diJO 
iilos;  aJiMlilo 
lit,  ;!..->; II I. hi- 
SOS  du  luiiias, 

i|it:.  ami  this 
;Iril,  !i  ilii'ivo 
s  tliau  -.'.OIKI. 

ICS  UL'd  OtlltT 


ly  ffoii:  'liitc 
So  di'iliictiMii 

ceiitapo.  also 

IK'tiollS   IV'illl 

caino  ispuciiil 


trill  was  created  only  diiriiif.^  the  latter  part  of  the 
linhtcL'iith  ceiituiy,  and  did  not  apply  to  the  holders, 
Miint'  of  whom  received  a  proportion  of  j)ay  from 
(iIk  r  I'linds  after  a  certain  term  of  service,  or  v. iicn 
iiii!i|iacitated.''"  In  protection  of  the  jiension  funds  it 
was  I'lMjuired  that  officials  should  not  marry  wives 
v.itliiitit  sufKcient  dowries,*"  nor  without  permission. 
iKl'ore  the  discovery  of  America  a  fewctfHccs  with- 
out i'lrisdiction,  or  with  minor  |)arti(,'ipation  therein, 
wt'iv  sold  to  bidders.  The  practice  soon  (.'xtt-ndcd,  as 
tlic  mania  for  office-holdiuLT  increased  and  the-  roval 
tivasiiry  l>ecame  <jfreedier,  and  law  al'ter  law  was  adde<l 
to  tlic  list  which  embraced  in  particular  the  positions  f>f 
tli'iks,  notaries,  ylieriffs,  regidorcs,  persons  connected 
with  the  colIectino|;  and  manau'ement  of  fundsof  tribu- 
nals.  municipalities,  mints,  and  others.*^  These  sales 
v.irc  Hist  authorized  in  the  Indies  by  decree  of  Juno 
17,  Ifi.lO,  subsequcnth'  amplified  in  extent  and  rules,*- 
,^o  as  to  embrace  also  in  a  measure  ])ensions  and  en- 
comiciidas."  Public  notice  had  to  be  given  of  vacan- 
(ii's,  ai  \  a  certain  time  allowed  for  bidders  to  pri'jiare 
tliomsilvcs  to  present  qualifications,  for  restrictions 
as  to  diss  and  talent  applied  also  hero.  The  sale  was 
lu'ld  iu  the  presence  of  an  oidor,  or  other  high  official, 
the  Iiighest  bidder  being  entitled  to  the  position,  with 
tiitaiii  exceptions  in  favor  of  able  or  meritorious  per- 
sons." Difiercnt  causes  tended  to  affect  prices,  such 
as  hard  times,  which  naturally  diminished  fees,  and 
(•oiiso(|uently  the  valuation.  Thus  the  otficc  of  high 
sliciilf  to  the  audiencia  at  Mexico  sold  at  different 

]"iisi(iiis  for  meritorious  persons.     For  particulars  sec  Foiiseca,  Hint.  Ilac, 
\i.  07  <t  seq. ;  M<x.  Li't/is.,  April  18j3,  31  ctseq. 

■"*(  'i  rtain  treasury  oliicials  had  to  deposit  one  fifth  of  their  pay  as  addi- 

tiiiliul  liijiid. 

"'  1  irides  even  of  subalterns  had  to  bring  3,000  pesos  fuertes.  Ri  villa  Gi'jfdo, 

l','iuth.i,  no.  5. 

"  Fill- details  see  TJwop.  Ind.,  ii.  54S-59;  Fovstca,  IH»t.  //rtc,  iii.C2etseq.; 
'«"• ,  Mi-m.  y  Nut.,  178-9. 

'^A/.,  7. 

*'  li'ifrop.  Ind.,  ii.  555-6. 

^'It  was  specially  decreed,  for  instance,  that  the  positions  of  regidores 
siioiild  l)L'  given  at  lower  rates  to  deserving  men. 
IXisT.  Mes.,  Vol.  III.    34 


^il 


Il   ' 


530 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


Umes  (luring- the  period  1G05-1G21  at  28,750,  122,7  In, 
and  50,000  pesos;  that  of  clerk  to  the  civil  court  vjirii  d 
within  a  dozen  years  between  G5, 000  and  30,000  pi  s(,>. 
The  twonty-four  receivers'  offices  of  the  same  trilniii.il 
]-anged  between  3,200  and  2,400  pesos,  l-tegidoics ,,[ 
[Mexico  paid  between  10,000  and  0,000  pesos.-*''  Th. 
sale  conferred  (Hft'erent  privileges,  some  holders  bcjn^ 
allowed  to  appoint  lieutenants,  others  to  biiv  1' r 
minors  and  achninister  ad  interim,  or  to  renouncr  in 
iavor  of  another,  which  was  equivalent  to  private  ^ali . 
Many  bought  positions  merely  as  a  speculation,  ami 
tendered  other  offices  in  payment.'*" 

Yet  the  latter  jierformances  were  somewhat  ham- 
pered by  the  rule  that  one  half  of  the  value  must  i 
paid  to  the  treasurv  on  re.signin<jf  or  disposinff  ol'  am- 
office  lor  the  first  time,  and  one  third  for  subse(|iioiit 
transfers.  In  cases  of  private  transfers  the  value  wm- 
estimated  by  treasury  officials  for  })aynient  of  thf  d  - 
duction.^'  Such  transfers  v/ere  valid  only  if  the  >rll  i 
lived  twenty  days  aft;;r  the  .sale;'^  otherwise  the  ciHiv 
fell  to  the  crown,  to  l)e  sold  anew  at  auction.*^ 

The  [)olicy  of  salable  offices  is  no  doubt  open  U'  nl.- 
jections,  although  it  does  not  appear  to  have  Imhu 
attended  with  so  many  evils  as  might  be  suppd^fl. 
^lany  men  invested  money  in  this  way  to  obtain  }mi- 
t-ition,  or  to  secure  a  safe  income  for  themselxr^  i/ 
their  childivn,  and  paid  so  liberally  that  the  salari'- 
amounted  to  merely  a  fair  itercentage  on  the  iii\r>r- 
mcnt.  Tliis  served  also  as  a  l)ou(l  for  g(,)od  coiiiliiit, 
The  competition  was  'generally  too  great  to  alii 
an  ade(|uate  return  in  the  i'orm  of  i)oth  sai.  rv 


low 


nil' 


^•'  Fnrtlicr  instancis  in  i'lilh'.  Mini.  >/ Xot.,4Q-ol. 

**  Credit  Wiis  not  cxtoiKicil  over  loiii.'  tiTiiis. 

*' Cfininmiiitios  liail  in  sromc  casos  (i))tai- i  '  '.'...  I'u'lit  to  sal  tile  ■  .i  '-. 
and  in  case  nf  a  new  in(.tunl)ont  tiioy  als(j  nil,  it  j)ay  inu  di'diiutidi 

^•^Tlie  transfer  must  lic'laid  IjofurL'  the  j.'iivi  rnor  or  otiier  suiU'i'iurautli"  i' 
vitiiin  70  day.s;  within  'M  days  after  landiii;j  if  i'esi:,'nation  was  made  ,, i  -■ 
Itiiyal  inntirniaticin  iif  otiiec  ninst  he  presented  witliin  fmir  years,  or  it  "  ■  - 
lie  si'M.   Ciilalit,  in  Pwliiro  imA  Ciirilciiu^:,  Vol.  l>oi\,  xvii.  .■itl!(-74. 

''■*  \Vitli(jiit  retnrn  of  any  jiart  of  its  value  to  the  hite  holder.  In  i  ,-.  : 
resi;.'natiiin  to  the  erown  the  deduction  is  made  on  tlie  estimated  vah'  :  •i' 
the  trea>ury  reajK'd  the  Ijenellt  from  any  Iiiyher  sale  [nice.  The  olliei  (.luil 
be  atlaehed  for  deijt. 


TEMS. 

750,  122,7  ID, 
.1  court  AJiiiid 
30,000  1  us.  ,s, 
same  triliuiKil 
Roujiilorcs  'if 
pesos/'  Til- 
holders  lnii;- 
3  to  buy  I' r 
3  renouiicr  in 
o  private  silc 
oculatiou,  ami 

mcwhat  ImUii- 
raluo  must  1. 
;posing  of  any 
'or  subsef|Uoiit 
the  value  \v;i- 
ent  of  tlir  (li- 
ly if  the  srllr 
•wise  the  otlitv 
ction.*^ 
bt  open  tc  nil- 
to  have  lioni 

be  suppoM'l. 

to  obtain  ]"'- 
theniselvis  ni 
it  the  salari'- 
:)U  the  iii\t-t- 
g(.)od  colli lu't. 
at  to  allow  ni 
th  sai.  rv  aii'l 


t  to  sal  lilc  '■!'>■'-• 

lu^tidi  . 
■r  .sup(.'viiirniit'i"'r 
,111  w;is  iiiailc  :  1  -' 
ir  ycar.s,  or  it  v.  .  , 

.•(■()!  I -74. 

iciltlur.     In  •■:•■'' 
4iiuatfil  vah.'  ;  ■'^■ 

;u.      The  oUiii   rvlu 


i 


PnECEDEXCE. 


531 


iiitt'i'cst  on  purchase  money.     It  led  also  to  much  cor- 
ral itiou  and  to  a  low  standard  of  ability.'" 

It  was  worth  v.'hile  to  pa\^  large  sums  for  a  position 
^vlli^ll  entailed  privi'ofjes,  at  least  Lionorary  and  social, 
such  as  are  eagerly  sought  for  even  in  countries  less 
Milijcct  to  class  distinction  and  Ci-ste  strife  than  ^VFex- 
ii'o.  The  well  known  punctiliousness  of  the  Spaniard 
^\a^  not  a  whit  relaxed  in  these  far-off  rcjgions,  and  it 
is  aiiHising  to  observe  the  trivialities  on  which  the 
staid  'jfovernment  would  waste  its  attention  and  de- 
crees.  The  question  of  precedence  was  minutely  lixed, 
(Veil  for  inferior  officials,  in  processions,  at  audiences, 
ill  clinrcl^and  elsewhere.  In  certain  cases  the  clergy 
should  precede  all;  on  other  occasions  a  governor  had 
the  precedence.  This  dignitary  could  use  a  cuslii;>n, 
hut  not  so  an  alcalde  mnvor,'^  and  certain  officials  could 
outer  a  tribunal  witli  sword  or  stick,  while  others 
must  i!off  and  bow.  Many  distinctive  forms  of  dress, 
still  reserved  on  the  peninsula  for  certain  classes,  had 
here  Keen  usurped  by  inferior  persons,  and  the  judicial 
(•apt.'  and  collar  could  be  seen  on  every  notary  and 
physician,  ay,  even  on  the  barber.  The  lawyers  felt 
paiticularly  indignant  at  being  confounded  with  their 
social  inferiors,  and  after  a  hard  struggle  obtained  per- 
iii)s>i(jn  to  wear  gauze  on  their  cuffs,  and  were  recon- 
ciled. Form  of  address  was  also  jerdouily  guarded,'^ 
and  the  manner  of  kissing  the  pax  lutd  to  be  ])rescribe'd 
lest  the  arrogant  wt)rshi]»per  sheuld  place  himself  on 
tiMj  (lose  equality  with  royal  devotees. 

Xew  Spain,  which  for  so  long  a  time  formed  one 
of  till'  two  great  territorial  departments  of  the  India 

''Pioviila  frigc.lo  recomincnils  lixcil  .'salaries  for  notaries  ami  otlurs.  ami 
ni«isi;ir's  tor  iiitrdducini.'  Iirttur  nioii.   Jitsirii'-.,  'IS. 

■''  ^  rt  he  of  Sail  Luis  l'uto.>i  had  thin  and  otiicr  lioiiors  fn'aiitcil.  -Irli'ijui, 
''lii-yi}.  Zai-.,  oT-S. 

'■'•  \'ii;cniy  anil  nndiencia  \voro  addressed  a:!  ro-i  hy  the  kiiii:,  hut  they  must 
'Ki' nil  iiii|iersoiial  form  with  fiovcrnors;  yet  \\\Ki  a:i('i"iR'iii  called  a  jiie/  do 
lH'iviiK  ia  vips,  The  vieemy  ii:«ed  hu-i'oil,  worship,  in  addre.ssin;,'  the  muiiici- 
I'ulity  of  Mexico.  Ii'iro/i.  Iin/.,  i.  (ioS  et  »e(j. ;  Monti  muijor,  Sriiuirius,  1 14-17; 
Ord-.nt^  (/,  la  Corona,  MS.,  i.  U2. 


'  1 


632 


ADMIXISTRATIVE  AXD  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


>!; 


Council,  the  other  being  Peru,  embraced  five  of  tlie 
twelve  audiencias,  namely,  Santo  Dominp^o,  ]\re\i(o, 
Guatemala,  Guadalajara,  and  Manila,  besides  the  c-iji- 
tain-gcneralcy  of  Florida,  extending-  from  the  soutlieiu 
border  of  Costa  Hica''^  into  the  undefined  nortli,  till 
treaties  of  the  eiLjhteentli  and  nineteenth  centuries  "avo 
boundaries  along  Louisiana  and  beyond  Califoiiiia. 
The  viceroy  of  Mexico  had  however  a  merel}-  noinl- 
iial  authority  over  any  but  the  audiencia  districts  of 
Mexico  and  Guadalajara,  which  extended  from  (Gua- 
temala, Chiajias,  and  the  bay  of  Honduras  to  tlio 
fc^outh  line  of  the  Florida  department,  and  beyond  Cali- 
fornia, a  region  forming  Xuw  Spain  proper/'*  In  1780 
this  state  end)raced  ten  uubernatorial  divisions  which 
were  now  converted  into  twelve  intendencias  ami 
three  provincias,  with  two  hundred  and  forty-twn  al- 
caldias  mayores  or  jiartidos."^  Two  military  disisidus 
also  existed,  those  subject  to  the  viceroy  as  ca[)taiii- 
general,  and  those  under  the  comandante  general  uf 
the  Provincias  Internas. 

Originally  New  Spain  was  under  control  of  a  L;nv- 
crnor,  as  we  have  seen,  who  held  also  the  oiliivs 
of  chief  justice  an(_l  captain-general,  with  power  to 
appoint  lieutenants  and  other  high  officers,  to  grant 
rupartimientos,  to  exile  obnoxious  persons,  and  tuenii- 

^'  'Cabo  (Ic  Tibufuu  y  lio  do  Coiiftos,  por  tlomlc  confina  con  las  Pioviiicias 
dc  Ticrra  rirmc'  Ahcilo,  ii.  7S.  ]SIost  of  the  early  gcograpliors  aiiplytlio 
iianic  of  Xcw  .Spain  loosely  even  to  Panama.  JJcsrri/i.  Amcr.,  lOI?— 1.  Thc^iu- 
rutOioi/.,  ii.  'J.i.'J;  <b'r(/).<o;(,  LWiinr.,  17;  J'Uiit»,  G'roij.f'JOS;  Ajiiunii,  t'o'inoij., 
C-7,  7">;  Memlo-ii.  llUf.  t'lt'inn,  .']()4;  Ort(lliii.<,  'J'cutrrm,  1  ,'(.  The  ciiuivli 
liistorian  (iouzaloz  ]);ivilii  follow.s  tlio  council  division  in  sayin,!i  'Arzi'lii-iim  do 
iSlo  J)oniin_.^o  rn  Xncva  Jvsiiafia.'  'J'ifi/ ro,  ii.  101.  Manccia  in  Kilil /ipiilio-i  i: 
ns  a  ca]it;iin-<,'cneraloy  to  a  latlicr  liinitc<l  space.  J)oc.  InviL,  xxi.  4!ia  .'!;  J/ • 
iliiia,  (  liniii.  S.  JJi'i/o,  '_'l'7.  'J'iio  .subordination  of  the  dillcrcnt  andiiin  iasto 
tlio  viei'royalti(  s  of  I'oru  and  Mexico  is  explained  in  J'cro/i.  di'  /ml.,  i.  ;ill!l,  ii. 
]  14-1(1  etc. ;  Lacf,  Xoi-Kf  Oi-/'iti.  '2'20.  Dnrinc,'  tlio  tcniponirv  transfer  of  tlic 
(Jiiatemala  audiencia  to  Panain:l  in  l.")0.".!  a  lino  from  bay  of  I'Viuscca  In  L'hia 
IJiver  fornuMJ  the  south  border,  (Iracias  ;i  Dios  town  belonging  to  Xcw  Spain. 
Jt'vaiii'  ('<(!.,  in  Pur/ino  an  1  (Yird'iKiK,  Cul.  Doc,  xvii.  ."ilVJ. 

^' A.s  explained  in  I /inf.  .!/(.'•.,  ii.  127!).  The  boundary  (juestion  it!  discussed 
in  J/isf.  t'ciil.  Am.,  ii.  7b'M.l  (note  .'ill),  this  series. 

•"''Alcedo,  ii.  7fl,  implie.s  that  the  whole  regioii  from  Costa  Pica  nnrthward 
contained  mdy  PJS  alcaldia-i  mayores  and  corregimicntos.  but  Villa-Sciior, 
Tidlio,  i.  '_>(),  writing  in  1740,  40  years  earlier,  mentions  14'J  alone  in  f.'iuinit 
of  the  six  sees  of  Xew  Spain  proper.  'J'ho  provinces  underwent  ehan-'isi" 
Xiundjcr  and  limits. 


riiui 


HI  i.'!  (li-rllSSOil 


rOWER  OF  VICRROY. 


633 


(Icinii  to  (loatli.  Under  pressure  from  cmicms  aspi- 
rants to  power,  the  sovereign  took  tlie  wise  })r('caution 
of  creating  an  audioneia.liko  that  at  Santo  ])(>iiiiiigo, 
ti)  ailiiiinister  justice,  and  watch  over  the  observance 
ot'  laws,  and  over  the  royal  interest.  Its  })resi(lent 
acted  also  as  governor  till  the  arrival  of  the  first 
vicri'dV  in  the  person  of  ]\Iendoza. 

While  representing  thc^  kin<>'  this  hi'di  official  was 
u'lvatly  restricted  in  his  powers,  especially  in  later 
times.  His  office  embraced  those  of  [)resi(lent  of 
aiulieneia,  governor,  and  captain-general,  terms  which 
to  a  certain  e.\.tent  indicate  the  authority  wielded. 
Aspresident,  howevei,  he  possessed  no  vote  injudicial 
iiiattei's,  though  he  watched  the  proceeding.vi  of  the 
(lidores,  signed  their  decisions,  and  directed  to  some  ex- 
tent their  movements.'"  As  governor,  ho  was  the  head 
of  tlu.'  depart",  I  sell!  s  of  state  generally,  watching  also 
over  religious  ou.-^ervancc,  supervising  the  treasury,''^ 
and  looking  in  particular  to  the  welfare  of  the  Indians. 
Ho  could  promote  discovery  expeditions,  but  the  privi- 
lege to  iistribute  cncomiendas  and  lands  was  greatly 
alisorhed  by  minor  governors  of  provinces.  Yet  with 
iiiiu  lay  the  provisional  a[)[)ointnient  of  governors,  ca[)- 
tain-generals,  and  intendentes  whenever  vacancies  oc- 
cnnvd,  and  a  nund)er  of  alcaldias  niayores  and  other 
eHieis  were  assii^ned  to  him  ibr  free  disposal. "''  This 
privilege  extended  also  to  ecclesiastical  offices,  where 
lie  exercised  the  roval  i»atrona!J'e  in  selecting  one  of 

'"Ko  took  cognizance  in  first  instunco  <>f  Indian  cases,  ami  iiiilircct 
cotrnizancc  ill  tlio  sessions  of  tlio  civil,  liscal,  ami  otiicis,  as  A/aii/.a  cxjilaina 
ill  liis  Ji/!<h-iii:i'ioiH''i,  MS.,  1 1.  1'lic  piirdoiiin'^'  jiowcr  was  greatly  rcstrictcil  hy 
.1  (Ireirciif  l(i.')4.  JloKti  ni'ii/or,  Sriiiario-',  llJO.    Si'C  also //(vo;;.  (A'  ///(/.,  i.  'A~',]. 

'■lively  Tluirsilay  lio  pivsiiloil  over  tlio  treasury  council,  and  dircctid  tlio 
»t(|n  for  incrcasiiiLi;  icvciiiics.  Vet  lie  could  not  grant  exemption  from  trilmtc, 
<ir(lis]ii,su  of  funds  save  in  extraordinary  eases,  lie  might  send  ollieials  to 
iiivesti.';'tu  tiie  iiKinagement  of  collceturs' de|iartilhiits.  His  i).)Wcr  in  llii.s 
io.':]nit  was  .similar  to  that  of  the  superintt^udeiito  general  do  real  haeieiidii, 
ia  Spain.   JJi/vnn,  i.  ',i'}\i. 

""(';ille  gives  a  list  of  tlu  in  with  tlitir  values.  .1/'//;.  if  Xn'.,  100,  l('i."i-S. 
Tlirir  )iiunlier  varied  at  the  jileasure  of  tlu!  king,  and  to  some  viceroys  spcci.d 
I'l'iiiii-  ioii  was  i.-siied  to  confer  a  certain  niimlper  on  'si'rvants  andadiiercnls,' 
Mliirli .,,  hrrwise  could  not  lie  alloweil.  /,';  ii'i  .■<(  <  dn/ir-i.  MS.,  ii.'_'">T.  'I'llc  power 
1 1  iiii]iuiiit  governors  ail  interim  of  the  i'hilippines  was  at  times  withdrawn, 
i^i/c. /„.,/.,  xxi. -102-3. 


"''^111 


4,   A 


"■  "CI 

^  I  ,■•■! 


534 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


m 


^ 


the  three  noniiiiecs  proposed  by  the  bii^hop.™  As  imv;,1 
representative  the  viceroy  had  much  additional  control 
over  the  church,  ^vllich  tended  greatly  to  exalt  Lis 
dignity,  however  galling  this  subordination  must  have 
been  to  the  clergy. 

A  still  greater  influence  was  derived  from  the  (»iiice 
of  captain-general  by  land  and  sea,  with  power  to 
appoint  lieutenants,  to  call  out  the  colonists  a.s  a 
militia  body,  to  levy  troops  for  expeditions,  and  even  to 
dip  into  the  royal  treasury.  A  council  of  war  sciveij 
both  to  guide  and  control  his  action  however.  The 
duty  of  attending  to  the  defence  of  the  couutrv 
enabled  him  to  interpose  his  authority  in  a  nunilnrnt' 
ways,  and  i'rom  his  decision  in  military  matters  thciv 
was  no  appeal  except  to  Spain.*'''  The  audicncia  liaij 
in  all  important  aft'airs  of  government  to  be  consultetl, 
in  which  attitude  it  was  known  as  the  acuerdn;  yet 
in  most  cases  the  viceroy  coidd  carry  out  his  own  de- 
cision even  if  this  body  ol)jected.  The  oidores  wniilil 
then  have  to  report  to  the  king,  without  his  knowl- 
edge if  they  chose.  In  cases  of  appeal  to  them  I'lnui 
liim  they  could  always  demand  the  documents  ainl 
determine  to  Avhoin  cognizance  pertained. ''^ 

With  the  creation  of  captain-generalcies  in  Yucatan. 
and  along  the  northern  frontier  of  regencias  and  in- 
tendencias,  the  power  of  the  viceroy  l)ecamo  uunv  aiul 
more  restricted,*''^  although  his  duties  were  by  ii'i 
means  reduced,  including  as  they  did  at  least  a  inMii- 
inal  sui)ervision  of  affairs  even  within  districts  that 
a[)peared  independent  of  him.  The  conanercial  in- 
terests  of  Xew  fSpain  in  the  Philip[)ines  called  his 


':»    i 


^"Or  I'ljcctinct  all.  Tliis  privilojie  had  much  to  »li)  witli  tlio  frerjui  ;it  an! 
liittiT  ([iiiurcls  liotwet'u  tlio  jmlitical  aud  ci'ik.'siastii'al  chiL'ffi. 

■'"Tlio  niiiitaiy  sy.steiii  will  ho  uoiisuUtiiI  in  cDiiiuclion  \\itli  the  l-iiiiiii.' 
of  tlio  staiuliiii,'  army.  Ki'villa  (iiyicdo  ciniMnoiits  on  the  captaiii-goiioiaKy  ai 
tlio  most  inqicirtant  of  tlio  (jIUoos.  ///.■^triir.,  li'lj. 

'■'  'J'lio  ]iii\vi'r  to  .so  (lotonnino  was  grantoil  only  in  lator  times.  Tlu  privi- 
loj,'o  to  follow  liis  own  doci.siun  in  most  oasL'.-s  sorvod  givatly  to  exult  tin'  viti- 
reg.d  authority,  as  intended. 

''-  A  Monree  of  regret,  wiy.s  Revilla  (Jigedo,  since  oomnninication  with  S|i;iia 
liail  lieeonie  .so  easy  as  to  allow  the  sovereign  to  inteilei'u  in  casu  of  iiii-utktj 
on  the  part  of  liis  ie[iiesentative.  lustrw.,  4. 


t>-    •' 


VrCERECxAL  CEREMOMi:'?. 


attention  to  tlic  Orient;  lie  liad  frequently  to  send 
aiiii~;  and  other  aid  to  the  iViitllles;  and  while  the 
(.(ivrnir.ent  of  Florida  was  suhiect  to  no  audieneia, 
the  authority  of  the  viceroy  could  1x3  exercised  there, 
and  so  witli  Xucva  Yizcaya,  Xueva  Galicia,  and 
Yucatan. 

]n  the  despatch  of  government  affairs  he  was 
assisted  hy  a  secretarial  department  of  royal  appoint- 
ment/''' and  his  di^'uity  was  sustained  by  prescribed 
court  pom[)  and  cei'emonies,  many  of  them  beini^' 
otlici'wisc  of  exclusivelv  re^•al  character,  such  as  the 
iunuid  reception  by  the  chapter  and  bishop  on.  his 
tiist  visit  to  the  catihedral  church.'^'  On  certain  feast 
tlavs  thoaudiencia  had  to  accompany  him  to  mass,  but 
not  even  an  oidor  could  take  a  seat  beside  him  within 
the  coach/'  Indeed  the  vicereo-al  court  was  modilled 
nil  that  of  Spain,  and  the  king  in  numy  ways  en- 
oiuiagcd  the  manifestation  of  respect  toward  his  rep- 
re^i'iitatives. 

The  formalities  connected  with  his  arrival  in  the 
oouiitry  were  particularly  im^jressive/'"  Processions 
if  hriliiantly  attired  citizens  with  banners  and  otlier 
iv-;il;a,  headed  by  official  bodies,  came  fortli  to  receive 
liiiii  at  every  town  along  the  route,  M-hifh  usually 
pas-cd  from  Vera  Cruz  through  Jalapa,  Tlascala,  and 

''' r.y  ci'dulii  of  177S  the  assistants  of  tlio  departnicnt  Mcro  iiiciTasoiI  to 
(i:!it,  <;illc(l  (ilik'iak'H,  with  a,  jiorter.     'J'hc  pay  nf  tlio  yiniii,L.'i'.st  was  4."i()  pesos. 


'.,■</. 


(/('  t(i  < ' 


M8.,i.  Jol;  1) 


isjiosicivni  1  Van 


i.  :i;i.    'J' 


ic  atiilioiu'ia 


itarios  cmihl  also  Lo  called  ujiou.     ]n  secret  alliiirs  a  juivate  secietaiy 


\\\\■:]^i  lie  employed.     The 


it  a]i]ir(>piiatiiiu  for  statioiiciy  was  in    IT'"* 


liXdl  at  too  pesos.   Orlif.  J/irri(l(.i,  MS.,<)±     hi  less  important  iiiatters  the 


Vl«-l-i)V  CUllll 


labl 


)re\' 


ate  1 


us    i^nature  to  iik 


Ui'tii'i 


^'The  details  of  obser\  anct's  arc  given  in  /'■  mp.  tie  Lul.,  i.  (!;V2-4.  Pi-elates 
C'lulil  Use  train-hearers,  1  ut  not  on  appearing  before  the  \iceroy.  At  Mexii o 
l.iiimst  dine  only  with  lii.' family, 


obsirxe  otlier  exelusivcnoss;  but  out 


c!  til 


ital  ! 


reater  freedom  was  en  oye 


.1.    //^ 


'.//.  i: 


I'nI.. 


li.  S(>-_>. 


iiuhsare  laid  down  for  the  defi'renre  to  be  observed  by  dillrreiit  olli- 
.  .'in  alcalde  f(jr  instance  being  allowed  to  sit  onlv  on  the  can  iage  stcii. 


lu'ii/or,  tSniKirtoK, 


117-lSct 


u'  coaili  was  drawn  bv  six  mule 


Vc-Vlll;; 


cr  coaches  stopped  as  it  passed^  cheir  male  occupants  vising  to  salute. 

XXV.  "JOo. 

order  to  swell  his  importance  he  was  made  gch'i'al  of  tlu^  fleet 
him  to  New  Spain,   free  pu>.sage  l<ving  providea  fi 


con- 


ns rctmue 


v.idii a  reasonable  limits.  Only  ids  unni8».nied  daughters  or  very  young  sons 
ii'u'.d  accompany  him,  lest  he  should  l>c  induced  to  provide  near  relatives 
villi  piisitioua. 


i<'t 


:""-  V  ; 


1  ?*J 


i^5 


536 


ADMIXISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


Pucblu"'  to  Otumba,  tlic  scone  of  Cortes'  brilliant  vi.- 
tory,  where  the  outn'oiiii^  viceroy  with  the  diiriiitaiii  s 
iVoiii  jNEexico  usually  met  hiiii,''\'ilthough  a  iiunibi'i'  dt" 
officials  and  citizens  had  hastened  to  tender  honiaL;'!.' 
long  before  this.  Here  took  place  the  informal  sin'- 
rend(!r  (jf  government  and  of  the  staff  of  captain-gciioral 
aiiiidst  pom^)  and  festivities;  and  thereupon  the  new 
ruler  was  escorted  with  great  ceremony  to  thecnpital, 
occasionally  under  the  pall,  till  strict  orders  ioiliad,' 
this  encroachment  on  roval  privile^-es.  Bells  rati"'. 
troops  paraded,  lircworks,  Ijull-fights,  and  other  rii- 
tcrtainments  followed,  and  for  three  days  the  viccr^v 
dined  in  public  with  the  rej)resentatives  of  dilfcrcnt 
civil  and  military  bodies.  The  cathedral  formed  ilio 
objective  point  of  the  entrance  march,  and  here  tlii- 
archbisho])  received  him  and  chanted  the  te  dcuiii.  ' 
Some  time  after  the  formal  assumption  of  powei-,  liy 
swearing  the  oath  of  office,  a  second  pompous  cutiy 
took  place  into  Mexico,  for  which  costly  [)reparat)oiis 
were  made  on  all  sides,  by  private  citizens  as  well 
as  by  guilds  and  political  bodies,  the  municipality 
alone  expending  as  much  as  twenty-six  thousand  peso-, 
This  extravagance  being  eoinplained  of,  the  king  I'oi- 
bade  a  second  entry,  whi<'h  had  absorbed  most  nt' 
the  ceremonies  and  festivities,  and  limited  the  drain 
on  public  funds  for  such  occasions  to  eight  thou>aii  I 
pe 


SOS. 


Many    restrictive    ci'dulas    were    direc 


•te<l 


d 


viceregal  pom[)  ana  aouse,  s 


1  ab 


such 


as  usiiiLj 


ami 


ag;»f/y  t 
ly  alius 


1 
If 


'''  Occ.'isidiially  TInsoala  was  oinitteil,  ami  on  (me  or  t\v<)  occasions  P;iuii.  o 
gcivccl  as  laiicliii,i,'-plaii.'.  Special  lociiitioiis  were  teiiilered  liy  tiie  rui'j^y  M 
the  piiiieipal  climcli. 

•■"L'luniultepec  or  (iiiadalupc  was  also  selected,  liiit  toward  the  end  of  ffi* 
last  century  San  Crisfohal  came  to  In;  tlio  iiiectiug-place.   B  lii'ut,  i.  .'UiO. 

'^'' A  chaplain  having  lirst  removed  the  sliver  spurs  of  tlic  great  mini. 
E.tf('ll'i,  x.wi.  L'ii;!-."). 

'•'^Ordt'iuti  lie  Id  Corona,  MS.,  i.  0  et  scq.  Callo  shows  that  the  jiall  wiH 
allowed  to  t;ertain  viceroys.  M<  m.  //  Xot.,  .')7.  In  Peru  tlic  expendituii'  w.n 
extended  to  1 'J, 01)0  pesos.  For  additional  features  connicted  wtli  the  in!  y 
and  assumption  of  government  see  JJ'nf,  M(.r.,  ii.  JiTll,  tliis  series,  I'.ni  -i 
describes  tiio  ccrem'inies  at  towns  on  tlic  Av.iy  to  Mc  xico.  I'in  iii'<,  M^., 
]'J.")~H.  In  Moiiti:inai/or,  Scinaiiu,^,  101,  is  given  the  foini  for  taking  tlic  uat'.i 
of  ollice. 


EMOLUMENTS  OF  VICEROY. 


637 


timing'  certain  public  celebrations,  acceptiu!^  a  lii-^her 
form  of  address  than  scaoria — exoellcncy  being  per- 
mitted only  in  late  years — obliging  the  oidores  to 
L'.scoit  the  viceroy  to  their  hall  whenever  he  chose  to 
jii'fside,'^^  and  expecting  them  as  well  as  other  digni- 
taries to  make  ceremonious  calls  on  his  birthday,  or 
Jiuiiig  his  sickness.  In  other  directions  his  privi- 
leges were  extended  with  a  view  to  i)reserve  the 
Ji'giiity  of  the  royal  representative.  A  guard  of 
honor  numbering  twenty-five  was  provided  to  attend 
liiui,  and  later  a  special  posse  for  the  palace.'-  His 
]iay  was  gradually  increased  from  the  six  thousand 
(lueats  enjoyed  by  ]\Iendoza,  to  twenty  thousand,  and 
later  to  forty  and  sixty  thousand  pesos.  Certain  legal 
fees  were  added  fen*  superintending  the  drainage  v.'oik 
and  other  duties,  exceptional  grants  being  made  to 
favorites,  with  permission  to  introduce  a  certain 
amount  of  jewelry  and  merchandise  nee  of  duty.'^ 
.^  goodly  portion  of  the  government  house  or  palace, 
and  of  the  buildings  at  Chapulte[)ee,  were  set  aside 
for  his  use,  and  the  service  was  covered  to  a  grt'at 
extent  i'rom  puhlic  funds.'*  Liberality  in  this  diree- 
tion  ai)[)eareil  tlie  more  necessar}',  as  only  too  many 
vieeroys  had  usi'd  their  position  to  enrich  themselves, 
either  by  direct  or  indireet  sale  of  [)laces,  or  acce})t- 

•' The  viceregal  olmir  or  thiniio  in  tlie  audieneui  clKiinlicr  eoiiM  nut  1(0 
oci'ii|iie(l  liy  tl  e  oiilur  wlut  tuok  his  plaee  as  pre.^iilent. 

■Of  oD  liH'U  with  *-^j>taiil  ami  lieiiten^i.tH,  oreate'l  in  ITO'i.  The  iziiai'il  of 
iionor  eoiisisteJ  of  a  captain,  a,  lieilte.'iant,  3  liuil-coiuinissiiijiicil  otiieei-.s,  and 
I'O  iMlljcnliers.  with  a  niontlily  \y.\y  or  lii  pcsios  or  iiioi-e,  tiio  captain  alono 
rrcciviiiji  iloiiblc  pay,  ami  later  that  of  infau;ry  eaptai'.i  'I'Ik?  men  iKiiilf'or 
tluii- iiiiiforni  ami  arms.  Tluir  allowam''-  etinie  from  v:ieati'il  en  ouiiemlas 
mill  otliec  sourees.  Tlio  viceroy  of  I'eru  iiiiU  a  yiiurd  of  JO  witli  three  liiui- 
!     '         '^  a  year. 

amount  varied.  Cidlc  mentions  IfJ.OOO  dr,  ■;i'-'  worth  of  cfTects,  bo- 
M  [<  -  ^."HiU  iii  plate,  and  an  annual  in' jjor;atii>n  for  the  h  )U.sehold  t  >tiie  \alr.o 
of -l.dito  <1  loats.  Mem.  ij  X"t.,  oli-7.  A  .v<-ar's  pay  was  aUowed  i.  I  ITHIJ  f.>r 
:i  liir.'and  leturhinu'  to  the  jio.st.  Unlfihi.  i..M).  Sec'also  I /int.  M-^.,  .1.  .'tTti,  this 
«ii"i.  One  liftli  of  the  (iO.OOO  was  allowi'd  for  the  otliee  of  eaptain-Lrencriil, 
and  rxcinpt  from  tlio  anata  deducti<in.  Tlie  ruler  at  Lima  had  lurj:er  pay  and 
mere  piivilcffea. 

'  I  he  prefeivneo  in  scleetluL;  servants  sliould  ho  given  to  deseendaiits  of 
C'ii!i|Uei-ors.  'J'lie  yearly  evpeudituro  for  palace  repairs  must  ni>t  exeeed 
I'Mni)  pe.>,.ia.  liidh'^  Ci'liil'i-i,  MS.,  ii.  11.").  An  ac.">uiit  of  the  ruoiiu  oceu- 
I'i'd  liy  the  viccreyal  suite  iu  1771  w  yiveu  iu  Vii\i)'s  Lmtruf.,  Mt?.,  jjl, 
Vii.  1-3. 


''5, 


:i 


a 


•0'i.^l 


533 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


ancc  of  prosoiits  from  favor-sccl<crs,  or  engagiiii;;-  in 
(lifFerent  iindi'i'talciiiLis,  contrary  to  la\v."° 

One  moans  intended  to  clicek  corruption  was  tlio 
limitation  of  tlic  ofiice  to  tlircc  years.'"  This  rule, 
li()\ve\'er,  was  st'ldom  adliered  to,  nearly  all  lioldiii^' 
the  ])o\ver  for  a  longer  period,  sometimes  from  t\V(  Ivi 
ti  t  fifteen  years,  several  heing  twice  a})i)ointed.''  As  an 
encoui'ageinent  for  g(K)d  conduct,  ]>romotioii  was  lidil 
forth  to  tlie  higher  paid  viceroyalty  of  Peru,  to  tlie 
India  CNumcil,  and  other  positions  in  Spain.  Beluiv 
leaving  the  country,  this  dignitary,  like  other  hi^Ii 
oilii'ials,  had  to  submit  to  aresidencia  to  he  compldcd 
within  six  mouths;  yet  bonds  wci'e  generally  accepted." 
He  had  also  to  leave  a  re|)ort  on  the  conchtioit  of 
affairs  witii  suggestions   for  the  guidance  of  his ->uc- 


cessoi'. 


79 


In  case  of  death  no  regal  cor'omonios  were  per- 
mitted.^" Usually  a  plierjo  tie  providencid,  or  inorti'ja,^^ 
existed  wlierein  a  successor  was  designated;  otherwisi', 
till  the  ai'ri\;d  of  a  new  appointee,  and  also  when  the 
viceroy  fell  sick,  the  audiencia  assumed  the  government 
with  the  president  or  regente  for  captain-general.'^- 


'^  Tlioy  conlil  yivc  preference  in  tlic  snle  of  qnieksilver,  or  fiivor  tradci-s  fur 
plfices  and  goinln.  (!ni;o  .issnmcs  tliat  pome  of  them  made  ;i  million  a  year,  mil 
Tirilieil  eourtievs  in  Spain  to  procn''u  an  extension  of  time,  i'o//.,  i.  'J'_*4.  On 
Ijirthilays  of  the  vioenry's  consort,  carriaj:e.s,  gohl  eliains,  aiul  otlier  costly 
jire.'sent.-i  Mowed  in  from  all  dircH'tions,  an  incentive  bein<.'  given  to  douui>  I'V 
inviting  tliem  to  comedy  representations  at  the  i)alaco.  Gnijo,  in  Doc.  JliJ. 
Jli'.r.,  seriei.  toni.  i.  48_'-;i. 

'^Cedulas  i)(  lo.")."),  l(i(il?,  etc.   Ticrnp.  dp.  Tin!.,  i.  ~A't. 

""Among  others  \'elaseo  the  younger,  ^lendoza  ruled  nearly  lo  years; 
and  three  (jlhers  from  1:2  to  14  years. 

'"Kiinivalent  to  about  a  year's  salary. 

''••  Under  penalty  of  a  year'.s  ]iay.  Yet  many  failed  to  comply,  says  ?il;m- 
cera,  Iiis/riir.,  in  JJor.  Inn/.,  xxi.  4.'!!);  perhaps  verbal  eonnminications  ^^  itli 
the  sucei'.ssor  were  deemed  sullicient. 

*■" '  J>os  Oydores . .  .  no  entren  con  Into  on  los  cstrados  de  ia  Audiemia/ 
J\foi!li'm<ii/oi\  SriHuridfi,  11."). 

•■' A  document  ke|)t  tuider  seal,  wherein  the  king  named  a  successor  in 
case  of  accident  to  tlw  inciimbiMit  of  this  otlice. 

'■-During  later  years  the  military  sub-inspector  assumed  control  of  his  ili/ 
nartnient.  Oti/iiiiK  (!,•  Ui  Cnroini,  ^Is,,  iii.  l.'jS.  (Jnhthir'n,  MS.,  iii.  ,">7  et  si'i 
J'he  archbishop  had  more  than  once  been  called  ti)  theollice  ;  lint  byeiilul:i  "t 
IT'^il  the  succession  was  declared  inadvisabk'.  'J'iie  oidon'!!  during  thcii-  mli' 
hail  to  I'nrnisli  montldy  reports  of  ])roc'eedings  and  were  restricted  in  up[i'i)ht- 
iug  ollicialsaiid  other  privileges,  licaku  t'vdula-i,  MS.,  i.  ^3-4. 


AUDIEXCIAS. 


539 


While  the  aiulicncias  were  really  sovereign  tri- 
liuii.iU  to  which  appeals  might  be  made  even  IVoiii  the 
(!i(l>i()ns  of  governors,  they  also  possessed  a  cn-taiii 
>ii|Hivision  over  affairs  and  had  to  report  to  the  India 
('(nmcil,  o-iving  sunijjestions  on  all  points  that  miuht 
jiidiiiote  the  interests  of  the  crown  and  the  welfare  of 
(olonists  and  natives.  Thev  were  given  jurisdiction 
ill  the  residencias  of  the  infeiior  judiciary,  and  could 
s,  Mil  forth  members  or  special  agents  t(^  investigate 
ihcir  administration.  They  had  cognizance  in  matters 
(il'iilhes,  royal  patronage,  and  treasury,  and  could  hx 
IK  it  only  notarial  and  court  fees,  but  those  of  ecclesi- 
astic tri!)unals,  watch  over  the  friars  and  clergy,  inter- 
i'vvr  in  their  estates  and  revenues,  and  take  coiiiiizance 
cvrii  in  cases  decided  by  their  visitadores.  These 
]M>\\\rs  were  not  enjoyed  by  similar  bodies  in  Spain, 
iliirlly  because  the  supreme  councils  and  govermnent 
W(  iv  nearer  at  hand.*"^ 

The  fu'st  audiencia  in  America,  that  at  Santo  Do- 
mingo, enjoyed  for  a  time  special  supervision  over  all 
\\ic  new  woi'ld,  and  its  president  attended  to  the  gov- 
( Tuiiicnt  of  the  island,  without  vote  injudicial  matters. 
Oil  a  similar  l)asis  were  formed  the  sui)sefpient  bodies, 
with  certain  limitations,  such  as  vesting  the  presidency 
ill  the  vii-eroy  where  one  existed,  with  greater  indepen- 
(Itiiro  of  action,  and  in  subordinating  certain  audiencias 
to  those  of  older  standing. 

At  first  only  four  oidores  had  been  nppointed  for 
Mexico,  but  it  soon  became  ai)})arent  that  this  mnnber 
\v;i>  too  small  to  attend  even  to  the  increasing  civil 
Mills  and  government  cases,  while  the  criminal  de- 
]>iiitment  was  greatly  neglected.""*  Tliis  led  to  an 
iiiiivase  of  theii'  number  and  the  a|>pointment  of  ad- 
(lilidiial  olHcers  till  the  bodyin  the  mi(hlleof  the  eight- 
iviiih  century  consisted  of  twelve  oidores,  six  alcaldes 
tlel  crimen,  two  liscales  or  })rosecutors,  one  alguacil 

•^  Thoy  could  report  also  on  the  conduct  of  tlic  viceroy,  assembling  for  such 
piii'i  (i>i'  witlior.t  his  intervention.    MmitiiiKtiinr,  Smiarias,  101. 

'  ■  Sc  ohidan.  o  se  mueren  los  jiresos  en  la  <'ar(,'el  antes  ijiie  hlegue  la  cx« 
siLUi'lou,'    I'tlu.'ico,  Curia,  in  Caiian  dc  haliii'',  '2iHi. 


^ 


;l 


dm 
'fit 


a;*,, 


C40 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


W  "H 


a 


mayor  or  lili^h  slicrifF,  one  caiicillcr  who  kept  Ww 
ro^-al  seal,  with  a  nuinhcr  of  minor  attaches,*""  (li\  i(l(  il 
into  three  courts,  two  for  civil  and  one  for  criminal 
cases.  Changes  continued  to  take  ])lace,  and  ]>\  law 
of  177G  a  regento  was  appointed  for  eacli  auchenda, 
who  constituted  a  kind  of  cliief  justice,  with  p(j\ver  to 
reguhite  the  duties  of  thebidores,  to  form  special  couits, 
to  sit  as  judge  in  any  court,  and  to  preside  in  ahstiicu 
of  the  viceroy  or  president.  Indeed,  lie  ahsorltcdu 
certain  degree  of  authority  from  the  latter,'*^  and  was 
entitled  to  special  respect.  About  the  same  time  tlic 
number  of  oidorcs  was  reduced  to  ten,  with  five  al- 
caldes del  crimen  and  two  fiscales,  forniiuLj  oidv  t\\<» 
courts.**'  A  special  fiscal  attended  to  treasury  mattii-. 
The  inferior  audiencias  had  only  five  oidores,  with 
president,  I'egente,  and  two  fiscals,  in  two  courts,  tn- 
getlier  with  alguacil  mayor,  canciller,  and  miimr 
attaches,  but  without  alcaldes.'^  The  alcaldes  (M 
crimen  had  cognizance,  in  first  instance,  in  civil  mid 
cr'iminal  cases  within  five  leagues  of  the  capital,  ami 
in  second  instance  of  criminal  cases  for  all  the  auditn- 
cia  district,  with  appeal  only  to  themselves.  In  death 
]>enalties  the  afhrmativc  votes  of  three  alcaldes  w  eif 
required,  and  in  cases  of  doubt  oidores  could  be  un- 
signed to  assist  in  obtaining  a  decision.^'' 

The  audiencia  courts  had  hours  and  da3\s  for  certain 

^  Such  as  the  v  lafnrrn,  who  made  the  brief;  the  p^rrUinnoK,  or  clerks  of  the 
court  with  hU  iiiils;  ricc/iloren,  receivers  or  tivasurcrs,  witli  as  many  ns  Jl 
(k'liutics,  wlioso  positions  were  salal)le;  vfjidiiidores,  assessors  and  distiilni- 
tors;  tdfiddari'-i,  a[)praisers;  procnradorcn,  proctors,  as  many  as  1'2,  sil.ilile 
positions;  interpreters,  and  messenj,'crs.  I'lco/,.  de  /nil.,  i.  4-4:>  et  seq.  I'/V- 
1^1  Tior,  Tli'<i/rn,  i.  ;{7,  et  seq.  Tlie  fund  for  jjaying  the  min(jr  eoui-t  att.i'  Ins 
eanie  fi'oni  tiie  lialf  grano  tax  on  pulque,  which  was  too  small.  lUi-lUa  6''";/"/", 
Jimlnic,  ."^O. 

t<i\',.(-  Hio  vir.piTi\r  f.niil(l  still  dccido  on  tiie  formation  of  certain  courts,  iind 


tl 


le  assiLrnni 


.•eroy  could  still  deculo  on  tl 
(■:it  of  oidores  to  certain  duties.    Kesiulations  concern 


til 


Za 


irt  of  tliird  court 


li;i>.  Lnj.  rii..  V.  -JOT,  et.seq.;  Jkkj 


was  lormei 


I  for  intestate  cases. 


•ii  COJ'. 


illic'J 

ii.  oiji-i. 


f^^Kevill.u; 


ijceted  to  this  reduced  number  of  oidores  as  excf 


and  considered  tlic  rei.'cnte  supcrliuous.   Iiistnir.,  I.VIT;  Z(i 


''"For  dati'  (if  creation  and  duties,  sec  J'ccop.  dc  Intl.;  Za 


etc. 

y/AsC.  VvnL  A I 


dati 


ions  tor  audiencias  in  <;encral  Iiavc 


fully 


17--';  U'lnm, 
Ic 


consiilei 


7(>-r{.     Special  and  minute  rules  for  con.scicnce  ami 


duct  are  given  \\\  Movono^  Uvijlaa,  oOpp.,  ^Mexico,  KI.'iT.    Annotations  etc.  m 


L(  in's  Var 


Allot.,  31  etc.;  Fruvidcufias  Ikuku,  MS.,  '21)  et  seq. 


TIIK  HALL  OF  JUSTICE. 


541 


suliji'cts,  such  as  finance,  Indians,  tlio  poor,  anfl  these 
l;i>t  liad  to  be  given  as  much  prefeiH.'Uce  as  jxtssihle. 
Tlii'V  liad  also  special  duties  which  brought  additional 
iv\i  line,  and  these  were  the  most  acceptal)le;  for  con- 
>i(Uring  the  dignity  to  be  sustained,  their  pay  of  four 
thousand  five  luuuh'ed  pesos  was  small.'*"  They  took 
ill  turn  the  posts  of  judges  of  appeal  iVom  different  sub- 
(nuits,  and  could  also  aece])t  missions  to  investigato 
iiiid  >upervise  de[)artments  in  county  and  town."'  These 
missions  were  independent  of  the  tours  of  inspection 
wliiih  an  oidor  had  to  ])erform  every  three  years,  or 
dt'ti  lur  if  decreed  expedient,  accompanied  by  the  clerk 
(if  the  court  and  other  officials,  for  holdinij  investiga- 
til  111  into  civil,  criminal,  and  ecclesiastical  matters.  A 
lihri;d  sum  was  allowed  him  for  expenses,  since  no 
L;il'ts  even  of  provisions  could  be  accepted.'^^ 

A  number  of  laws  prescribed  the  ceremonies  with 
viiiih  the  dignity  of  this  high  tribunal  should  be  up- 
liild.  Their  court  chamber  itself  had  an  imposing 
appearance.  At  the  further  end  ro.se  a  dais  covered 
Avith  rich  carpets  under  a  canopy  of  <lamask  garnished 
vith  gold  lace.  Here  stood  the  velvet-covered  chair 
\vith  footstool  for  the  viceroy.  On  either  side  sat 
thr  oidores,  the  regente  and  eldest  member  nearest. 
A  little  lower  were  seats  on  both  sides  for  the  attor- 
lu'V-general,  high  sheriff,  counsel  for  the  i)Oor,  ])ro- 
tictor  and  defender  of  Indians,  and  lawyers  having 
ra>cs  before  the  court.     The  nobilitv  and  citv  coun- 


'Ai 


"I"or  oidores,  alcaldes,  and  fiscales;  tlic  regente  liad  0,000,  tlio  relatoros 
Tliii,  mill  lisu  lies' aids  800.  Mcx.,  dirular  Xonih.,  ^IS.,  })[.  7.  In  l-ViS  tlio 
djildics'  i):iy  had  lieoii  increased  from  (j.")0,000  niaiavedi's  to  syo,n()0.  /'",'/'(, 
i'i.iliil'iviij,'liY.\,  Tiie  criminal  fiscal  was  f,'eiierally  proiiiiited  to  tlie  civil  de- 
I'aitiiiciit.  The  civil  rclatorcs  had  in  Callc's  time  .">00  ]icsos  ch'  oio  pay,  and 
'J."i<l  ill  fees,  hut  the  criminal  relatoics  had  only  50(J.  Tiie  ]iorteios  had  4'M> 
liiuats.  The  la.st  two  classea  ,  ere  appointed  by  the  president  ot  tliu  India 
Coiiiic-il.  Mi'in.  y  Not.,  47. 

"'  All  allowance  of  \'l  pesos  a  day  '.vas  granted  for  visiting  duty.  Ordnies 
<!i  I'l  ('ofoiKt,  MS.,  iii.  TiT-S,  1G4.  C'  ";ores  should  properly  go  only  in  graver 
easi.s,  and  resident  judges  must  be  employed  whenever  pos.silile.  Jlri-op.  I  in/., 
IWi  7.  The  appointment  was  frequently  made  by  the  viceroy,  (hic  super- 
visid  the  theatre;  nuother  the  lottery,  the  cruzada,  the  drainage,  or  other  de- 
pai'tniL'iit. 

"•  1 1  Mas  200,000  maravcdis  in  Callc's  time.  Mem.  y  Xot. ,  1 32.  City  notaries 
liail  to  be  visited  every  year. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


25 

12.0 


U    lllll  1.6 


^^ 


V] 


^A 


/a 


/A 


'F 


V 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY    MS80 

(716)  873-4503 


4^0 


i 


sa 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


cilmon  received  seats  according  to  precedence,  ^\lull 
called  l)y  business.  Still  lower  were  places  for  nota- 
ries and  solicitors.  Opposite  to  the  oidores  sat  tlir 
clerk  of  the  court  and  relator,  and  behind  them  \va> 
the  wooden  railiniif  which  separated  the  assembly  i'ldiu 
the  common  people.  For  the  latter  no  seats  w<  ii 
provided,  and  they  were  required  to  uncover  tlirir 
heads  and  speak  only  in  lowest  whisper.  Lawyers 
and  others  also  bared  their  heads  on  addressiiiLr  tin. 
court;  and  when  the  counsel  was  supposed  to  liavr 
sufficiently  discussed  a  point  his  harangue  wa>,  cut 
short. 

As  a  body  the  audiencia  used  to  receive  the  senoim 
title,  and  the  oidores  that  of  su  merced,  your  woi- 
ship.  Later  the  senoria  was  extended  to  them  al>(i. ' 
jMilitary  honors  were  accorded  by  the  guard,  and  m 
church  the  ])rebendarios  escorted  them  from  the  <lo(ir 
and  tendered  holy  water.  This  treatment  was  grnnttd 
to  them  only  as  a  body;"*  nor  could  they  enjoy  it  very 
often,  for  their  visits  to  church,  officially,  were  n- 
stricted  to  certain  feast-days.  Private  parties  and 
entertainments,  even  nttendance  at  funerals,  were  tnr- 
bidden  to  them ;  i  t  any  social  intercourse  wlu  reliy 
friendships  niiglii  j  formed  to  influence  their  minds 
as  judges.  As  for  securing  a  good  marriage  witliiu 
their  districts  for  a  son  or  daughter,  this  was  out  <>( 
the  question.  No  near  relative  of  an  oidor  could  Ito 
appointed  to  the  magistracy  Avithin  his  district,  <ir 
plead  before  him  as  an  advocate;  so  said  the  law, 
though  it  was  frequently  overruled.  Certain  of  tliesr 
strictures  and  honors  applied  also  to  lawyers.  At  lirst 
forl)idden  to  enter  the  country,  they  had  at  last  to  1h' 
endured,  and  now  rejoiced  in  the  possession  of  a  royal 
college  for  drilling  recruits.    Besides  sporting  gauze 

^^  KJiilni^  (Ic  Mex.,  MS.,  70,  etc.  The  viceroy  on  giving  them  niidit'iu'e 
■was  not  ixpectcd  to  listen  to  tlu-ni  seated.  t\d!ilurio,  MS.,  iii.  10. 

••Tliey  ami  tlie  royal  oilicials  Hat  on  the  riijht,  or  evangel  side,  the  iiimii- 
cipality  on  tlie  li'ft,  or  c])iHt<-lt-.  side;  the  viceroy  l>et\veen  them  in  t*iirii:,l 
chair  with  cushion,  a  piece  of  fnrniture  not  allowed  in  olilcial  or  iiuhlic  capiuity 
to  any  one  eiue,  unless  to  the  oidur  ruling  ad  interim.  The  uiuures  cuuM  ibe 
uuly  curpc't  and  ciiair. 


!%i 


OTHER  TRIBUNALS. 


048 


3  the  senori.'i 


on  tlit'ir  cuffs  to  distinguish  tliein  from  folk  of  lower 
oidri,  they  coukl  boast  of  oath-bouml  reputation,  for 
tluv  were  sworn  under  penalty  never  to  aid  a  bad 
cause.'^^  Such  strictness  indicates  the  noble  efforts  of 
the  crown  for  the  right  administration  of  justice,  but 
also  its  recognition  of  human  weakness;  and  in  truth 
abusrs  were  only  too  frequent  in  all  departments, 
notalily  during  visits  of  inspection.  Nevertheless  it 
must  be  admitted  that  the  decisions  of  the  audiencia 
(oiiits  were  as  a  rule  creditable,  and  won  for  them  just 
ivspcct. 

While  the  Guatemala  tribunal  was  independent  of 
Mtxii'o,  that  of  Guadalajara,  after  several  attempts  at 
tiv(-(l(»ni,  was  obliged  to  take  a  subordinate  place  in 
(iitain  cases  of  appeal,  and  to  leave  to  the  viceroy 
the:  superintendency  of  war  and  finance  matters.'"' 
Later,  when  an  intendente  with  military  power  as- 
sumed the  presidenc}',  the  subordination  decreased. 
Its  jurisdiction  varied  at  different  times,  Nueva  Viz- 
caya  being  at  one  time  the  casterimiost  province,  l)ut 
(if  late  it  extended  from  sea  to  sea,  the  line  running 
iVoui  a  point  ten  leagues  north  of  Rio  Piinuco,  through 
Sail  Luis  Potosi,  along  the  south  border  of  Zacatecas, 
and  between  Ayotitlan  and  Purificacion  to  the  Pa- 
ciH.'/*' 

]^)th  audiencias  had  their  archives,  in  charge  of 
the  <'anciller,  for  the  preservation  of  decrees  received 
and  issued,  of  reports  and  petitions,  the  latter  having 
to  j)ass  tiirough  this  channel  for  endorsement,  and  for 
*liiuination  of  trivial  or  unsupported  statements  (hat 
iiiiulit  otherwise  trouble  or  ])erplex  the  home  govern- 
inrnt.  The  form  of  despatches  to  Spain  required  half 
lit'  every  page  to  be  left  as  margin  for  subsi'(juent  an- 

'■  All  Imd  to  pass  nn  oxnmination.  Hcfop.  fml.,  i.  44.3  vt  nvq. 

"'•  I'lniii,  ('i>(li(lnrio,  I.S4,  101,  ISO.  Vut  ncitlicr slioulil  iiitfiforp  too  innch. 
F.Misscs  ou  tlu>  part  of  military  ofTicers  cmiM  ho  piiniMJicd  liy  tiiis  atuliciK'iii, 
mill  wiini  visitadorcs  were  needed  in  Xiieva  \'izc:iya  tlio  viceniy  slidiiiil 
iiiiicly  noiiiiiiatu  tlietii,  leaving  the  appointment  to  the  superior  ex[ierienc-e(if 
till' iriliiinul  nearer  the  province.  J>(co/i.  /«(/.,  i.  H07. 

^''('iiliilario,  MS.,  iii.  0-10;  llumboklt,  Lmai  I'ol.,  i.  14G.  Sec  also  Il'utt, 
Xvilh  JItx.  litakii,  i.,  thia  scries. 


544 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


notations,  and  with  division  of  the  sul)joct  into  distinct 
juu-ji^iaplis,  in  the  order  of  ecclesiasticid,  poUtic.il, 
linanoial,  and  nnhtary  matters,  eacli  witli  rcfcriiitvs 
to  the  attaehed  documents  arranged  in  similar  onkr.  ■ 
The  chief  depository  for  documents  was  of  course  at 
^lexico,  and  a  large  proportion  of  ceduhis  woo  di- 
rected to  the  viceroy  for  transmission,  with  th(!  privi- 
lege of  putting  his  own  construction  on  them,  or  cwii 
of  witldiolding  them  should  they  prove  iucxiu'diont. 
Altliouufli  the  alcaldes  del  crimen,  and  even  oiduns 
in  certain  eases  and  circuits  took  cognizance  in  lirst 
instance,  yet  this  was  as  a  rule  left  to  the  alcal- 
des ordinaries,  of  whom  every  town  of  any  size  had 
two.""  To  viceroys  and  governors  pertained  iirst  in- 
stance in  Indian  cases.  First  cognizance  was  also  ex- 
ercised  l»y  a  number  of  industrial  corporations,  such 
as  the  consulado  in  disputes  between  traders,  and  tin 
j)rotoiiieilicatoin  affairs  among  the  medical  proresions, 
Among  miners,  territorial  deputies  acted  in  first  in- 
stance with  appeal  to  intondentes  assisted  by  two 
miners.  The  jurisdiction  of  these  bodies  was  Icssonotl 
toward  the  close  of  the  last  century;  yet  Revilla  Gi- 
gedo  suggested  a  greater  curtailment,  for  officials  con- 
nected with  such  courts  went  so  far  in  their  oagcnics> 
t»»  obtain  suits  as  to  stir  up  disconl,  cast  discredit  un 
the  legal  tiibunals,  and  assume  too  much  ijid(])Oii- 
dence.*""  The  church  retained  a  wide  jurisdiction, 
althou'di  secular  tribunals  were  assuming  more  inter- 
ference.     The  provisorato  do  Indias  attended  to  (j lies- 


||h 

III 


••/</.,  37*2.  YroJo,  Optra,  Mcx.  1G0.5,  4to,  is  a  curious  old  Iwok  ili-votcl 
wholly  to  foi-ins  for  legal  and  public  docuinuiits.  It  is  full  uf  niargiiiul  iiut«:^, 
illu.stnitcil  witli  iloriatcd  cnititals. 

*•  At  Mexico  the  live  audieucia  alcaldes  attended  to  cases  of  first  instaiiw, 
and  llevilltt  (iigodo  ohjectj  to  her  two  alculdes  urdinariosas  useless,  yet  laiii 
of  her  eight  ruiirt  Im  had  four  alcaldes  do  barrio  who  possessed  u  certain  cog- 
nizance and  supervision. 

'""  This  right  of  t  xeniption  from  ordina'-y  jurisdiction  wos  known  ntf/'d'T". 
lie  also  objected  to  the  privilege  of  Cort«5s'  heirs  to  apixtint  on  their  fst;ite 
alcaldes  niayores  and  corregidores  who  took  cognizance,  with  appeal  to  the 
JMcz  de  privado  del  estado,  an  oitlor,  and  finully  to  tlie  audieucia.  Lislrw;. 
iJ4-H.  Tiie  dukedom  of  Atlixco  hail  similar  privileges.  Sailors  fell  jiartly 
miller  the  jurisdiction  of  the  govoruor  of  Vera  Cruz  and  the  coniiaario  <li 
inuriua  at  Sau  Bias. 


COSTLY  Lmf;.\TIOX. 


■,i5 


t:  >!!•>  of  faith  oxchisivi'ly  aniouj^  the  ahori^^iiK^g,  Tho 
Kliits  nf  the  ii!f|ui.sitioii  hail  of  lati.'  to  be  .submitted  to 
the  viceroy.  The  luihtarv  jurisdiction  was  controlled 
I  V  t!i  r'lyjd  representative  ascaptain-Ljeneral,  assisted 
l.v  Mil  oidor  actini;  as  auditor  de  j^ueiTa.  In  the  sec- 
ond Instance  this  auditor  was  driven  a  colleague.  The 
laptaiii-generals  of  Yucatan  and  l*rovincias  Internas 
iirtfl  iiide[)endcntly  witli  tlieir  auditors.*"^ 

A[ijt<.'als  from  aleaith'S  ordiiiarios  were  to  alcaldes 
iiiiyeres,  except  .at  Mexico  and  ]jlma,  where  the 
.•iiidii'ticia  received  them.  Municipal  Ixxlles  decided 
i:i  <■(  rlain  appeals  concfrning  values  not  exceeding 
>\\\\  thousand  maravedi's.''-  Two  oidores  could  de- 
v'ulv  ill  suits  of  niiMjor  cuantfa,  which  were  fixed  at 
:;iMi.(i(Mi  niaravf.'di's,  and  even  in  larger  cases,  excejtt 
;it  .\fi\icoand  Jjima,  wIumv  t'nn-e  votes  were  re(|uired. 
TIk'  rituiK'il  of  the  Indies  fonuffl  the  tribunal  of  ultl- 
iiuite  resort  for  Ameriea.  In  values  of  six  thousand 
p'sos  aii<l  over,  a  second  appeal  was  allowed  to  this 
liidy,  when  five  meml)ers  assisted.  If  the  decision 
linvcii  adverse  to  tiie  p«'titiouer  a  fine  of  one  thoii- 
.siikI  (liieats  was  imposed.'^ 

Notwithstanding  the-  efforts  of  the  crown  to  smooth 
tlic  paths  of  law,  as  instanced  by  the  decree  forbid- 
iliii'4  processes  to  be  formed  for  cases  of  less  value 
tliaii  twenty  pesos,""  litigation  was  costly,  for  the 
1  vs  were  nunu-rous  and  considerably  higher  than  in 
Sjiaiii,  tliose  of  the  caiu'iller,  for  example,  being 
liip!"  the  amounts  charge*!  in  the  Peninsula.  ]^aw- 
vris  Were  strictly  forbid«len  to  a<'cept  percentages  on 
\ahif  involved,  or  share  in  the  results  of  a  suit,  their 

■''  The  auditor  of  Vonx  Cruz  actc^l  merely  as  ascsor.   fif. ,  '2'2. 

''•  A|i|ic';ils  from  liolcs  ex<'fUt">rv:i  iti  t-risf*  not  iXLTCilini;  III)  ducats  wont  to 
till' iimiLuipid  council ;  if  over  tiiat  aiii'>uiit,  to  the  audicncia.  Xo  reconsid- 
tiiitiiiii  \\, IS  .'dlowed  in  values  ot  ••.•WJ  iii.iiaveilis  appealed  to  the  audicncia. 

'"'  hividid  hetweeii  the  <lefeni|aiit.<,  tiie  jud;.'e-i,  ati<l  tlie  royal  tivasury. 
Ill  appi-aU  from  the  easji  ile  eonti-atacioli  to  the  India  <.'ouucil,  tiie  civil  suit 
lust  I,,'  Inr  not  less  thaiHM)!l.tM)  inaravedi's.  /.V.v.y,.  /„,/.,  ii.  KM  et  hc(|.  A 
Li«  .it  |:,i,-,  (•han;,'eil  the  lowest  value  fur  apiHiul  from  uudiencias  from  10,000 
t .  il.(Mll)  pisDS.   PiKjn,  <:r,li,lnno,  lOI-'.'. 

""  Till!  clerk  of  tlie  court  receiving  in  sucli  casca  only  half  a  peso  from 


1 


■li  piii-ty. 


UisT.  Mes.,  Vol.  III.    35 


646 


ADMINISTRATIVE  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


foes  like  those  of  every  person  connected  with  the 
Itiw  being  fixed,  and  so  they  cons|)ired  witli  the  r  >t 
to  proh)ng  the  litigation.  Tlie  sheriff  received  two 
and  a  half  per. cent  for  levying,  and  if  tlie  anKninr 
was  not  paid  within  three  days  ten  per  cent  w;i^  !  i 
be  added. ^'^^  Small  fines  could,  in  certain  cases,  l„ 
collected  oven  if  notice  of  ap[)eai  had  been  given. 

Aside  from  the  usual  causes  for  crime,  there  wi  r. 
in  New  Spain  a  number  of  special  incentives,  such  ;i> 
race  anti[)athy,  giowing  antagonism  between  castLs 
and  classes,  slavery,  subjection  of  Indians,  isolation  (,(' 
colonists  favored  partly  by  mining  allurements,  and  ih- 
existence  of  unsubdued  tribes  in  the  mountain  regioib. 
The  latter  features  served  to  maintain  the  adveiitui 
ous  spirit  instilled  by  conquerors,  who  still  battled  n:i 
the  frontier  to  extend  dominion  and  settlements;  aiil 
among  a  large  number  lurked  the  roaming  dispositiia 
inherited  from  less  settled  aborigines.  This  ineHiia- 
tion  turned  naturally  toward  highway  robbery  aiiKU!,' 
the  vicious,  and  the  extreme  prevalcncy  hereof  is  gen- 
erally known.  The  reader  has  already  become  awaiv 
how  wide-s})read  was  crime  in  the  country,^"*'  and  liow 
more  than  one  viceroy  earned  the  gratitude  of  tli  ■ 
country  by  energetic  measures  against  it,  alth«»iiu'ii 
these  suppressions  of  evil  had  but  a  temporary  etarr, 
Decrees  against  indiscriminate  carrying  of  weapoih. 
and  otiier  measures  produced  little  good,  and  duiin,' 
more  than  one  period  extraordinary  powers  were  con- 
ferred on  inferior  judges  for  dealing  with  malefacto: -. 

A  beneficial  step  was  the  introduction,  in  lG;il,<t' 
the  santa  herinandad,  which  like  its  long-establi-hrl 
prototype  in  Spain  acted  chieliy  as  thief-catcher,  aid  ■! 
by  troops  whenever  necessary.  Even  this  proved  in- 
suflicient,  however,  and  so  the  dreaded  acordada  \va> 

'**  Cci*taiii  implements,  horses,  and  what  not  were  exempt  in  iiistam  ■  - 
In  ^fex•i^•o,  Arnmufdi  ilc  los  Trihiuiulis,  Gohicnio,  etc.,  Mex.  I7">'J,  li'^  inii  •■ 
are  given  tlic  fees  for  all  public  ilepartmcnts. 

'"''  Stiitistics  of  crime  are  very  imperfect,  yet  valuable  deductions  may  l».' 
drawn  from  those  in  (iinrta-t  ilr  Affx.,  17!tO-'2,  v.  Set  seij.,  and  Jj'(tri"s,  .l,-  >•, 
xii.-xiii.  passim,  antl  other  volumes  such  us  the  earlier  Gomez,  JJiuriu,  wIikJ 
gives  almost  daily  accounts  of  executions. 


THE  DREADED  ACORDADA. 


r.i; 


instalk'd  in  the  bcp^inninsf  of  tlio  oiufhteonth  ooiiturv. 
This  witli  its  viyihuit-like  f'ontuivs  of  rapid  inovo- 
imiit,  inilexiblc  .sterimess,  and  swift  njetinc^  <>f  jus- 
ticr,  sj)iead  a  wliolosonio  terror  that  proved  lastiiii^', 
and  did  more  to  chock  crime  than  anythinuf  else.  The 
}K)\ver  over  liberty  and  lifo  accorded  to  this  body,  and 
at  times  to  local  magistrates,  led  natnrallv  to  iiiaiiv 
altuscs,  and  consequently  to  certain  restrictii)ns,  yet 
tliu  remedy  could  not  have  been  worse  than  the 
disease.  Justice  was  too  often  defeated  by  its  own 
(itiicers;  for  few  rose  above  the  temptation  of  hribeiy, 
and  many  succund)ed  through  insufiiciency  of  pay. 
And  wlio  could  severely  blame  them,  when  the  kiiiLf 
[ilai'rd  himself  above  the  law  and  issued  reL,'ular  taiiifs 
of  prices,  for  wdiidi  exemption  could  be  iLjranted  fi-oni 
laws  coucernini^  oflices  and  trade,  birth  and  rac*.; 
.stii;iiui,*"^  and  a  host  of  other  matters,  often  with  ut- 
ti.r  (lisresfard  for  common  justice  or  public  welfui'e''""* 
This  tampering  was  promoted  by  supporting  from 
jiiisou  lees  the  stafi'connected  with  this  estal)lishm<'nt. 
The  rich  could  here  surround  themselves  with  com- 
iorts,  ])eople  of  standing  cnjoyctl  |)i'ivilegcs,  and  tliost; 
less  llivored  could  oftiMi  be  made  to  languish  in  jail  for 
unpaid  clmrges.^'^  A  regidor  must  visit  tlie  ])risou 
iviry  Saturday;  in  audieiicia  towns  two  oidores  <lid 
so/"  attended  by  tiscal  and  alcalde,  to  investigate  cases 
of  wrongful  detention  or  maletreatment. 

Imprisonment  for  debt  obtained  here  as  elsewhere. 
Indians  were  surrendered  to  private  creditors  to  work 
I'll'  their  indebtedness,  the  pay  being  regulated  accord- 

'"•  Special  orders  were  iasucd  at  iiit(U'V!ils  to  regulate  the  as.sistaiu'c  liy 
niilit.iiy.  J'l ninmlo,  vii.,  JJo':,  .'JU-'JT. 

'  "A  iiiere  glance  at  tlie  leiigtiiy  taritl'  ])u)>li>:Iie(l  hy  the  piveniiiient  in  t!io 
K';.'iimiii^  ot'  this  century,  in  the  O'dXita.  xi.  07-7-,  ivveaU  tiiu  iiitit'ul  ixti  nt 
of  Mi'li  nuTicnary  nhusc. 

''^\'(t  it  was  onlercil  tiiattlic  poorshoulil  not  be  dctiincil  for  costs,  tax(•^', 
'T  jirisoii  tVcs.  Indians  were  exempt  from  fees.  Each  town  or  vilhiLre  must 
liavi  a  |ii  ison  built  by  tile  eoiinnunity,  or  fiom  penalty  funds,  with  ehajn'l  and 
ffparat.'  place  for  women.  Tlie  nleaydo  or  keeper  mustresiile  at  the  jail,  and 
with  his  turnkey  visit  tho  prisoners  every  niLjht.  No  Indians  niiist  lie  i  ni- 
I'liivol.  I'lCd/).  1 11(1.,  ii.  HyOetseq.  A  charity  fund  existed  for  the  maintenanco 
of  lui-uMi  rs.   Utrilla  Gi;,vdo,  /iiKlnir.,  ;iO. 

'"Alio  on  great  lioliduys,  and  ofteuer  if  required. 


fk 


543 


ADMIMSTUATIVK  A:.!)  .irniCIAL  KVSTF.MS. 


4 

I 


iiHjf  <o  tlicir  t'fTicionrv.  Tliov,  as  well  as  otlur  cm  ti<, 
could  also  Ik;  sciii  to  convi'iits  or  |>uMi(.'  works,'"  m 
oven  sold  for  a  h-nn  to  contractors;  and  in  view  ofih,. 
j)ri'vailin<jf  olKcial  corru|)tion  it  is  easy  to  iniai^im  tin 
I'xticinc  oppression  to  which  this  hiw  c^avti  rise. 

l*uiiishnients  in  America  were  more  severe  tli.in 
in  Spain,  fin«^'s  l)ein>^  douhh'.""  T\\v  i^reater  nuiiilM  r 
oi'  criminals  were  sent  to  the  frontier,  tlu;  worst  to 
liard  woriv  under  the  jjfariisons,  others  to  form  st  ttl- 
ments  there,  or  e\en  to  enlist,  particularly  for  tin.' 
J*hili[>]>ines,  ij^reatly  dreaded  on  account  of  their  cli- 
mate, the  distance  and  intervenin<'  sea  lendinix  .nldi- 


tioiud  terror 


'J' 


iw  ijallevs  m 


^1 


taut  am 


IT 


ierra  J*'iiiii 


I'eceived  a  ci-rtain  mnnher;  haltei's  were  louLj  in  tisc,'" 
and  the  lash  was  fnn'ly  administered,  even  feathering' 
heint;'  lej^ally  a|)plied.  J)eath  ])eiialties  were  ol'trii 
cruel  and  preceded  l>y  toi-ture,  hoth  dm'inj^  the  exam- 
inati(»n  and  as  part  o{'  the  punishment.  The  iiiii>t 
conunon  form  of  execution  was  by  jjjarrote,  hut  liii^li- 
way  roi)l»erv  usually  entailed  hanninuf  and  (juarteiiiiii, 
the  h(\ad  of  the  criminal  ln-in^jj  lixed  on  a  stake.  Tlir 
acordada  also  used  the  more  ])rolon;^ed  metlioil  nt 
drauunnj^  with  horst>s,  and  ^iviuix  the  coup  de  l:i;uv 
M'if  h  lances  before  (piarterinLT."*  J^urninir  at  the  stake 
was  not  resti'icted  to  the  iiKpiisition,  for  counter- 
feiters and  })ersons  ,u^uilty  of  bestiality  received  tlii-^ 
A  not  uncommon  mode  of  dealin<4  v.ith 


senteiKW 


wile-murderers  and  the  hke  was  to  cast  them  nit'i  a 
water-butt,  with  a  cock,  a  monkey,  and  a  viper,     hi 


'"  A  iiiiin  nnd  woiunn  wore  sold  to  olinijc  labor  for  six  yearsfor  concia 
Btolcii  jiotiils.   /I'uWr.i,  ItKtnn,  {{7<>-7.     At  liiist  oui'  tliiril  (f  tlio  pay  iim^ 
j:ivcii  for  sustt'iiaiicc,  Imt  no  new  loans  loiiM  lie  contfactitl  wliiTi'liy  llir 
vitii'li'  \Mis  jnoloiigi'l.    Fdur  iiioiitlis  foinu'il  tin'  limit  in  oriliuaiy  cases, 
ilnnikinnoss  no  Hoixitiiile  slumld  l)u  iniiKiseil.   L'eUulurio,  MS.,  iii.  \H).'>   1 1 

"-•/.''../.    liiil.,  ii.  :{T!t. 

nil.',,  rcitr^ctions,  si'c  Ordnirn  ilr  In  Coronn,  MS.,  i.  l.S7-!t'J:  fiiiiii 
who  cnl  stt'd  toe  the  .MoluccaH  rcoi'iveil  both  pauloii  iuul  high  pay,  I'J.'i  |'i 
liol>l>^,  J'iiirio,  ii.  •-':«•  -J. 

"','.(-.' /fM  .\/e.i:  (I :!)(>),  iv.  02. 

"■'  '(.liioniado  con  un,i  y<'!.'iia,  complice  do  8u  bestinl  crimen.'  A/..  IT'^ 
ii.  4(1,  iii.  410.  Soiloiniti's  were  also  liuineil.  /,'iiI,/im,  Jiiario,  W,  Ih 
i;i.">-((.  l.'>7,  'i'~2,  '271;  O'liijo,  Diurio,  in  Dov.  IliM.  Mt:f.,  surie  i.  torn.  i.  '■'< 
3iil,  :i7i-2. 


!iii,' 

r- 

111- 


ii:i.< 

S'S. 


T-O, 

II, 

vH, 


AT  TIIK  GALLOWS. 


MQ 


many  casi'S  the  adjuncts  \vore  nicMvly  fiL,nir;itivo. 
('(iiir"riiiaii('('  to  tilt!  k'ttor  i-jitlier  tliaii  tlio  «i>iiit  of 
tlir  l;i\v  scciiu'd  to  I»e  uppiTiiiosl  with  its  srrvniit,  and 
thus  wi'  lin<l  instances  of"  dead  men  Ijcinn'  li;niL,'('d  in 
liillilmcnt  of  sentcn(;i',""  an<l  little  rei^iii'd  |iaid  to  a^c. 
On  (iiic  occasion  a  man  eii^hty-five  years  of  ai;e  and  a 
Imiv  of  tourteen  were  lian^ed  for  roltbery,  tlie  former 
liciii'i  lirst  tortured  till  lils  arms  snaj)i)e<l.'^' 

In  sentencinj^  to  death  tlie  courts  pi"oce(>ded  with 
^Tcat  foi'mality.  Tlu;  condemned  was  ex|tect<'d  to  kiss 
llic  |i;i|)i'r  of  sentence  after  lu'arinjjf  it  read.  The 
]iiic.sts  then  took  chai-yc  of  him,  and  hrothers  of 
incivy  hroULcht  in  the  special  crucifix,  el  Santo  Cristo 
(If  l;i  niisericordia,  with  which  to  direct  his  devotion. 
Aiiiiyed  in  a  white  cloak,""*  with  c^'os  h.inda^'ed,  ho 
was  tliereupon  jilaced  on  a  hide  drau'^'ed  hya  horse — 
a  iKuninal  form  of  draLj^ini^  to  death — and  conducted 
fiiith.  First  marched  the  pijierand  crier,  proclaiinin!^ 
till-  (lime,  followed  by  ft)ur  to  six  of  the  police,  sev- 
nal  nu-mhers  of  the  benevolent  archicofra<lia  socit  ty, 
mill  brothers  with  torches  and  candles.  Then  ciiiie 
the  victim  on  the  hide,  partly  lifted  l)y  chtiritable  prr- 
>niis  on  either  sidt',  attendant  ])riests,  and  infantry, 
rlnsiii'^'  with  two  court  othcials  on  horsiback.  ( )ii 
irarliiii^r  the  scallbld  in  the  square  of  the  town,  siir- 
!iiUK(!ed  by  trooj)s,  the  condemned  was  supported  by 
a  |irirst  and  the  executioner,  and  fortified  with  jjraycr 
till  the  time  for  hiin^'iniLi;.  A  sermon  impressed  the 
warniiitjr  <>'>  the  nniltitude,  and  the  corpse  was  there- 
upon taken  to  the  ni'arest  water,  placed  in  a<'ask  con- 
taiiiiii<^-  the  jiainted  figures  of  a  cock,  a  serpent,  and  a 
lii'iiikcy,  and  rolled  awhile  on  the  surface,"'  id'ter 
which  it  was  conilucted  by  the  court  and  jtolice  otH- 

^"•i.iiijn,  J)!nrln,  .^S-O. 

"■/'/.,  ."tTfi-T.  Ill  t'xocution  of  what  tlioy  consiilcrcd  ihity,  tlic  iilc.-iMcs  in 
niinv  iiistiiucos  hravcil  tliu  opiscopal  aiiatiii'ina  by  taking  fugitives  from  tlic 
siiutn.-iry. 

""  lor  ])1('1i('iaii.s.  Nol)le8  liiul  a  black  rolx»,  the  scafTold  boiug  uUo  diaipcd, 
li'iil  they  were  I'Xi'inpt  fi'oin  the  igiioiiiiniouw  iiooso. 

"'■"A  ligiiiiitivo  fnllihiieiit  of  the  seiitciici'  that  the  liody  be  cast  to  tlio 
w.itc  .  -(J  as  to  h.'avo  no  memory  of  tlie  dctd.  JJiurio,  J/(.c.,  ISOO,  ii.  'Xil-'J. 


6.-.0 


ADMIXISTItATIVE  AND  Jl'DICIAL  SYSTKMS. 


cials  to  tlip  jail  and  surnMidoivd  to  brothers  of  iiicicv, 
who  attcutlc'd  to  the  t'uiieral, 

Tlif  nmtvrial  of  tlic  j)rc8ont  rliniitrr  routs  mniiily  r„\  ItrropHrirton  il  L\j'. 
fli'  Ins  111  iiiitu  ill  Iiiiliiii,  tli«'  iitlicial  I'lnlioiliirifiit  of  the  laws  for  Aincriiii  i»Mii  , 
}>y  tlif  kiii^'  iiiiil  liiilia  (,'ouiK'il  tliiiiiig  tin;  three  eoiitiirieH  uf  SiMiiiisli  iiili'.  \ 
Iiixtory  of  this  viihiiililu  work  to;{etlii>r  with  on  uiialyMiH  of  itM  coiitints  liu) 
liitli  ^'iveii  ill  //('k.'.  ('lilt.  Am.,  i.  USt't-S,  till.-*  serieH.  It  <loes  not,  hnHc\,  , 
(Kiitaiii  all  the  hi\v.s  istiiieil,  nor  iloe^  it  iiidieato  more  ilian  ii  Hiiiall  |iait  nix,,. 
viii'iatiiiiiM  they  lia\e  undergone,  an<l  the  Htiuh-nt  ix  not'ordingly  oliliiinl  i  > 
L'onsiilt  a  niiiiilier  of  other  eolleetioiiH  niaile  before  its  first  |i)il>lii.'iiti<iii,  ;:. 
HiiSI,  or  lietweeii  the  datt'H  of  its  later  editions,  Hoine  iH'aring  on  »ipei  i^il  m;- 
jeets  or  di.itriets,  others  covering  a  liinitecl  (H'tiod,  Foremost  anion;,'  tlicBi„t 
the  first  eolleetion  printeil  ill  Aiiieriea  is  the  Pnir'nloiici,  ('iiliilns,  vU-.,  \<r-' 
jmied  liy  Oidor  I'llga  of  the  Mexieo  auclieiiein,  ami  |)ii)ilislied  at  this  <ity  m 
).")(i.1.  It  is  generally  known  l>y  hid  name  and  emhniees  merely  the  lawsdi,. 
eeriiiiig  New  Spain  mi  to  this  date.  'J'lie  method  of  I'uga  is  faulty,  ami  tiiM 
is  tlie  more  to  lie  legretteil  as  the  Work  is  iiivaliialile  for  the  early  history  dI  ;i,. 
country.  Mnutemayor,  oidor  of  the  .siiine  audieneia,  who  hy  .sii|ireiiic  I'ni  r 
reissneil  in  lliTi  the  Siiniarios  of  laws  for  all  the  Indies  printed  in  ](ijs  uudir 
tile  eare  of  Aguiar  and  Aeunn,  added  to  it  tiie  decrees  directed  to  New  S])i;iii 
dining  this  interval.  It  was  piililished  at  Mexico  as  Sniiitrios  ili'  his  Cnli-lu: 
in  a  I'lilky  loliu.  Twu  distinct  snii|ilemeiits  contain  tiie  iiii|iortaiit  decret-'; 
the  aiidieneia  and  viceroys  and  goveniors  respectively,  since  the  fornKitioiiii 
the  govenimeiit.  Occasimial  laws  .nre  given  in  fidl,  the  rest  cover  in  extra" 
form  iiJilf  of  each  Jiage,  the  other  half  lieiiig  reserved  for  very  iiiiiieik  ; 
marginal  notes.  iSi'fore  he  came  to  Mexico  Montcinayor  had  been  govcrirr  | 
and  eiiptaiii-general  of  I'spauula,  and  conseijuently  president  of  its  auiliiini.,. 
Till'  glowing  rarity  of  this  work  induced  Oiilor  IJelefia  in  17^7  to  piiMisl. ..t 
Mexico  by  subscription  a  collection  supplementary  to  that  of  the  1(>*S1  eilitiin  I 
of  the  /i'irii/iili(iiiiii  ill'  liiiliits,  under  the  title  of  Jlico/illdiioii  Siiiiiarlii,  in  Imj 
fi'liii  Milumes.  To  this  he  prefixed  a  reprint  of  the  two  appendices  of  .Mniiti- 
mayor,  and  two  coUectiona  of  the  audicncia  and  criminal  court  decrees MJiiii: 
b;id  iip|ieared  since  his  time.  Although  the  division  of  the  subject  into  live  I 
jiarts  is  iiK-onvenient,  yet  the  work  is  far  sni)erior  toits  predecessors,  willi  mmt  | 
useful  marginals.  The  second  volume  is  reserved  for  the  decrees  and  ic.'ul;,- 
tions  reiiiiiring  full  text.  The  pretentions  Jiililintira  de  Liijis/iiiiiiii  Clirn- 
»«ffyv/(((,  issued  at  Madrid  lS44-4tJ  by  Zamora  y  Coronado,  contains  all  lli<  I 
latest  important  laws  for  the  reduced  possessions  of  Spain  beyond  the  occai;.  | 
bnt  it  is  Very  faulty  for  the  eighteenth  and  the  opening  of  tlu'  prc.s(  lit  n!.- 
tiiry,  the  important  changes  made  during  tiiis  stirring  period  being  ic.-tiu» 
either  for  hasty  siimmaiies  or  occasional  iiiiiH;rfect  notes. 

1  n  addition  to  these  collections  and  those  mentioned  in  other  volumes.  1  have  | 
e  insulted  for  this  chapter  Orilciiiuiztis  ihl  Coiisijo  Iliul,  !>bidi'id,  KiSl:  /'''!> 
i/iiirhis    Hi'iilts,  MS.,  Mexico,    \~,^;  Hculis  Criliilus,   MS.,  2  vols. ;  ( 'c'/hA'/". 
M.S.,  ;{  Vols.,  containing  a  selection  of  the  more  important  decrees,  in  i'"'! 
te.xt,  touching  New  S^Miin,  and  serving  therefore  us  valuable  uu.xiliarie^  tututi 


INSTI  tree  ION  KS  I)K  LOS  VinKVKS. 


r..-.! 


ft.iml:!!'!  pu))liiatiiins,  Oi-'lnir*  tir  la  t'dmun,  7  vols.,  partly  in  ininteil  form 
l.iit  rliii'tly  iiminiHoript,  )>:mH<<»iif8  the  luMitional  iiiti-i-cHt  of  roiitainiii);  iiiinu  r- 
(  .<  iiii-'iiiaU  with  till!  Hii.'iiatiiri'M  of  tiic  kiii;;!*,  from  |'|iili|i  II,  toCirlos  |||., 
Ill  iiiiiii-tiTs,  prcliiti'M,  ami  jiiiij,'i'H.  'I'lii'  lii^t  volmiic  of  JJi^/Kixiiini,!  h  I'tirin^, 
ipvulx.,  i-<  pt'culiar  as  iH'iiij,'  ri'scrvctl  I'liidly  for  ciHuts  uf  tlic  iiKiiii.iitioii  nii 
l.-iks.  iiinral».  aiicl  nrlicli'M  uf  fiiitli.  F<riiiiii>l')  17/.,  l)ir,-itiy.  Mix.  l.s;(t», 
,  iitiiiii^  till'  cc-(liilas  issiu'.l  \>y  tills  inoiianli  (iiiriiij,'  tiio  Btirriiij,'  tiiiu's  wliiili 
I',  .cliil  tlio  iiiiU'iH,'ii(k'iico  of  tlio  Diaiiiland  colonics. 

lliinlly  less  iiii[iiM'taiit  than  tlic  laws,  for  a  n\il>jict  likf  tla;  \)r('ffiliiii.'.  arc 
ti."  in-iiui:tioiis  lilt  l)y  ilill'i'tint  viceroys  to  tlu-ir  mux  I's.sors.  Not  all  of 
tliiHi'  li.ivf  lifi'ii  invst'rviMl,  aii'l  iiiaiiy  of  tlu'sc  (li^iiit:iii<'s  ncjjtli'ctrd  to  <l  i 
llicjnliity  ill  this  rcsjuTt;  iicvi-rtlulrss  the  iin'ro  important  have  liccn  i-iNiuil 
i  I  iiiiiiiiisi'ript  ami  )>riiit,  ami  stand  on  mj'  slulvt's  as  I'io  i/i",  /iisirii'i-ioni's,  in 
tv.ii  M  lies,  partly  MS.,  anil  relatinj^  also  to  rcsiiK'noias,  with  sovural  oiijjinal 
ilin'.Miirats.  The  value  of  this  cla^ts  of  pajjers  for  histoiy,  imlliecil  tlie  Mexi- 
(.111  .'ovirnnu-nt  to  puMish  anumlierof  tliem,  t(j;,'et  her  with  pertinent  letter.^, 
liliiliT  the  title  of  y/i.s/;v/i''(o«(.>i  fyw /(X  I'in  i/i  -i ,  .  .tlijaroii,  Mexieo,  IS(i7.  Tho 
iii'»i  viiiiialiluof  the  instrnetions  are  nniioiiliteilly  those  of  llevilla  (iii^-eilo  the 
Viu:ii;ir,  the  ahlost  ruler  of  New  .Spain,  whose  name  ha.s  fouiul  an  imperisli- 
i.lili' aioiiiinient  in  the  many  ri'forms  ell'ecteil  liy  him,  in  the  eml)elli.shments 
I't  lii'f  1  ,i]iital,  and  in  political  writing's,  notalily  the  ttislriirtiuii,  \~'M,  wliieh 
iii'.  I'liii  reprinted  more  than  onee  in  <pnte  voluminous  form,  and  wiilely  dis- 
t  lliiitiil  ^'l.si)  in  nianuserijit.  'J'he  earefid  arranj^'ement  "f  snhjeets  and  jiara- 
;.!:il'lis  .ireords  with  the  clear  and  jiointed  style,  ;ind  eahles  one  readily  to 
Lij-p  the  exhaustive  review  presented  of  every  departtnoiit  of  government, 
villi  iti  aeeonii>anyin'.;  eritiei^ms  and  Mi^'L'eslions.  Scvei'al  of  hi-i  lettiTs  aro 
)!.  -iiMil,  an<l  1  jMissess  a  eoUectiou  of  hi.s  decrees  forniinj;  a  fnljn  volume. 
'l!ii'  iii.portancc  of  the  period  following  UevillatJigedo'sndehasled  me  to  oli- 
tiiu  iiMiaiciipt  copies  also  of  their  instructions,  including  llranciforti^'s  and 
.\/:iii.':i  ■<,  which  are  modelled  on  the  i)receiling,  though  less  liulky. 

A  ii>efnl  adjunct  to  this  material  is  presented  in  the  Mvmortnl  y  Xolhltm 
S'hi-t(.i  II  Jt'cdlis,  1040,  of  (,'alle,  which  f(jrms  send-ollicial  statistics  of  districts 
Mill  tti\\n»,  sees  and  oflices  in  the  live  audielieia  districts  of  the  Xi  w  .Sp:iiii 
I'lVidty.  together  with  some  neeount  of  otlicial  routine.  I'inelo  refers  in  de- 
tail t'l  ills  several  maniuscripts  on  similar  subject.^.  E/il/i'iiif,  ii.  7!>>>-!l.  Moi-o 
];iiti.  ularly  devoted  to  routine  and  form  are  Munnii,  Unildx,  .Mexico,  I0.S7, 
I '!■  juijii.'ial  otticers;  Jfaiihiiz,  Lihrerin  dc  Jnens,  Mailiid,  I7!tl,  for  guidance 
1 1  iiii|inpfessionaI  magistrates;  M'Ticii,  Ar'tnn-lrn  ih'  Ins  Trilminili  t,  i;tc.,  Mex- 
i'".  I7'''!l,  giving  duties  and  fees  of  courts  and  coiu't  oliiciais;  M<:.flro,  (.'irrii/<tr 
.\'  iiil,riuiiii'iit,tin,  MS.,  C<  rlif.  ill'  liiK  MiiTiilis,  MS.,  and  Yrolo,  (J/iirn,  .Mexico, 
liili.'i,  |iiovide  forniH  for  ollicial  proceedings;  Li'ijis,  \'iiriiis  Aiintiirioiii'x,  MS., 
i:i  ( JL'ht  hooks,  concerns  chieily  oliiciais  and  their  duties,  hut  the  notes  are  of 
l;i;l.  \:iliie;  Kjitlot^  </'■  Mexico,  Aiilii",  M.S.,  gives  valualile  information  aliout 
t  uh  lands  in  connection  with  hgal  proceedings  hy  the  Mexico  municipality 
f'l'  liiutccting  its  grants.  Ollicial  statistics  are  given  in  Zuuiija  y  Oiitivinm, 
'  '•'■  /ir/.  Mini,  y  G ilia  ForaMi  rax,  Mex.  17'S!t,  and  in  G'liia  I-ontsf.  ,>f  later  years, 
viulc  the  colonial  systeni  finds  reviewers  in  such  hooks  as  I'illiirrni I,  Kii/i-r- 
hu'luilm  J'olit.,  and  Canq'iHo,  Xiui-o  Sidle  ma,  Madrid,  1781).    Campillo  wrote 


R.V2 


ADMIXISTIJATIVK  AND  JUDICIAL  SYSTEMS. 


ii 


tlio  iKMtk  an  rnrly  an  I74.T,  ami  iM'furo  this  a  iiiiiiiIht  of  pnporn  npponrtii  i.  ^ 
hit  |M'ii  oil  aiiiiilar  t<i[iii-a  wliicli  liiil  not  a  little  tu  {iroiiiutu  rufuriim  in  uilnnir 
intrittioii. 


I 


I  ^fivf  lirrcwith  in  coiii|>a<'t  form,  for  fiirtluT  ri'vicw,  the  nntlioritii 
Millrcl  Imi-  til.'  |in.i-.|iii,'  ilmptcf:  /'»'/.(.  Cr  liilmid,  N(M,  101  •_»,  |-J7 
l.".tl  I.   jiil,    IV(  -.ItT:    J.'.iil.i  i:,hil,f,'  MS.,   i.    Id  1:1,    :»1M,  Cm  so,   J  i;; 


It, 


ii.    •.'.'.   7».  ■s<5.  I0!»  «i.'l.    -JT:    ihihim  ih   hi  r,„(hni,   MS. 


|>llssllii ;   II 


iii.   «ll  vl  mi|.:  r,.l.,t>in«,  MS.,  i.   :ii    III,    Hi!)  70;   iii.   :«»-,"iS,   l(i(  0,  I'lJ 


«>.">   II;  iv.   i. ;  I'firiiUii'iiiH  I'mli-i,   MS.,  pan.siin;    Viri'im  t 


/.■  .1/. 


.\|- 


I     I;    /A 


"/'• 


.fr    I, ..I.,   i. 


I« 


Moiiii 


IIKI 


'iiiiiit'iM  t'lmltiil.    Ms.,    I    ,'tl;    Miiiiiiiix  iiti'H   IhiDi'ni. 


i/dl',  .S'/'/;,f(/V<i.i,    I   ct  Hfi|. 


( 


ittm  fit 


.    I„'i..    M> 
/.'."'.    i-l-.ii 


I.'  41;    /;/. 


I»i;,]i, 


pii.-<Miiii ; 


j:^]>..  MS..  I  J.-. 


ii' rillit  <ii'ii''li>,    llitiiilnit,    liiw.    1! -7-;     /'/•,    li)iitr 


MS.,  i.  .\:\  '.Ki,  iiKi;  ii.  \i\  .-,;  /,/.,  A',.,;./, 


.MS..4- 


lirj 


r<//..  .1/ 


1;;/.  1/ 


S,>i. 


I,   .MS.,  4:{S-<.t;  .l;,nc.(,  1. 
•1:1  l(K>,   i:f_',  1(m-s;1;  t;., 


Ihniln.   T'lti'i   i:i:,    ii.    lol:  <  „/.    I  h.r.   tiint.,    xxi.     i:»!»,    4ti-_'  !i;«;   .1/    / 


IJO  .SJ:  /'.I./,' 


•-•-'7  M.  '-'Hi;    l«7/((-.SV//.>r,    T/u'ifro,  i.    17   IH,  ;i7  ."«<),  il 


.1  ' 


•./.•„ 


-./.  Ji„ 


xvii.   I7'S;  I'lirtii.t  ilr  Iml 


I  J-..  H  rii! 


i.  torn.  i.  ;is-!l,  i;i!l  KM.  ;il.->  7t'..  4I-.*  •-'(;,  4:i7.  ITl  si, 


.'lOI.  .V«:.;  li.  7--    \.W.  III.  l.'l  .t  bn|.;  ('(>;i,>ltr/n,  Hist.  Yii,\,M\\;  I'n). 
J.siii>in.  .MS.,  :t'»  41;    /.')iild»  ill'  Mi.f.,  NIs.,  70  ctscci.;  Aiinni-u,  ]>< 


./, 


MS.,    10.!  4; 


(  ,  rtilif 


Ml 


A. 


«//•  >iiH  Ml  III  ill-:,   .MS.,  it-.';    Iioikiiitrn  .Sji. 


4'l''t>;    Moiuli,    l-'iiili   Xori    (////M,  •_',S|    ,"{;    Si, 


m; 


■</,  I4J  t^l;   I  il/iirn-l,  l.'nh 


iiiiiii.*,  (IS  I-J7;  /; 


7" 


/, 


■i.>n/.,  />... 


.'ill 

I' iii'i,  \K\**\\\\;  lluiiuii.  AV 


A-<-7'/  ./.   Tii-il'i,  Av.iii'.  Hi.-/.,  iu>.  .">,  ;{s.S  !I'J;  Ciiiiiiillo,  A'l 


'.^' 


r,// 


/•/ 


.>"/"«,  1. 


I.-.S;    .1/ 


.  A'-/'..  (117   I'**;  Miirliiii'.,  I.ilifinn,  iii.  (;!• 


II,  Hist,  y 


y.iiiiiiii-iiii,  Hi't.  .)/■ 


i't  4(i;  V.  •.".».».  .'.7H,  (iOO.  Ci'i  SO;  X.  l:{l!t  •_•,"!;   /'(»/<.  I 


:<!i 


dii.  I' 


II 


4>;   A- 
hi*iHi 


A. 


.1/. 
./.  .lA 


l;i;  I 


('('/( /'I 


r 


xxvi,  '.'(M^O,  ■J,S;{    1; 


i.  no.  !.")(;.  i.sti.  -J.'.-),  •jK)-'j,  'jii: 


,/..  I   :iJ; 


Si-miiuli  Liiijiifv  ill 


A  I 


l(«-:!4;  Tonriitr,  ll.^i.  /,'• 


i.  7;    Moiiirit  Mix.  A-J.,   i.   "JiJO   I;   A/run  z,   J-J.ifmHoH  JHmI.,   iii.    l',»l,   ,'^n 


4.i:!  I:  n.,,!'. 


iii'ifi  * 


Ai 


•Jl»;{-4;  Alitmiiii,    lli^f.    Ml 


i.  '.'.-),  44-.- 


n:;  ii: 


i'lih'K,  Aiiiiiilii*  Hint.,  i.    I    10;  Zniiii'i'iu    l>if'-   /.'.'/•,   iv.   "JII  '_'() 


Ml, 


lir\tfi    i'irrlni,  |KiK.xitii;  <iri  I  iiliiiir'x  i  h\  iiiiil  ('ill.,  104  .">;  /</..  .1/ 


viii.  7.'l'>-<»:  x.  44l!  ;i;  ICini'.irii'ln  <>!> 


^irrmliir 


M:  / 


O.,  Cull  ml..  ,\~  Ait;    YuiiiI'.i'h  lli^l.  of  MiM.,  (il;    lliiiii  ilf  Fcnutlin 


47  7S,   107 


►."•;    Until  ri'i  z. 


.1  III  ^   I 


I.  n.i: 


IS  .'{(i;   /i'iltnili  III  Irii,  ( 


Ml 


I..  p.»ssiiii;  ii.  l!t.\  ;{;{7-!);  iii.  401-2;  iv.  10  ;(ti 


iiiiif 


407:  V.  4.  .ViVrSO;  vi.  •J'.l  :<! :  vii.  41S;  viii.  lOS,  -JM-l.-i.  4(),S-(Mt;  ix.  (.!•.'  '.'': 
\.  1_'7.  .V-'S:  xii.  :i«ii;.  (144:  \iii.  •J7.  IVJ.  '201,  410,  7tM);  a<izifii  Mi.r.,  i.  s  1:7; 
li.  ■-•:$.■..  411;  ill.  i;W,  I.".;!,  410;  iv.  1(;-"JJ;  v.  3-i>,  270;  x.  100-17;  xii.  J;  \.\, 
J(iO-0. 


CHVPTER  XXVIII. 


WINKS  AND  MIXING. 

inoo-isoo. 

TBkFIlr   WITH   TIIK   NATIVES   l)F  fKNTUAL   AmKUIC.       I 'nlNCS  OF    TIIF.   ToV- 
y    IKolH      IN      THAT      (Jl'AKTtU — MiNKUAL       I  >Kr«i  M  r  ;  — SoMETIIIMl     OF 

^•llll^    Amkki<!a — Kahi.ikst    Discovkiukh    is    Mixko— Aztk(!    Min- 

l^'.  I'KnTKTlVK  I'dLICY  OF  TIIK  CuoW»-  A  C'lF.AT  1)I.H(  l•^•l.|;v  — 
l  M>  1  KllirTIoN  AM)  CoNsiMi'TioN  OF  (,Mu;;  ..  vKii— lurrri.i  Kffokts 
Til  (MiTAi.s    It   in    Mkxico— (Jkolooical   Vikw— .'  ii.vi.it  Old:.-* — (!i»i.i) 

AM'  OTHKII  MkTAI,S-'i*''^ ""•*••■*  AM>  SAI.INK-i  -  1 .  '(' \TION  OF  Kli  II 
MlSKS  -AtTKACTIVK  ItKlilONS  -(ilANAJi-ATO,  ri  \N  LllH  l'oTO>i,  AM) 
ZxrvTKCAS — TlIKIll  AUVANTAOF.  OVKK  TIIK  NoKllI  -MlNKS  NKAIl  TUB 
(MltAl,— TlIK    CfKId'O    DK    MlNKIUA — A    (illKAT     MlMNU    TUIIII  NAI.  - 

,Ni\v  Laws  —  Minino   .Svstf.m— Tiik  Total  Yuxu  of  Mexic Tiik 

SlIAliK  OF  TlIE  CUOWN— BlULIOOIUFIIIUAL. 

Sii.vKK  ntid  <jfol(l!  Silver  and  jjroldl  Tlu;  iinnLrr'  .'iiid 
ii!rii>ui-t'(»t' wt'idth;  tlio  shadow,  stipcrior  to  siih.staiM'c, 
Ik fipiv  wliicli  tlirouin'hout  tlio  ai^cs  all  iiicii  l)o\v;  what 
iiKi'^ii-  s|>ells  these  inotals  cast  upon  tli(!  destinies  of 
mankind!  Without  ivIrrrinLf  to  the.  i-Mrlicr  niinini^ 
ticli!.-.  oi' history,  the  0[)hir  of"  the  Jews,  the  I'actolian 
|ila(Ti-s  of  the  (ji reeks,  and  the  j^old-pioducini^  colonies 
"t"  the  ]ionians,  there  is  enouifh  to  connnaiiil  jires- 
ciit  attenlion  in  our  I'acific  States  territory,  thi-ounh- 
<'iit  th(;  length  and  breadth  of  which  nature  strt;wtd 
HIm  ivilly  the  jireeious  metals.  In  the  present  volume 
1  >li;ill  speak  only  of  the  deposits  of  Central  America 
ami  ATexico;  accounts  of  those  of  the  noi'thern  regions 
\vill  ;i]»pear  in  the  subsequent  divisions  of  this  histoii- 
eal  series.'  As  there  is  pleasing  fiirtion  in  their  value, 
So  there  is  fascinating  romance  in  their  story. 

'On  tlic  lii-autifnl  flironio-lith();,'rni)h  ninps  of  tiio  Muiiii'li  collection,  exe- 
cuted uiiilfr  the  ilirectiuu  of  I'rof.  Kuucitniuuii,  golil-ljcaiiiiy  rcj,'ii>ii»  are  ilesiy- 


if 

'I 

1 


»!:^i 


MM 


M' 


I 


654 


MIXES  AND  MINING. 


Cold  and  f(C)dliiioss  Avorc  tlio  two  orroat  en;^Iii's 
which  drove  on  the  Spaniaid>s  to  overnm  and  (>c<u|iv 
the  hinils  discoveiod  hy  Columbus.  'J'ho  disHolutu  ii;- 
(Ujl;L;'<'nco  of  these  passions,  so  opposite,  and  nt  ii; 
them  so  stranu'elv  hlended,  resulted  not  alone  in  tl;. 
e.\tenninati<jn  oi'  the  Ameiieans,  l)ut  leactini^  u|iu! 
tlu'insclves,  dimmed  the  ancient  <;loiy  of  Spain,  anl 
s(';it  rottenness  to  the  bones  of  the  then  most  j)()\vii- 
iul  nation  of  Europe.  "In  that  climate,"  says  (In- 
mara,  "  as  in  Pern  the  ])eople  turn  yi-llow.  It  niny  K. 
that  tlu!  desire  for  *f(*]d  which  fills  their  hearts  sliiin- 
iorth  in  their  faces."  Some  claim  to  have  compiitdl 
that  durini,''  the  first  century  jd'ter  the  con([uest  df 
Peru  tliere  went  from  the  New  World  to  Sj)ain  .-ilvc 
enough  to  make  a  biidge  across  the  Atlantic,  a  yaii 
and  a  half  wide,  and  two  inches  thick,  or  that  broiiL;!.: 
toj^vther  in  a  heap  it  would  overtop  the  mountaii.^ 
of  Potosi! 

In  Esj)anola,  immediately  after  the  discoveiy  n! 
America,  one  ])iece  of  tj'old  was  found  weiLrhinu'  ;!,2uii 
castellanos.  ^Miners  obtained  from  six  to  LMO  cofr- 
llanos  a  day.  In  the  shi)>s  which  j)eiislied  with  ]).il>,r 
dilla,  i;()ld  to  the  value  of  'J00,000  castellanos  was  l(i>t. 
In  the  year  1501  llodri^o  de  IJastidas  and  Juan  i! 
la  Costi  (.'xchanu^ed  with  the  natives  of  IJarien  hawlo- 
l)ells  and  Lflass  beads  for  peails  and  the  ![fo]den  oiiia- 
ments  of  the  naked  savages.  In  IfjO'i  Columbus  lia.l 
no  sooner  landed  upon  the  coast  of  Honduras  than 

imtid  liy  ^()M-cr)]i)rp(l  or  fiilt  spots.  On  mnp  no.  iv. ,  piipposod  to  liavc  luci 
clijiwii  liy  Salvjit  (li  l'ilistriii;i  aliout  l.">l."i,  fioM  is  iinlio'ittil  in  our  ttint'iiv 
only  ou  till'  IVarl  Islands.  Ma|i  of  I'l'inando  t^'ulon,  J.'iL'T,  roprcsints  u'l'Miii 
(  astill.i  d<!l  Oiii,  C'l'sta  llica,  lloniiiil'as,  (iuatcniala,  Yiuat.in,  and  ni'iji;  I'li 
till'  islands.  Map  no.  vi.,  the  maUer  ncpt  known,  l>ut  sniiposud  to  liaw  Ihih 
(liav.  n  lii'twi'L'ii  the  years  lo.'W  and  l.'>4(),  lias  pild  indiiati'd  on  the  IV.iil 
Islands,  the  ishiiid  of  li-iuiuilf  jmr/iif  in  the  vieinity  of  'rdni.inti  pee,  i^huA 
of  Kfiiiciii.t  Icithis  I.Santo  'I'onias),  oH  eape  St  Lucas,  two  islands  oil'  tiie  i.":ist't 
Lower  California  ealltd  tnmlali  iin  and  (i:s  ctr.fiiaK.  Ma))  no.  vii.,  liy  r.;i|ili>i.i 
Airnese,  l.'»4()-riO,  I'cail  Islaml.-s,  liifalun,  YiU'atan  wliiels  is  reiinseiitnl  .1? 
tin  island,  two  small  islaiuU  oil'  the  sonthcni  coast  of  Central  America,  <  alli'l 
;/  ill'  ijiiiriri  and  i/ilr  i/dfoH.  I'lirther  north  oil 'Tehiiantepec  the  island  ti'j'i'iu'' 
iittqui'.  Oil' Sinalciii  niie  .small  island  soniht.  Maps  ni)s.  x.,  xi.,  xii.  l.y  Va/ 
Itoiiradi),  \T~,\,  a  multitude  of  islands  <iii  both  shores  of  Ccnti'al  .Vnieiii  .1  :iii'l 
Mexi'ji)  are  represented  as  yolddjearing.     Nunc  of  the  interior  is  so  euliMiJ. 


A  RICH  COAST. 


5oo 


liis  iiiiiul  was  excited  by  roptirts  of  tlistant  realms, 
will  10  gokl  was  found  in  such  abundance  that  the 
I  iiiiiiionest  utensils  of  the  inhabitants  were  made  of 
!!iat  metal.  What  may  have  been  vaquc  rumors  of 
till'  t  ivilized  kiuLidoms  of  ^Texico  and  Peru  was  con- 
<v\\>d  by  the  heated  imaoinati^m  of  the  ureat  admiral 
!  1  mean  no  other  than  the  tjori^eous  cities  of  the 
(Icii'^his  Kahn.  Aloni^  the  C(»ast  of  HdiKlurns  the 
ii;itives  wore  ornamj.'nts  which  they  called  i^uanin,  an 
ii;t(  rior  quality  of  L*old.  >»o  jture  i^old  was  found 
until  the  discoverers  had  arrived  at  a  bay  vi'  Costa 
]lii;i,  called  by  the  natives  Caribaro,  a  ])lace  v.ell 
known  to  the  inhabitants  of  Honduras  as  rich  in 
-iltl."  Here  pure  i^oM  was  woi'u  by  the  natives  in 
]latcs  suspended  fn)m  the  neck  by  cotton  cords. 
Tli'V  also  exhibite<l  rude  imitations  of  catties  and 
'till  r  objects  in  n'uanin.  PerceivinLj  with  what  cu- 
|ii(lily  the  str-anoers  reirarded  their  golden  ornaments, 
thr  hidiaiis  of  Caribaro  inlbrmed  the  Spaniards  that 
iwn  days'  journijy  easterly  aloUL,'  the  coast  would 
luiiij;"  them  to  a  province  called  A'era'Ljua,  where  that 
iii(l;il  was  found  in  abundance,  and  where  all  their 
I  rn.iiuents  were  fabricated.  This  Indian  ])rovince  of 
\'i  i.igua  was  situated  on  what  is  now  known  as  the 
livrr  Veragua  iunnini»'  thr)UL;h  tlie  north-western 
I  iinr  of  what  was  later  the  state  of  Panama.  The 
tariicst  desire  of  the  admiral  to  find  a  ]»a>san'e  to  India 
pivvcnted  his  landing"  at  that  pt»int  <)n  his  downward 
|iaN^;ii;e;  but  failing  to  find  a  strait,  and  the  supply 
"t'unld  growing  less  as  he  de[)artcd  from  this  point, 
ln'  Kturned  to  Veragua,  anchoivd  his  ships,  and  jU'e- 
]iaiv(l  to  examine  the  mines  of  that  country.  The 
iiijijaiitado,  JJartholomew  Colnmlius,  on  tin-  (Ith  of 
IM'ruary  1503  set  out  with  sixtv-cin'ht  armed  men, 

-  ■  of  tlio  two  Cai'iaiaiis  wliiclie  lie  hrouplit  with  liim  from  Cariai,  he  was 
Hit'  "11111(1  that  tho  ri'i^'i'iiis  of  CtTaliaro  ami  Ahuit'iiia  were  lii'h  in  .l'hM,  aiicl 
that  ilic  ])c()|)lo  of  Cariai  liavoal  tlu'ir  j.'olil  fiom  tliciico  for  I'Xi'haiitrc  of  othi'r 
lit  till  ir  tjiiiiucs.  Tiicy  tolik'  him  also,  that  in  the  same  rcjiions  thcro  arc  livo 
vilLi^is.  not  fari-c  from  the  «oa  side,  whoso  inhanitantfs  a|i|ilio  thcmsihcs 
I'lii  .\  lo  till'  t;ath('rin;,'  of  yohl.  Tho  names  of  tln-se  villa'.'ts  are  tiii'sc,  Ciii- 
luiM,  I'nreii,    'iiitaja,  Ciueche,  Atumeu."  I'dtr  Murii/r,  dec.  iii.  cap.  4, 


m 


5o0 


MINES  AND  MINING. 


on  a  visit  to  tlic  iniiios.''  He  {isct'iuled  tlic  river  a  fiw 
leagues  when  he  eiu-ouutered  tlie  quibiaii,  or  kin.;  (f 
A'erai^ua,  who  warily  weleonied  him,  and  ])r()\i(lr(l 
him  guides  to  eonchict  liim  to  tlie  base  of  the  iiiniiii- 
tains  around  and  away  Irom  his  own  rieher  and  mar 
mines,  to  those  of  a,  neighbDring  ehieftain  with  m 


H>lll 


Slh- 


he  was  at  war.  ]>ut  the  S])aniards  were  not  di 
])ointi'd.  The  soil  over  whieh  they  journeyed  seciiiKl 
to  be  imj)regnate(l  for  miles  with  fine  pai'ticles  of  tjic 
jtreeidus  metal.  The  adelantado  and  his  compMninn-; 
were  enabled  to  wash  out  small  <juantities  of  gold  tViiiu 
earth  taken  I'rom  about  the  njots  of  great  trees.  As- 
cending a  hill  they  gazed  with  rapture  upon  the  .>ui- 
rounding  '•ountry,  whieh  as  far  as  the  eye  could  icach 
was  lilled  with  riches  beyond  the  wiklest  dreams  nf 
avarice.  ( )n  another  occasion  the  adelantado  mailr 
an  cxc(n'sion  along  the  coast  westward,  cveryw  li.iv 
meeting  with  evidence  of  gold  in  abundance.  Sinli 
were  the  ricln's  of  this  country,  that  the  admiral  (1<  - 
termined  to  plant  a  colony  at  this  ))oint,  the  lii>t 
colony  attempted  upon  the  firm  land  of  Xorth  Aimi- 
ica;  but  the  jealousy  of  the  rpiibian  becomuig  aroused 
by  the  manift'st  intention  of  the  ])ermanent  residnKr 
of  the  sti'angeis  within  his  dominions,  they  wnv 
oblige(l  to  abandon  the  project.* 

The  I'l'turns  fntm  the  mines  of  the  now  dominiins 


'!'■'■ 
aliit' 


of  Spain  prior  to  the  tleath  of  Isabella  in  ir)()4  w 
comj)aratively  insignillcant,  owing  partly  to  the  r; 
cions  sjtirit  of  the  adventurers,  who  preferrenl  tr 
with  tlie  natives  to  the  drudgeiy  of  digging,  aiil 
jiartly  to  the  humanity  of  the  queen,  who  lorbade  lln' 
com[»ulsory  im[)osition   of  native  labor.     Soon  atnr 

'Tlic  nativt'S  of  VcraLTUa  licliovod  tlmt  in  order  to  lie  successful  it  was 
nccossary  til  jiiuctico  tumiu'raiuu  aii<l  chastity  for  solium  time  lufuru  sci  Kin.' 
fiir^^iilil;  ami  ('iiliiiiilnis,  ilcsiroiisuf  iiiciilciitiiij,'  in  the  minds  of  tiic  S|i.iiiijr'!- 
Ro  wholes' inie  a  sujicrstition,  cni,'ourai;cd  in  them  the  jiraetice  of  ai)st;iiiiiii^ 
frnm  WdUicn.  of  fastinj;  and  ju-ayliii,',  liefore  settiii;,'  out  upon  a  miiiiiii;  i'\|inli 
tiiin.  J't/ir  Miirliji;  i\<x.  iii.  cap.  4;  //trnrii,  dec,  i.  lih.  vi.  cap.  i.;  Citi'i '!■' 
('iiliiii,  in  Xanirri  If,  i.  'JiMi;  Lus  Ciisn.^,  /linl.  /ml.,  lib.  ii.  cap.  'Jo;  J-'inrniilo 
C'olni),  llixt.  lid  Aliiiir(iiil<\  lO.S,  in  Jlnii'm,  i. 

*JJkiju  de  I'ljirwi,  in  \iirarr<:lt;  i.  '2";  Pedro  de  Ledvuma,  in  Id.,  iii.  ''o''^- 


AURKA  CIIERSOXEf^rS. 


C57 


UOll    Iltir 


licrdiMJli,  liowevcr,  "tlio  revival  of  tlio  iiilnniian  system 
1^'  f  jiiirti'iiu'riifos,  or  n|)])ortioniiiciit  ot"  Iii(Ii;uis  nnioiij^ 
vrttli  IS.  wliifli  was  iiiauuuratiMl  <lnriii';  tli(>  adiniiiistra- 
lioii  (if  liobadilla,  led  to  an  iinincnso  yield,  Esjiafiola 
,i!(iiir  st'i»din<^  to  Spain  half  a  million  oimces  of  i^oM 
liiiiiii.illy ;  and  accordinfj^  to  Ilcrrcra  450, 000  ounces  of 
nnlil  passed  tliroUL^li  tli«3  four  foundries  of  that  islo 
iliiiiiiL,'  the  yi'ar  1  oOfi.  All  mineials  were  reserved 
liv  till'  crown,  and  were,  in  common  with  other  royal 
]M  ri|uisites,  jealously  jjfuarded.  Private  individuals 
\\viv  pci'uiitted  to  woi'k  the  mines,  hut  wei-e  ohlio-(.(l 
I  I  |i;i\  into  the  royal  treasury  at  fii'st  two  thirds,  and 
at'tciward  one  fifth  of  the  j)roeeeds.  Later  it  was 
(iidi  !i  (1  that  in  every  nudiencia  district  there  should 
lie  ;i  iiieltintj^-house.  In  loOH  F(>r(hnand  created  a 
]iiM\iiice  of  that  part  of  the  coast  (»f  tierra  fiiine  (.'X- 
t'lidiii-^^  fi-oni  the  <,nilf  of  ])arien  to  Cape  (Jracias  il 
J)i()s.  iiiid  called  it  Castilladel  Oro,  or  (loldeii  Cas- 
tile, iViini  the  ti^reat  riches  it  had  already  yielded,  and 
ilic  '^I'ldeu  visions  of  Columhus,  who  believed  it  to  1)0 
llir  Miitahle  Aui-ea  ( 'hersonesus,  whence  was  dei'ived 
ill! '^old  used  in  buildin<^  Solomon's  templt!.  Dieji^ode 
Miucsa  was  appointed  governor  of  tlu;  province  for 
tell  yt  ;n's,  with  the  ri<_>'ht  to  enjoy  the  jiroducts  of  all 
iiiiiiis  hy  payini^  to  the  crown  one  tentli  of  t]i(>  pr(»- 
(vtd>  (ifthe  tirst  year,  one  ninth  the  second,  one  eii;hth 
till'  lliifd,  one  seventh  the  fourth,  one  sixth  tin;  tifth, 
;iii(l  nuv  lifth  of  the  products  of  each  of  the  succeeding 
live  years. 

Ill  I,)  10  the  hachiller  ^Martin  Fernandez  de  Enciso, 
uliile  oil  his  wa}'  to  San  Sei)astian,  on  tin!  i^'ulf  of 
l).iiieii,  where  was  planted  the  colony  of  Alonso  do 
(*ied;i,  touched  at  Cartau^ena,  and  theic  was  told 
<it'  tlic  fahulous  wealth  of  the  province  of  Zeiiu,  east  of 
tile  '_;iilf  of  J)arien,  the  mountains  of  w  liich  weie  so 
iiii|'ieniijited  with  o-old  that  (huiuLj  the  season  of  i-ains, 
Nvlh  11  the  swollen  streams  rushed  in  toirents  through 
tile  mountains,  the  natives  spread  nets  in  whicii  they 
uiuyht  the  coarsest  pieces,  some  of  them  being'  as  largo 


MINES  AND  MIXING. 


■H' 


'(I, 


tl:    * 


m 


,qs  oGfo's,  Enciso  was  also  iiiformod  tliat  Zciiii  wa-  th. 
l)iiiial-j)lace  for  all  the  suiToundinuf  tiiln'S,  and  ili.ir 
their  .si'pidclnvs  contained  many  of  the  \unst  |)r<Mi(iii> 
oinanu  nts  which  had  been  buried  with  theii*  diai!. 
The  Jiostilitles  of  the  natives  prevented  their  jh n,. 
tratinij^  tlu;  country,  but  the  reputed  wealth  ol"  th- 
jirovince,  the  ornamented  bones  of  the  si>pulchres.  aiil 
thi,'  tishinii^  for  j^old  with  nets,  loni^  aftei'wai'd  e\<  itiil 
the  cu[>i<Uty  of  the  Spaniards,  and  led  to  subse(|iiriir 
disastrous  expeditions.  iVnd  wjien  the  same  iotiit. 
bachiller  drove  the  cacique  (  'emano  from  his  vilinui'  mi 
the  western  shore  of  the  gulf  of  Darien,  he  found  m- 
creted  in  the  houses  and  deposited  in  caverns  jiImii- 
the  banks  of  the  River  Atrato  jj^olden  ornanii  iit\ 
l)racelets,  breastplates  and  anklets,  to  the  value  oltdi 
th<)usand  pi^sos/' 

A'asco  Xunez  de  Balboa  in  1511  sacked  tin-  vi!- 
lacfcs  of  Ponca,  and  found  "certaine  poundes  weight  nl' 
o-old,  graven  and  wrought  into  sundry  ouches."  Th' 
J?acific  Ocean,  as  we  well  know,  was  first  called  liv 
the  S[)aniards  the  South  Sea.  The  circumstaii'i-; 
which  led  to  this  appellation  arc  these:  In  the  vcar 
lol'J  l^alboa,  then  governor  of  Antigua,  a  Sp;iiii>Ii 
settlement  on  the  gulf  of  Darien,  with  eighty  nun, 
visited  an  Indian  province  some  thirty'  leagues  tn  tlir 
westward.  The  province  was  governed  by  a  ciiiiijUi' 
named  Comagre,  whose  eldest  sou,  called  Panciain, 
was  remarkable  for  his  intelligence  and  lofty  bt-uiiiL;. 
In  ordi'r  to  appease  their  avarice,  Panciaco  prestiitnl 
the  Sj^aniards  with  a  large  sum  of  goUl,  in  the  div  i^idii 
of  which  they  fell  to  quarrelling.  I'anciaco,  oven-niiir 
bydisgust,stepped  forward, and  struck  the  scales  a  I'l^w 
which  sent  the  flittering  ij^old  living  in  every  din-cl  inii. 
He  then  told  them  that  it  was  unnecessary  to  fall  '>\\i 
fur  such  a  triHe,  for  if  they  wf)uld  cross  those  nniiii- 
tains,  pointing  toward  the  south,  they  would  disc'Vir 
a  mighty  sea,  where  was  gold  in  abundance.    A  mi 

■^  Oriiilo,  torn.  i.  lib.  xxviii.  cap.  2;  Pdcr Martyr,  dec.  ii.  cap.  2;  lit,  '•era, 
doc.  i.  lib.  viii.  cap.  ii. 


THE  PEARL  ISLANDS. 


650 


fit  till'  southward  then  Itocmu'  a  sultjcot  of  deep  intcr- 
,  -,!  ii>  all,  and  the  vc-ar  !"ol!(»\viii!^f  Vasco  Nunez  crossed 
the  iiiountains  an<l  discovered  this  South  Sea. 

W  liile  on  the  niareh,  Ponca,  his  old  enemy,  no\ ' 
ivtcuciled,  presented  him  with  some  iinely  ^\l•()U^■llt 
oriuuiients  iVom  heyond  the  mountains,  besides  I  liO 
[idUii'ls  of  ,1,^<>1<1  from  his  own  <lominions.  As  he 
\\;is  lahoriniLi'  under  a  sense  of  n^reat  indebtedness  to 
tlif  Sjianiards  for  their  beads,  hateliets,  and  hawks- 
liflls.  he  apoJoLiized  jor  the  smalinesf^.  of  the  nii't  by 
>iiviiin'  that  lie  ha<l  lieen  r«)bbed  the  year  before 
liv  liis  enemies.  The  next  villaLje  at  which  A'asco 
Xiiiirz  arrived  beloni^ed  to  a  eacicjue  named  Quase- 
(|U;i.  where  after  putting;  the  inhabitants  to  tliLj;ht  the 
Spaniards  fouiul  a  consideral>le  <|uantity  of  g^old,  oni; 
ti'tli  of  whieh  was  set  aj>art  for  the  crown,  and  the 
itiiiaiuder  divi(U'd  among  the  adventurers.  Altir 
i;iakiiin"  the  L,aand  diseoveiy  of  the  Pacific  from  the 
>niiiniit  of  the  mountiiin  near  the  ufulf  of  San  ^ri<;"uel, 
liallioa  descende<l  to  the  sea-shore  where  he  encoun- 
tiicd  a  cacique  whose  name  was  Chiapes,  A  volley 
of  iiiiisketry  and  the  chari,'e  of  the  bloodhounds  soon 
liaciiied  this  prf)vince,  and  Chiapes  beinjjf  infoi-nied 
nl'tlie  love  v.hich  his  .<trant;e  visitors  entertained  for 
I,  tremblinulv  presenti-d  him  with  his  entire  store, 

iiie  400  pesos.  For  althouuli  this  country  aljounded 
ill  the  precious  metal,  these  natives  havinjjf  no  use  for 
it  took  no  jiains  to  <.rather  it. 

When,  (-n  the  -J'.nh  of  October  1513,  Balboa  had 
<"ii  I'.mmated  the  ceremonial  acts  of  takiiiLj^  possession 
I  'he  Southern  Sea  for  the  crowns  of  Castile  and 
f.eiiii,  the  natives  directed  his  attention  to  a  yroup 
<it'l(iw  islands  which  they  repres«'nted  as  bv'inn"  exce(.Ml- 
iii^ly  rich  in  pearls.  He  was  then  standinL""  ujion  the 
■^hiii'es  of  the  main  ocean  at  the  entrance  to  the  ^ulf 
<'t'  San  ^rin'uel,  and  the  islands  were  some  seven 
I'auues  distant.  One  distinixuished  as  l)eintj^  the  lari«'est 
"I  thi-  iL!;roup  was  said  to  abound  in  ])earls  of  an  im- 
iiieiise  size,  "as  hirge  as  that, '  said  the  Indians,  placinj^' 


5C0 


MIXES  AND  MINING. 


the  tlimub  and  first  finj]for  tou^etluT,  "and  taken  fiom 
slioU-fish  as  largo  as  tliat,"  ])()iiitin.uj  to  a  burk],r 
wliioli  liuni^  from  the  arm  of  a  Spaniard.  Vasco  Xn- 
ficz  therenpon  called  the  larc^est  island  Islu  Iiica,  and 
to  the  areliijx'lau^o  he  «iave  the  name  of  the  Pearl  Inl- 
ands. Isla  Rica  later  became  known  as  the  island  nt' 
San  Miguel. 

From  the  town  of  Chiapcs  Balhoa  crossed  a  grciit 
river  and  entered  the  province  of  Cocnra,  where  In 
oi)tained  gold  to  the  value  of  six  hundred  and  iit'tv 
i|)esos.  lie  then  crossed  the  water  to  an  arm  of  tlir 
gulf  of  San  Miguel,  later  known  as  the  Kio  Savaiia, 
and  entered  a  pi'ovincc  belonging  to  a  cacique  naiiidl 
"^i'mnaco,  who,  besides  gold  valued  at  014  pesos. 
brought  him  a  bowl  filli'd  with  magnificent  pearls. 
'J40  of  which  were  of  extraordinary  size  and  beauty, 

Vasco  Nunez  and  his  companions  were  by  tlii> 
time  fully  aware  of  the  iimnense  riches  of  that  ceuii- 
ti-y  in  g<»l<l,  i'or,  although  the  natives  ])laced  but  littlo 
value  upon  it,  merely  gathering  what  they  coiiM 
easily  pick  up  from  the  surface  of  tlie  ground,  nt 
everywhere  they  found  it  among  the  Indians,  in 
larger  or  smaller  quantities,  usually  wrought  intn 
various  shapes.  But  here  was  proof  given  them,  Unit 
this  southern  sea  contained  })earls  in  no  less  [)rofusinii 
than  its  shores  yielded  gold,  and  a  knowledge  of  this 
fact  greatly  enhanced  the  value  of  their  discoveiv. 
''Our  men  marvelled  greatly,"  says  Petei- ^[ar-tyi".  "at 
the  size  and  beauty  of  tlu'se  jiearls,  although  tlitv 
were  not  perfectly  white,  because  they  can  not  lake 
them  out  of  the  sea  nuissels,  except  they  first  least 
them,  that  they  ma}^  the  easier  open  themselves;  and 
also  that  the  fish  ma}'  have  the  better  taste.  For  tluy 
esteem  it  a  diilicate  and  j)rincely  dish,  which  llity 
prize  more  highly  than  the  pearls  themselves." 

When  the  chief  Tumaco  beheld  the  eagerness  with 
M-hich  the  Spaniards  regarded  his  pearls,  to  show  tlieiii 
the  suiall  value  which  he  placed  upon  these  baubhs, 
and  li'^w  easily  they  could  be  obtained,  lie  sent  some 


A  Xr.W  SOURCE  OP  WEALTH. 


5(>1 


(.;'  liis  iMcn  tf)  (Isli  for  tlieni,  and  iif'tcr  an  abf^onoo  of 
1..111' (htys  they  i"(-'turn(;(l  with  a  most  bcautifnl  collcc- 
t.iMi.  .iiiiountiiiLj  to  twelve  niai'ks  Meii-ht,  or  ninety-six 
(111.'  .-.  "^rhe  Spaniards  taught  tluia  ]io\v  to  open 
llir  oyster  without  danuiij^ingtlie  pearl,  and  the  Lxlians 
\(iy  soon  learned  to  ])iize  tlu'  jewel  more  tl.an  the 
ji>li.  .Vfterward,\vhen  the  pearls  heeaine  nn  important 
aiticle  of  c'onuneree,  these  Indians  traineil  eertain  of 
liii  ir  youths  as  divers.  ]^y  praetico  they  aecustimied 
l!ii  iiiselvi's  to  remain  heiieath  the  water  i(»r  a  lon:Lj 
liiiic.  They  could  iish  for  lai-^e  pearls  only  in  ealm 
v.i  .itliei'  as  they  were  found  in  deej)  water;  the  smalh'r 
(iv-tcrs  were  nean-i-  the  beach,  and  were  fre(|uently 
tlr]iii>ited  upon  it  hy  the  winds  and  tide. 

On  his  return  journey,  A^asco  Xuhez  entei'ed  and 
ii-iciided  a  lar'iL»-e  I'iver  tlov.inL^  into  the  ^n'ulf,  ])rol)al)ly 
tlic  Sjivana,  to  which  he  ^ave  the  name  of  San  J^i'icar, 
ami  landed  at  a  province  called  Teaoehan,  the  name 
ci'  whose  chief  was  Fesca,  where  lie  was  ])resented 
v.ith  KiO  ounces  in  gold  and  200  pilaris  large  and  iin*', 
(X  t'lit  that  they  had  been  somewhat  discolored  from 
till'  jn'tion  of  the  tire. 

The  next  province  belonged  to  a  cacique  named 
]''  iKin,  who  was  hideously  deformed,  and  who  aban- 
(iuiud  his  yillage  on  the  aj)proach  of  the  Spaniards. 
(i'lld  to  the  value  of  ,'^,000  jjcsos  was  picked  uj)  in 
ilii'  village,  and  the  Indians  who  accom])anied  A'asco 
Xunc/,  informed  him  that  this  was  one  of  the  richest 
]i|i'vin(  fs  in  all  those  pjn'ts.  Balboa  named  the  place 
Tddiis  Santos.  Part  of  his  comj)any  who  had  )'o- 
iiiaiiicd  at  the  town  of  Chiapes  joined  him  at  this 
I'l.i'i'.  As  they  journeyed  iiorthward  from  Chiapes 
thi  y  entered  the  dominions  of  a  caci(pie  called  Uono- 
liiaiiia.  Their  fame  having  preceded  them,  this  chief- 
tain leceived  them  with  every  demonstration  of  joy, 
iiiid  iiimiediately  presented  them  with  gold  valued  at 
-,"•)(»  pesos.  They  then  accompanied  this  band  of 
tSpaiiiiirils  to  Todos  Santos,  in  order  to  pay  their  re- 
^jMcts  to  Vaseo  Xunez. 

nisT.  yir.x.,  Vol.  HI.    JG 


662 


MINTS  AND  :^ii\ixa. 


t^ 


I -I-, 


( \>iitiiiuii)'u;  tlu'ii'  JDiinicy  t!)\v;ir(l  tlio  north,  j] 
Mere  ono  diiy  ovcrtala-ii  \>y  a  liaiid  of  Indiatis  w 
cainc  from  a  jn'ovint'c  wliioli  lay  some  distance  dii 
tlieir    course,   and,  |treseiitinjj^   the     Spaniard.- 


SOS, 


t  (.f 

with 

thrv 


thirty  lartje  j^ohl  ]»hiti's,  weiij^hintj^  14,000  ])c 
invited  them  to  visit  their  cliii'l',  vvho  would  'il\ 
them  a  much  larger  amount.  Thiy  also  hcjjrocMl  \',i>r , 
Xuhe/  to  assist  them  in  sui)iu<j:atin'_r  u  i)()\\errul  n(  i  '!i- 
l»or,  whose  I'ichi's  were  verv  irreat.  ])urini'  tlnlr 
lionieward  mai'ch,  n-old  liad  accumulated  so  rapiillv. 
that  they  were  unal)K!  to  carry  hoth  their  trca^ui  ■ 
and  a  sullicient  (juantity  of  provi.sions.  Altlinu^h 
they  had  Indians  in  a'ountlance  to  act  as  beasts  (f 
burden,  yet  each  man  was  not  able  to  caVry  nmi' 
than  two  <lays'  supply  in  addition  to  his  load  of  nutul. 


iHlll 


They  endured,  theri'lon-,  inteiisi'  suiferinuf. 

])escendin;jf  the  northern  declivities  of  the  n 
tains,  they  rested  at  a  villai^i',  the  cacique  of  whir'i 
was  called  l*ocorosa,  who  ^ii\c  them  j^old  value  I  ;ir 
I  ,r)00  j>i>sos,  at  the  same  timo  informintj^  them  ><(  a 
neii;hl)or  nanu'd  Tumanam;!,  whom  A'ast-o  Xufu'/  with 
seventy  men  surprised  by  night  and  took  ])risoncr  wiili 
his  ei^'hty  wives  and  n'old  to  the  value  of  9,000  p(  >n> 
Xot  l()n«»-  alter  he  was  released,  when  ho  coUictnl 
within  a  lew  days  ninety  marks  (»f  n'old  and  i^^avc  i: 
to  IJalboa.  .lH!iiii,^  asked  v>liere  this  o-old  was  I'liiml. 
Tumanamii  rel'used  to  answer,  fearful  that  ii"  th 
locality  was  made  known  to  the  Spaniards  they  w 


111! 


never  leave 


k 


his  d 


onumons. 


It  was  ascertain 


t'(i 


trial,  however,  that  the  soil  in  the  vicinity  was  i 
im})rei2^nate(l.and  Vasco  Xuriezdt^termined  to  est: 
there  ;i  fort  for  the  protection  of  minini;'  and  comi 
bi'tween  the  two  seas.     Continuin^•  their  way  t 


jell!'.- 
llilivi 


lie 


owai- 


the  north,  the  Spaniards  arrived  at  the  villajj^e  el'C"- 
majjfre.     The  old  chief  was  dead,  and  Panciaco  >ii  ■ 
cc'cded  to  the  honors  and  dignities  of  his  father.     H 
I'cceived  Vasco  Xunez  with  great  joy,  jn'esented  lii:' 
with  gold  to  the  value  of  2,000  jX'sos,  and  receivrsl  ii 


return  a  linen  shirt  and  some  trinkets,  with  which 


OOLDFN  TEMPLE  OF  DABAIHA. 


:.('.:] 


v;i>  Ili^•^lly  (lc'lii;liti'(l.  Tli(>  Spaniards  tltiMi  returned 
in  Aiiti;jfun,  earryiiiLj  with  them  40,0()<*  j»<  s()>  in  j^oM, 
which  on  aecoiint  of  tlio  innnen.so  yield  Iroiu  I'eru  is 
vj-rth  at  tiiis  time,  A.  D.  IGOO,  bays  Jlerrera,  nujro 
than  ;;00,000.« 

It  .ippears  from  the  narratives  of  Vaseo  Xuiu^z  and 
nth' IS,  that  upon  tlie  Istlumis  at  this  time  ^nld  was 
held  l>y  the  natives  in  alx)ut  the  same  estimation  that 
(■'i[)]i(M',  iron,  or  any  base  metal  is  iv^'ardt'd  !»y  prinii- 
ii\i'  nations.  It  was  usually  found  wrousjfht  into 
nriiaiiirnts,  such  as  breastplate's,  anklets,  wristlets,  as 
v.iU  as  vessels  lor  doniestie  pur})oses.  In  I'aet,  when 
the  usi-  of  iron  heeamo  known  to  the  natives,  they 
valued  that  metal  al^n'e  anything  on  earth,  and 
ihiiii.;ht  themselves  extremely  fortunate  if  they  eould 
nlitniii  a  liatehet,  a  knife,  or  even  a  piece  of  old  1k)o[) 
iidii.  tor  an  equal  weight  of  gold. 


trilling  for  gold  on  the  continent  of  America  was 
jir-(  attempted  by  Europeans  in  the  year  If)!  4. 
Three  leagues  from  the  settlement  of  Santa  ^[an'a 
la  Antigua  del  Darien  was  found  a  spot  where  the 


ill- 


^l(le.- 


plams,  and  I'lver-Danlcs  were  so  riclily  nii- 


p!'eL;iiated  as  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  colonist. 
It  was  their  custom  to  first  elect  a  mining  su])erin- 
tciident,  or  surveyor,  under  whose  direction  [)lots  of 
'.;rt)Uii(l  were  measured  olf  twelve  paces  s(piai'e,  the 
tii)!!  of  which  was  at  the  ()[)tion  of  tlu'  claimant, 
avoiding  preoccupied  ground.  Indian  slaves 
Were  Ihen  set  to  work,  and  if  the  spot  chosen  proved 
hari'en,  it  minlit  be  abandoned  and  another  selected. 
A I »!)ut  this  time  were  started  among  the  colonists 
"f  Darien  stories  of  the  golden  temple  of  Dabaiba, 
ialaiul 


Mca 


tl 


I'om  tuem  a 


littk 


e  south  of  west  sixtv  or  eigiitv 


lvalues.     The  colonists  sought  to  find  the  [)laco  and 

^  •  Ardvilc)  (Ic  partirsc  para  cl  Darien,  con  niaa  do  qn.ireiita  mil  ])e.s()s  do  oro, 
fl'i'^  villiin  iiitonccs  mas  <[uc  aora  trecientos  mil,  lo  (iiial  liu  sido  causa  la. 
iiiliiii.hi.l  inic  dcllo  ha  dado  tl  I'irii.'  Ili  rn  r<t,  dec.  i.  lil).  x.  cap.  .").     See  also 


/'.'.,•  .1/ 
iiid.,  6U. 


(irii/r, 


dec.    iii.    cap.  3;  OvleJo,    lib.    xxix.    ca;-.    J;  Oomm-'i 


Hist. 


i 


:()i 


MINES  a::;.  mi:;int,. 


fiilc'd.  Two  siil).sequeiit  nttrmpts,  Ixdli  ('(|iiall\  iri- 
sucot'sst'ul  \vcr<'  ina(l(.'  to  oajitun;  tlu;  j^oldcii  tciii|'lc, 
oiii-  l>y  \'asro  XuiK'/aiid  Luis  Carrillo  (••mjointly.  ainl 
the  other  hy  tlie  factor  of  l\(h'arias,  .liiaii  do  Tahii.i. 
A  jiiicst  of  the  ]»riory  *>f  Darieii  luiined  Janthi,  Al- 
varez Osorio  s[)ent  many  years  searcliiiii^  for  tli' 
H'oldeii  ti'iiiple,  diiriu;^  wliich  time  lie  endured  irrcal 
ha)tlshij)s  and  experieneed  many  dani^ers. 

"J'ello  de  (nizman  witli  one  liun<h'ed  men  penetr;iti(l 
to  the  South  Sea  in  lalj.  lie  <Usoovered  the  .^itr 
of  aneient  l*anam:i,  a  country  famous  for  its  i-ichiif^s, 
Init  where  he  found  only  some  fishermen's  huts.  J-'iom 
the  province  of  CMiagre  lie  oUtained  jujold  to  tlie  valik' 
of  1-J,000  castellanos,  and  from  (Miepo  12,000.  \l 
retunieil  to  Antii^ua  loaded  Mith  gold,  l>ut  aliiin^t 
fami>lie(l  from  hunger  and  thirst,  (jlonzalode  J^adiijdZ. 
another  captain  of  Pedrarias,  crossed  the  Isthmus  in 
1515  from  Xomhre<le  Dios  to  tlie  I)ay  of  Panaiii;!  with 
one  hundi'eil  and  thirty  men.  Upon  the  sunuiiit  cf 
the  ('((rdilleras  Badajoz  surprised  a  cliief  named  Tnto- 
iiagua,  iVom  whom  he  ohtained  gold  valued  in  all  at 
rj,000  castellanos.  From  a  neighboring  cacicpic  lie 
received  in  return  for  his  friendshij)  8,000.  TImv 
I'ouiid  this  mountain  region  exceedingly  rich  in  gnld. 
"  Wherever  theydigged,"says  Peter  ^[artyr,"  whet lu  r 
on  the  dry  lane  I  or  in  the  wet  channels  of  the  livti's, 
they  found  the  sand  which  they  cast  forth  uiixed  w  illi 
gold."  At  the  village  of  Xata,  on  the  western  hitidci' 
of  the  gulf  «»f  Panama,  the  Spaniards  found  gold  tn 
the  value  of  10,000  castellanos;  south-west  of  Nata 
from  a  cacique  named  Escolia  they  obtained  D.diiO, 
and  at  other  provinces  from  two  to  ten  thousand  (a>- 
tellanos.  Thus  far  Badajoz  had  secured  gold  to  the 
value  of  80,000  castellanos,  "which  was  worth  nioro 
in  those  days,"  says  Horrera,  "500,000  after  the  tli>- 
coveiy  of  Peru." 

The  whole  country  in  the  vicinity  of  the  bay  ct 
Panama,  and  for  two  hundred  leagues  above  ami 
below  Darien,  according  to  the  last  mentioned  chroii- 


IIKAVY  rLUXDER. 


8es 


Ii  1(  1',  \v;is  found  to  \>v  t-xcccdiii^ly  I'icli  in  ,u<>lil.  Tliat 
ill  tlir  |i(»ssi'ssinn  (»ftli»;  natives,  liowcvcr,  w.is  usuiilly 
tniiml  wniULjlit  into  l)rt'iist[>liit(s,  and  utensils  of  \ari- 
(iii^  Mitts.  Sneli  as  was  found  in  a  native  state  must 
]i;i\r  l)een  (|uite  line,  as  lleri'era  mentions  several 
1  ill crs  of  extraordinary  size  found  hy  liadajo/,  wiiieli 
\\(i;4liod  two  casteManos.  While  in  this  vicinity  I>a- 
(laji)/,  entered  the  |»i'o\  inee  of  a  caeiciue  named  ( "ntar;i, 
liiit  whom  the  Sjianiai'ds  eallecl  l*aris.  'I'he  ehieftaiti 
tied  at  their  ap|»roae]i,  hut  upon  heiiiu'  threatene<l 
with  the  hioodhounds,  he  sent  them,  in  four  baskets, 
'jmM  to  the  vahie  of  ;')(),()()()  pesos.  The  ungrateful 
Spaiiiai'ds,  ihished  with  their  success,  enteri'd  his 
viila''!'  hv  niiilit  and  secured  uearlv  as  nuich  more. 
Tills  l)as(;  treachery  so  exasperated  the  sa\aL;'es  that 
liir\  attacked  iJadajo/,  with  an  ai'uiy  ol  4,000  war- 
ii(ii>.  killed  seventy  of  his  men,  and  cap'tured  all  the; 
L;n|(l  which  he  had  taken,  aniountiiii^"  to  o\»r  MJO.OOO 
(•ii;>tcllanos,  e<juivaleut  to  at  least  one  million  of  doHai's 
at  the  p'  'Sent  time.  Sul)se(|uently  h(.'  visited  the 
i-laiid  of  'J'aho^ii,  wliei'e  lu^  ohtained  a  small  (|Uantity 
(if  U' lid.  Ifi!  tlu'ii  returned  to  AntiLjjiia. 
'•  \\  hell  I  was  su[»erintendent  of  the  mint  in  ( 'as- 


tiila 


Ov^ 


savs 


Ovi 


euo. 


have  otten    nu 


Ited 


1   from  A'cra^ua,  and  am   well   eonvin<'ed   of   the 


le    cnlo- 


t.\i>tence  of  rich  mines  in  that  jn'ovince."'     Tl 
iiists  at  Xat;i  estahlished  a  consideiahle  trallic   witli 
tlir  natives  of  Veranua,  sending'  thither  their  Indian 
servants  with  cotton  cloth  and  hanunocks  to  exchange 
I'lil'  .H'old. 
The  Pearl  Islands  wei'e  first  visited  hy  (Jaspiu-  de 


M 


"lales  am 


I    i^' 


ran  Cisco 


i/turo. 


Aft 


er  the  caci([ 


ue 


V\;b 


pa(Mtied  hy  the  arms  of  the  Spaniards,  lie  took 
Itoiales  u])  into  a  tower  which  stood  upon  the  roof 
lit' Ills  house,  whence  an  unbroken  view  was  presented, 
iiiid  pointint^  to  the  islands  on  either  side  said,  "J)(- 
Iml'l  (he  inlinite  sea,  extendini,^  (jveii  heyond  tlu;  sun- 
lioaiiis;  behold  the  islands,  all  are  subject  to  my  sw  v 
liH  \  contain  but  little  gold;  but  the  dee[>  places  m 


ii 


Me 


MIXKS  AND  MIXINfi. 


nil  11n-so  scn<  nnd  al.oiit  iill  tlicsc  isloiuls  arc  full  ." 
|»farl>,  i»r  which  you  shall  hav(>  as  many  as  you  wij! 
ho  tliat  you  continue  your  )Vi('n(lshi|t  to  inc."  I|. 
Idou'^ht  a  haskit  ot'  j»carls  ot*  one  hun<h'e(l  mark. 
veiijht,  ami  ai^feed  to  jay  annually  to  the  kin,'  (.; 
SjKiin  on<'  hundivd  jxfunds  of"  pearls,  tis  th(>u;,di  it  wa. 
a  Very  li«dit  matter. 

In  1510  tlie  liceiitiate  rj!as|)ar  de  Ksj)inosa  t;;iv- 
f;vsii\  the  Isthmus,  and  I'ecaptured  tlio  j^ncater  p.ii* 
of  the  j^old  Mhich  had  heen  taken  tVoin  Uadajo/.:  lii;' 
the  iiati\cs  tied  t<»  the  mountains  at  his  a|>|>roacji.  mM 
ahhoU'^h  he  found  the  country  at  laiijfe  wvll  dialiii4 
hy  lormei-  raids,  the  hirj^e  amount  which  ho  j-ccuv- 
erod  was  suiiicient  to  enrich  every  man  ot  his  nnw- 
jtany. 

In  l.')22  Oi!  fJouzales  and  Andres  Nino  discoyiiol 
tlie  iioith-wi'stern  coast  I'roin  l*anani;i  to  the  hav  I't' 


] 


onse( 


a.  takinn'  \ 


)ossession  ot 


th 


province  o 


fX 


lr;il;i- 


eua.  ])uiinLj  the  seventeen  months  ol'  their  ahx  in 
they  journeyed  040  leajjfues,  and  with  100  men  unit 
inland  '.!44  leaiifues,  l)ei>;u[iniL>' hread  and  n'dd.  Ot"  tliu 
latt'-r  they  (.htained  the  value  of  ll'J,.")00  pe^os,  a 
jMirtion  of  which  was  of  interior  (juality,  and  wnvtl 
twelve  or  thirteen  dollars  an  ounce.  They  al>ii  nh- 
tained  jwarls  to  the  value  of  14i 


pes 


OS. 


Thi 


s  inl'iTii'i' 


•  Told  they  found  wroU'dit  into  hatchets  and  other  iisi- 
ful  implements,  and  hells  the  ])urity  and  vahie  nt" 
which  w«-r"  tested  hy  the  sound,  as  the  j)urer  the  lioM 
the  inf)rc  dull  and  Hat  would  be  the  sound.  Ot"  'If 
112,500  pesos  tiuis  obtained,  40,000  were   fouii.l  I 


tw 


«'i 


II  the  hav  of  J3avid  and  the  hav  of  San  A'ici  uti 


14.000.  thirteen  carats  fit 


le,  W( 


re  donated  hv  the  ci- 


ci(jue  Xicoya  in  return  for  the  ba])tism  of  (1,000  ol"lii> 
subjects.  The  cacique  Nicaragua  cheerfull}'  gave  the 
Spaniards  25,000  ])esos.  .    , 

Hernando  de  S(tto,  one  of  the  captains  of  Francis'''" 
Idernandez  de  Cordoba,  who  was  scnit  to  Nicai;i.:iia 
by  I'edrarias  after  the  return  of  Gil  (jionzale?,  ' "l- 
lected  an   inferior  quality  of  gold  to  the  value  "i 


WKAI/ril  OF  lIOXDniAS. 


r.fl7 


1  no. 000  pesos,  wliicli  was  tiikni  iVnm  liim  1»y  (»\\ 
(iHii/.ilcs  ill  nil  aH'iay  iK'twej-ii  the  ,S|taniai(ls  for  su- 
jiiviii.icy  ill  that  (•(•iiiitrv. 

|)ic:4()  Loj)*'/  (Ic  Salccdo,  ;^<)Vcni<>r  ot'  1  londiiras, 
jiiiiiK  v(m1  rroiii  'rnijillo  near  Cayx*  ll(»ii<hiras,  to  the 
<ilv  of  Leon  ill  Nicaranua.  llr  reported  that  in  tlie 
\,ill 'V  ol'  Olaiieho,  ahollt  t\veii1y-ti\  <•  haijiies  soutli  of 
Tiiii'illo,  were  miiies  so  rich  that  with  proper  tools 
'^nld  twenty-two  <'arats  tine  to  the  vahie  of  'J()0,U<)0 
(;ivt(  llanos  nii^'l'*^  lie  taken  out  in  two  months. 

Ill  the  year  15*28  ^lartiii  J]stete  and  ( Jahriel  de 
]!•  j.is  were  sent  Iroiii  New  Jjcoii  hy  I'cdraiias  to  tla^ 
li'iM  r  San  iluan  in  order  to  ascertain  the  eharaeter  of 
tlir  stream  which  drains  the  lake  of  Xicaramia  and 
.M;iiia!.;tia.  Takiiio'  a  circuitous  route  for  the  purpose 
nl'  (xamiiiini;  the  country  they  reached  the  ocean  at 
Ciiic  (jlracias  ji  ])ios,  and  suc!i  was  the  richness  of 
tlir  country  in  that  vicinity  that  they  founded  a  col- 
miy  at  that  point,  and  (iahiiel  de  Jtojas  I'l'inaiiied  tt» 
Work  tlio  mines.  About  this  time  a  lai-'^-e  <piantity 
c|' L;i>ld  was  taken  Irom  the  IJiver  (Juayapc  in  tins 
v.illey  of  Olancho.  ^J'he  iirst  silver  mines  of  which  I 
liiil  mention,  were  ()[)ened  in  a  hcauliful  valKy  of 
]|unduras,  at  a  ])lace  calle<l  New  A  alladoli<l,  about 
lliiify  leagues  from  'J'rujillo.' 

The  colonists  at  Trujillo  up  to  Juno  15.1^1,  took 
finiii  the  mines  in  their  vicinity  'AJ)-]'2  jx'sos.  They 
ivjiurted  many  mines  rich  in  nold  and  other  metals  in 
till'  iieii^hborhootl,  but  such  was  the  continued  hos- 
tililv  of  the  natives  that  they  were  obli''ed  to  abandon 
ii"t  oidv  their  mininLT  camps  l)ut  the  lai-'jcr  settle- 
iiHi.ls.  But  after  the  pacitication  of  the  country  by 
]''(lio  do  Alvarado  the  yield  of  tlie  mines  durinj^ 
six  months  of  15;]j  was  HO, 000  pesos,  and  as  eai'ly  as 
l.'i:l8  the  re[)utation  of  Honduras  as  a  rich  miniiiL;' 
ciiuiitry  was  established.^ 

'  'I'stii  assiniismo  en  esta  provincia  la  nueva  Viilladolid.  con  nn  valk',  con 
p mil  ili.-j)osici()n,  y  vista,  y  ilc  ayrc  saiio;  cii  la  conipana  ay  nmltitiul  ilo 
ti.iKiii.s,  y  bnenas  niinas  do  jilata.'  //»  rrcni,  //is/.  Inil..  ilvr.  iv.  lil>.  viii.  ca|i.  .'t. 

"liny  Ijcgjjcd  Pedro  de  Alvarado,  g(jVL'rnor  of  Giiatcni.  !a,  to  grant  tlioni 


%, 


MS 


JUNES  AND  MINING. 


Francisco  do  jMontojo,  i^ovcrnor  of  Yucatan,  alioiit 
the  year  1535  petitioned  the  crown  to  add  to  his  l^mv. 
ernnient  the  province  of  Honduras,  statin;^  as  a  reason 
ior  so  d()in_!:>',  that  in  Honduras  were  rich  niiiic-  nf 
^i^'old,  while  in  Yucatan  there  were  none,  and  without 
that  attraction  the  land  of  Yucatan  never  would  ho 
jiaciiied. 

Felipe  Gutierrez,  i^ovcrnor  of  Vcragua  in  1537,  \v;h 
guided  by  a  native  to  some  rich  o'old  mines  situatiii 
^vithin  three  or  four  letiL^ues  of  the  sea-shore  Kc- 
twtx'U  the  rivers  Venigua  and  Concepcion;  but  hciiiij 
pressed  by  disease  and  i'amine,  he,  as  all  others  beioic 
him  had  done,  was  obliLXed  to  withdraw  from  thaf 
country.  In  1540.  five  or  six  men,  formerly  occu|.it_d 
in  tlie  mines  of  Honduras,  crossed  over  to  Esi)aiii'l;i, 
and  reported  that  land  rich  in  minerals,  with  an 
abundance  of  rame,  fru.'L  u'rain,  antl  honev.'* 

Diei»'o  Gutierrez  in  1540  was  appointed  by  tlio 
emperor  gcnenor  of  Nueva  Cartago,  or  Ct)sta  Fvlca, 
and  five  years  later  ascended  for  a  few  h.'aij^ues  tli" 
I'iver  Surre,  which  is  supposed  to  be  tlie  same  that  is 
now  called  Revenrayon  whicli  ilows  into  the  Caiili- 
bean  Sea  in  latitude  about  10'  20'.  Taking  possi  s- 
sion  of  a  deserted  Indian  village  within  the  proviiKO 
which  gave  name  to  the  river,  the  caciques  occu] ly- 
ing adjacent  provinces  brought  in  an  inferior  la- 
alloyed  ijold  to  the  value  of  700  ducats.  On  bciii'^- 
questioned  wlience  it  was  obtained,  they  replied  t!iat 
it  came  from  certain  rivei-s  Howiii'*;  down  the  sidi >  "f 
steep  mountains  in  countries  very  distant.  On  t'lo 
southern  slo[)e  of  the  mountains  Gutierrez  found  tho 
Si'old  more  ])lentiful  and   the   quality  tiner.     It  was 


i-> 


fabricated  into  necklaces  and  bracelets.     The  nati\i' 


(lid  'o  (lar  (Jrdoii  conio  no  so  afabassen  Jo  ponk-r  los  cspafiok'S  quo  alii  '  t.i- 
bail.  (k'S|K)l)l;iiicl(iso  una  jiroviiii-ia  tan  rica  do  iiiiiias  ile  oro  u  utros  iiR'l:ilr.>. 
Oriiilo,  Hist.  (I'lii.,  lil).  xxxi.,  cap.  7. 

'■'  'has  niiiius  ilo  lloiiilnia.s  son  vn  la  villa  (jne  Hainan  ronuiyagua,  luiiii  A 
valle  do  Vlanoiio,  trcyntii  y  oinco  k'i,'nas  <l'.stii  iiiarikd  Norto,  y  cxputialiii  n:o 
(ii,Uo  la.s  niinas  de  idata;  e  dc  iiii  ipiintal  <lc  la  voiia  sc  sacaii  Mcys  inaicii-  'l>' 
plata  c  dod  iiL'ssos  do  oro,  y  csto  so  ha  visto  sci'a.'^si  por  cl  ciisayo, '  Ore  •'.', 
jf/i</.  iitn.,  lib.  xxxi.,  cap.  11. 


SCOOnXG  IX  A  VOLCANO. 


609 


carri";!  also  golden  trumpets  throe  palms  in  Icngtli. 
(riitKircz  was  attacked  on  one  of  the  alllueiits  of  the 
liver  ( Jrande,  or  Virillo,  which  flows  into  the  gulf  of 
Xirnva,  in  July,  1545,  hy  about  3,000  natives,  and 
liiiiisclf  and  nearly  all  of  his  men  were  massacred. 
Thi>!  h.ittle  resulted  in  the  rccoverv,  l>v  tlie  Indians, 
(if  1(;0,000  castellanos  in  ''-old,  which  had  been  taken 
t'loiii  them  by  Gutierrez."^ 

Three  leagues  from  the  city  of  Granada,  in  the  lake 
of  Xicaragna,  is  the  volcano  Massaya,  in  the  bowels 
of  wliich  a  tiery  li(|uid  eternally  boiled.  The  fact  that 
the  e!)ullition  was  perpetual,  never  discharging  any- 
thing save  smoke  and  Hame,  and  never  becoming  re- 
ihked  by  evaporation,  led  a  Dominican  friar,  named 
IJlas  dtl  Castillo,  to  believe  the  molten  mass  to  be  a 
preeioiis  metal.  "What  a  grand  idea,"  thought  he, 
"ti)  draw  melted  gold  Irom  the  bcnveJs  of  the  earth  in 
liu'kets."  At  length,  taking  into  his  conlidenco  other 
Spaniards  he  agreed  to  descend  to  the  floor  of  the 
erater  and  endeavor  if  possible  to  obtain  some  of  tho 
|ireei()us  liipiid.  Foi- this  ])urpose  he  carried  witli  him 
a  l)ueket-shaped  piece  of  thick  sheet  iron  attaclied  to 
a  long  chain.  Arrived  at  the  floor  of  the  crater  ho 
l)e'j;an  paying  out,  the  chain.  Although  the  situation 
was  mine  of  tile  coolest,  an<l  the  good  lather  imagined 
himself  nearer  tlie  infernal  regions  than  he  ever  ex- 
liocti<]  to  1"3  before  death,  all  went  well.  One  hun- 
(Ii'lmI  and  flfty  tathonis  of  the  chain  were  paid  out, 
hut  as  soon  as  it  reached  the  regions  of  hre  below 
the  liucket  shrivelled,  the  chain  melted  Ibr  some  dis- 
taiiee,  and  the  dream  of  tlie  gold-drawers  was  over. 
The  Spaniards  passed  the  night,  with(»ut  m^eding  tho 
lin'ht  of  the  sun,  meditating  u[)on  the  uncertainty 
of  vuleanic  mining  o[)erations.^^ 

''''I'l'i  vi'iiiroiio  certi  SiLjnoli  i'l  visitarlo,  v.  ^sVi  prcsentonmo  il;i  feUocenta 
(Iv.citi  (Toro  ili  liassji  Ic;,'!!.'  '  I'ni  i.'li  <liiii:iiiil<>  ildiu;  j  iu'liiiujiiio  I'oro,  o  gli 
rii-iiMsiiii,  olin  lo  I'liuliic  laiio  <l;i  iKii^i  assii  luiit.iiii,  tidu.ili  in  cirti  ihiiiii, 
cI.imI  niiiiluiiaiio  (lii  cuito  tisprissiiiic  iiKPiitagiic. '  Jiiir-mii,  lli^l.  Mvndo  Suuvu, 
lil>.  ii.,  lol.  ,S4. 

"'Alio  dc  Mil  y  (juiiiicntos  y  (.iiiiiiK-Utay  vno  bc  dio  liLcuci:i  al  liLuiiLJiulo, 


f 


570 


MIXES  AND  MIXING. 


The  old  ^Milanese  traveller  and  historian,  Girolanio 
Beiizoni,  affirms  that  when  in  Xicarajj;'ua,  ahout  th- 
year  I  r)4r>,  there  were  no  mines  of  any  description,  al- 
thougli  tlic  natives  had  in  their  possession  an  a1)Uii- 
dance  of  gold,  niucli  alloyed,  however,  which  liail 
been  brouglit  I'roni  otlier  provinces.^^ 

The  shore  of  Venezuela  was  called  by  tiie  culv 
Spanisli  settlers  the  Pearl  Coast,  fi'oin  the  iuuiK  um; 
yield  t)f  that  gem  in  those  parts.  The  licentiate,  Don 
Pedro  Ordonez  de  Zevallos,  who  visited  that  couiitrv 
in  IGGO,  asserts  that  he  saw  at  the  fishery  huge  ])ilLs 
of  ]>earls  which  could  be  measured  by  the  bu^lid. 
On  the  coa?:.t  of  Urabu  he  discovered  a  temple  whidi 
contained  lars>'e  idols  of  solid  gold  adorned  \vit!i 
crowns,  sun  or  wheel-like,  the  smallest  of  which  lunl 
rays  or  s[)okes  of  pure  gold  weighing  twenty-eight 
pounds. 

In  Peru  we  shall  find  equally  great  gold-gathering 
stories;  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  yield  lidiii 
this  quarter  assisted  greatly  in  revolutionizing  tlic 
conmu'i'ce  and  finances  of  the  world. 

During  his  first  voyage  along  the  coast  of  Pern, 
Pizarro  found  gold  in  large  quantities  only  at  Tuin- 
bez,  a  town  situated  at  the  entrance  to  the  ijuU'  (if 
Guayaquil,  although  it  was  discovered  to  be  in  the 
hands  of  all  the  natives  to  a  sjreater  or  less  extoiit. 
Having  with  him  but  a  few  men,  he  i>ave  orders  that 
gold  should  be  treated  with  indifference,  so  that  the 
apprehensions  of  the  natives  might  not  be  excitoil, 
and  that  the  subse(|uent  harvest  might  be  tliericlki'/' 

The  Indian  province  of  Coaque  lying  directly  niiiKr 
the  equinoctial  line  originally  abounded  in  emeralds, 

y  Dotm  Jnan  Alu;ii'o7,  para  abrir  cste  Volcan  de  Masaya,  y  sacar  el  iuot:il/ 
t!oii!i(rii,  I  lift.  Iii'l.,  'JiJJ. 

'-  'Xdii  liMiiiu)  iiiiiiciHi  (li  niotnllo  (U  forte  alcima.  Miciioclic  oiianclot-li  "^V^"- 
iinoli  vi  aiiiliiroiiii,  liiuu'iinni)  vna  p-aii  (jiiiintit;'i  dViro  di  bassa  Icga,  coiidutto 
d'alire  iirimiiicie.'  It<  ic^on't.  Hist.  J/oinlo  Xiioro^  lil>.  ii.  102. 

'^ ' Kt  voU'IkIoU  diirc  il  ( toiu'niatoi't'  uli|iiiiiito  gioie  d'oio  iioii  lo  vol^i.'  .ncct- 
tare,  dissiiiiuLiiido,  tlio  lum  aiidana  ci'rcaiidi)  tal  eowi,  c  tornato  idle  uaiit'  c 
diito  nutitia  del  luttu. '  L'tir.oiii,  Uht.  Moudu  Xtwvo,  lib.  iii.  fol.  lit). 


TESTING  EMERALDS. 


571 


car  el  iiictal, 


found  in  no  other  rct^ion  upon  that  coast.  When  the 
Spaiiiaids  under  Pizarro  invaded  that  province  in 
1,V!I,  besides  an  abundance  of  i^old  and  silver,  they 
Lollicted  larj^e  quantities  of  this  gem,  some  of  them 
a.;  large  as  pigeons'  eggs.  It  is  said  that  the  rudo 
soldiers,  not  knowing  the  value  of  this  beautiful  stone, 
ln'oke  tliem  in  pieces  in  order  to  tost  tliuir  value,  as 
tlnv  had  been  informed  by  one  of  the  missionary 
t'liais  that  the  emerald  was  harder  than  steel  and 
ciuld  not  be  broken,  and  by  this  means  alone  could 
ili(  ir  genuineness  be  proved.'^ 

rrocL'cding  southward  and  penetrating  the  interior, 
tlic  Spaniards  seized  the  ruler  of  the  realm.  Not 
liiii!^'  td'ter  his  capture  the  inca  offered  such  a  ransom 
iis  iR'Vtr  prince  or  jiotentate  dared  promise  before. 
"I  will  cover  this  floor  with  gold,"  said  ho  to  Pizarro, 
'il'vou  will  let  me  go."  Then  pei'ceiving  looks  of  in- 
ncdidiiy,  which  seemed  to  treat  his  offer  as  the  insane 
lin,i-t  of  an  exasperated  captive,  ''Nay,"  said  he,  "I 
Avill  nil  the  room  with  gold  as  high  as  you  can  reach," 
and  ste[)[)ing  to  the  wall  he  made  a  mark  nine  feet 
iiniu  the  floor.  "And  if  that  is  not  enough,  yonder 
iiioiii,"  he  exclaimed,  pointing  to  a  smaller  a])artment 
adjiiiuiiig,  "that  room  sh.all  be  twice  lilletl  with  silver 
it' \  nil  will  grant  me  my  liberty."  The  gold  was  not 
to  lie  melted  down,  but  was  to  retain  its  fnbricated 
fii'iii,  and  two  months  were  allowed  for  the  fullilment 
of  t lie  agreement.  Francisco  Pizarro  readily  accej)ted 
till'  oiler,  gave  a  promise  of  release  before  a  notary, 

"'Airiuainmo.i  vnotrrracliiiiiiiataCoainio,qniil  i'  sottolaliiioaciiuinottiale, 
(I'Hir  tnmaiiiiiui,  (|iialclio  poijo  (Inro,  c  (|iialclio  jiietra  ili  SiiU'ialilcp. '  llilnl'innA 
(/'(•/(  aifiildiiii  tS/,aijiivulo,  in  ItnnvMit,  iii.  H71.  'I'ri'ciaiisi.'  dc  trari'  mucliad 
ji)ia<  do  oro  on  las  orojas,  i  cu  las  iiariccs,  inaioi'iiiciitc  l^siiu'iaMas,  (itio  .so 
litillan  .suhiiiK'iitu  on  uqiiol  pavagf;  aimiiiu;  l(js  Iiiilios  no  lian  ([ucriili)  ni<jsliar 
Ins  wnerus  do  ollas;  cieoso  (|Uo  nasL'on  alii,  jioriiuc  so  lian  lialladu  aiu'iinaa 
liR'/'jliiilas,  i  iic;j;adas  con  guijairns,  (|Uo  os  soiialdo  rjuaxarso  do  olios.'  Znriiti', 
lii'i.  ilil  I'lrii,  111),  i.  cap.  iv.  'Canunaron  liasta  Uviiar  a  vn  m'an  riulilo,  ((iio 
si-'  di'  0  Coa(Hio,  al  (jual  saltoaron,  ponjiio  no  so  aloaso  conio  los  otios  I'mhlos, 
ialli  toiiiafon  (luinoo  mil  I'osos  de  Oro;  i  mil  i  (juiniontos  Maroos  do  Plata,  i 
imiclias  I'ifdias  do  Ivsmcialdas,  (juc  por  ol  ju'osonte  no  fuoron  oono-<oid;i,s,  ni 
teiiid.is  i)ur  I'iodras  do  valor;  pur  ostaoansa  los  Kspafiolo.s  las  dali.m,  i  ivscata- 
ban  o(ia  los  Indios  por  Ifopa,  i  otras  oosas  nue  los  Indios  los  dabau  por  olliis.' 
A'lc.  f,  '■«»(/.  dd  I'<iii,  in  iiiirihi,  iii.  IS'J. 


Hi 


S72 


MIXES  AND  MINING. 


and  kept  it  by  filially  killing  his  cajitivc.  Ati»]m;il|ia 
Ava.s  gaiTotod  in  [)n.s(>n,  l)y  order  of  Pizn.iro,  just  lie- 
fore  the  glittering  pile  had  reached  the  sti}Mil;ii((l 
mark.  The  ra})idity  with  which  this  vast  tre;i>uiv 
came  in  showed  the  wealth  of  the  empire.  Thf 
gold  and  silver  of  the  Peruvians  was  lodged  for  tlif 
most  part  in  the  temples  of  the  sun,  and  the  palacis 
of  the  iiica.  The  chief  places  of  deposit  were  (,)iiit.) 
and  Cuzco,  five  hp.udred  leagues  apart,  and  the  im  tai 
was  transported  from  every  quarter  of  the  realm  on 
tlie  backs  of  native  porters.  Sometimes  treasure  to 
the  value  of  40,000  or  G0,000  castellanos  would  arrive 
in  a  single  day.'^ 

The  articles  gathered  consisted  of  plates  and  otln  r 
decorations  for  the  temples  and  royal  edifices,  domestic 
ornaments  and  utensils,  vases,  salvers,  and  gohli  t\ 
besides  curiously  wrought  representations  of  aniiiial< 
and  plants.  The  golden  ear  of  maize  encased  in  silvi  r 
husk  and  tassel:  sini>ing  birds  with  gold  and  sihrr 
2)lumage;  golden  fountains  with  golden  fishes  swim- 
miiiu'  in  their  waters  were  anionic  the  articles  wliicli 
com})osed  tliis  motley  mass.  All  this  except  such  nf 
the  iinest  specimens  as  were  set  aside  for  a  royal  pies- 
ent,  was  melted  down  mto  ingots  of  a  uniform  m/o 
and  standard. 

Three  Spaniards  who  were  sent  to  Cuzco  to  super- 
intend the  collecting,  stripj)ed  from  the  sacred  odiliei  s 
700  plates,  each  about  fifteen  inches  in  length  by  ten 
inches  m  width.  One  of  the  temples  was  adorned  I'V 
a  cornice  of  solid  gold,  which  however  was  so  liiiii!y 

'* '  Atiilialilia  q  se  toiiiia  cayo  cnollo,  y  dixo  a  Pi(^arro  que  no  toniaii  lazo 
dc  auilar  (liscontuiitos  iii  tlo  aonsarlu,  I'urs  el  Ci'uito,  i'achai'aiiia  }■  ( 'u/"i.  \,- 
dtiiulo,  iM-iiicipaliiitto  sc  .auiii  <lo  traer  el  oru  dc  su  ivscato,  cstaiiaii  Icx'is.' 
(ioinnrti,  IliM.  Iirl.,  \.')'2.  '  Zaiate,  lil)ro  scLjuiid"  La|iitul()  sictf,  sacada  a  li 
li'tra  ilii'o.  A  su  iiiagostad  lo  jierteneoio  ile  su  real  <]uiiito,  treiiita  mil  iiiiiiv'  s 
de  plata  Maiica,  fuia  y  cendrada;  y  del  oro  cupo  ;\  s\l  iiiagosta<l  di;  (|iiiiit'i, 
cieiiti)  y  veinto  cuentos  de  mafcos,  (Joinara,  capitulo  eiento  ydie/  y  oelin 'lii-'i". 
Franeeseo  I'izarro  ln(;i)  pesar  el  Oro,  y  la  plata  de>]iues  do  (pielalado. '  '''"'■ 
filit.-<s()  ile  Id  \'i'<j(i  Ci'Vi.  Ii'i'itli'i',  parte  ii.  lih.  i.  cap.  'JS.  '  Ja's  tresms  ([ii''  I'lii 
iivait  livres  pour  sa  ranvoii  furtatrea  eiitre  les  Ivspau'iiols;  ils  foriiiaieiit  ,aio 
Koiuuie  d'uii  inilliou  vinL,'l-oinq  inillo  einq  eent  castill.ms  d"or,  et  einqti^iiitr- 
deux  inille  marcs  d'argeut.'  lialdoa,  Hint,  da  i\rou,  Tcntauu:-t'' mpmi)',  •i-'i' 


TREASrRES  OF  THE  IXCAS. 


673 


set  ;is  to  resist  tlioir  efforts.  Two  hiuKlrcd  carinas  of 
o(iM  and  twenty-five  of  silver  Avere  thus  added  to  tlio 
lira]!  with  which  the  captive  inonarcli  hoped  to  pro- 
(.11  IT  liis  lil>ert\'. 

Native  goldsmiths  were  cmploved  hv  the  roval  in- 
.■^jK  (tills  to  perform  this  work  of  reduction,  and  such 
was  its  magnitude  that  more  than  one  month  was  eon- 
>iiiiicd  before  it  was  finished.  Wlion  nu>ltod  down 
and  wt'ii^hed,  the  whole  amount  whicli  the  inca  had 
thus  collected  for  his  ransom  was  found  to  ho  },i]2(),- 
j.l'.i  castellanos  of  j^old,  and  51,010  marks  of  silver, 
(ijiiix aleiit  at  the  pre.sent  time  to  at  least  twenty  mill- 
imis  of  dollars.'* 

The  distribution  of  this  mao:nificcnt  prize  amonp^  a 
cmiiitaratively  small  band  of  adventurers  took  ])laco 
under  the  superintendence  of  Pizarro  on  the  25th 
(if  July  153^,  in  the  g'reat  square  of  Caxamalca. 
Afrcr  invokiii!^  divine  assistance  in  the  ])erformance 
(if  what  he  atHi'tnefl  to  l)e  a  work  of  the  most  solemn 
ii  s[i(iiisil)ility,  he  awarded  to  himself  57,222  castclla- 
iiiis  of  M<)ld  and  2,:350  marks  of  silver.  He  also  ap- 
]ir(i|)riated  to  his  own  use  the  chair  or  throne  of  the 
inca,  which  was  of  solid  o-f)ld  and  valued  at  25,000 
(■ast('llanos.  He  awarded  to  his  brother  Fernando 
J*izarro  Ml, 080  castellanos  of  o-old  and  2,350  marks  of 
slKir.  To  Hernando  de  Soto  he  t^ave  J  7,740  caste- 
llanos ftf  g-old  and  724  marks  of  silver.  The  cavalry, 
iiliout  hftv-five  in  nvnnber,  were  allowed  each   8,880 


''(i.ircilMsso  <le  la  Vega  compares  nt  length  the  principal  niitiiors  on  tlio 
siilijtrt,  iiii'l  |iroihioi.'.s  the  fulluwintr  enormous  results.  Tlio  iiica's  ransom  ho 
lilai_i-.s  at  4.(J<)."(.f;7l>  iliieats.  ami  the  f;|p(jils  afterwanl  taken  friiii  (,'u/eo 
umiiuiiteil  to  still  mure.  Father  Hlas  Valera  says  that  tlio  iiica's  ransom  was 
viiliiiil  ,it  4.S0a.(M»Oilueat.J.  •  l>e  luanera,  (pie  sinnn,  y  niontj  todo  este  Ueseato 
ill-  A'llinalip.i  4,ti(>.">.ti7l)  ilnca<l(j!«.  De  lusipiales,  lostres  enentosy  noveeieiitos 
y  titiiita  y  tres  mil  iliioailos,  son  <lel  vahir  ilel  ()i-;i;  y  lo.s  .seiseientus  y  setelita 
Villi-  Mill  y  seiseientos  y  seteiita  <liica<los  .son  del  valor  ile  la  lilata,  eon  las 
(.iii'iis  lie  la  eendraila,  y  anilxM  nnmems  haeeii  la  siinia  de  los  (|iiatr;)  inillones 
y  !-t'iscieiitos  y  uineo  mil  y  s«.i.--eieiitos  y  setenta  diicados.  J'^sta  siuna  de  du- 
lailes  iiiiviiron  loa  EspaiioU-s  en  Cassamarea;  nuieiio  maior  fiie,  la  ipic 
hnvieion  en  el  Ciizeo,  (juanilo  cntniron  en  aipiella  eiiidad,  eonio  lo  dieen  I03 
luisiiiiiiuiitoivs  Komara,  y  Z".nite,  <jue  adelante  en  sii  lutrar  eitarenios.  Kl  !'. 
Ijlas  \  idita  dice  ipie  valio  el  reseate  de  Atalmallpa  (piatro  niillones  y  oclio 
titutu  mil  iliicados.'  Com.  /I'tu/f,  parte  ii.  lib.  i.  cap,  38. 


i?4:il 


574 


MINES  AND  MINING. 


oastcllaiios  of  gold  and  HG'J  inni'ks  of  silver,  and  of  tin' 
infantry  eighty  received  eacli  4,440  castcllancs  i,t' 
gold  and  180  marks  of  silver,  and  the  reniaiiidci. 
twenty-five  in  nnniber,  most  of  them  3,.jo0  caste]l;iiiii> 
of  gold  and  135  marks  of  silver  each.  Servants  uml 
underlings  received  a  smaller  aniomit.  The  clnncli 
of  San  Francisco,  which  had  been  erected  as  a  testi- 
monial of  gratitude  to  that  divine  providence  wliicli 
had  so  highly  favored  their  unrighteous  cause,  was 
endowed  with  22,220  castellanos.  Fifteen  thousauil 
castellanos  were  sent  to  the  colonists  of  San  ^ligui !, 
and  120,000  were  assigned  to  Almau'ro  and  his  eum- 
pany. 

Departing  from  Caxamalca  the  Spaniards  cntrnd 
Cuzco,  tlie  imperial  city  uf  the  incas,  on  the  15th  nf 
November.  Although  rilled  in  a  measure  of  \i< 
precious  ornaments  for  the  ransom  of  Atahualjia, 
there  remained  much  which  yet  lay  exposed  to  tin.' 
cupidity  of  the  soldiers.  The  palaces  and  sacivil 
ediiices  were  again  [)lundered;  the  royal  muninrK^ 
dejiosited  in  the  great  temple  of  Coricancha,  which 
had  hitherto  been  '"jspccted  by  the  Spaniards,  wiic 
strip|)ed  as  were  also  the  sepulchres.  Valuables  wliicli 
had  been  removed  to  a  })laco  of  foncied  security  wciv 
unearthed.  Not  far  from  tlie  city  was  found  a  cavfni 
from  which  were  brought  fortli  golden  vases  and  liialy 
wrought  imitations  of  insects,  re[)tiles,  and  animals. 
Anioni;  the  articles  collected  in  the  city  were  several 
female  statues,  life-size,  of  pure  though  thin  gold,  aUn 
golden  llamas,  slippers  ami  sanilals  of  gold,  and  I'c 
male  dresses  made  wholly  of  beads  of  gold. 

On  their  way  thither  the  conquerors  ha<l  added 
greatly  to  their  store  of  wealth.  Ten  solid  ^ilvti 
planks,  each  twenty  feet  in  length,  one  foot  in  width, 
and  from  two  to  three  inches  in  thickness,  were  found 
in  one  place.  It  is  supposed  that  these  huge  har-^ 
were  intended  to  be  used  in  the  construction  <d'  a 
dwelling  for  some  Peruvian  })rincc. 

After  completing  their  work  of  plunder  in  the  capi- 


STAKING  THE  SUN. 


i)lO 


till,  tlio  (livisi(in  was  made  as  at  Caxainalca.  Spoci- 
iiRii>  of  the  liiiest  workniaiiship  were  set  aside  tor 
the  tiiipcror;  the  whole  mass  was  molted  down  l>y 
iiati\('  goldsmiths,  the  king's  fiftli  dediu'tod,  and  the 
niiiiiinder  divided  in  like  proportion  as  before.  The 
total  amount  is  said  1>\'  some  to  have  exceeded  the 
iiicu's  ransom.  Others  place  the  amount  as  low  as 
580,200  castellanos  of  gold,  and  215  marks  of  silver. 
The  immediate  effect  of  such  vast  wealth  distrib- 
uted so  f-uddeidy  among  a  band  of  coarse,  lawless  men, 
luiaccustt/n  ed  to  the  use  <-f  money  and  incapable  of 
.vL'lt'-iostraini;,  was  to  excite  the  soldiers  to  every  s[)ecies 
(if  del)auchery  and  gamii;g,  and  to  raise  exorbitantly 
the  prices  of  all  such  C(>inmodities  or  articles  as  would 
minister  to  their  pilde  or  lust.  The  vice  of  gambling 
invariably  stands  prominent  in  such  cases.  Innnense 
smiis  were  ventured  on  the  turn  of  a  card,  or  on  a 
siiij^lc!  throw  of  the  dice.  Some  lost  their  entire  i)or- 
tioii  in  a  single  day.  A  story  is  told  of  a  horseman 
iiaincd  Lcguizarro  to  whom  had  fallen,  in  the  distri- 
liutiou  at  Cuzco,  an  imacjo  of  the  sun.  The  fiijure  was 
liiiely  embossed  on  a  burnished  ])late  of  solid  gold.  It 
had  been  taken  from  the  wall  of  the  great  temple  of 
the  sun,  and  for  some  reason  had  not  been  recast. 
One  night  this  cavalier  continued  his  play  until  a  late 
hnur.  His  sun  was  the  bank  from  which  he  drew  his 
stakes;  in  the  attempt  to  retrieve  his  losses,  and  just 
heloi-o  morninix,  his  sun  was  oono.    Hence  the  i)rt)verb, 

T  1 

"Juega  el  sol  antes  que  amanezca."  Gamble  away  the 
sun  before  daybreak.  An  ordinary  horse  at  that  time 
in  Cuzco  brought  2,500  castellanos,  equivalent  at  the 
piescnt  time  to  about  forty  thousand  cKjlIars.  A  })air 
"•f  si  iocs  sold  for  thirty  castellanos;  a  quire  of  paper 
l'>r  ten;  a  bottle  of  wine  for  sixty;  a  sword  for  hfty, 
and  a  cloak  for  one  hundred.  The  cavaliers  shod 
their  liorses  with  silver. 

Wliile  Pizarro  was  thus  reaping  his  magnificent 
harvist  at  Caxanialca  and  Cuzco,  tlie  attention  of  en- 
vious cavaliers  was  turned  towards  Quito,  where  like 


t|iH.| 

M 


C7G 


MIXES  AND  MIXING. 


unbounded  wealth  according  to  report  awaited  the 
C!)n(iuer()i-.  Xo  less  than  three  adventurous  captuiiis, 
Pedro  de  Alvarado,  the  famous  hero  of  ]\[exic(),  now 
governor  of  (jruateniala,  Diego  de  Ahnagro,  and  Sc- 
l)astian  Benalcilzar  who  had  been  left  in  coniniand  df 
the  I'ortress  of  San  Miguel,  met  in  that  city  about  the 
middle  of  lo34.  About  seven  hundred  Spaniard^ 
besides  larger  bodies  of  Indians  were  thus  congregalrd 
in  and  about  Quito,  ready  t(^  \  indicate  their  right  to 
the  supi)osed  riches  of  the  city  by  force  of  arnis.  It 
was  soon  discovered,  however,  that  the  fancied  gdM 
and  s-iiver  stores  of  Quito  were  an  illusion.  Eitluriiu 
treasure  to  speak  of  had  ever  existed,  or  it  had  Ixcii 
hidden  Ity  the  natives.  Thus  the  object  of  their  (•(in- 
tention being  removed,  the  Spaniards  became  brotlit  is. 
The  chivalrous  Alvarado  even  visited  Pizarro  at  I'a- 
chacamac,  where  the  two  bold  and  successful  adven- 
turers end)raced  and  held  hiijjh  revel  for  several  davs. 
"  From  one  sino'le  hill  in  Peru,"  says  Garcilaso  do 
la  Vega,  "  I'OOjOOOjOOO  pesos  were  taken  as  a[)iH;iiv 
by  the  register,  and  one  hundred  more  unregistt  ivd. 
()ne  single  ileet  brought  in  my  time  25,000,000  in 
gold  and  silver."  Soon  after  the  execution  of  his  old 
associate,  wliicli  took  place  in  July  1538,  Francises 
Pizarro  partitioned  among  his  own  foll<.>wcrs  the  lands 
which  hud  been  granted  by  the  crown  to  Diego  dc 
Ahnagro.  In  this  partition,  greatly  to  the  discon- 
tent of  other  meritorious  cavaliers,  the  rich  silver  liills 
of  Potosi  fell  to  Hernando  and  Gonzalo  Pizano. 
These  mines  were  situated  in  the  })rovince  of  Cluucas, 
toward  the  southern  extremity  of  Almagro's  domin- 
ions. Thev  are  said  to  have  been  discovered  by  an 
Indian  who  on  pulling  a  shrub  out  of  the  gnuiiid 
i'ound  hanging  to  the  roots  small  pieces  of  silver. 
They  had  been  worked  for  a  considerable  period  un- 
der the  incas.  Iriut  even  the  Pizarros,  who  c<^ndu(ted 
their  oj)erations  on  a.  scale  much  more  extensive  than 
any  hitherto  known  in  Peru,  made  no  attcmi)t  to 
penetrate  any  considerable  distance  below  the  surface. 


YIELD  OP  PERU. 


577 


Subsequently,  iii  1540,  when  Gonzalo  Pizarro,  in  op- 
position to  the  crown,  was  master  of  Peru,  largo 
qiiantities  of  metal  were  extracted  by  his  general 
Francisco  tie  Carbajal.  So  rich  were  the  veins  opened 
at  I'otosi  that  almost  all  other  mines  were  abandoned 
as  unprofitable,  and  so  conmion  became  this  metal 
that  iron  at  Potosi  was  worth  nearly  its  weight  in 
silviT. 

According  to  Ziu'ate  the  ore  was  melted  in  small 
iiuiikI  furnaces  fed  by  charcoal  and  sheep's  excrements, 
witlidut  the  aid  of  l)ellows.  The  best  ore  was  nearly 
]iuiv  silver,  and  tlie  ])oorest  eighty  marks  per  one  hun- 
ili'nl  [)()unds.  Tlie  Pizarros  worked  these  mines  with 
hKliiins,  who  were  obliged  to  pay  to  their  proprietors 
two  marks  or  one  })ound  of  silver  each  per  day.  All 
iivtr  til  is  sum  v»'as  their  own.  Over  seven  thousand 
huliaiis  were  thus  eni])loyed.  Some  of  them  made 
iiiiuli  more  for  themselves  than  for  their  masters,  and 
laany  were  worth  from  three  to  four  thousand  cas- 
tcllanos." 

The  Indian  method  in  Peru  was  to  dig  a  ditch 
along  the  side  of  a  river,  into  which  they  tlu-uw  the 
i;itl(l-!)earin<x  earth.  Tlien  turniu'j;;  in  the  water  the 
iliit  was  carried  away  and  the  gold  remained.  "  This," 
.says  the  S])anish  ca[)tain,  "  I  have  often  seen  done."'^ 

I)y  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century  the 
product  of  the  precious  metals  in  Peru  was  i?l  1.000,- 
000  per  annum.  The  immense  treasure  secured  by 
the  conquerors  had  directed  thither  the  attention  oi 


'"Airiiiiling  to  ri/.aiTO  y  Orollana,  tlicso  were  tlic  iiiit  iniiR's  woikcit  in 
IVni.  'Truxo  consigo  imiclms  capitaucs  y  caciques  ([iio  ilfsciibricioii  secrctos 
Ji'  niiiias  tie  oro,  y  do  [ilata  liin.ssiina,  que  futroii  /(W  jiriiiK  ran  que  [lur  iudtia- 
tri'tdisif  (■(£,V;'o.<o  ntp'ilaa  kc.  (ihrii  ron  i-a  nq/nllu^  rlroi  Inijn  r!o.  Y  [larcciciulo 
II  Iliraiiiuli)  I'izaiTo,  (jiio  couvouia  al  scrvirio  do  dios,  y  dc  su  Magcstad  fun- 
i!:ir  alii  nil  piu'hlo,  dcxo  la  guiitc,  rciiai'ticiido  las  luiiias,  las  lucjitrcs  ]iai'a  su 
Mu^Lstiid,  y  ciitri!  cl,  y  los  duinas  cai)itaiic.s  y  snUladus  las  dciuas.'    I'lirnixa 

''  ■  Dissi;  di  jiiii  il  cacique,  clic  I'oro  clie  si  caiia  di  quel  finuc,  ii'iu  In  ricng- 
li'ii'i  I  nil  liatcas,  chc  sono  a  liiodo  <rviio  hacil  da  liailjicic,  con  li  luauiclii  done 
lauaiiii  Iciro  iu'll  'acqiia,  aiizi  faiino  in  questo  niodo,  elie  met  t<in'>  la  teri'ii 
ouaata  dilla  niinera,  in  vn  luogo  a  niodo  il'una  fossa  appresso  Tacijua,  o  con 
^iia  iii.ila  cauano  I'accjiui  del  liunie,  c  la  fanno  andai'  in<iuelhi  fiis>i,  v  cosi 
laiimio  la  terra.'  Ilchilioin'  il'iiit  Caiiiluno  Siiwjuuulo,  Itumiiniu,  iii.  o7S. 
Hisi.  3lEX.,  Vol.  III.    Jl 


078 


MIXES  AND  MINING. 


gold-sockors,  and  the  Poruvian  mines  for  a  time  over- 
shadowed those  of  ^lexico,  and  all  otiiers  of  tlu 
world.  This  being  almost  the  only  industry  of  tin 
times,  the  con(juerors  used  to  drive  the  nativis  at 
the  point  of  the  sword  upon  the  rich  silvor-liills, 
so  to  secure  an  abundant  return.  "All  the  Indians 
between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  fifty  were  enrolled 
in  seven  lists,  the  individuals  on  each  list  bciii;' 
obliged  to  work  for  six  months  in  the  mines,  so  that 
this  forced  labor  came  on  the  unfortunate  Indians  at 
intervals  of  three  and  a  half  years;  four  out  of  every 
five  were  supposed  to  perish  annually  in  these  deadlv 
labors." 


Having  thus  briefly  reviewed  the  first  gold-gat lur- 
ings  of  Central  and  South  America,  let  us  turu  to 
Mexico. 

It  is  unnecessary  again  to  recite  the  efforts  of  ^lon- 
tezuma  to  procure  his  ransom,  details  of  which  I  have 
fully  given  in  the  first  volume  of  my  History  of  Mex- 
ico. Among  the  earliest  gold-seeking  expeditions  in 
this  quarter,  after  the  fall  of  the  cm[)irc,  was  ono 
under  Gonzalo  de  Umbri'a,  to  Zacatula,  and  another 
under  Pizarro  toward  Tochtepec  and  Malinaltepec, 
Both  returned  with  gold  washed  from  the  sands  of  tlio 
rivers.^'' 

The  early  cxpediti(5ns  to  extend  conquest  gave 
opportunity  to  make  further  researches,  and  within  a 
few  years  a  number  of  Spaniards  were  busily  engai^ad 
in  the  examination  of  what  were  afterward  the  sev- 
eral mini  112:  districts.  AmouLT  the  first  reijions  Ihus 
examined  were  those  of  Guazpaltcpec  and  Xaltepee, 
which  the  Spaniards  reached  on  the  expedition  to 
Tochtepec  under  Gonzalo  de  Sandoval.  Several  years 
later  they  extended  their  labors  to  Michoacan,  at- 
tracted by  the  fabulous  jield  of  the  Morcillo  niiiie, 
which  for  a  short  time  was  worked  with  great  success, 


"For  details  of  these  expeditions  see  Ilkt.  Mex.,  i.  320-2,  this  series. 


AZTEC  EXPLOITATION. 


679 


liiit  Inter,  as  was  said,  disappeared  in  a  mysterious 

in 

iiuimier. 

The  conquerors,  more  skilled  in  arms  than  in  arts, 
were  not  able  to  invent  or  introduce  a  new  mining 
system,  but  adhered  to  that  adopted  by  tlie  Aztecs. 
Expert  as  were  the  latter  in  working  the  different 
iiiL'tals,  the  exploitation  of  the  mines  was  still  in  a 
j)riinitivc  condition,  which  was  not  much  to  boast  of, 
Wiiij,^  little  more  than  skimming  the  surface  of  the 
jvioiiiid,^^  or  washins:  the  sands  of  the  rivers.  Their 
suielting  apparatus  was  likewise  deficient,  and  the  only 
lueaiis  at  their  disposition  to  increase  the  heat  of  the 
.small  furnaces  was  the  use  of  blow-pipes  of  bamboo. 
This  explains  why  golden  jewelry  was  more  common 
than  that  made  of  silver;  it  was  not  by  reason  of  the 
oreater  scarcity  of  the  latter,  but  on  account  of  the 
iiitieascd  difficulty  in  extracting  it  from  the  ores.  In 
the  course  of  time  intelligent  miners  came  from  Spain, 
and  introduced  improvements,  such  as  smelting  by  aid 
of  bellows.  Due  to  the  stinmlation  thus  given,  new 
reaks'^'  sprang  up  everywhere,  especially  in  the  north- 
ern region,  which  proved  to  be  richer  in  minerals 
than  the  southern  districts.  The  discovery,  about 
IJ.'IO,-^  of  several  mines  toward  the  south,  among 
whieli  were  those  of  Taxco,  Sultcpec,  T/Aimpaneo, 
and  Temazcaltepec,  was  soon  followed  by  finding  the 

^''  Herrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  xv. ,  gives  the  matter  a  miraouloiis  turn, 
because  of  an  order  of  15'JS,  Piit/n,  Ccdiihirio,  24,  to  tiiko  possession  of  it  fur 
the  cidwn.  Another  supposition,  that  the  Indian.'}  buried  the  mine,  is  nioro 
credililo,  and  strengthened  by  the  fact  that  ditlicultiea  had  arisen  between 
the 'liirasam  ruler,  Tangaxoan,  and  the  grasping  Spanish  miners.  See  also 
H'kI.  Mix.,  ii.  5.3,  54,  thia  series. 

'•' lIunil)oldt,  E-^sal  Pol.,  ii.  482,  asserts,  Iiowever,  that  tlie  Aztecs  Mero 
vcrsid  ill  tlio  building  of  subterranean  shafts  and  galleries.  Duport,  Mi  t. 
/'/"•.,  2-0,  gives  several  reasons  why  he  supposes  the  Aztecs  to  have  been  un- 
aoiuuiiited  with  subterraneous  mining. 

"  Ji'ml  (le  miiia-it  waa  tho  name  given  to  the  small  fortress  of  any  settle- 
ni'^r.L,  established  around  a  newly  (liscovered  mine,  meaning  only  that  it  was 
ail  encampment,  not  that  it  belonged  to  the  king. 

■■'  Humboldt,  ii'svaj  Pol.,  ii.  498,  supposes  tliat  the  mines  of  Taxco,  Suite- 
pec,  'I'lalpujagua,  and  Paehuca  were  the  first  ever  worked  by  Spaniards;  but 
tlieie  is  no  doubt  that  those  in  tlio  Tochtcpec  district  and  the  Morcillo  mine 
of  Michoacan  were  of  older  date.  Albornoz,  Carta,  in  Pacheco  and  Cdrdcii,i.-<, 
<"/.  Ihji'.,  xiii.  72,  speaks  in  December,  1525,  of  mining  developments  in 
Michoacau. 


% 


i 


&iF.'*' 


S80 


MIXKS  AND  MINIXfl. 


licli  l<«lc.s  of  San  Luis  Potosf,  and  of  Zaeatt  oa^ 


in 


'.'t 


From  tlio  first,  the  dovclopnicnt  of  mines  liad  iiiit 
with  tlu'  I'avor  of  the  crown;  and  frantliiscs  and  juiv- 
iltj;«'s  contriluited  to  swell  the  numbir  of  adwntui- 
«Ts,  wlio  strove  to  ao((uiro  immodiatt)  wealth.  Thv 
«;iiat  «.'on<|Ueror,  Cortes  himself,  had  set  the  e\aiii|ili', 
hy  separatinij^  for  his  own  share  valuahle  tracts  uf 
metallit"erous  land,  and  many  were  eager  to  sceuiv  a 
similar  <-hanee  of  prosperity.  Contrary  to  the  usual 
poliry,  the  government  generously  I'efrained  \'v>m 
appropriating  to  itself  tlie  t>X[)loitation.-''  Xomiuallv 
the  mines  helonged  to  the  erown,  hut  since  Ij'JCi  IIrv 
were  practically  made  coimnon  property,  in  so  far  as 
with  certain  iormalities  all  free  inhahltants,  iii(li>- 
ciiminately,  whether  Sjianiards  or  natives,  were  en- 
titled to  work  them.*"  ^^idy  certain  otKcials  were  ex- 
cluded to  prevent  abuses,  and  friars  and  })riests  were 
not  allowed  to  be  interested  in  miniuijr  schemes,  hi 
later  vears,  rewards  were  fixed  for  the  discoverv  <if 
new  mines,  and  orders  issued  to  the  viceroys  to  foster 


»  xo 


iloitat 


ions  111  every  } 


issue 
)ossi 


bl 


e  wav 


M 


ining  nii[ 


ile- 


meiits.  supplies,  and  slaves  of  the  proprietors  of  luiue-f 
could  not  be  attached  unless  for  debts  to  the  crown, 
and  executions  could  be  levied  only  against  the  pruu- 

-'TIh'  latter  tlatc  is  given  in  n<'niimonf,Crdii.  Mkh.,  iv.  SSO,  ."iS'J:  v.  !•<; 
Jlin/li-y,  J>)<i-rip.  Zara/caii,  'A;  J I  umhoUli ,  E-tudi  I'uL,  ii.  41U>,  r)o4.  .Xhinian. 
h.  iwevti,  I<)ll(>\vt'(l  liy  I're.sciitt,  Mix'.,  iii.  ,'W'J,  assiorts  tlu't  tlociinient*  in  tio 
.•l:•c^iv^•^  vi  tin-  family  of  Cortt's  prove  tliat  the  latter  workoci  iiiiins  in  /<;n:i- 
lc>;,)  ilnrin<.'  liis  iifetiiue,  and  i'onso([iiently  ln'foro  1.'>4S.  h'.i/i<jsiiiijii,  -'i,tj\. 
T'.<;  jiite  I'f  Zacatecas  had  not  been  tliscovereil  till  l.")4t).  See  //m/.  JA.'-.,  ii. 
*i;i.  this  <i  lies.  In  his  Jfi.il.  Mrj..  i.  100,  Alanian  intimates  that  the  mim-'f 
Zaoateeas  were  not  worked  until  l.")r)0.  C'avo,  Tir'<  Shjlos,  i.  lOo,  foUowiil  ly 
Zauiaeois.  /y<V^  Mij.,  iv.  5(10,  gives  the  date  as  I.'jSI. 

-'•"In  the  early  time,  however,  it  seems  that  the  go\erii?nent  hegan  tlietx- 
|>1 -itatiiin  of  certain  mines,  for  a  law  of  \",o,  later  reiterated,  authorizes  tiie 
vice'.o)  s  to  alienate  erown  mines,  except  those  of  sulphur,  it  >ueh  an  oiicr.i- 
tion  1«-  of  I'enelit  to  the  royal  treasury.  Jt'irop.  dc  Intl.,  ii.    t'.l.'!-!. 

•*Tlu-  law,  dated  Novemher  '.),  lo'Jd,  is  given  in  full  in  /'ii'jn,  C'nluhm% 
12.  '2\.  It  w:is  repeated  and  reformed  in  KVil,  l."iG3,  lo(!S,  and  loT"'.  /'•■■;• 
///'/.,  ii.  (is,  71;  M'liitcmiyor,  Sniuiriori,  '20U. 

-'  lii.lKrt.--on.  ninl.  Am.,  ii.  .^Ol-'J,  censures  the  policy  of  Sjiain  in  favm/i,' 
the  ikvt  lop'iuiit  of  mines,  as  against  agriculture  and  imlustrii  .s.  lint  it  ";i3 
too  much  to  expect  of  royalty  in  those  day.",  tlial  ii  f.liould  ^tady  the  pLniia- 
ueu;  iateiest  of  the  colony  instead  of  its  own  immediate  desires. 


so,  r)S-2:  V.  n<; 
■>;>4.  Alaiiiaii. 
.Mimi-'nts  ill  t  A' 
minis  in  Zam- 

isifiuil,  ■_'.'),  01. 

//;./.  J/.  ..■■..  ii. 

t  till'  ini'.i'-'i 

,   fullcjWf.l  I'V 


lin  in  favoii'i,' 
r>iit  it  was 
ly  the  I'liiiu- 


PROTKCTI VK  M  FLVSURES. 


081 


-ati  oa>.  in  ■  net,  and  luH  aj^ainst  tlio  property.  Miners  0(»ul(l  imt 
1.1  iiiipilsonod  lor  «lt.'l)t  t'.\ci])t  in  Ihi-ir  tAvii  district, 
aiiil  isfii  then  they  wore  oiititlrd  to  certain  hours  to 
lodk  alter  tlieir  afrairs.-"  One  of  tlie  tirst  laws  issued 
t'ur  Ncw  Spain  had  temporarily  reduced  the  dut}'  t>ii 
;ni](l  (ilitained  l»y  uiiniiij^  from  one  til'tii  to  one  tenth; 
>iilisc(|Uently  etl'orts  were  made  to  collect  the  origi- 
nal late;  l)ut  owinjj^  to  the  c«»ntimious  petitions'-*  the 
(rnwn  several  times  extended  tlie  exemption,  always 
I'll  a  limited  period,  until  in    171<)  it  was  made  per- 


tiiiil 


Evid 


encc 


of  tl 


le  roya 


1  wisl 


I  was  ni 


the  li 


iws 


liicli  required    the   audiencias    and   corn.'i^idores  to 
ijicl   vagrants,  Spaniai'ds  as  well  a.s  mixed  hreeiU 


cull 


to  work  m  nunc: 


C 


runm 


IS   St 


nteiiced  to  hard  lahor 


i  uild  also  bo  thus  omph.yed,  their  wages  being  turneel 
into  the  royal  treasury. 

So'Ui  after  the  working  of  the  mines  was  begun  steps 
Wile  taken  to  secure  the  natives  against  the  oj)j>res- 
finii  of  the  Spaniards,  but  this  tended,  among  otlier 
nsiilts,  to  keei)  the  Indians  from  disclosin<r  the  exist- 


■l 


I'lllV    o 


f  veins.  It  was  ordered  that  the  rewards  as- 
>'v^\\vi\  in  such  cases  shouKl  be  religiously  paid,  witli 
i\tiii[iti()n  from  tribute  of  discoverers  and  their  de- 
idants.    Their  territoi'ial  rii>hts  should  also  be  dulv 


.■^Cl'l 


respected,  so  as  to  leave  them  the  ownership  of  mines 
>itiiatod  within  the  limits  of  their  [tropcrty.  Under 
itain  conditions  Indians  could  be  employed  to  work 


Cf 


ill  the  mines,  but  strict  reirulatit 


)ns  ex  IS 


ted  t 


o  ensure 


tliem  a  fair  compensation,  and  the  abuses  from  which 
tlxy  suffered  in  the  sixteenth  century^*  gradually  dis- 


U: 


-Mjiws  of  l,-)40,   ir.7'2,    l.inO,    1(!(VJ,    I'll!),    l(;-20.     Pii-in,    C'xIhIh 


11. 


/»-/., 


Af(iiilei»iii/ii);  Sr.iKir 


..'01,  i)t.  iii.  44. 


'  Liliro  (Ic  Colii/i/o,  M.S.,  170.    In  l.'rj.")  tin'  ci-oun  rcvokfil  tlii.s  I'-xi'mjiti 


mill  till'  city  council  resolved  t(.)  ])i'titii)u  for  u  prolcjugai-ion,  owing  to  tlio  .iniiiU 


I'l-dlits 


See  I 


// 


cnrra,  dec.  iii.  Ill),  v 


'l)i'  no  perniitir  gente  ocio.s.'i  en  lii  tieri;i.' 
^'  Xii'croy  .Meiiiloza's  letter  of   ir);57  to  the  king  in  Piioh'i'o  ami  Ci'inh  )"i<, 
'^'i!.  /;„('.,  ii.  -JOl);   //('iirii/iKZ,  Jiis/rurc,  in  /(/.,  iii.  4n7-'>.     The  latter  n  cciii- 
nii'iids  the  inti'odiK'tiou  of  negroes  to  relieve  the  native  race,  a  .siiggestinn  ic 
I'lUtiil  liy  his  successor,  t'omle  de  la  C'oruua,  wlio  estimated  at  '.'(Kh)  i,r  ."iiKM) 
till!  iiiimlier  reuuired  to  work  the  mines  inotieilv.   Cnrt'i  id  Ir '/.  in  <'.'/•/'.•■ 

M''^.,  iiu.  4,  v'-J 


lier  rei|uired  to  work  the  mines  jnoperly.   t'lirtu  id  I!''/,  iu  '' 
■".  y4().     'i'he  prices  of  such  iiegio  .slaves  are  given  in  Cvii'-ili'i  1' 


djer  of  laws,  the  lirst  dated  as  early  as  lo'J8,  were 


682 


MINES  AND  ^MIXING. 


appeared.  Tlic  payment  l)y  F^liarcs,  pavtldo,  \\]\\v\ 
soon  jnx'doniinated  over  tlic  daily  wages  giwii  tn 
taiuhi  gangs,"'-  eould  not  fail  to  promote  the  iiitLrcst:; 
of  both  enii)l()vc>rs  and  laborers,  althouo'li  the  uaiu- 
bliii'Lj  table  received  only  too  much  of  the  increa>;(,.l 


eannngs. 


33 


For  the  first  decades  the  method  of  extracting  iiu  t- 
als  Mas  so  backward  that  only  rich  ores  could  Iji. 
worked,  especially  in  regions  where  fuel  was  scaici. 
In  1557,  however,  Bartolome  de  Medina,  a  miner  if 
the  district  of  Pachuca,  discovered  the  amalganiatioii 
process,  and  bestowed  on  the  world  a  boon  of  wliidi 
New  Spain  may  be  proud.  His  plan  of  extracting  tli 
fine  metals  from  ores  with  the  aid  of  quicksilver  ren- 
dered results  so  satisfactory  that  but  few  inipiovL- 
mt'iits  have  since  been  introduced.  Little  is  kii(»\vii 
of  the  discoverer,^*  a  fact  which  almost  implies  that 
he  derived  little  benefit  from  a  discovery  which  was  nf 
vast  importance  to  the  mining  industry.  Ores  whiili 
foi'merly  had  been  considered  worthless,  were  imv 
I'cgarded  with  more  interest;  veins  held  to  be  uiijiro- 
ductive  were  worked  anew,  and  so  rapid  was  the  addi- 
tion of  the  ])roccss  that  within  five  years  Zacatcras 
aloiie  had  thirty-five  reduction  works,  and  yet  they  hy 
no  means  displaced  existing  methods  in  every  place,'' 


issued,  referring  to  the  position  of  Indians  in  mining  matters;  thcyarr  L'ivrii 
in  the  /iVcoy.  </'■  I  ml.,  ii.  .308  et  seq.;  Mottlifmiiyor,  Smiariox,  '20;i-4,  pt.  iii. 
44-,1. 

"-  Taiiihi  was  the  name  piven  to  the  fXang  of  native  workmen  drawn  fr"i:i 
Indian  vilhi^'es  and  relieved  once  a  month.  Ward  asserts  that  this  Mstiiii 
M;i.s  ehiellj'  useil  in  I'l  ru,  Mtx.,  li.  145,  and  Ahunan,  JJlsirt.,  i.  177-S.  ^ll"^^s 
tiiat  the  nunie  lias  survived  in  that  of  the  montldy  markets  or  fairs  in  (iua- 
uajuato. 

■'■  Arh'gui,  CliMii.  Zac,  ]lt7,  says  Indian  minors  were  ciititkd  to  oni'  hag 
of  oie  per  day,  whicli  sometimes  wouhl  sell  for  i<l(tO. 

■"Calle,  Mun.  y  Not.,  41),  ami  f!are<5s,  Nuira  Tcdrica,  70-7,  merely  alhulc 
to  him  as  a  native  of  Spain,  and  lIuMdwldt,  Eisni  Pol.,  ii.  0.50,  mentions  tin' 
nanus  of  two  others  to  whon\  certain  authors  have  attributed  the  discivoiy. 

■■'  Itumholdt,  EnKd'i  I'lif.,  ii.  ").->,  7-,  gives  interesting  details  conceniinL:  In'th 
the  old  and  new  methods.  A  statistical  tahlc  on  page  TMtt,  conipri.siii^  tlio 
piodnc(^  of  all  the  mining  districts  from  17S">  till  17S!),  shows  that  al)o\it  tw" 
3evin;lisof  the  entire  yielil  were  submitted  to  extraction  l)y  smcltinL'.  hi 
Isd.'i,  liowi'ver,  this  fraction  was  reduced  to  about  one  (ifth.  Ward,  ,l/i.''..ii- 
4.'!4-!l,  1,'ives  also  a  full  description  of  the  mode  of  extraction,  with  scvii.il 
illustrations  of  the  implements  used. 


QUICKSILVER  SUPPLY. 


683 


TIr'  quicksilver  ncocssary  for  the  amalgamation  was 
f;('iit  i'roin  Spain  by  the  regular  fleets  and  under  con- 
trol of  the  government,  wliieli  reserved  for  itself  the 
in()iii»})oly,  partly  on  account  of  the  revenue  derived 
I'l'diu  it,  partly  because  of  the  supervision  thus  obtained 
(ivcr  tlie  3-ield  of  metal;  for  miners  had  to  make  re- 
tains in  pro]iorti(jn  to  the  (juantity  of  quicksilver  dis- 
tiiliiitcd.  It  was  given  out  only  at  the  capital,^"  by 
royal  officials,  who  with  the  superior  connivance  of  the 
viceroy  formed  a  body  called  the  tvihumd  de  azoyucs.^^ 
WJRiiever  the  quicksilver  mines  of  Almaden  in  Spain 
failed  to  yield  the  required  quantity,  which  in  New 
Spain  alone  amounted  to  fifteen  or  sixteen  thousand 
quintals,"'*  the  deficit  was  sup})lied  from  Austria  at  a 
dearer  rate,  rarelv  from  Peru."'  The  commodity  was 
siipposed  to  be  sold  at  actual  cost,  iri  order  to  en- 
couiauce  mininef,'"' the  i)rice  ransfinij  from  one  liundred 
and  eighty-seven  pesos  a  quintal  in  1590  to  forty-one 
j)e.-iis  for  Spanish  and  sixty-three  pesos  for  German 
(juieksilver  in  1777."    Occasionally  also  special  reduc- 


''■  Vera  Cruz  was  for  a  ^ihol•t  time  iDade  the  place  of  distribution. 

'■('iiiisistini;  of  an  ailniinistrachir,  a  .'ontador,  a  tiscul,  a  iiotai'y,  and  threo 
p\iliiilti;i')i  iiUicials.  I'il/n-Si  I'lor,  Thedtro,  i.  3S,  .'-iO.  Soc  also  J'oii^fi'u  an<l 
Vii-iihd,  Ii'dif,  //fir.,  i.  '2!)7-'^S7;  Calirz,  In/oniu',  74-77.  Poi-  otiitr  law.-i  rela- 
tive ti)  tliis  ill  £iartnit'nt  see  J'irop.  ih'  /ml.,  ii.  5(i!)  ct  seq.;  l'roi'iili)ifiw<  ■•<ohrc 
Azdijiiis,  .MS.,  1-44,  p.issini;  J/oiiti'inai/or,  Sriiiarlux,  "iO.")  7.  A  royal  cotlul.'i 
of  ITOlliiiailo  tho  ollicuof  tlie  adniinistrador  independent  of  the  viceroy.  /Icuh-i 
Crdiildx,  ^IS.,  i.  32.  The  revenue  of  the  tribunal  is  considered  in  the  chapter 
0.1  liii:iiii;e. 

'"  \illa-Scnor,  Tlitatrti,  i.  38-0,  speaks  only  of  .about  5,000  quintals  for 
tile  iniiliUe  of  the  eightecri*!.  century,  Ijiit  lie  is  evidently  mistaken.  In  souio 
years  it  was  oidy  aliciit  lO.OdO  i|uintals.  The  total  yearly  eonsuuijition  of  the 
Spill  ish  colonies  in  .vt  ici'ira  ai'ioiiiitecl  to  'J."),(KM»  liuiiit.'ils,  while  the  total  pro- 
ihiLtiuii  tif  liio  I'.urope.in  ipiicksilver  mines  averaged  3(),U00  quintals.   /Iiiiii- 

lohit.  /•;.««;  /'oL,  ii.  r)7.i-.'i. 

'■'Only  in  nrgenteases  the  .second  Count  Revilla  Gii^edomade  importations 
froiu  China,  and  su,i,')^ested  to  his  successor  the  convenience  of  ]ll■omotill^'  this 
tiinle.  /list rue.,  '_'."iO-l.  Although  Humboldt,  L'.-f.ici  /'i7.,  ii.  r)7'>,  asserts  that 
till'  jiniji'ct  vas  drop]ied,  the  later  \  iceroy  -Azjinza  resumed  it.  DmiiiL;  a  jire- 
viiiliiiL;  scarcity  he  made  contracts  with  jirivate  pci'sonsand  took  stijis  to  bring 
'he  iniiunodity  from  China,  Habana,  .Jamaica,  and  I'erii.  A-.aiizu,  /iixirnr., 
is.,  |-JJ-(i.  See  also  Giiijo,  JJiariu,  in  J)o<\  //ial.  A/ci:.,  scrie  i.,  toiii.  i.  ■_'44, 
4l'7:  li'iJili'.-i,  Diario,  i.  1  et  se<j. 

'"  /I'lciij).  lie  /itil.,  ii.  .'{OS-ii;  Movldiinyor,  Si'iiitir'tn.-i,  '2e.'i-7.  Miiu'is  wero 
(iititldl  to  siv  nionths'  ciidit,  /lili  ii'i,  Hnoji.,  i.  ]it.  iii.  107,  but  could  not  ob- 
tain II  second  supply  until  the  lirst  had  lieen  p.iid  fi.r. 

"  111  17'ill  the  price  was  tlxed  at  8S-'.  in  17fiV  at  .^d-J.  /'iniun/,!/,  />„;  /•-./., 
ii.  ."i7;>  4.     Montcnuyor,  Sniun-iui^,  1200,  says  tl-at  as  early  as  1017  the  prico 


m 


6S4 


MINES  AND  MINING. 


tions  wore  made  to  foster  the  development  of  certain 
mines.  This  li'  erahty  of  the  crown  was  somewhat 
counteracted  by  hmiting  the  distribution  in  Mexico, 
and  also  by  the  tribunal  officials  in  granting  prei'er- 
ences  and  more  substantial  favors  to  those  who  paid 
for  them. 

Tlie  government  monopoly  extended  over  the  quick- 
silver mines  of  New  Spain.  In  1G09  a  law  was  issued, 
promising  rewards  to  discoverers  of  such  deposits,  Inu 
when  found  they  were  not  allowed  to  be  worked^-  kst 
they  should  affect  the  interests  of  tlie  crown.  Tliis 
fostered  a  belief  that  no  cinnabar  existed  in  Xlw 
Spain,  while  in  reality  it  was  most  abund.i.it,  •"^p'^ciallv 
between  latitudes  19°  and  22°.*'^  In  the  {>* 'nu  ,of  df 
the  eighteenth  century  fresh  disco v^eries  in  Z-^catccas 
and  near  Cuernavaca"  roused  such  clamor  against  the 
existing  restrictions  that  finally  a  commission  was  siiit 
from  Spain  in  1778  to  investigate  tlie  ])rospects  lor 
working  the  vein.  The  result  proved  a  failure.  Alter 
expending  about  100,000  pesos  it  was  declared  to  he 
unprofitable  to  the  crown;  yet  certain  private  persons 
duly  authorized  continued  to  work  mines  with  varv- 


mg  success 


15 


It  is  not  my  purpose  in  the  present  cliapt<  /  to 
enter  fully  into  the  geological  features  of  Xew  Spain, 
but  merely  to  present  a  brief  outline  for  the  Lctl  r 
understanding  of  the  subject. 


It  is  astonishing'  i  ( 


was  reduced  to  CiO  ducats  a  quintal.  In  the  J?ernp.  d.'  IinL,  ii.  577.  tlie  s;niio 
fact  is  recorded  for  l(i7i).  See  also  Jx'i'villa  (I'ii/nlo,  Iiiitfrur., '2ii^-i);  U'lnni, 
Jiccoji.,  i.  pt.  iii.  lOT;  Fahri,  Stijmxid  JJcmoxharion,  MS.,  1  et  se  |. 

■■'^Tlio  liist  I'.iscovery  in  Michoacan  occurred  under  the  rule  of  viceroy  S;il- 
vatierra,  who  j,'ranteil  the  right  of  their  exploitation  for  the  term  of  lU  yvMi 
to  Alcalde  Luis  de  llerrio.  When  assayed  the  ores  yielded  10  ounces  \n-t 
quintal.  O'nijo,  Dinrlo,  \\\~~i,  4!!!). 

^^  And  in  the  intendencias  of  Guanajuato  and  Mexico,  at  San  Juan  (!'■  h 
Chica,  San  Felipe,  Itincon  <lel  Centeno,  Durasno,  Xuestra  Seftora  do  \<i 
Dolores.    Hiiiiiliolilt,  Khsii'i  PdL,  ii.  ASii-"). 

^*  Thi.'  exploitation  was  ,sus()ei.ded  by  ci'duhia  of  .Fuly  T),  1718,  and  > 
24,  17;{ll.    /i".  f/A.t  (.'iiliildM,  MS.,  i.  li'i-'J;  Fonscm  and  i'rr'uliu,  Hint.  y.Vc   '.' 
ncutlit,  i.  ;>i'4-r>. 

■■•"'In  the  heginnin^'  of  this  century,  during  the  war  between  Spain  ai.J 
France,  a  temporary  activity  set  in. 


GEOLOGIC  FEATURES. 


685 


little  attention  has  been  given  to  this  science  in  a 
cdiintry  whose  interests  are  intimately  connected  with 
it.  The  more  progressive  spirit  of  the  republicans  has 
been  so  '-hacklecl  by  the  unsettled  condition  of  affairs, 
as  greatly  to  retard  exploration,  and  while  certain 
districts  have  been  the  object  of  diligent  investigations 
only  too  many  remained  unnoticed. 

Proceeding  from  the  sandy  coast  at  Vera  Cruz  into 
the  interior,  it  is  not  till  one  ascends  the  tierra  teni- 
plada  that  porphyries  and  limestone  are  encountered. 
Above  these,  volcanic  rocks  and  lava  extend  over  many 
parts  of  the  plateau,  intermingled  with  porphyries  and 
pebbles  under  a  layer  of  hardened  clay.  On  the 
Paciiic  coast  from  Tehuantepec  to  Acapulco  granitic 
rock  prevails,  but  from  the  latter  place  toward  ^I(;xici) 
por[)liyries  again  take  their  place,  mixed  with  heavy 
toriuations  of  limestone  similar  to  those  on  the  eastern 
In  the  volcanic  region,  almost  in  a  direct  line 


SKI 


pe. 
from  east  to  west  along  the  nineteenth  parallel,  lava 
and  porous  amygdaloids  are  most  frequent,  but  beyond 
Qufietai-o  they  give  way  to  porphyries.  The  latter 
indeed  abound  in  the  whole  country,  especially  in  the 
nortlurn  regions,  yet  south  of  Durango  numerous 
veins  of  trachytic  rock  are  found  crossed  in  an  east- 
erly direction  by  beds  of  lava..  On  the  eastern  slope 
( f  the  Sierra  Mad  re,  in  Durango,  the  porpliyries 
.iORjetimes  overlap  extensive  beds  of  veryfine  gritstone, 
and  exhibit  greater  softness  than  those  south  of  the 
ciiMfal,  with  a  large  admixture  of  mica.  Quartz  is 
''n<:  most  common  of  gangues,  and  its  outcroj)s  in  the 
plateau  serve  frequently  as  a  guide  to  prospectors. 

The  general  direction  of  metallic  veins  is  from  the 
north-west  to  the  south-east,  and  this  being  especially 
tile  ease  with  the  richer  kind  it  is  always  taken  into 
consideration  on  filinjr  a  claim.  The  averaoe  breadth 
of  the  vein  is  six  feet,  except  on  the  Veta  Grande  of 
Zaeatecas,  where  it  is  from  thirty  to  thirty-five  feet, 
the  maximum  being  even  seventy-five  feet.  In  some 
districts,  as   in  Sonora  and   Chihuahua,  the   ore   lies 


ii 


I 


N 


5S6 


MINES  AND  xMINING. 


near  the  surface,  but  generally  this  is  not  the  case,  a 
circumstance  which  in  colonial  times,  with  the  j)io- 
vailing  backwardness  of  drainage  and  other  operations, 
impeded  the  search  for  deeper-lying  i.ones  in  the  veins. 
There  are  essentially  two  forms  under  which  argon- 
tiferous  ores  occur.    Near  the  surface,  where  exposed 
to  external  influence,  the  metallic  substances  are  avu- 
erally  in  the  form  of  oxides,  or  combined  with  iron, 
chlorine,  or  bromine,  and  receive  from  their  reddish 
color  the  name  colorados.     Those  at  greater  depth 
have  usually  retained  the  condition  of  all  primitive 
sulphuric  bases,   and  are  found   in  connection   with 
oyrites,  gale  i a,  or  blende.     The  latter  two  prcdduii- 
nato,  and  a  dark  color  results  which  has  given  rise 
to  their  designation  of  black  ores,  or  ncgros.     They 
give  the  greatest  part  of  all  the  silver  produceel  in  the 
country.     The  average  richness  of  the  ores  has  been 
fnjquently  overrated,  and  the  occurrence  of  enormous 
blocks  of  native  silver  considered  as  frequent,''*''  while 
in  reality  they  are  very  i-are,  and  never  larger  than 
those  found  in  European  mines.     The  average  yield 
is  from  tlu'ee  to  four  ounces  of  silver  to  the  quintal 
of  ore,  and  the  enormous  returns  of  New  Spain  are 
due  rather  to  the  great  abundance  of  the  ore.*'     Gold 
is  obtained    chiefly  from  places  in   Sonora  and  the 
northern  regions.     In  Oajaca  it  also  occurs  in  rocks, 
but  the  ex}»loitation  has  not  proved  very  profitable. 
Klsewhere  it  is  rarely  found  except  in  connection  with 
argentiferous  ores,  in  some  instances  in  the  proportion 
of  about  two  ounces  to  the  quintal. 

Although  mining  was  chiefly  confined  to  silver, 
gold,  and  ciimabar  ores,  the  country  bj'  no  means 
lacked  other  metals.     Iron  existed  at  Colima,  in  (Ja- 

^"Ofli, /?'/>■(■,  in  Murr\t  Nnchrkhten,  2.3G-7,  inakca  the  assertion  tliat  in 
Moxico  the  ore  nearly  ;i!ways  gives  one  lialf  or  one  tliird  of  its  wo)j,'lit  in  |iurc 
niUcr,  .•iiul  tliat  near  lii.s  mission  in  Arizona  blocks  of  native  silver,  from  -tW 
to  !)0(l  lli.s.  in  weight,  were  fouuil  on  the  surface  after  lying  neglected  lur 
centurii's. 

*  lluinlioldt,  yv>'.i((i  i'o/.,  ii.  51-4-15,  gives  sonic  interesting  coniparisuM 
M'itli  luiro|)ean  ores. 


QUARRIES  AND  SALIXES. 


C87 


jaca,  Zacatecas,  Jalisco,  and  other  districts,  and  was 
woikcd  for  some  time,  but  only  to  a  limited  extent/^ 
Still  worse  fared  it  with  copper  which  abounded  in 
MiL-hoacan.  Mines  wore  leased  at  a  low  price  in  1G57 
and  attempts  were  made  by  several  viceroys  to  work 
tlkin,  but  they  were  invariably  abandoned  after  a  brief 
trial. ^^  The  great  abundance  of  precious  metals  seems 
to  have  excluded  the  others;*'  all  mining  except  ibr 
the  precious  metals  was  as  a  rule  limited  to  local  de- 
iiiaiul,  and  only  in  the  nineteenth  century  has  more 
attention  been  given  to  others,  as  will  be  shown  in  a 
later  volui  :^. 

^L»re  prominent  were  the  quarries  of  tetzontli,  tlio 
iiorousamvirdaloid  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mex- 
ico  and  so  frequently  used  for  its  buildings.  Salines 
Mere  extensively  worked  in  different  parts  of  the 
oiiiitry,  chiefly  in  Jalisco,  Penon  Blanco  in  San  Luis 
l*(jtosi,  Colima,  and  Oajaca.  As  the  produce  was  re- 
quired not  only  for  domestic  purposes  but  for  the 
amalgamation  process,  minute  regulations  appeared 
a^  early  as  August  '23,  1580,^^  concerning  their  man- 
aL;eii]ent,  and  in  later  years  they  were  temporaiily 
ixserved  for  the  crown.  The  process  of  extraction 
ciiii>.i>ted  merely  in  distributing  the  salt  water  into 
f-hallow  pools  to  be  evaporated.  Kock  salt  was  not 
known. 

FrDni  the  frequent  allusions  of  the  early  chroniclers 
an  al)undance  of  precious  stones  might  be  supposed 
to  exist  in  Xew  Si)ain,  and  in  1541  petitions  were  in 
fact  directed  to  the  king,  soliciting  permission  to  work 
deposits  of  sapphires,  rubies,  and  turquoises  in  Oajaca. 
Xothing  came  of  it,  however,  evidently  because  the 


coiiipaiisuuj 


'"  C'liiefly  because  Biscaj^an  iron  coiiKl  be  iiitroducod  at  a  lower  price.  ]'<  I- 
Uiirrrt.   JVa/ro,  •2\. 

''•*riie  crown  Iiail  forbitMcn  tlieir  alienati'm  ami  iucliuled  tlie  produce  in 
the  list  of  iiiiiiiopolies.   J.'i  cHla  Hnjctlo,  Jiistriic,  ,'(l'l. 

•'"Lead  Was  I'ound  in  Xufvo  Leon  and  Niievo  Santander,  tin  aswocid-tiii  in 
•  iiuuiajuato,  Ziicateca.s,  and  Taxco,  the  last  two  districts  yielding  also  sonn; 
iiii'-.     AliDUt  the  use  niude  of  these  metals  before  the  con(iuest  see  my  Sulirc 

'  Moi)'emai/or,  .Scmario^,  pt.  iii.  oo-S. 


688 


MINES  AND  MINING. 


n  I 

I 


beds  proved  to  be  fictitious.  A  number  of  siiiij)le 
stones,  considered  as  precious  by  the  Aztecs,  enjoyed 
the  same  estimation  among  the  conquerors  until  the 
fahacy  became  known,  and  since  then  nothing  nioie 
has  been  heard  of  the  supposed  emeralds,  rubies,  and 
sapphires. 

The  mining  region  of  Nv  w  Spain  covered  in  1800 
aliout  12,225  square  leagues,  including  the  northcrii 
provinces,  and  was  divided  into  thirty-seven  depart- 
mcnts  or  dipntaclones  de  minerki,  with  about  iive 
hundred  subtlivisions  or  reales  do  minas,  comprising 
a})proximately  three  thousand  mines. ''^ 

Taking  as  a  guide  the  product  of  the  dilfiront 
mines,  those  of  Guanajuato,  Catorce,  in  San  Luis  V^)- 
tosi,  and  Zacatecas,  rank  as  the  most  prominent,'^'  all 
of  them  situated  between  latitude  21°  and  24°.  Tlio 
first  had  been  discovered  in  the  middle  of  tlic  six- 
teentli  century  by  muleteers  trafficking  between  Zaca- 
tecas and  ]Mexico,  and  the  principal  vein  was  stnirk 
ill  the  shafts  of  j\[ellado  and  l\ayas  in  15o8.''*  The 
latter  mine  and  the  Valenciana  take  the  lead  in  the 
district  of  Guanajato,  where  the  yield,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  century,  formed  about  one  seventh  of  the 
total  for  all  America.  Official  returns  place  tin-  ag- 
gregate product  from  1701  till  1809  at  37,2<)0,(;i7 
marks  of  silver,  and  88.184  marks  of  gold,  estimated  at 

'^Tliis  is  from  offici.-il  sources.  Ward,  Mcx.,  ii.  .5.1,  estimates  the  niimlior 
of  luiiies  at  from  three  to  live  thousaiul.  Hiuiilwhlt,  EaxaJ  I'ul.,  ii.  4vS7-!l-, 
gives  tlie  luimes  of  the  iliputaeiones  and  reales,  eiassitied  according  to  tlio  in- 
tendeneias.  A  list  of  all  the  mines  of  New  Spain  and  the  minerals  tliey  pro- 
dneeil,  together  with  a  mineralogical  description,  is  also  given  in  Kiir.'-I' n, 
Tdlilds  Mimraloijii'tis,  1  et  seij.,  a  Spanish  translation  by  the  learned  niiiur- 
alogist  Antonio  del  Itio,  witii  notes  by  Humboldt.  Another  list  of  reults  ilu 
mina.s  arranged  according  to  bishoprics  is  given  ill  Paiw.i,  \'irti/iii,  ilS.,  Ill'; 
Goz.  Mf'jr.,  J7~'S,  $).")-(). 

"■'  Next  iu  order  follow  those  of  I'eal  del  Monto  in  Mexico,  Bolafms  in 
( luadalajara,  VA  Kosario  in  Sonora,  Sondn-erete  in  Zacatecas,  Taxco  in  Mexico, 
r>ato|)ila8  ill  Purango,  Zimapan  in  Mtxico,  Fresnillo  in  Zacatecas,  Eaiiii'-iiu 


Europe.   Lurkitrt,  Jkiseii,  i.  IJ'JG  et  sci| 


l!;.i 


EICH  DISTRICTS, 


5S0 


.«!31 1^,035,554.^'  One  single  mine,  tlic  Valonciana, 
yielded  in  less  than  five  years  about  6 14,000,000,  and 
ill  1791  as  much  silver  as  all  the  mines  of  Peru. 
Although  open  since  the  sixteenth  century  the  work 
had  been  unprofitable  till  17G8,  when  the  owners, 
0])rcg()n,  later  conde  de  Valcnciana,  and  Otero,  struck 
a  rich  vein,  which  after  1771  gave  at  times  as  much 
as  !:^2,500,000  per  annum.''"  During  twenty  years  the 
Divs  averaged  five  ounces  of  silver  to  the  quintal. 

In  San  Luis  Potosi,  the  veins  in  the  district  of 
Catorr-e,^^  discovered  in  1773,  and  worked  with  suc- 
cess since  1778,  eclijised  all  others,  which  in  that 
ivi^ion  had  acquired  fame  during  the  preceding  two 
centuries.  One  mine  alone,  belonging  to  a  priest 
named  Flores,  yielded,  durhig  the  first  year,  1,000,- 
000  |)osos.  The  product  of  the  whole  district,  from 
1778  till  1810,  was  estimated  at  4,000,000  i)esos 
venilv;  and  that  of  the  entire  intendencia  San  Luis 
de  Potosi,  from  155G  till  1789,  at  92,730,294  marks  of 
silver,  representing  788,258,212  pesos.  Next  in  im- 
purtauce  to  the  mines  of  Catorce,  were  those  in  the 
districts  of  ]:5olanos  and  Ramos,''^  which  in  some 
vcars  also  yielded  enormouslv,  and  gave  weight  to  the 
general  belief  that  they  were  inexhaustible. 

A  similar  view  })revailed  concerning  the  third 
jirominent  mining  region,  that  of  Zacatecas,  which, 


'"  Yiild  from  Mnrch  4,  1071,  to  August  9,  107.3,  142,()r)2  marks  of  silver. 
ilaiicvni,  liixtruc.  Vinycx,  'l\)-l-;\.  Vvum  1700  till  ISO.'i,  4;{,0:i0  murka  of  gold 
ami  1 S, :•.>;(, r);57  of  silver,  worth  810.">,00-2,14.").  J/iinihohl/,  J\ssa!  J'of.,  ii.  oO,'), 
510.  Ficini  1700  till  1SU8,  gold  r>:?,8fSl  marks,  ami  silver  'Ju',0:U,<,)SO  marks. 
Uiifbirt,  Ji'iiscii,  i.  .'100.  "Ward  gives  the  yield  from  17U0  till  KSIO  at  8,S,V_',. 
27'J  liiariis  silver  and  "27,810  marks  gold,  whicli  he  chooses  to  value  at  •S7!},- 
0l'S,(H7. 

•'«  'I'otMl  yield  from  1788  till  1808,  .?20,.')r)8,807,  netting  .?]  1,980,312.  Wan/, 
M'.'\,  ii.  1 10.  This  ditlcrs  somewliat  from  the  ligures  of  AUuiian,  ///.«/.  M'  j., 
i.  iijiii.  -J;;  1,  which  give  the  total  n^t  prolit  fnmi  1788  till  1797  at  .?7,949,9'j;!. 
lliiiiilMijilt,  l:lt.  cif.  CrlH  .'),'}.'],  n>akes  some  interesting  ohserx-atiors  on  tiie  pro- 
iliKi'  iiuii  working  expenses  of  the  Valeneiana  and  rich  JMiroiiean  mines. 

''  l"oi-  geologic  and  general  descriiition,  see  Hnrbirf.  Ildscii,  ii.  107  et  se(|.  ; 
H'fuv/,  J/(.i'.,  ii.  4(i4-518.  Concerning  the  origin  of  the  name  Catorce,  there 
iiic  two  versions,  one  by  Cavo,  Tnx  Hhjlns,  ii.  22,  who  applies  it  as  the  jihicu 
III  rcfii;;c  for  14 outlaws  ;  the  other,  by  Iturribarri'a,  in  Svr.  Mi  x.  (j'co;/. ,  JJolcliii, 
viii,  ;!(I7,  who  attributes  it  to  the  murder  of  14  soldiers. 

'"Ward,  ^[('X,,  ii.  139,  gives  statistics  which  show  the  product  of  tlio 
Luliifios  ndues,  from  17o2  till  1780,  to  have  been  3,702,209   nuu'ks   silver, 


id 


590 


MINES  AND  MINING. 


since  its  discovery  in  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, had  always  offered  a  vast  field  to  enterprising; 
persons.*^"  That  it  was  not  unfounded  becomes  evi- 
dent from  the  estimated  production  for  one  hundred 
and  eighty  j'ears,  till  1732,  Avhich  is  placed  at  88.3'2,- 
2-32,880.  After  this  period  the  yield  increased,  and  ia 
1 808  Zacatecas  furnished  nearly  as  much  silver  as  Gua- 
najuato.®' The  principal  vein,  the  Veta  Grande,  gave 
in  eighteen  years,  from  1790  till  1808,  1,293,4G3  marks 
of  silver,  valued  at  6ll,3l7,792.«i  The  exploitation  of 
mines  in  the  district  of  Sombrerete  was  for  a  time 
equally  successful,  the  celebrated  Veta  Negra  there 
having  produced  within  six  months  more  than  700,000 
marks  of  silver,  and  about  four  million  pesos  of  net 
profits.  To  this  period  probably  belongs  the  story 
that  a  rich  miner  of  Zacatecas  on  the  occasion  of  his 
daughter's  wedding  had  the  streets  paved  with  brieks 
of  silver,  from  his  house  to  the  church.^'^ 

In  the  northern  provinces  of  Durango,  Sonora, 
Sinaloa,  and  Chihuahua,  though  most  of  them  weie 
supposed  to  be  equal  if  not  superior  in  mineral  wealth 
to  the  other  districts,  mining  was  conducted  on  a 
smaller  scale.^^     The  reasons  must  bo  attributed  to 

worth  §30,543, 7"20.  During  the  preceding  period,  from  1G4G  to  17.j"2,  tlic  an- 
mial  yield  has  been  estimated  nt  from  three  and  a  half  to  four  million  pusos. 
Tlu-  ores  of  the  Ramos  mines  gave  after  1798  frequently  14  ounces  silver  to 
the  quintal.  Uiirkarl,  Reheii,  ii.  121. 

^*The  geolorjical  feature  of  Zacatecas  is  described  in  full  by  Bcrglics, 
Descrijiciim  de  la  Serrania  de  Zdcutecas,  1-39.  See  also  Humboldt,  Essai  PoL, 
ii.  r)34-(i,  where  some  peculiarities  of  that  region,  as  compared  with  otlicis, 
are  minutely  given;  Lcict,  Norr^  Orbis,  288;  H'urd,  ^f(J^.,n.  519-48,  (il2-lS, 

""In  1728  the  aggregate  product  amounted  to  .$1,800,000,  or  one  iiftli  of 
all  the  silver  then  coined.  Ataman,  IJisf.  Mrj.,  i.  100-1.  Humboldt  osti- 
mated  in  1803  the  average  yield  at  402,000  marks  silver.  EKxai  Pol.,  ii.  ").'!•'). 
Ai'legui,  Hid.  Chron.  Zac,  74,  makes  the  startling  assertion  that  the  I'abellou 
mine  gave  during  five  years,  !?20,000  daily. 

"'  The  product  from  1795  till  1808  is  given  by  Burkhart,  Rehfri,  ii.  7-1,  at 
1,072,G50  marks  silver.  Ward,  Mc.v.,  ii.  44,  for  the  same  period,  makes  it 
1,140,393  marks. 

^''SaidoH  (.'hronolor/ia'u.  464.  The  same  author  adds  that  some  time  after 
the  miner  died  in  poverty. 

''^  In  the  mines  of  Batopilas  in  Durango  pieces  of  pure  silver  400  poiimh 
in  weight  were  found  on  several  occasions.  Humboldt,  Eumi  Pol.,  ii.  ")l)!'. 
The  mines  of  Sinaloa  were  not  discovered  till  1753.  CaMro,  D'wrio,  in  l>u'\ 
Hisf.  Me.r.,  s^rio  i.  tom.  iv.  101-2.  In  the  beginning  of  this  century  tlio 
entire  yit'd  of  gold  in  Sonora  was  estimated  by  HumboMt  at  7,000  nia:ks. 
The  same  author  refutes  the  supposition  that  platiua  existed  in  that  pro\  iiice; 


RESCATADORES. 


691 


le  time  after 


the  small  population,  the  frequent  raids  of  wild  tribes, 
and  the  difficulty  of  exclianginrj  the  bullion  for  coined 
silver.  The  latter  could  be  effected  only  at  the  mint 
of  Mexico,  a  circumstance  which  proved  to  be  a  se- 
rious encumbrance  on  mining  operations  even  in  the 
loss  remote  intendencias  of  San  Luis  Potosi  and  Zaca- 
tecas,  ]iarticularly  to  miners  with  small  capital. 

This  difficulty  gave  rise  to  the  business  of  middle- 
men, or  of  rescatadores,  as  they  were  called."*  They 
or  tlioir  agents  would  purchase  the  ore,  extract  the 
nK;tal  at  their  own  expense,  and  exchange  it  in  Mex- 
ico for  coin.  The  miner,  receiving  immediate  cash 
returns  for  his  ores,  was  enabled  to  continue  the  out- 
put; and  altliough  the  accommodation  was  obtained 
at  considerable  sacrifice,  a  great  difficulty  was  removed. 
In  the  southern  regions  rcscatadores  were  less  numer- 
ous, for  the  miners  there  enjoyed  greater  facilities  in 
being  nearer  to  the  capital. 

The  principal  districts  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mex- 
ico wore  Taxco  and  P-^chuca,  and  Tlalpujagua  in 
Michoacan.  Since  the  days  of  the  conquest  Spaniards 
had  worked  the  veins  of  Taxco,  and  Cortes  constructed 
there  a  gallery.  El  Socabon  del  Rey,  of  sufficient  di- 
mensions to  be  entered  on  horseback  for  a  distance  of 
about  three  hundred  feet.  This  district  reached  the 
lieiLilit  of  its  prosperity  between  1752  and  17G2,  after 
wliieh  it  declined  so  rapidly  that  at  the  end  of  the 
century  the  yield,  together  with  that  of  the  mines  of 
Tehuilotopec  and  others,  barely  amounted  to  GO, 000 
marks  of  silver.  A  similar  fate  was  encountered  by 
the  mines  of  Pachuca,  including  Real  del  Monte,  Ato- 
tonileo,  and  ]\Ioran,  as  the  most  important.  Tlie  first, 
also  called  from  the  richest  vein  tiie  Vizcaina,  was 
worked  with  fair  success  from  the  sixteenth  \  11  the 
beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  when  the  diffi- 
culties of  drainajie  led  to  its  abandonment. 


load,  liowever,  is  found  with  argentiferous  ores  in  the  veins  of  Cosalil.  ^.s.srti 
Pol.,  ii.  ^O.l-S.    TIic  subject  will  he  treated  in  my  Hist.  North  Mex.  StcUen. 
''*  ^luauing  literally  traders. 


MINES  AND  MINING. 


however  resumed  near  jMoran  by  Uustaniantc  and  T(  r- 
rcros,  and  with  many  difficulties  conchided  in  1702  l»v 
tlic  latter.  The  result  was  a  great  success,  one  vein 
alone  covering  all  the  expenses,  whilst  others  wen;  so 
])roductive  that  within  fourteen  years  a  net  profit  of 
about  five  million  pesos  had  been  derived  by  Terruids 
who  afterward  figured  as  Conde  de  Regla.*^  Work 
was  conducted  with  alternating  success  till  1801,'" 
when  it  declined  under  the  increasing  expendituiv, 
and  never  resumed  its  former  dimensions. 

It  has  been  stated  that  soon  after  the  fall  of  INIex- 
ico  Spaniards  engaged  in  mining  speculations  in  ^li- 
choacan.  The  attraction  centred  after  15G2  at  Tlul- 
pujagua,  and  down  to  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth 
century  the  result  proved  satisfactory.  Work  was 
then  suspended  till  1743,  when  again  a  brief  peiiiul 
of  successful  development  began,  3'ielding,  within  eight 
years,  about  ten  million  pesos.  The  excessive  cost  of 
drainajie  then  caused  the  mines  to  be  abandoned."' 


i| 


U 


Thus  we  see  that  the  greatest  development  of  min- 
ing took  place  in  the  second  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  when  certain  important  discoveries  gave  fresli 
impulse  to  this  industry,  fostered  at  the  same  time  by 
a  beneficial  policy.  Miners  then  awoke  to  the  neces- 
sity of  organizing  for  mutual  aid,  notably  by  framiiii,' 
a  new  code  of  laws  with  which  to  replace  the  cumbrous 
and  faulty  regulations  in  force.  Consequently,  in  Feb- 
ruary 1774,  a  petition  was  directed  to  the  king,  for 
constituting  as  the  Cnerpo  de  la  Mincria  de  Nucm 
J^spaua,  a  corporation  which  was  to  embrace  all  own- 

"'Ht!  presented  king  C;irlos  III.  with  two  war  vessels,  one  of  thcni  carry- 
ing \\'2  guns,  anil  niauc  also  a  loan  to  tlic  crown  of  1,000,000  pesos,  wliiili  it 
soems  was  never  repaitl.  He  accpiired  immense  tcrritoritiea,  and  lef'.  iit  liij 
doatli  tn  descendants  a  fortune  eciuallcd  only  by  that  of  Conde  dc  Val(iici;iii;i. 
Jlinnholilt,  Exxai  I'ol.,  ii.  040-1,  514,  r):iS-43.  For  details  about  the  Mzcaina 
niiiio  the  reader  is  referred  to  C'riritclazo,  Mani/c''lacio)i  tic.  .  .la  Vcta  V'tzcahM, 
l-(!.'?;  Ld.-ixdrja,  ncpri'senlwion,  lOetseij. ;  Ihirhtrt,  liciscii.  i.  rJ7->'l-. 

«■•  iM-om  l'7!)4  till  ISOl  the  yield  still  amounted  to  ^(5,000,000.  WanVA  Mrx., 
ii.  21;  liiirbtrt,  I'eiseii,  i.  130-1;  l)ut  Humlioldt  asserts  that  this  was  in't 
BUllicient  to  cover  the  expenses.  7i'<.srt/  Pnl.,  ii.  r)41. 

"'  Full  particulars  about  this  ilistricture  given  in  Durkart,  licidt  ii,  i.  7i'-07. 


D  and  Til- 
11  17G-Jl.y 
,  one  vlIu 
rs  wore  s(i 
b  jH'ofit  of 
r  Tcri'cnis 
..<«  \V(.rk 
ill  180 1/" 
pondituiv, 

1  of  :Mex- 
ms  ill  ^li- 

2  at  Tlal- 
ligliteciitli 
Vork  was 
ief  poridd 
thin  ein'lit 
vo  cost  uf 
ioned.*^' 

nt  of  inin- 
ightcenth 
^avo  fresh 
10  time  by 

ho  necL's- 
f ran  ling 
cumhi'ous 
y,  in  Fi'h- 

king,  for 

3  all  owu- 

tlicin  carry- 
SOS,  wliii.li  it 
1(1  left  at  \ni 

Valcuriaiia. 
the  Mzoaiia 
{'fa  Vizcaiiut, 
|.'T-3-2. 

'« ;•(/'.■(  ^f'X., 
tliis  was  not 


16'  :i,  i.  7'>-C7. 


y 


CUERPO  DE  LA  MINERIA.  608 

CIS  I  if  mines  in  New  Spain."''  Similar  plans  having 
already  been  entertained  by  the  government,  the  re- 
i|iiest  was  granted  by  royal  cedula  of  July  I,  1770. 
Ill  the  following  year,  the  4th  of  May,""  the  formal 
installation  took  place  under  the  above  given  name, 
and  steps  were  taken  for  the  establishment  of  the 
tribunal  dc  mineria  simultaneously  created,  which  had 
also  legal  jurisdiction  in  mining  cases.'"  To  defray 
expenses  one  real  was  levied  for  every  mark  of  silver 
coined,  an  impost  formerly  collected  under  the  name 
(if  (Jcrccho  de  sefiorecif/e,  and  now  donated  by  the  king. 
It  .served  to  defray  the  salaries  of  the  officials,'^  and 
the  expenses  of  the  mining  college,  any  suri)lus  being 
enijiloyed  to  pay  the  interest  of  capital  taken  up  by  the 
tribunals  for  subventions,  or  avios,'''^  to  needy  miners. 
The  labors  of  the  tribunal  in  the  latter  respect 
proved  of  great  benefit,  and  gave  a  new  impulse  to 

'"The  ])etition  was  made  on  the  25th  of  February  by  Juan  Lucas  de  Las- 
sAga  ami  .(oaquiii  Velasquez  do  Leon,  as  attorneys  for  the  miners.  The  full 
ttxt  is  c'iven  in  Lni<.i(i;/a,  Ili-pri'xctiltiflo)),  Mexico,  1774,  1-98,  with  notes  by 
the  two  representatives,  and  an  appendix  containing  the  letter  to  the  king,  and 
cue  to  Viceroy  ISucareli,  requesting  his  protection  for  the  petition.  The  lat- 
ter gives  a  brief  account  of  the  mining  history  of  New  Spain  since  the  con- 
(|iit'st.  attributing  as  rea.son8  why  development  had  not  been  greater,  a  lack 
of  kiiiiwleilge  and  insutficiont  financial  encouragcmont.  Hence  tiie  necessity 
(if  urbanizing  a  corporation  with  a  tribunal,  competent  to  control  tlu!  mining 
iaturists  and  protect  them  if  necessary.  In  order  to  obtiiin  the  necessary 
fumls  for  .supporting  the  tribunal  and  a  college,  and  to  pay  the  interest  of 
money,  loaned  to  foster  the  development  of  mines,  a  remission  of  taxes  was 
suggested, 

'■" ll-lnTa,  Recop.,  ii,  21.3;  Zamora,  Bib.  Leg.  UlL,  iv.  314.  Alainan  says 
erroneously,  May  4,  1774.  JJ'int.  Mfj.,  i.  GO-1. 

■"It  consisted  of  an  administrator  general,  who  was  president  of  the  board, 
a  ilireet(n' general,  and  two  or  three  general  deputies  elected  by  mim  rs,  <Jr<te- 
vaiizwi  di'  M'uwria,  7.  Changes  took  place  by  the  time  of  Humboldt's  visit, 
and  he  speaks  of  a  staff  of  one  director,  two  <lep;ities,  one  asse::isor,  two  con- 
snltores,  and  one  judge,  the  chief  of  the  juzgado  ilo  alzada"  de  niinerfa,  /v.s'.sia' 
/'o/,,  ii,  oUO,  The  first  administrator  and  director-gei.^uil  Aci'e  appointed 
for  life,  but  their  successors  were  to  be  elected  every  tliii  i  , ,  ars  by  deputies 
from  the  various  reales  de  minas.  Of  the  Litter  only  those  forming  a  regular 
settlement  with  church  and  a  curate  had  a  vote,  but  to  prominent  districts 
Wore  Were  given.  Thus  Guanajuato  had  six  votes,  Zacatecas  f.iur,  San  Luis 
iVtosi,  I'achuca,  and  Ileal  del  Monte  three  each;  in  general,  reales  with  the 
title  (if  city  had  three,  and  villas  two  votes.  For  more  details  aliout  organ- 
i/iUion  (if  the  tribunal  see  the  Onlenanzux. 

''  Uevilla  Gigedo  says  the  salaries  of  the  tribunal  were  about  839,000,  In- 
f'n/'',.  II!),  while  they  really  amounted  to  .?2."),000. 

'■'Tiie  system  had  V)een  introtluced  years  before;  it  was  a  contract  between 
the  owner  (jf  a  mine  iind  one  or  several  wealthy  persons,  who  furnished  the 
"i/u,  or  finul'i  necessary  for  exploitation,  and  received  ia  compensation  a 
Hist.  Hex.,  Vol.  III.    38 


i(i 


504 


MINES  ANE 


.XING. 


exploration  of  mineral  districts.  In  later  years  tliis 
branch,  which  might  bo  called  a  niiniiiL^  l)ank,  nat 
with  reverses/'  and  the  college,  which  depended  upon 
it,  could  be  maintained  only  with  great  sacrifices,  tin 
expenses  amounting  annualK  to  about  thirty  thou- 
sand ]>esos.  The  Keal  Seminario  de  Mineria,  as  it 
was  proudly  called,  indeed  never  fulfilled  its  oltjict, 
althoui^h  for  some  time  it  was  under  the  manaofenieiitdl 
able  directors  and  teachers,'*  for  it  had  been  fouiukd 
on  a  plan  too  vast  and  elaborate  to  be  practicabK/^ 

The  greatest  achievement  of  the  tribunal  was  tin. 
compilation  of  the  celebrated  Ordenauzas  de  Mincrhi, 
which,  translated  into  several  languages  and  wiikly 
commented  upon^havc  formed  the  first  complete  null 
of  colonial  mining  laws.  For  two  hundred  and  fifty 
years,  since  Cortes  planted  the  banner  of  Castilu  fni 
the  ruins  of  Tenochtitlan  till  about  1770,  the  le<Msla- 
tion  of  the  mining  indust  '  had  been  ruled  by  a  mix- 
ture of  decrees  and  ordin:  '"which  had  ijraduallv  lit- 
come  inapplicable.  Therein -c  when  the  mining  tribuiuil 
was  created,  orders  came  that  it  should  frame  a  now 
code,  a  work  completed  in  1779.     In  August  of  that 

share  of  the  yield.  This  was  called  to  hahiUtar  a  mine.  Lasaiiga,  Hrjirci.,  IS 
et  scq. ,  gives  the  basis  on  M'hii;li  the  avios  were  made. 

'••  The  crown  obliged  the  tribunal  on  one  occasion  to  make  a  donation  if 
alx)ut  S.">00,000,  and  soon  afterward  u  loan  of  about  !?4,000,0<X),  the  rcpaymcM 
of  which  met  with  great  diihciilties.  Alanian  speaks  also  of  bad  nianagv 
ment  of  the  funds  and  the  conseciuent  failure,  with  liabilities  anioniitiiiL't) 
84,000,000.  Jli.'it.  Alej.,  i.  03.  Ward,  Mcx.,  ii.  50,  says  the  forced  iW  tu 
the  king  was  §3,000,000.  He  villa  Gigedo  mentions  two  loans  of  §1.0(i(U«"' 
each.  liiHtiucc,  119-'20.  The  revenue  of  the  tribunal  iu  about  1792  was csii- 
mated  at  §100,000. 

'•Alaman  mentions  among  them  Fatisto  de  Elhuyar  and  Andrds  de  Rio, 
lx)th  men  whose  names  have  acquired  a  well  founded  reputation  as  ablo  min- 
eralogists. Hint.  Mi'j.,  i.  03.  The  creation  of  tlie  college  had  been  ratitif  J  Ijv 
royal  cudula  of  May  '22,  1783.  Jielina,  Jk-rop.,  ii.  284,  202. 

'^  Its  imperfection  is  well  illustrated  by  the  statement  of  two  pri'inimnt 
travellc  n,  that  the  collection  of  ores  though  comprising  numerous  and  valui- 
ble  specimens  from  Europe,  was  extremely  deficient  in  Mexican  uiii]iral>. 
Instiiiction  was  given  gratuitously  to  twenty-five  pupiLs,  either  of  S]iaiii>li 
blood  or  noble  Indians;  descendants  of  miners  being  preferred.  Then  wtJi 
also  a  number  of  paying  pupils.  Humboldt,  Ensai  Pol.,  ii.  506;  Uiu-birt, 
Heiscii,  i.  205-6. 

'"The  original  base  was  the  laws  in  force  in  Espaflola  enlarged  by  a  nuni- 
l>er  of  decrees,  usually  bearing  on  some  special  subject,  and  occa>i'iiial!v 
reformed  by  local  regulations.  Of  the  latter  the  first  issued  were  tliotit'! 
Mexico  City,  of  July  31,  1527.  Libra  de  Cubildo,  MS.,  107-9. 


THE  MIXING  TRIliUXAL. 


0OS 


vear  it  was  sent  to  the  court,  and  approved  by  royal 
rcdulaof  May  22,  1783." 

A  prominent  new  feature  therein  was  the  ehanj^o 
(if  jurisdiction  in  niiiiln<'  cases.  Hitherto  witli  few 
ex<'('[>tions  miners  had  been  tried  in  the  usual  way,  by 
the  ordinary  courts;  now  the  mining  tribunal  was 
given  an  authority  which  finally  became  exclusive, 
and  which  it  exercised  in  the  di.striets  througli  di[)U- 
taciones.  Great  stress  was  laid  upon  the  reiji'.ire- 
iiiLiit  for  the  judges  to  be  expert  miners,"  and  for 
t'(»n(lucting  the  trials  in  a  summary  way.'"  Suits  for 
siiiull  sums  could  only  be  carried  on  verbally,  and  in 
all  oases  the  respective  judges  had  to  attempt  tho 
reconciliation  of  the  contending  parties.*' 

The  former  regulations  for  taking  up  new  as  well 
as  abandoned  mines**^  W(^re  reformed,  and  the  rights 
of  previous  owners  rt  ceived  greater  respect.  Tho 
discovery  of  new  veins  was  rewarded  by  a  greater  al- 
lotment of  ground.*^  Foreigners  could  not  hold  pos- 
ses.sion  of  mines  or  work  the  same,  unless  with  special 
pL'rmission  from  the  crown,  nor  were  the  clerg}'  and 

''The  text  is  given  in  Belciia,  Recop.,  ii.  214-292:  Zamora,  Bib,  Lrq.  Ull., 
iv.  .314  :U4. 

"The  ailininistrador,  director,  and  deputies  of  the  tribunal  at  Mexico  were 
(il)liL;e(l  to  have  more  than  ten  years'  experience  na  practical  nunerw.  Vrde- 
wiiyix  (le  Mhierla,  C-7. 

'"A  similar  order  had  been  given  on  Xovombor  2G,  1G02,  'porquc  no  so 
(listnygan  (the  miners)  con  pleytos,  ni  hagan  largas  ausencias.'  Recop.  Ind., 
ii.  7.1 

'■''  Appeals  only  aiming  at  delay  were  to  be  rejected.  Courts  of  appeal 
could  1)0  formed  in  the  mining  districts  of  the  highest  judicial  olficer  assisted 
liy  siilistitutea  for  deputies.  That  for  Mexico  was  conipo.sed  of  the  diifctor- 
gt'ncnil  of  the  tribunal,  one  ex-memljer  of  that  body,  and  an  oidor.  lirlina, 
/iVc'//).,  ii.  22G-9.  A  few  years  later  the  tribunal  dc  mineria  wa.s  made  the 
ociiirt  (if  api^eal  for  all  new  Spain.  Onli'iii^s  de  la  Coroua,  }>l>i.,  iii.  IW-S;  /iV- 
rilla  (Ihjfito,  Inatruc,  120-1.  Other  instructions  for  the  proceeding  of  the 
triliiniai  and  the  different  diputaciones  are  given  in  Ordcnaiiz(Ui  da  Miiu'ria, 

3i-(;i. 

*' A  law  of  June  18,  1629,  provided  that  the  abandonment  o£  a  mine  for  a 
term  of  four  years  gave  any  one  a  right  to  claim  it  as  a  new  discovery.  The 
Spanisli  term  for  filing  claim?,  to  a  mine  was  d'^iiiinciai:  Montemayor,  Snma- 
rios,  'J()4;  Recop.  de  Ind.,  ii.  09. 

*-  Tlu-ee  claims  were  to  be  granted,  but  none  conld  exceed  200  varas  square. 
Tlic  dimensions  varied  according  to  the  inclination  of  the  vein.  The  first 
labiii',  to  sink  a  shaft  of  4  feet  in  diameter  and  .30  in  depth,  had  to  be  <lone 
witiiiii  DO  days  after  filing  the  claim.  The  details  of  the  ordinonce  are  givei 
mZinnum,  Bib.  Ley.  Ult.,  iv.  324-9. 


506 


MIXES  AXD  XIINIXG. 


.f) ,  ai»,i 


i'('li<,^iouR  corporations  entitled  to  do  so.  In  view  of 
the  greater  efficiency  of  mininj^  corporations  as  coii! 
jiared  with  individuals,  their  formation  was  fV'stoivd 
by  the  grant  of  exceptional  privileges,  but  withal  tlio 
interests  of  the  laborers  were  not  overlooked.  A 
number  of  regulations  set  forth  their  duties  and  t'aeir 
rights;  they  should  receive  equitable  pay  in  coin,  or 
in  goods  at  the  lowest  prices.  The  diputaciones  wen' 
instructed  to  protect  them  against  usury  or  inijjoi- 
tion  and  see  to  it  that  their  food  be  of  good  quality. 
When  imprisoned  for  debt  the  laborer  could  deniaiu! 
jiermission  to  pay  off  his  obligation  by  working  uiulor 
guard,  and  to  rect^ive  a  share  of  his  wages  for  the  sup- 
port of  his  family.  The  prevailing  idea  in  the  luw 
ordinances  was,  in  fact,  to  encourage  mining  opera- 
tions by  liberal  protection.  The  sharp  practice  cf 
financial  agents  was  checked  by  limiting  the  rate  nt' 
interest  on  advances  to  five  per  cent.^^  As  the  bank 
coimeeted  witli  the  tril)unal  had  been  created  to  ahol- 
ish  abuses,  minute  instructions  were  issued  for  the 
management  of  its  funds.  The  establishment  of  the 
mining  college  not  being  regarded  as  sufficient  to 
n  waken  interest,  the  study  of  mineralogy  was  further 
stimulated  by  granting  its  students  honors  of  nobility, 
and  to  practical  miners  certain  other  privileges.*'* 

The  paternal  policy  so  characteristic  of  Spanish 
colonial  legislation  was  displayed  in  these  ordinances. 
r>i|)utaciones  were  to  admonish  extravagant  miiurs, 
and  the  tribunal  at  Mexico  had  the  power  to  appoint 
gnnrdians  for  them.  In  a  similar  manner  tlie  safety 
of  laborers  was  provided  for  by  instructions  how  to 
effect  the  ventilation  and  drainage  of  mines,  antl  tho 


'■^Contracts  wore  not  valid  unlesft  drawn  np before- witnesses,  and  ailv.innJ 
atVi'i-teil  ciily  the  mine  for  wliioli  tlioy  liad  been  nuidc,  not  any  other  prc'iHity 
«it  the  owner.  OnhmwznK  ib'  Minerin,  ir>0-l()S. 

"'( (wners  of  mines  and  their  as8i»tant^^  conUl  not  l)c  ini]irisioncd  for  ili'if, 
bi't  the  latter,  when  in(lel)ted,  were  forI)idden  to  leave  tho  di.strict  until  lluii' 
niasti'r  lind  paid  tlie  ()l)lij.'atio«s  from  their  salary.  An  execution  on  pi'i\:iti' 
xunpiTf V  eould  not  include  asaddle-lior.se,  one  mule,  arms,  and  other  im.is- 
.•■u'v  etieots.  'i'o  (dd  or  poor  miners  and  their  descendants,  ofiices  shouM  I'O 
gncn  in  preference  to  other  persons.    Onhiiuiiuts  </c  Miik  rut,  '20i(-l). 


CRUDE  METHODS. 


597 


lalxii  In  general.  Tims  ibr  the  first  tiino  a  check 
was  ])laced  <mi  the  ran'aom  system  of  working  miia-s 
hitherto  so  ca.stomary,  although  no  very  important 
innovations  appeared.  During  the  two  hundred  and 
titty  years  since  the  first  mines  were  worked,  so  little 
progress  had  been  made  in  working  methods  that 
Kuinpeans  expressed  surprise.  The  hoi  -ting  a[)para- 
tus  was  greatly  neglected,  and  instead  of  ladders  jnr 
the  sliafts  a  series  of  beams  were  used  abcmt  five  yai'ds 
in  lungth,  placed  in  pairs  in  an  inclined  position  and 
jirovided  with  wedge-shaped  notches  to  serve  for  steps, 
Uii  or  eleven  inches  apart.  On  this  primitive  contriv- 
ance the  carriers  would  climb  for  hours^  loaded  witli 
oil',  sometimes  three  hundred  j)ounds  in  weight.  IJut 
tlie  greatest  defect  was  the  manner  of  constructing  the 
]iits  and  galleries,  which  seldom  or  never  connected, 
i4ivatly  increasetl  the  cost  of  transportation/^  and  })re- 
vtiited  ventilation.  Equally  deficient  were  the  con- 
trivances for  draining  the  mines;  pumps  were  seldom 
or  iiover  used,^*^  the  water  beini;  brouojit  to  the  surface; 
in  laige  bags  of  hides  attached  to  the  ropes  of  a  wind- 
lass moved  by  horse-power.  Toward  the  close  of  the 
einlilei'nth  century  several  German  miners  were  sent 
from  Spain  and  distributed  over  difierent  districts  to 
ttK'ct  improvements.  They  attem[tted  several  inno- 
vations, and  although  successful  in  some  j)arts  they 
failrd  in  others  cliieily  owing  to  the  prejudice  against 
thrni.  The  re[)orts  concerning  their  utility  werv  con- 
tiadictory,*^  anil  after  a  few  yt'ars  tht>y  returned  home. 
Ijosides  the  organization  of  the  cuer[)o  tie  mineri'a, 
tlio  icduction  in  the  prices  of  (juicksilver,  the  grejitti' 
liherty  granted  to    conunerce,  and   the   discovery   of 

• '  Iluiiiljoldt  compare?  tii"m  witli  ill-cdiiHtnictocl  l)iiiUliii^<  .vliciviu  nn 
niljniniiii^  roiiru  could  bu  rcaclicd  only  I'y  piissiii;^  nniiul  the  wliuic  Ii^u.-l. 
A'<-" '/'///.,  ii.  r.oO. 

"'Nit  ill  the  time  of  Cortes  pumiis  uppciir  to  have  bueii  iiHcd  at  'i'a\ro. 
Al'iiii'tii,  l\.ipi)>lfhjn,  ■J4. 

■'ihi!  inteiidciitoM  of  fJiiiiiiiijuato,  Zacatecas,  and  Oiijaca,  the;  diimliu  idii 
<it  T;i'.ii),  ;iiiil  oihir  persons,  adiiiilted  tluit  suiiie  (irogicss  had  Ik  tii  uiiidc.  li.it 
llic  ilipiitaeioiies  of  Ouanajiiato,  Soiiihivrete,  and  several  other  phucs,  n- 
liiitiil  ailversely.  I':  riHn  V'ljiilti,  ln-^lrm-.^  l'JJ-(i.  'Ihi'  expensed  u'l-tnbated 
to  till  la  l>y  the  middle  o/'  June,  17M,  aniouiiteJ  to  iS-lUIi,'_'0'J. 


MIXES  AND  MINING. 


new  rich  mines,  gave  a  fresh  impulse  to  tlie  mliiinn; 
industry,  so  much  so  that  the  increase  in  production 
after  1778  amounted  to  more  than  twenty-five  per 
cent.^^  The  total  annual  yiekl  of  Mexico  in  gold  auil 
silver  has  been  estimated  at  $1,500,000  for  the  epoch 
1521-48,  at  .$2,000,000  from  1548  till  IGOO,  and  at 
$3,000,000  for  the  following  nine  decades,  aggregating 
$414,500,000.  Since  that  time  the  statistics  of  thu 
mint  of  Mexico  show  a  coiisiderable  increase  of  tin 
amount  yearly  coined ;  from  $5,285,581  produced  in 
IGDO,  it  advanced  with  slight  fluctuation  till  in  ISnj 
it  reached  the  maximum  of  $27,105,888.  In  the  fol- 
lowing years  it  declined  to  $21,880,500  for  1808,  t!a 
total  amount  till  then,  from  1G90,  being  $1,490, cS:!_',- 
112.'*''  To  this  must  be  added  the  value  of  all  nicta! 
wrought  into  jewelry,  and  of  that  which  was  illegally 
exported  without  being  coined  or  taxed.  The  amount. 
frequently  overrated,  in  all  probability  did  not  exccLMJ 
one  million  pesos  yearly;  and  adding  this,  the  average 

"*  The  total  value  of  gold  and  silver  coined  in  Mexico  duruig  tlie  yi  ais 
17(if>  till  1778  amounted  to  !?191, 089,179,  against  $25-_',52J,4 12  for  the  luiiu'l 
1779-91.    Jliiwhiildt,  Eixai  PvL,  ii.  577. 

^'^  Zdinnra,  Bih.  L<'(j.  Uit..,  i.  2j  8,  followed  by  Alaman,  Ilisf.  M'j..  i. 
a\ip.  l.'{-17.  Their  statements  for  the  pcriocl  of  l(i90  to  180;}  give  tlit-  tutiJ 
coiiKigu  of  gold  and  silver  at  §1,373,9;{9,000,  whilst  Humboldt  p'-iuos  it  ,t 
§1, .■{.">;{, 4r)2, 020.  Kisai  Pol.,  ii.  578.  Tlie  aggregate  yield  of  silvei  ii'oin  liilm 
till  1800,  was  of  149,350,721  marks,  whereas  the  annual  average  at  tiu'  i  !">'■ 
of  llie  eighteenth  century  was  7,000  marks  gold  and  2,500,000  marks  >ihii, 
worth  about  .'J22,0(K),(K)0.  /(/.,  570-9.  The  following  table  shows  the  ^JtuJiit- 
tion  from  1090  till  1808,  by  decades: 


Aniuuut  in  I'csus.             | 

Amount  iu  Pls..s. 

l(>00-99 

43,971,-340 

1750-59 

130,219,830 

1700-09 

51,933,145 

1700-09 

119,5.-)0,10!) 

1710-19 

05,828,482 

1770-79 

174,772.5(10 

172(.V29 

84,151,727 

1780-89 

193,40.3,.5(ll 

17.W-.S9 

93,077,484 

1790-99 

231,080,2so 

1740-49 

108,124,854             j 

1800-08 

1 

200,112,7.34 

Total  yield 81,490,832,112 

The  statistii's  given  by  Zaniora,  liH).  Lcij.  I'll.,  i.  2.")-S,  which  have  si  ivt<l 
ns  a  base,  contain  i!vidently  iufornuition  from  oUicial  sources,  some  of  wliioh 
have  not  been  seen  by  Huniiioldt. 


CROWN  REVENUE. 


599 


animal  produce  in  the  beginning  of  the  century  may 
k'  placed  at  23,000,000  pesos."^ 

The  revenue  derived  by  the  crown  from  this  flood 
of  wealth  amounted  t(»  about  sixteen  per  cent  on  silver, 
and  nineteen  on  gold  admixtures."^  J3uring  a  term  of 
twenty-five  years,  comprising  part  of  the  most  flour- 
ishing mining  period,  from  17G5  to  1789,  the  total 
revenue,  according  to  official  statements,  amounted  to 
840,041,401)."-  The  district  of  Guanajuato  alone  paid 
iVoni  1700  till  1780,  more  than  $13,000,000,  and  dur- 
ini;'  tlic  whole  eighteenth  century  about  841,000,000. 
Tliere  is  no  doubt,  however,  that  a  wiser  poli(;y  on  the 
part  of  the  crown,  especially  if  initiated  at  an  earlier 
]HMi()d,  would  have  produced  a  still  better  result. 
Jielurc  reformations  were  firndy  established,  polit- 
ical convulsions  came  to  neutralize  their  influence, 
and  reluctant  admission  had  to  be  given  to  foreign 
capital  to  effect  that  for  which  Mexico  felt  herself 
uneijual,  as  I  shall  have  occasion  to  explain  in  a  later 
volume. 


'■"licvillii  Gigc!(lo  asserts  that  but  a  small  amount  of  metal  failoil  to  pass 
tliri)iiL,'li  tlic  mint,  l)ut  ho  woiikl  liarilly  have  cared  to  ilisclosc  a  liiyh  figure 
liail  it  l>een  known  to  him.    litxtrnc.,  118. 

"'  IVsiiles  the  tenth,  one  per  cent  was  ehargi'l,  ainl  tlie  (hrcrfio  <li'  moiic- 
ikvi'  II  ni'HOffnijp,  of  ;}  "2-5  reales  for  every  mar!;  /)  silver.  The  iliity  on  pure 
pil'l  was  rednoed  to  .'{  percent  by  royal  ctklula  of  Marcli  1,  1777.  Fuitseai 
■M<\  I'rni/i'i,  Hist.  Hull  llai:,  i.  3!>. 

"-  la  1777  alone  it  was  §1,030, 577.    Vlrcyc^,  Iiinlruc.,  M.S.,  sirie  i.  pt.  iv. 


unt  ia  Peii.is. 


some  of  VI  liiili 


Xunicroua  as  arc  the  authorities  consulted  by  me  for  this  chapter,  not  one 
aiiii'ML,'  them  affords  a  complete  view  of  tiie  development  of  the  mining  iii- 
iliisti'v ,  r'^liougli  the  voluminous  matter  in  llnmholdtand  otlier  wiiters  might 
lr;i(l  mil'  to  e.vpect  a  more  thorougli  residt.  Here,  as  in  many  other  iihicef,  I 
iiavc  ii.id  literally  to  grope  my  way  in  search  of  long-hidden  niatiii.d  ere 
I  iioiild  ajiply  the  retining  process.  One  of  the  most  valuable  ai(L(  for  the 
U>k  which  covers  not  only  a  special  subject,  but  between  lines  givs 
iii.niy  items  of  mining  history,  is  the  com[)ilation  of  laws,  puhli.slicd  in  17^.'i, 
iiiiil  n'pi'atedly  (juoted,  the  Ilcdlin  ()ril(Uinr-.<iii.  .  .de  hi  Mhivrin,  ^ladiid, 
17>'',  pp.  214,  of  which  I  ]>osses.s  an  official  copy  with  ihariihrii-n  of  tlic  miu- 
i>..  r  .bisef  de  Galvoz,  besides  such  modern  editions  as  that  of  I'aris,  Is70, 
Ml.  .mI.'i,  xlviii.  It  is  indeed  remarkable  not  only  for  contents,  hut  for  style, 
ilill'ciingas  it  does  from  the  \erboseuess  so  common  to  8i)anish  writings.  'J'he 
liiiLruiige  in  the  piititiim  of  the  nnning  bixly  has  a  clear  business  ring,  and 
I'Dincys  the  impression  of  men  animated  by  stanch  energy,  patriotism,  and 


600 


MIXES  AND  MINING. 


J 


il 


II 


m 


'iHli  t 


I 


''I,., 


far-seeing  prudence;  and  the  same  spirit  seems  to  pervade  the  laws  annexed, 
vhich  savor  of  mature  deliberation.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  this  iiiii)ui- 
tant  collection  has  met  with  so  little  attention  from  Humboldt.  In  his  A'.«.(i 
Politique,  nearly  200  pages  are  devoted  to  the  description  of  the  minus  in  Xf.v 
Spain,  chiefly  of  sections,  and  to  statistical  material,  while  the  history  of  min- 
ing receives  comparatively  little  attention.  The  view  taken  by  this  .-cicn- 
tist  refers  rather  to  its  condition  at  the  time  of  his  visit,  and  even  the  recently 
established  coile  of  laws  did  not  elicit  from  him  any  special  comments.  This 
leaves  another  void  in  the  mass  of  information  furnished  by  him,  yet  its  vahio 
is  undoubted.  Subscciuent  writers  have  nearly  all  followed  his  steps,  ;iiiil  i: 
would  be  impossible  to  write  the  mining  liistory  of  New  Spain  without  con. 
suiting  the  statistics  which  form  the  chief  fruit  of  his  researches. 

The  want  of  a  commentary  on  the  mining  ordinances  was  early  recogiiizeil 
by  the  able  Mexican  mineralogist,  Joaquin  Vcla;«ciuez  de  Leon,  and  supplied  ly 
liim  in  the  ComnUnrion  de  las  OnlenanzHs  de  Jliiieria,  MS.,  pp.  G'2.  They  by 
no  means  exhaust  the  subject,  and  cover  only  special  points,  but  they  liavu 
an  additional  interest  in  coming  from  the  pen  of  a  man  who  took  active  part 
in  the  compilation  of  the  code,  and  whose  ability  gave  him  a  right  to  inter- 
pret not  only  the  letter  but  the  spirit  thereof.  Among  other  authors  who 
have  thrown  some  light  on  the  mining  industry  of  New  Spain  are  Fuuseca 
and  Uri-utia,  who  in  tlieir  llistoria  Otmrcd  de  Had  Jfacicnda,  i.  5-44,  'JUT- 
387,  iii.  0-140,  iv.  5i21-G3G,  v.  43-57,  give  much  infomiation,  together  with 
copies  of  oflicial  documents  which  in  many  cases  are  unattainable  to  fdtvigu- 
crs.  The  value  of  the  work  is,  however,  much  impaired  by  a  delicient 
arrangement  and  their  method  of  handling  the  bulky  material  at  tlieii  dis- 
posal. Of  modern  A-riters,  Alamau  rauks  prominent,  less  on  account  ot  the 
extent  of  his  information,  than  for  the  reliable  stiitemcnts  which  he  prexnts 
in  different  parts  of  his  Disertactonrx  and  Ilhtoria  de  Mi-jico.  His  ability  has 
been  acknowledged  by  Ward,  who,  in  his  Mexico  in  1S.27,  se-  eral  times  cen- 
fesses  his  indebtedness  to  Alamau  in  no  stinted  terms.  Ward  admits  also  to  have 
largely  diawn  from  Hundjoldt,  but  his  work  dwells  chiefly  on  the  comlitinii  of 
Mexican  mines  after  the  Independence,  and  belongs  therefore  more  propnly 
to  that  period.  This  applies  also  to  Hurkart,  Aufentholt  iind  IMsen  in  Mex- 
ico, Stuttgart,  1830,  2  vols,  pp.  .392,  2SG,  with  maps  and  cuts.  This  author  was 
at  ditl'erent  times  manager  of  the  mines  of  Tlalpujagua  and  Bohinos,  aa<l  the 
ample  ojiportunity  thus  offered  him  to  make  investigations,  united  with  his 
professional  knowle<lge,  has  been  freely  exercised  with  good  result.  I  sliaa 
have  oceiision  t<i  speak  of  him  again  as  well  as  of  Dnport,  wiiose  Mci'Hi-C 
I'recieii.v,  I'aris,  1843,  pp.  xiii.  42'J,  with  cuts  and  maps,  corresponds  ^ith 
about  the  same  period. 

In  adilition  to  tiiese  p,  numlier  of  treatises  exist,  bearing  on  special  ■^uli- 
jeets,  one  of  the  oldest  being  the  I'rov/deiiclatt  nabn;  AzoiJUfii,  44  folios,  a  ni.in- 
useript  eoetaneous  copy  on  stamped  paper  of  the  regulations  and  orders  is>iie(l 
from  107t>  till  1073  by  V'iceroy  Mancera,  for  the  distribution  of  <[uicksi)vi  r-  to 
the  miners.  The  influence  of  that  metal  on  tlie  mining  industry  of  New 
Sp.iin  and  the  opportunies  for  raising  or  lowering  its  priie  gave  rcpeuti  illy 
occasion  for  troublesome  questions.  Instances  of  these  disputes  are  found  in 
Voiiijiiiidionii  DcmoMracion,  Mexico,   1743,  pp.   178,  and  Snjiindu  Ih  ih"-!i'.(.- 


FABRI,    GARCES,  AXD  BERGHES. 


601 


i  lawa  anncxetl, 
liat  this  iiiipor- 
t.  In  his  AVii 
c  iriinos  in  Xew 
history  of  iiiiu- 
by  this  ,s(jien- 
•en  tlie  ruiuiitly 
inmeuts.  This 
:n,  yet  its  value 
lis  steps,  :iiiil  it 
in  without  con- 
es, 
arly  recoj,'iiizetl 

lud  SUpplinlliy 

.02.     Th.'yln- 
but  tlicy  liave 
)ok  activi'  part 
right  to  iiitor- 
r  authoi's  who 
n  are  Foiiseci 
t,  i.  5-4-J,  '."JT- 
togetliLT  with 
ible  to  fcirrii.'ii- 
ijy  a  duruicnt 
il  at  tlieii-  (lis- 
account  (it  the 
cli  lie  prcMiits 
Ha  ability  has 
•al  times  (un- 
its also  to  liave 
iC  conilitidii  of 
more  pro[K!ly 
'i  iKeii  ill  Mix- 
lis  author  was 
aiu)s,  ainl  thf 
.liteJ  witli  \i\i 
suit.     1  shall 
hoao  Mii'iiu: 
esponds  « ith 

I  special  --iili- 
folios,  a  iiMii- 
ordcrs  issiu'il 
(uicksilvi  r  to 
stry  of  XfW 
■e  rcpciitnlly 
arc  fouiiil  ill 
!u  JJimvliU- 


f!ov,  M"'.,  the  same  place  and  year,  pp.  Clfl,  by  Joseph  Antonio  Fabri,  gen- 
eral mining  attorney.  Both  works  aim  at  a  reduction  of  the  prices  for  quick- 
silver, and  give  a  description  of  the  methods  employed  for  the  extraction  of 
(•res,  and  arc  essentially  directed  against  the  Jieapuentu  of  Joseph  Antonio  do 
\  illa-.Sefior  y  Sanchez,  Mexico,  1742,  pp.  1.1G.  The  latter  writer,  so  well 
known  through  his  voluminous  Theatre  of  New  Spain,  opposes  as  one  of  tho 
chief  otiiviala  of  the  quicksilver  department  any  reduction  in  the  price,  and 
adduces  in  support  the  judgments  rendered  by  several  of  the  district  tri- 
jjuiials.  Of  a  later  date  is  Joseph  Garces  y  Eguia's  Xueva  Tedrica  y  Prac- 
tea,  Mexico,  ISOJ,  pp.  IGSj  a  work  written  by  order  of  tlie  crown  to  diffuse 
a  knowledge  of  amalgamation  and  smelting  pi'ocesses.  A  specimen  of  another 
class  of  inatf  rial  is  the  Descrij/cion  de  la  Serrania  de  Zacatpraf,  Mexico,  18.34, 
pp.  30,  by  C.  de  Berglies,  which  gives  a  detailed  description  of  the  mining 
region  of  Zacatecas,  containing  many  historical  and  statistical  items,  part  of 
which  belongs  to  the  period  after  the  Independence. 

Authorities  of  more  or  less  value,  consulted  in  the  preceding  chapter: 
Pini/i,  I'idularlo,  11-1*2.  21,  43,  79;  Vrdenes  de  la  Cor  dim,  MS.,  iii.  9(i-S;  iv. 
li;;i;  H'dUit  Odula^,  MS.,  i.  32,  38-9;  ii.  51;  Ccdulario,  MS.,  iii.  (il-2;  iv. 
4'.':  Azimzf,  Yiixtrucc'ion,  M.S.,  70-1,  82-7,  122-G;  Leyes  Variaa  Avof.,  MS., 
\Z\-';  l'i'oi-tdoiria.1  sohre  Azoriues,  MS.,  passim;  Recop.  de  Ind.,  i.  2IS;  ii. 
i;s-f>7,  04,  44G-S,  493-4,  o77;  iii.  131-2;  Ilfvilla  Gi'jedo,  lianro,  passim;  lUiii' 
th.%  iios  4.">,  .51;  Iiisfrureion,  MS.,  1.  HG't-H'y'I;  ii.  1-391;  Lasmi/a,  Jif/m  ■<iii/a- 
(inn,  passim:  Ordfiiunzaa  de  Miliaria  (ed.  Madrid,  1783),  passim;  /(/.  (ed. 
I'ariii.  1>>70),  pa.ssim;  Vtlazqwz,  Comentario-^,  MS.,  passim;  C'liecd",  Iiifmnu', 
passim;  iUutdioa'.t  t'ommpntarlen,  i.  ii.,  passim;  Fabri,  Compcnd.,  ]iassiiii; 
I'L,  Siijiiiida  D>-mo.st radon,  MS.,  i.  etscq.;  Gnrccs  y  L'ljiiin,  JVuera  Tuiiirti, 
]assi!!i;  l'>i'i-<ili'->,  Decrip.,  i.  ct  scq. ;  Lnmhanlt,  Infornie,  passim;  Iliniiholilt 
E-mi  I'oL,  i.  7.3-4,  127,  202,  237,  288;  ii.  488  ct  seq.;  Id.,  Life  oml  Tnnrh, 
•J7.'i-&S;  J,!.,  New  HiKJiin,  iii.  104-454;  iv.  279-81,  3J(j-72;  /(/.,  Talda  EMad., 
.MS.,  ,"i4-t).");  /(/.,  Vfr.-^urh,  iv.,  passim;  Aluman,  Disort.,  i.  177-8;  ii.  73-8; 
//.,  /?;^^  M'j.,  i.  2.3-1,  4:j-4,  6O-4,  99-102,  144;  iii  39-48;  v.  .32-i;  Ihirlart, 
llUtii,  i.  ii.,  ixissim;  Monuineiitos  Domin.  E^k,  MS.,  112;  Vinyr^  ih:  M'  x., 
Ms..  -J;  .}fniifriiiayc);  Si-mario<,  .'i.VS,  205-7;  TorqiicmaJa,  i.  3.3ti-7;  I'ldn- 
'■/',  T'liho  Mex.,  {>-24;  Vdla  Sei'ior  y  iSanc/iez,  liesjiuesla,  passim;  Id.,  i, 
■J'i-ii.  .■>>  41 ;  ii.  2ii7— 8;  lJi.<posldonis  Vciria--,  28-31;  liitri/oa,  (I'eo'j.  l)i  scrip, 
ii'ii'irfi.  ii.  22r);  Muliiia  Chr6n.  S.  Dicjn,  250-3;  Cal/e,  Mem.  y  Not.,  4i);  Pa- 
(/(Hoaiid  <  'dnlewts.  Col.  Doc,  ii.  209;  iii.  487-8,  530-3;  vi.  487-8;  xiii.  218-19, 
•J.V.t;  Coiirdhig  Pros.,  MS.,  227;  Icazhah-Ha,  Col.  Doc,  i.  502-3;  Cul.  Doc 
Jiiiil.,  xxL  532-4;  M<>rjt,  Col.  Doc,  MS.,  1-7;  Cartas  de  Indian,  .340,  87(); 
llKXiiiitnii',  Cioii.  Mich.,  iii.  299,  544-G;  iv.  475-82;  v.  71-98;  liiletla,  L'xv/i., 
i  llW-!),  :!11-12;  ii.  212-90;  Piiiart,  Doe.  Soiiora,  MS.,  1(5-22;  FoiiKr.-a  ami 
i'rnii,,,,  Hal  Jlac,  i.  5-44,  297-.387;  iii.  «-140,  .521-(i3();  v.  433-57;  Dor. 
Il''i.  Mi.i:.,  SLiie  i.  tom.  i.  34-5,  427,  499;  Id.,  .suiie  ii.  tom.  iv.  190,  210-12, 
•-'7 -.'-4,  .301 -.3,  34:^5;  Galr^z,  Ii.forme,  ()3-77;  Ar/i<iui,  Jlisi.  Chnm.  Z<ic,  132 
It  seq.;  Il'a,v/'.s-  Mex.,  ii.  12-58,  14.5-8,  100-2,  .320-9,  373-97,  404-548,  012-18; 
Affrnh;<;jmit)id.,  71-9,  95-C,  110,  119-20;  Castclazo,  Mnwjb'nto,  1-03;  Ciiijn, 
Di'irin,  31-5,  427,  4St9;  Ternaux-Comiinnn,  Vinj.,  8('nie  ii.  tom.  v.  17S-9,  223, 
S-7:  I.iiet.  Am.  DeArnpt.,  2i>8;  Caliriii,  Ordenanzan,  43-7;  Mkhoucnn,  Prov. 
S.  X;.;ilas,  !l.-.,  107;  Ptraltu,  Xol.  Ili^t.,  177-S;  Coiizide'<,  Col.  X.  Li-on,  72-S; 
Hii-fi-t,  Jjiiirii-,  4;  Minn  de  S.  X'icol'iK,  27-35;  Soc  Mix.  Ceoq.,  Hohiin,  ii. 
IN-'JJ.  .32-3,  40-1;  vii.  307,  313;  ix.  89,  94,  101;  xi.  207;  /(/•,  2da  .'p.  iii  25; 
iv.  :i.yi;  h'niiiiro,  Mirh.,  I.'i8,  105;  Cavo,  Tre.i  Siij/o",  i.  {>S,  105;  ii.  13S-9,  145, 
ll>4,  171;  iii.  22-3:  Pr'Krotl'n  Mex.,  iii.  332;  Arroniz,  Hio;.  i1/<r. ,  309- 11 ; 
M,  ilisi.  y  I -roil.,  139-40.  1.53;  E.-</(dlii,  xxvii.  15,  212-14,  221-4,  232-3; 
Bidnndiir,  Diar.    I'inJ.,  45-50;   CuMlo,  Mem.  A:.ojue,  29,  78-84;  Eu-^ta- 


602 


MINES  AND  MINING. 


rnnnte,  Ciiadro  IJist.,  iv,  G8-70;  LL,  Voz  dp  la  Pntria,  v.  dCt-fi:  pnp, 
Viir.,  xxxvi.  75-G;  ci.  03,  passim;  cxiv.  '27-35;  Ahatc,  Dhirio,  18-'JI.  W.U) 
]1S-'J3,  11)7-208;  Id.,  GweUm.  i.  '200-8;  ii.  07-8,  177  1>,  380--2;  iii.  7-21,  .'ill- 
10,  319-21,  433-5;  Beltrami,  Mex.,  i.  '200;  Corfci,  l>Uir.  Ofr.,  x.  27^;  Hw. 
Mix.,  i.  9  et  seq.;  ii.  11,  passim;  iii.  12.'),  209,  '245,  319,  383;  iv.  9,  O.'i,  -Jls, 
249,  345-0;  v.  0,  57,  217-18,  '271;  vi.  317,  44'2-.3,  534;  viii.  51  ct  sl(|.;  ix. 
401;  X.  70,  211-15;  xi.  192;  xii.  73-5;  xv.  .331-2,  543-5;  J)kiri<>  Mex.,  ii.  ,1(i, 
84;  iv.  175,  passim;  v.  117-18;  vi.  09-71;  vii.  220  et  scq. ;  ix.  4.V2, 4S0;  x.  lii; 
Camiiillo,  N^uevo  Sintema,  15.")-71;  Hirera,  Oobcnidiifef,  '2'M,  240,  '249;  JA(«. /•'< 
M'-x.  Aztec,  i.  2;J5,  238,  249;  ii.  95-0;  Willie,  Xot  J  Inc.,  2-3,  19-2.'!;  (m- 
jxiilia  de  Minus,  passim;  Aliyrc,  FoUana,  75-0;  ]Vaj>j),  Mex:,  08-70;  AUiimt 
Mex.,  i.  354,451;  Calvo,  Aiiiialea  Hint.,  i.  pp.  xxix.-xxx.;  GuVo,  Jf"iiili,;.i 
Jtiislre.%  ii.  '2'27-30;  Alvarez,  Estiidios  Hint.,  374-83,  424-5,  447-SO;  Z'linww, 
J/ixt.  Mij.,  iv.  500;  v.  21-2,  '245-0;  457,  479-83,  5.J0  et  Ke(i.;  vii.  '2(1;  viii. 
504-7,  75.>-0;  x.  1317-18;  xi.  .3-0;  Almauar.  Cnlend.  Gnlraii,  1841,  3-10; 
Fossey's  Mex.,  30\-2;  Lafond,  To)/.,  i.  10.'i-4;  Zamora,  Bib.  Le<i.,  iv.  ."illt- 
48;  v.  318-19;  Dice.  Univ.,  ii.  370-4;  iii.  177-8;  v.  .343  00,  4()!)-'lO;  vi.  ,vj|u 
34;  ix.  .342,  39.3-4;  x.  .30,  105,  .320-7,  781-4,  798-804.  1032-4;  Gr/w/.l.'r. 
^/xni.  Atner.,  114;  Anderxoii'n  Commerce,  ii.  139;  I<1.,  Sih-cr  ('onnfr//,  •2'A-'\ 
JacoWa  Hist.  Eii(jiii:i/,  ii.  1*23-4,  145-,")4;  /(/.,  I'rcrhms  MctitU,  ii.  48  !(,  .'1:1, 
15-2-3;  Comler'M  M.w.  and  Guat.,  32-3;  105;  Andrew's  I/hi.^.  </  W.  Iirl. ,(,?,■ 
Cureij  and  Lca'n  Jlifit.  Am.,  .3.38;  Rocku-elVs  Sjxin.  and  Mcx.  Lair,  1-110; 
C5;V03;  BlomfiehVn  View,  ii.  032-3;  Arrillai/n,  IiiJ'orme,  9;  Strieker,  BiUi'j- 
thtk,  85-7;   Winterbotham'8  Jlist.  U.  S.,  iv.  84-5. 


Ivl 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 

15'21-1803. 

AzTKC  Land  System — Spanish  Policy  and  Inflcence— Cortes  as  a 
Faumer — Maize — Maopey  and  its  Manifold  Use— Cacao  and  Van- 
n.i.A— Introduction  of  SroAR-CANF,  and  Wheat — Fertility  of  the 
SotTHERN  Provinces — Plantains — Cultcre  of  Silk,  Vine,  and 
Olives — Tobacco  and  its  Monopoly — Stock-raising — Woollen,  Cot- 
ton, and  Linen  Manufactures — Production  of  Spirituous  Ijquors — 
Minor  Products — Fisheries  and  Pearls — Aztecs  as  Artisans — 
Fkatiier-work  and  Jewelry — Oppressive  Colonial  Policy — Indus- 
TitiEs  at  the  Close  of  the  Century — Bibliographical. 


Of  all  the  native  American  nations  the  Aztecs  had 
for  centuries  held  the  most  prominent  position,  and 
their  advancement  M'as  surprising  to  the  Spaniards, 
Avho,  instead  of  encountering  a  nation  of  barbarians, 
Avcre  faced  by  a  people  to  whom  they  could  not  deny 
.1  oreat  degree  of  culture.  Their  large  cities,  their 
skill  as  artisans,  their  M'cII  tilled  fields,  all  gave  evi- 
dence of  a  civilization  quite  unexpected  by  the  Cas- 
tilians.  When  Cortes  and  his  followers  advancetl 
from  the  coast  regions  to  the  capital,  the  country  that 
they  traversed  was  a  fair  specimen  of  what  human 
eiicigy  could  accomplish  on  a  soil  bountifully  gifted 
hy  nature.  Still  it  was  in  southern  regions  where  the 
iiiliai)itants  displayed  most  inclination  for  husbandry, 
those  of  Jalisco  and  the  northern  territory  being 
more  employed  in  the  chase,  and  in  some  places  iu 
iiiuiiiifactures  and  other  industries.  This  favorable 
condition  of  affairs  was  due  to  just  and  wise  laws,  and 
to  the  fact  that  '^  :.  jjreater  share  of  the  land  belon^cnl 
to  the   crown   and   to  the  nobility,  a  circumstanco 


604 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


i 


I    4 


I' 


m 


which  stamped  farming  as  an  occupation  not  unwoitliy 
of  men  of  the  highest  rank.  The  remainder  of  tlio 
ground  belonged  to  the  temples  and  the  difHicut 
tribes,  and  was  worked  iu  accordance  with  strict 
regulations.  These  not  only  set  forth  the  inaliena- 
bility of  the  land  given  to  communities  for  the  biiitlit 
of  their  members,  but  provided  that  every  one  of  the 
latter  should  receive  a  lot  of  such  extent  and  quality 
as  his  necessities  and  rank  entitled  him  to.  Posses- 
sion was  subject  to  liberal  conditions,  and  altliou<^h 
given  only  temporarily,  it  could,  through  prudent 
conduct  on  part  of  the  holder,  be  transmitted  to  his 
heirs.  Thus  a  ]:)eculiar  system  was  created,  which  fm- 
wisdom  challenges  comparison  with  the  best  anionL;' 
old-world  institutions.  And  while  land  belonging 
exclusively  to  communities  could  not  pass  into  other 
hands,  full  scope  was  given  to  the  industrious  iiuni- 
ber  to  improve  his  share,  and  draw  the  greatest  possi- 
ble advantage  from  his  labor.^ 

It  would  have  been  prudent  and  beneficial  for  the 
Spaniards  to  maintain  in  force  so  admirable  a  system, 
and  it  would  certainly  have  been  just  to  do  so.  Cor- 
tes did  indeed  allow  certain  forms  of  native  govern- 
ment to  remain,  but  this  policy  was  not  observed  in 
the  distribution  of  land.  The  greater  number  of  con- 
querors disliked  the  humble  sphere  and  toil  of  a  fnnner, 
and  preferred  the  possession  of  an  encomienda,  where 
they  might  play  sovereignty  and  king-craft  a  little  on 
their  own  account.  Fertile  as  the  soil  miti'lit  be,  it 
had  little  attraction  if  they  were  to  till  it  by  their  own 
labor,  and  thus  agriculture  in  the  early  times  alter 
the  conquest  was  carried  on  only  where  the  work  cniiltl 
bo  done  by  slave  labor.  But  Cortds  on  his  first  stay 
in  Mexico,  when  a  guest  of  Montezuma,  had  sent  ex- 
ploring expeditions  in  a  southerly  direction,  with  or- 
ders to  establish  plantations  of  maize  and  cacao,  and 
was  not  inclined  to  leave  undeveloped  the  resources 

'  For  details  concerning  the  various  systems  in  force  before  the  comiucst, 
I  rt'l'i.r  to  my  Native  Jiuces,  i.  025,  CJ2-3;  ii.  223-30,  342-50,  iio;  iv.  4-U-ol. 


TENURE  OF  LAND. 


605 


of  a  territory  whioh,  situated  between  the  fifteenth 
mid  thirty-third  degrees  of  latitude,  possessed  such 
\ariity  of  chniato  that  nearly  all  the  food  plants  known 
ill  J']urope  could  be  raised  there.  Something  was 
also  gained  when  he  issued  his  celebrated  ordinances 
(if  15l'4,  and  caused  the  introduction  of  foreign  grains, 
plants,  and  live-stock." 

Although  the  southern  provinces  were  far  more 
fertile  than  the  northern,  agriculture  gradually  pro- 
orcsscd  in  the  latter,  stimulated  by  the  mineral  wealth, 
wliicli  gave  new  impulse  to  population.  The  hold 
once  gained  by  the  settler  was  in  most  cases  main- 
taiiiod,  although  the  mines  which  created  it  were 
abandoned.  A  certain  influence  was  exercised  by  the 
cltTgy,  from  whose  orchards  and  gardens  new  plants 
wvw.  distributed  over  other  parts  of  the  country. 

The  crown  also  displayed  some  interest;  old  laws 
^velv  remodelled;  new  ones  framed  in  quick  succession; 
and  the  representatives  of  the  government  in  tlic  col- 
oiiii's  urged  to  encourage  the  cultivation  of  the  soil. 
Settlors  in  new  districts  were  entitled  to  land  accord- 
ing to  rank,  being  obliged  to  build  houses,  plant  their 
ground  within  a  certain  time,  and  possess  a  certain 
(juantity  of  stoek.^  The  right  of  property  was  not 
acquired  till  after  a  residence  of  four  years,  when  the 
owner  might  sell  it,  though  not  to  a  church  or  convent. 
Xor  was  he  allowed  to  hold  within  the  same  term  two 
grants  in  different  settlements.  The  distribution  was 
made  bv  the  vicerov  or  the  governor,  with  assistance 
of  the  city  council,*  the  regidores  being  entitled  to 

'Soc  ///.sV.  ^^fix.,  ii.  132-4,  this  scries. 

' '  lliiiii'iiilo  (liatinciou  eiitre  esciuloros  y  peones  ylos  que  fueren  do  m(5no3 
fradii  y  merecimiento.'  The  dimensions  to  lie  grunted  wei'C  either  pcoiilft-^ov 
'•'ili'('liria<.  Tiie  former  comprised  a  ground-plot  HO  feet  wide  by  100  in 
Kii!,'tli,  sutRcient  land  to  sow  100  f;UK''<i;as  of  wheat  or  barley,  and  ton  of 
maize,  two  patches  of  terrain  for  orcharils,  eiglit  for  other  trees  reiiiiirin'4  dry 
tiH.iiid.  and  pasture  hand  for  ten  breeding  sov  ■,  20  cows,  five  mares,  lOOshet'p, 
"iicl 'JO  g.Kits.  A  caballeria  included  a  biiii..i;vf  l.>  of  100  by  200  feet,  and 
the  (itlicr  grants  were  live  times  the  size  of  tiiat  of  a  i)eouia.  Good  and  iufe- 
rioi-  land  was  to  he  distributed  in  just  proportion.     Itc-op.  Ind.,  ii.  39. 

'/.'"■oy;,  ih  IihL,  ii.  40-1;  where  detailed  ordinances  may  be  found  as  to 
tlio  manner  of  making  applications. 


'"i\ 

'■"m 


606 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


|} . 


preference,  but  in  all  cases  the  rights  of  the  Indians 
were  to  be  respected. 

These  regulations  were  gradually  disregarded,  and 
fifty  years  after  the  first  grants  had  been  made,  fjuito 
a  number  of  persons  had  appropriated  extensive  tiacts 
belonging  to  the  crown.  To  put  a  stop  to  such  abusts 
a  law  of  November  20,  1578,*  ordered  all  holders  of 
land  to  exhibit  their  titles,  and  all  taken  in  ex(cs:< 
to  revert  to  the  king.  In  later  years,  however,  the 
temporary  owners  were  permitted  to  obtain  posses- 
sion by  paying  a  small  amount  into  the  roval  treasury, 
and  the  restitution  of  land  became  obligatory  only 
when  it  had  been  the  property  of  Indians.*  Land 
occupied  or  improved  by  them  could  not  be  sold  to 
another  person;  nor  were  cattle  allowed  to  stray  tlicri'; 
and  one  square  league  of  common  was  assigned  U 
each  village  so  that  there  might  be  sufficient  space 
for  the  grazing  of  stock. 

In  addition  to  the  laws  defining  the  rijjhts  of  tlio 
native  population,  there  existed  minute  regulations 
for  the  organization  of  all  new  settlements.  Besides 
the  tracts  appropriated  to  the  first  settlers,  otlicrs 
were  given  as  propios,  or  property  of  the  community, 
while  still  others  were  assigned  as  ejido?,;  or  common 
lands  for  the  benefit  of  the  inhabitants.^  In  15:]ij 
orders  were  issued  providing  for  irrigation,  and  soon 
afterward  encomenderos  were  directed  to  plant  trees, 
so  as  to  prevent  scarcity  of  fuel.  But  unfortunately 
this  latter  measure  was  rendered  inoperative  by  au 
order  issued  in  1541  that  the  forests  should  be  free 
to  all  for  common  use;  and  still  later  the  native  |ii»p- 
ulation  was  allowed  to  cut  wood,  almost  witliout 
restriction.  Thi.s  gave  rise  to  such  a  wholesale  de- 
struction of  the  forests  that  toward  the  close  of  the 


the 


»rt  was  repeated  in  1589  and  1591.  Id.,  42. 

"  In  1G81  even  tlie  compensation  in  money  was  dispensed  with,  and  hold- 
ers nllowed  undisturbed  possession.  /</.,  43. 

'The  ejidos  were  to  be  situated  at  sufficient  distance  so  as  not  to  imiicde 
the  growth  of  tJie  settlement.  Recop.  de,  Ind. ,  ii.  22.  For  other  laws  iigu- 
luting  new  settlements,  see  JIuit.  Cent.  Am.,  i.  496  et  seq.,  this  series. 


fU'  .ii 


MAIZE  AND  MAGUEY. 


607 


le  Indians  |   oirrlitccntli  contury  Viceroy  Rcvilla  Gigctlo  considered 
it  mressary  to  dictate  measures  to  remedy  the  evil. 

The  most  important  agricultural  product  of  New 
Spain  was  maize,  wliich  both  to  the  Aztecs  and  the 
Spaniards  was  the  principal  article  of  food,  as  some 
time  elapsed  before  the  cultivation  of  European  cereals 
became  general.  A  failure  of  this  crop  was  generally 
equivalent  to  a  famine,  as  the  inhabitants  seldom  ac- 
curnulated  sufficient  supplies  in  granaries.*  In  the 
southern  provinces  the  average  yield  was  a  hundred 
and  fifty  fold,  and,  under  very  favorable  conditions,  as 
much  as  eight  hundred  fold."  The  plant  was  used  for 
a  great  variety  of  purposes,  and  furnished  food  for 
animals  as  well  as  men.  From  it  was  manufactured 
the  liquor  called  chicha;  the  stalks  were  extensively 
used  to  make  sugar,  while  the  leaves  served  as  wraj)- 
pcis  for  cigarettes.  Although  an  important  factor  in 
the  internal  trade  of  New  Spain,  no  early  statistics 
liavi!  appeared  as  to  the  total  yield  of  the  country. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  it  was  esti- 
mated at  17,000,000  fanegas. 

Xoarly  as  indispensable  to  the  Mexicans  as  Indian 
coin  was  the  maguey,  or  agave  Americana.^"  Its 
cultivation  dated  from  verv  ancient  times,  and  the 
esteem  in  which  the  plant  was  held  is  not  to  be  won- 
dered at  when  wo  consider  the  variety  of  purposes 
for  which  i*  was  used,  and  that  it  could  be  raised 
Avith  so  little  labor  and  on  so  small  an  area  of  fertile 
j^rouiid.  To  the  Indian  it  not  only  gave  food,  but 
its  leaves  covered  his  hut,  and  cloth  was  woven  from 
its  fibi'cs;  its  medicinal  qualities  were  highly  valued, 
and  its  juice  was  his  favorite  beverage,  being  known 

'The  Aztecs,  however,  possessed  granaries.  See  Xnthe  Races,  ii.  347- 
50,  where  also  many  details  about  the  cultivation  of  maize  in  aboriginal 
times  may  l)e  found. 

•  Humboldt  says  tli.at  at  New  Valladolid  a  yield  varying  from  130  to  150 
fulil  wiiH  considered  as  a  l)ad  crop.  Essai  Pol.,  ii.  374. 

'"The  Aztec  name  of  the  plant,  mHl,  was  after  the  conquest  changed  to 
tliat  (if  inwiuii/,  whicii,  accorciing  to  Motoliuia,  the  Spaniards  brought  from 
the  Antilles,    'jlkl.  I  ml.,  243. 


!:5 


,1, 


II  li 


m  i 

%. 


fc:| 


*;! 


|U=! 


:    1- 


608 


AGRICtlLTUiiE  AND  M.VNUFACTURES. 


to  the  Aztecs  hy  the  name  of  octli,  but  binder  tlic 
rule  of  the  Spaniards  the  name  was  replaced  l)y  tliat 
o{ jmlqiie,^^  which  to  this  day  forms  the  favorite  (hiiik 
of  the  lower  classes.  Only  some  of  the  many  kinds 
r»f  maguey  in  New  Spain  were  used  for  the  nuinii- 
facture  of  pulque,  which  was  made  from  the  [)lant 
when  about  ten  years  old.  On  approaching  the  tiiue 
of  blossoming  the  heart  of  the  plant  was  cut  out, 
after  which  the  cavity  gradually  began  to  fill  with 
the  juice.  This  was  removed  two  or  three  tiiiios 
every  day  as  long  as  sap  continued  to  flow — generally 
for  four  months'^ — and  the  aveiage  yield  amounted 
to  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  gallons  for  every 
))lant.  In  an  earthen  vessel,  or  more  often  in  a  skin, 
it  was  then  exposed  to  fermentation,  which  bc;;iiis 
after  thirty-two  to  thirty-six  hours,  though  this  pro- 
cess is  often  effected  within  several  hours  by  uudiii;' 
some  well  fermented  pulque.  According  to  the  care 
and  skill  used  in  its  manufacture  thrre  are  difforent 
quali  ies  of  this  liquor,  but  nearly  alw ;  ys  it  is  repulsive 
to  the  unaccustomed  palate,"  thougli  it  possesses,  when 
pure,  good  wholesome  properties.  Adulteration,  how- 
ever, was  practised  even  before  the  conquest,  and  was 
continued  under  the  Spanish  rule,  although  prohibited, 
especially  if  its  intoxicating  qualities  were  increased 
thereby." 

Occasionally  the  sale  of  pulque  was  entirely  forliid- 
den,^^  as  after  the  riot  in  Mexico  in  1G92 ;  but  later  the 
]>rohibition  was  removed,  as  before  narrated,  owiii;' 
j»erhaps  in  part  to  the  decrease  of  revenue  which  it 

"  Puhiue,  or  pnlcn,  is  a  word  of  Chilian  origin,  according  to  Clavit'ero, 
•wlio  adds  that  it  is  difficult  to  explain  how  it  was  transmitted  to  ^Itxico. 
Slona  Me.ss.,  ii.  221. 

'^  The  flow  of  sap  sometimes  lasts  only  a  few  weeks;  occasionally,  lioW' 
fvcr,  as  long  as  six  months.   Pmjno,  Mcmuria  sohre  el  Mcujuf}!,  50. 

"  Ivspecially  on  account  of  its  smell,  which,  as  some  presume,  may  l>e 
caused  by  tlie  skin  vessels  used  in  fermentation  and  transport. 

"15y  ci-ilula  of  August  24,  1529,  Pioia,  Culiilario,  70,  and  repeated  Buhse- 
•^ucntly  in  other  laws.  liccop.  lie  hid.,  ii.  197  et  seq. 

'■•  The  viceroy  on  that  occasion  asked  the  o])inion  of  the  professors  of  tlie 
university  whether  its  use  should  be  abolished.  The  faculty  reconnneiiliil 
such  a  measure.  Iiiforme  que  la  Ileal  UiiirerKklcul  heme,  1-17,  Mexico,  liiil'2, 
a  curious  document  full  of  Latin  quotations  and  written  in  a  confused  style. 


PULQUE  AND  MESCAL. 


009 


cnt.'iil'd.  Tu  nccDrdMiK-i'  \vlth  the  usiijil  j^Dlicy,  tlio 
silt'  of  an  artii'lt'  <»t'  .such  extensive  consumption  had 
liaii  nion()})olize(l,  the  ^^^overninent  LriMntiniuf  to  one  in- 
(liviihial  the  exclusive  riyht  to  sell  jtul<|Ue  to  the  thirty- 
six  (stahlishnien+s  allowed  in  the  city  of  ^fexico  l\)r 
fliiii  iiuri)ose.  Tiie  amount  paid  for  it  almost  doubled 
liitween  l(j()l)  and  17(!;?,"'' hut  this  hv  no  nu-ans  indi- 
ciitrs  tlie  real  extent  of  the  consumption,  for  durini^ 
the  eighteenth  century  the  frauduK'nt  mamifactui'o 
of  jiul(]ue  and  other  beverages,  chielly  adulterated  with 
unwholesome  roots,  assumed  great  «limensions.  A 
iiiiiiilier  of  cedulas  and  orders  were  issued  both  in 
S[)i)in  and  ^Eexico  to  suppress  the  abuses,*'  but  with 
f.0  little  result  that,  in  170;»,  the  contract  was  not 
reiU'wed,  the  government  taking  charge  of  its  sale, 
and  ten  years  later,  the  net  profits  derived  therefrom 
cxcv(d(Hl  1);")0,000  pesos  ammally.*"* 

Of  Aztec  origin,  like  the  j)ul(jue,  is  the  sugar  made 
of  the  sap  of  the  maguey  by  condensation;''  but  its 
iimiiufacture  decreased  after  the  introduction  of  the 
siiL>ar-cane.  In  the  second  lialf  of  the  eighteenth 
cnitury  the  juice  was  also  more  freely  emidoyed  in  the 
distillation  of  a  brandy  called  nx'scal.-'^  This  branch, 
liDWever,  was  httle  developed,  owing  to  the  eftorts  of 
the  Spanish  goveriunent  to  ])rotcct  the  industry  of  the 
wot! It 'r  country.  Medicinal  ])roperties  have  also  been 
attributed  to  the  }>lant,"'^'  but  it  does  not  api)ear  to 
luive  come  into  general  use  for  tiiis  purpose.     In  their 

''■'In  ICfiO  it  wixs  .S0fi,nnO  n.i^'aiiist  812S,.".nO  in  ITfi.S.  Fmisrm  ami  Urrutin, 
Hi->.  I'odl.  Ildc,  iii.  ;!44,  4-_'-J. "  Maiicoia,  in  lii^lni.r.  V\riyi:<,  298,  indicates 
tkit  the  aniotint  in  IfiTl  and  HiT'J  va.s  Sii'J.S.M)  anmially. 

'"Ill  I7").">  a  special  ju.stic  vas  aiiiidintcd  fur  that  jnii-pose,  Onli'iirx  dc  In 
i'''ir<ii,ii,  MS.,  i.  TiO-O,  and  in  17<i()  it  was  even  under  consideration  to  place 
thf  iiiatter  in  cliai'ge  of  tlie  acordada.  l!cilr,-<  C'l'ilnld.",  MS.,  i.  7l)~7.  See 
iil>f)  Diili^nes  dc  la  Corona,  MS.,  i.  04-."),  ()7-!S;  1!<  cilia  O'lijalo,  Jital  Ciiliila  of 
!:.".:!,  I  .-ii',  I -.'19. 

'"'I'aliles  with  iletails  are  fjivcn  in  Fun.ii i;t  and  Vrrnlio,  Jliai.  Hinl  liar  ^ 
iii.  4'2II  4;  tliey  diller  essentially  from  those  given  hv  I'ayno.   Mcmoria  nohre 

'" '  Sacan  dc  estc  licor  unos  panes  petpienos  dca/^ucar,'  though  not  as  w  hito 
nor  sweet  as  that  of  sugar-cane.  Mdioliiiiii.  Ilixt.  ImL,  244. 

'•"ill  17!)2  the  duties  derived  from  nie/cal  amouuteil  to  over  $24,000. 
V'"'/-.  10!)- 10. 

•'Sec  llinnholilt,  E,<iat  Pal.,  ii.  422;  Pai/iio,  Meriiorkisohre.d  ^lajuei/,  40-7. 
Uisx.  Mex.,  Vol.  III.    39 


M 


'ii 


610 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


natural  state  the  leaves  served  for  roofing,  while  tlic 
fibres  were  manufactured  into  cloth,  cords,  slings,  .san- 
dals, and  paper. 

Other  products,  unknown  to  the  vSpaniards  on  tlieir 
arrival,  were  the  cacao  and  the  vanilla,  the  first  nf 
of  them  being  made  into  a  favorite  ])cvurage-"  of  the 
Aztecs  under  the  name  of  chocolati,  the  modern  clioeo- 
late.  It  was  chiefly  grown  in  i,he  regions  soutli  and 
south-east  of  Mexico,  but  its  cultivation  decroascd 
gradually,  and  the  want  was  mainly  supplied,  as  at 
present,  by  importation  from  other  countries.  Tlir 
vanilla,  however,  was  for  a  number  of  years  alui()>t 
exclusively  obtained  from  New  Spain,  wheio  its  cul- 
tivation was  confined  to  the  inteiidencias  of  A\r;i 
Cruz  and  Oajaca.''^^ 

Itwas  onlynatural  that  the  Spaniards  afterestablisli- 
ing  their  dominion  in  Now  Spain  should  make  effortstn 
raise  also  those  plants  to  which  they  had  been  a»ru- 
tonied  in  the  old  world  and  in  the  Antilles.  Anntn: 
such  now  introductions  was  the  sugar-cane,  of  wliidi 
Cortes  himself  established  two  j)lantations  at  Izcal- 
pan.'*  Others  arose  simultaneously  or  in  quick  si;i- 
cession,  and  in  1553  sugar  formed  an  article  of  expci- 
tation  to  Spain  and  Peru.  The  cultivation  ceiitivd 
in  the  intendencias  of  (aruanajuato,  (Juadalajara,  Ya- 
lladolid,  Puebla,  Mexico,  and  Vera  Cruz,  l)iit  (»ii  tin 
coast  this  industry  wa'-^  of  little  importance.  Encdur- 
aged  by  the  crown  on  ditferent  occasions,'-''  and  (.spe- 
cially  by  a  reduction  of  the  tithes  to  four  per  cent,  a 
more  effectual  impulse  was  given  toward  the  clisont' 
the  eighteenth  century  by  the  failui-e  of  the  crops  in 
other  countries,  and  the  uprising  of  the  negroes  at 
Santo  Domingo.  Nevertheless  tlie  jiroduction  iii- 
creased  less  than  might  have  been  expected,  and  aiur 

''Sec  Niitive  liacrx,  ii.  .^oO-CO,  this  scries. 

"'For  (It'tnila  alwut  the  proihii'tioii  of  c.^cao  and  vanilla,  sec  //»  i '"" ', 
Esmi   I'd.,  ii.  4;r>-4:?;  Alzalc,  Diarlo, -Itl'X 

''' Jliiiiciri(tl  in  Pachero  mid  ('driloins,  Col.  Dnc,  \ii.  '270.  Sec  al-". 
Tcrnuiix'-i'iitnpana,  Voii.,  st'ric  i.  toin.  x.  W'li),  ',VX\;  Cnrlis,  A'w/v'Aw  iS/d/'cs^il^ 

'•'■'' Aincii.i,'  otliei's  liy  a  law  of  Feliniary  "27,  17!''l,  allowing  the  free  istanii-ii' 
iiicnt  of  suyar  leliueries.   D'ii2io.^kioii(.^  Wtriun,  i.  100. 


KU: 


oral 


WHEAT  CULTURE. 


Cll 


>upj)lying  the  liomo  consiiinption  there  remained  in 
ISU.)  only  125,000  quintals  for  export.  The  restric- 
tion on  the  sale  of  liquors  made  from  maguey  was 
applied  also  to  those  manufactured  from  sugar,  the 
most  common  of  which  was  generally  known  as  ufpiar- 
(llf'iifc.  '^he  prohibitions  could  not,  however,  be  eftcct- 
iially  carried  out,  and  when  investigation  had  revealed 
the  compai'atively  limited  consumption  of  the  article 
.iitroduced  from  Spain,  its  free  maiuifacture  was 
allowed  in  179G  under  certain  regulations.'" 

Of  European  cereals  only  wheat  was  raised  to  any 
extent,'^'  and  although  in  different  parts  of  the  cordi- 
Ikra  the  climate  was  extremely  propitious,  the  want  of 
nioistuio,  which  could  be  supplied  only  by  irrigation, 
would  frequently  check  its  cultivation.  This  defect 
was  at  an  early  time  recognized  by  the  crown,  and  in 
l(iI2  an  order  was  issued  that  no  cattle  should  be 
allowed  on  irriufated  land  suitable  for  raising^  wheat. -^ 
Xdtwithstandlng-  this  drawback  the  vield  exceeded 
the  average  returns  obtained  in  Europe,  being  m  some 
instances  as  high  as  seventy  or  eighty  fold.-'^ 

One  of  the  dift'erent  kinds,  cultivated  chiefly  in  the 
noigliborhood  of  Puebla  and  called  trirjo  hlaiiqid/lo,^'^ 
was  remarkable  for  its  abundant  yield.  For  some  un- 
known reason  the  medical  board  declared  it  to  be  in- 
jurious to  the  health,  and  a  decree  of  the  viceroy  and 
audiencia,  of  jNIay  4,  1G77,  ordered  the  consumption  of 
tho  stock  on  hand  within  a  limited  time,  and  forbade 
its  cultivation  under  severe  penaltics.^^  During  sev- 
eral years  the  order  was  in  force,  but  when  a  famine 

•"Tlic  viceroy's  edict  was  of  December  9,  1700,  Diipo.'iifionpa  Vtn-i'oi.  i. 
lO'j,  iii.  81-0(1;  Crdiilario,  MS.,  iii.  1()!1-T<>.  CVdv  las  hearing  on  the  junliilii- 
tion  h.iil  beeii  issued  August  0,  1747,  duly  l.">,  i740,  nnd  Maivli  24,  17.">3. 
Urilrn>»,h'  la  Corona,  MS.,  i.  4.'.-.")0;  /.'.v;/,  x  Cdnhin,  MS.,  ii.  •_'-J.V4. 

"''  For  .in  account  of  its  introductinn,  Keo  lli-l.  .!/« .r.,  ii.  l.'VJ  H,  tiiis  series. 

'M.i  I()il4  tiie  law  was  repealed,  /.'(co/i.  (/«'  ///</.,  ii.  4'J.  tltlur  hnv  s  .'iLso 
f'i'tri  iiii;  tile  cultivation  of  wiieat  are  given  in  Ciditldrio,  MS.,  iii.  (i;i;  Iiih  n- 
duifi.-i.  Itiixl  Ordeniumi,  73-4. 

■"'I'lii'  average  yield  iu  New  Spaiu  was  '2j  to  30  fold.  Humboldt,  E.imi  Pol,, 
ii.  SSo-C), 

;"  Literally  tncaning  wliite  wheat. 

^'  MoiitviiKti/or,  Autos,  QO-l;  Sijuenza  y  GOngora,  Carta,  MS.,  38, 


w 


III 

SH|; 

hi 


In 


1 

■' 
■ 

1 

■  , 

if, 

612 


AGRICULTURE  AXD  MANUFACTURES. 


threatened  ^Mexico,  Viceroy  Gal  vc  revoked  it  in  ](Vj-i 
and  after  that  time  it  was  again  cultivatet'.  It  is  im. 
possible  to  form  reliable  estimates  of  the  total  anioiuit 
of  wheat  or  flour  produced  and  consumed,  both  on  ac- 
count of  the  lack  of  statistics  and  the  mixed  charac- 
ter of  the  population,  a  great  part  of  v.'hich  lived  ex- 
clusively upon  maize. 

During  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth  centurv  u\v 
of  the  chief  articles  of  food  was  the  })lantain,  thou^ii 
tlicro  is  no  evidence  in  support  of  llumboldt's  cdn- 
jecture  that  certain  species  of  the  Musa  Paradisalca 
are  indigenous  to  America.*''^  After  its  introduction 
from  the  East  Indies,  its  rapid  growth  and  the  variety 
of  purposes  for  which  it  could  be  used  brought  it  iiitu 
gener;d  favor  throughout  New  Spain.  To  this  day  it 
foi'ms  a  staple  article  of  footl  throughout  tropical 
America,  while  its  juice,  when  fermented,  afl'onU  a 
])alatable  drink.  The  dried  and  powdered  fruit  re- 
sembles the  arrow  root;  the  leaves  of  young  p]ant^ 
wi;re  used  for  medicinal  purposes,  while  the  til)iv> 
were  made  into  textile  fabrics,  those  of  the  outer  stem 
in  certain  varieties  boin<jf  strong  enoutjh  for  the  man- 
ufacture  of  cordage,  while  from  the  inner  fibres  a  gar- 
ment can  be  made  light  enouiifh  to  be  contained  in  tlic 
hollow  of  the  hand. 

In  addition  to  these  products  early  experiments 
w<_'re  made  in  the  cultivation  of  silk,  olives,  and  the 
grape,  all  of  which  were  encouraged  by  Cortes,  wli" 
had  himself  })lantations  of  mulberry-trees  at  Yauhtc- 
pec,  Tetecla,  and  other  places."^  At  first  sericultuiv 
made  fair  progi-ess,"'^  but  subsequently  the  competition 
arising  from  the  Manila  trade,  and  the  partiality  in 
favor  of  the  product  of  Spanish  looms,  caused  the 
plantations  and  factories,  which  were  chiefly  in  l\u'ltla 

^-'E^sni  Pol,,  ii.  .^jn-n2. 

'■'Soiiio  authors,  following  Ilorrera,  attrilnite  the  introduction  of  tin'  silk- 
\v(irni  til  tlio  oiclor  Dclgiulillo,  Init  it  was  more  j)rubably  iluo  to  Coi  ti  >.  ""'- 
Aliiiitiii,  I>}<i'ii.,  i.  ■2();i-4,  Istupp.  'JS;  ii.  (i7-S. 

■'*  A  law  of  ir>4S  iillo\M'(l  all  tlio  inlialiitants  in  the  district  of  IMicMa  to 
api)ly  thunisolvL's  to  this  industry  without  uuy  rt-striotion.  llecop.  i.U  /»■/.,  H' 

los. 


OLIVES,  VINE,  AND  TOBACCO. 


C13 


1  and  Oajaca,®'  to  bo  noj^lcctccl.  In  1700,  undor  the 
rule  nf  the  second  Revilhi  Gig'cdo,  great  interest  was 
taken  in  this  branch  of  industiy,  and  printed  instruc- 
tiiiiis  were  sent  to  persons  engaged  in  silk  culture, 
liut  the  result  was  insignificant  and  of  little  practicjd 
value,  as  were  the  later  eft'orts  made  by  Ilidalg.)  in 
till'  hoginning  of  this  century. 

The  cultivation  of  olives  and  the  vine  labored  un- 
(1(1-  severe  restrictions.  Admirably  adapted  as  l)oth 
-1)11  and  climate  were  for  both  purposes,  the  few  })lan- 
tations  of  olives  were  merely  allowed  to  exist  because 
tiny  l)olongcd  to  pious  or  charitable  establishments,^'' 
while  as  to  the  vine,  the  viceroys  were  repeatedly  in- 
structed not  to  permit  the  [)lanting  of  new  cuttings,  nor 
ivi  11  the  replacing  of  vines  in  decay. ^^  AVine  could 
niily  be  made  on  condition  of  paying  taxes  to  the  crown, 
and  it  was  not  till  170(5  tluit  a  more  liljeral  policy  in 
tills  ves{)ect  was  ado[)te(l. 

Tlic  cultivation   and  manufacture  of  tobacco,  the 

-ftl  of  the  Aztecs,^'*  the  use  of  which  soon  became 

I'oinuion   among   the    Spaniards,    was    not    seriously 

ivsti'icted  for  n(\'irly  two  centuries  and  a  half  after  tlie 

■imnK^st,  thoufdi  as  earlv  as  1042  a  suij^u'estion  liad 

I'lou  made  to  include  this  article  in  the  list  of  mo- 

liiopolJL's.*^    In  17G4,  however,  the  crown  appropriated 

|tlie  right  to  the  mamifacture  and  sale  of  the  dilfereiit 

lirc[t;irations  of  tobacco.    At  the  same  time,  to  prevent 

"'iitiubands  and  I'rauds,  its  cultivation  was  confined 

ti  the  districts  of  Orizaba,  Cordoba,  lluatusco,  and 

IZmigoliea,  being  forbidden  in  all  othei-  ])laces^'  under 

^'Fi'iin  Miztoca  in  Oujaca  tlicrc  (miik'  also  an  iiitVrinr  class  nf  .silk,  wliirh 
|Ms  iili'(':i(ly  Iciiowii  to  tlio  Aztecs  bofoi'u  tiio  Spaniards  iiitrdihiijiHl  tlio  ;,'(imiM(! 

li-H(  nil. 

■'"M  'st  of  thoni  wiTi'  till'  prupci'ty  of  convents  or  .;1iui'c1k's;  tlic  hcst  of  all 

I'liiirc'l  to  the  arcliliisliop  of  Mexico  *n(l  was  at  Taculiaya.   Ahiiitnn,  Mij., 
|i;i.  ;il,  aii.l  yicMcd  y.arly  -iJt>  airolias  of  oil.    I/ii,ii'>nl'lf,' h'^s,,;  /',,/.,  ii,  4111. 
This  was  forhiihlcn  as  early  as  loll,"),    /trra/i.  dv  /ml.,  ii.  (i()   1. 

'M''nr  ini'ntiou  of  tli'  use  of  tobacco  among  the  A/.tccs  .sec  ynlivi'  /I'mr.-i, 
lii.  'JsT-s,  tliis  sci-ics. 

1     ™i>v  l*,ilafo\-  in  liis  instructions  to  Viceroy  Salvatierra.    M'lrii,  i'ul.  />■■., 
I  MS.,  lii. 

'"la  (!ic  northern  states  the  niono|)oly  created  ap|iircntly  no  particnlar 
•lisomt.iit.     .See  Dor.  lf,M.  Mix.,  ser.  iv.  toni  i.  IDo  'JUO. 


cu 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


I 

r 
r 

I 


Rovc^rc  pojialties,  and  special  officers  were  selcctif! 
to  eut'orce  these  regulations.  The  product  was  |iur- 
oliascd  by  the  gov(;i'nineiit  at  a  stipulated  price, "ii> 
a  rule  low  en()UL>]i  to  make  its  growth  almost  un- 
jirotitable,  and  tlien  resold,  either  raw  or  manut'ai- 
t'U'ed,  chielly  as  cigai's  and  cigarettes.  This  sdni, 
became  a  considerable  source  of  revenue  to  the  gdv- 
ei'ument,  giving  in  1801  and  1802  net  profits  of  about 
84,000,000*-  for  ea^h  year.  An  attempt  made  by  tin 
crown  to  cstablisli  plantations  i'ailed,  and  the  old  sy- 
torn  of  purchasing  was  continued.  Regular  impurta- 
tions  were  also  made  from  Cul)a  and  Louisiana,  t 
supply  certain  kinds  which  could  not  be  raised  in 
New  Spain." 

Tobacco  and  cij^ar  factories  were  established  i:i 
many  cities  and  towns,  l)ut  the  most  prominent  wiiv 
those  at  ]\lexico  and  Queretaro,  each  of  which  ein- 
ployed  about  7,000  persons  of  both  sexes,  whose  [i;iv 
aggregated  more  than  $700,000  a  year."  The  ai 
product  of  all  the  establishments  represented  ah 


lima 


C' 


,jOO,000,  of  which  nearK*  one  half  fell  to  the  >1 


Ullv 


of  the  crown, 


45 


Among  the  chief  sources  of  wealth  to  the  vSpan- 
iards  duriivjf  the  ein'hteenth  centurv,  and  tlie  one  least 
I'estricted  by  the  govei-nment,  was  the  raising  oi'  livi- 
.stock.      New   Spain  with    its   sparse  launa  and  liv. 

<' The  avora^'o  prico  at  wliich  loaf  tobacco  was  purchased  hy  the  j'dvcni- 
niciit  was  three  I'ealcs  a  pound,  ami  it  was  resuhl  tor  ten,  at  a  prolil  uf  '.'iki 
])er  cent.  Uirilln  d'cjiib'.  Inxtnic.,  '1>\'1.  Itniiiliohlt,  Ks.-n'i  Pal.,  ii.  M'l,  is 
e\  iih-ntly  mistaken  when  he  i^ives  thi,^  price  at  l\\  u  arnl  a  hall'  leales  per  ki.  ■ 
{^raiii. 

'-In  1801  they  amounted  to  8:?,!««.s:U,  in  1802  to  84.0n2,(VJ0.  The  te,; 
Bince  the  estaiilishmeiit  uf  the  nujnopoly  till  ISO!)  exccided  bl'Jlt,Ov(l,(««'. 
il/i.i/co,  Aiiii/isi.s,  44.  For  partial  statistics  of  tLe  period  uienlioheil,  s'.t 
J-'fiiii'iid  und  L'mitiii,  Jli^f.  Hud  l/w.,  ii.  4.'i7. 

'^The  ]iro,liui'  of  the  districts  of  N'era  t'riiz  and  Orizaba  amounted  aiiiiV 
ally  to  about -JO.OOO  (juintals.    II  iiinhi.hll,  h'.-ti  I'd.,  ii.  44"). 

^*From  .S7T7,li">l  paid  in   178:?,  it  deelined  to  .St>S4,l()i»  in  170-2,  but  a.-a;;  | 
rose  in  17!)4  to  .S77;i,44--'.  <;<ail(i  J/c.c,  i.  I'J;  ii.  '2711-7;  iii.  10-11,  '22:1;  iv. 
11-1-2, -248;  V.  ^(m;  vii.  Xl 

'•' Details  eoi:cerniu,L,' this  monopoly  may  be  found  in  UtrUlti  (VfH>l>,i- 
.«//•//(•.,  281 -!)!!;  (■'(driz,  Jii.itriH.,  18-o4;  I'o/i.hcu  und  Urrntia,  Jlint.  lii^il  ll"- 
ii.  ;i.');$-4Sli. 


WA' 


STOCK-r.AISIXO. 


615 


prtstun.'  l:ui(]:i  ailMrded  a  splcjidid  field  for  this  branch 
of  iiuhistry ;  and  .soon  after  the  conquest,  Cortes  made 
iiu|)iirtati<jn8  from  the  Antilles,  of  such  domestic  ani- 
liials  as  did  not  exist  in  Mexico.  They  increased 
rajiidly,  and  l»ef)re  lon^,'  vast  herds  of  cattle  and 
lidists,  almost  in  a  wild  state,  formed,  as  they  do  at  the 
l)l•L•^c^t  day,  an  imjtoi'tant  feature  in  the  wealth  of  the 
cuuiitry.  Fo.stered  hy  s[)ecial  legislation''®  and  })laced 
umlrr  the  jurisdiction  of  the  aJca/dcs  dc  hi  mcsta,  first 
appointed  hy  Vierroy  ^Mondoza,*'  the  raising  of  stock, 
ami  especially  of  cattle,  soon  became  a  favorite  occu- 
pation. In  earlier  times  cattle  were  of  little  val'ic 
oxc\j)t  for  their  hides,  which  formed  an  important  ar- 
tii  Ir  of  ex[»ort.  Later,  however,  they  were  turned 
to  lit^tter  advantage,  the  hides  being  manufactured 
iiiti)  leather,  while  the  tallow  was  used  f)r  making 
snap.  These  industries  ll<jurishcd  chiefly  in  Cuana- 
juato,  Guadalajara,  Puebla,'*^  and  Mexico,  and  being 
undisturbed  by  the  government,  competed  successfully 
v.illi  those  of  Spain, 
Xo  comment  is  needed  as  to  the  well  known  qual- 


aiiKKuili  '1  aiii.v 


'"III  addition  to  laws  already  mentioned,  one  of  1533  ordered  all  jiasturc- 
grouml  tu  bo  free  for  coiniiiou  use  both  to  Spaniards  and  Indians.  Hf-op.  <fe 
Jml.,  ii.  53.  Tlii.s  gave  rise  todi.sputes;  but  tlio  audifn^ia,  ordiTivl  the  spirit 
of  tke  law  to  be  carried  <>ut.  Procld.  I!i'<ilc<,  MS.,  ll,'i~l.  AVlicii  cattle  be- 
came so  abandillit  that  they  were  killed  only  for  their  hides,  little  earo  was 
tak'  II  to  exempt  the  eow-;,  until  a  law  foi'bade  the  .shaiyhteiiiij,'  of  all  female 
s:ock  without  permission  of  the  vieeroy,  thus  insuring  furthei'  increase.  Man- 
«/(/,  Iiidrnc,  in  Do'-.  Jitnl.,  .\xi.  4U4-5.  Thi.s  law  Mas  enaeted  in  lOl'Jand 
rqiiateil  Liter.  JiiO'i:  de  I  ml.,  ii.  1.3S.  Proriil.  J):(ii-<siiiif(y,  ]\IS..  i.  The 
priLLs  of  lior.s(  s,  mules,  and  other  ilomestie  animals  about  the  year  1550  are 
j.ive:i  by  ^^■n  loza  iu  'J\rii''ii.--('i)i)i/)itii<,  ser.  i.  tum.  x.  .'i5l. 

''The  iiv:  t'l,  established  after  that  of  Spain,  was  a  leairne  of  stock-raisers 
fur  the  promotion  of  their  interests  and  held  ordinary  junsdiet  ion  for  the  pun- 
i.^lllll(.ut  of  i^etty  otiences,  ns  thefts  of  cattle,  encroaeinncnts.  and  damage  to 
jiji.iurty  and  the  like.  Kveryyear  the  city  council  a[i[i(ji:ited  two  as  alcaldes 
do  la  ine.sta  from  among  the  owners  of  cattle.  These  togctlur  with  live 
t'tlur  members  of  tlie  league  met  in  .session  twice  a  year,  on  .lanuary  Kith  and 
AuLru.st  ."list.  On  the.sc  occasions  all  disputes  al)out  the  liulit  of  ijroperty  and 
otiicr  ipieslions  were  decideil.  Regulations  might  tiien  al-so  be  i-sued  for  the 
pui'kmee  of  stock-raisers,  but  recpiii'cd  tlie  viceroy ".s  or  governor's  a]ipi-oval  to 
become  valid.  Owners  of  three  hundred  head  of  small  stock  and  "JO  mares  or 
ci.nvs  were  ipso  ficto  hiriiMnoiidh  la  nu'-tta,  that  is  members  of  the  leagi;e,  I'l  - 
C'-<p.<l''hi<L,u.  13.">-S. 

*"  I'utlda  proihiec'l  in  tiie  beginning  of  this  century  every  year  about 
2iM1,(i;i(»juiobas  of  Soap:  Cuadalajara  .S-jiiS, 400  worth,  and  prepared  hides  to 
the  value  of  .fJl.S.ilOO.  llumboldf,  En-mt  Vol.,  ii.  44'J,  (iWi-'J. 


11 


* 


616 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


; 


itics  of  the  cllfFcrcnt  breeds  of  horses  in  use  througli- 
out  New  Spain.  More  than  three  centuries  ago  tlios.j 
of  Arabian  stock  were  usuall}'  possessed  by  the  wealthy, 
wliilc  the  more  conniion  breeds  differed  but  httle  rtoin 
tliose  in  existence  to  this  day.  ]\Iules  were  larn'olv 
raised  in  many  districts,  and  were  of  course  prefiiiod 
for  the  transportation  of  goods  and  for  work  in  tliu 
mining  regions.  At  one  time  it  was  intended  to  in- 
troduce camels  as  beasts  of  burden,  but  beyond  an 
ex})eriment  which  is  said  to  have  been  successful 
nothing  was  done  in  the  matter.'*' 

During  the  eighteenth  century  sheep-raising  was 
of  some  importance  in  the  northern  and  central  jnov- 
inces,^"  owing  in  part  to  the  increased  manufactniv  of 
woollen  goods.  Originally,  when  introduced  by  A'ieo- 
roy  INIendoza,  this  Iji'anch  was  exclusively  in  tin 
hands  of  the  Spaniards,  though  the  labor,  of  course, 
was  performed  by  Indians  and  mestizos,  into  wlm.st' 
hands  the  industry  passed  in  after  years.*^^  The  con- 
duct of  tlie  crown  in  this  case  differed  somewhat  t'loni 
its  usual  policy.  No  open  prohibitions  were  issiKil, 
but  under  the  pretext  of  protecting  the  Indians  a 
number  of  laws  were  made,  amounting-  virtually  1 1 
restrictions.^"  Nevertheless  this  industrv  made  uodil 
progress,  having  met  with  more  favor  on  the  part  of 
the  crown  duriny;  the  eio-liteenth  centurv,'^^  and  a  nm- 


hi  9 

lit;; 


^'Romero,  Not.  Mich.,  24;"),  says  the  attempt  was  made  in  the  Ijcijiiiniii.' 
of  this  century,  but  that  the  animals  were  killed  during  the  war  ni  iu'Jv- 
pendencc.  A  glowing  rc]iort  of  the  immense  bi'nelit  their  introduction  \niul  1 
cause  is  given  in  Ah.a/r,  iluccia,  ii.  "241-7. 

^"Arlegiii  states  that  in  17.'>G  there  were  over  1,000.000  shocp  raisi'l,  :nil 
more  than  1,.")00,000  ])asturing  in  Xiicvo  Leon.  C/n-iiii.  Zac,  S'J,  K$S,  llum- 
boldt,  however,  says  that  tl'o  Ijreeding  of  sheep  was  very  nuieh  neglected  in 
New  .Spain.   AV-a/  I'al.,  ii.  4.")0. 

■•'la  l.")i)0  Viceroy' Jjiiis  Velasco  the  I'onnger  took  active  interest  in  fur- 
tliering  the  manufacture  of  woollen  goods,  and  estaljlished  a  factory  at  'IV/- 
cuco. 

''-Licenses  for  factories  could  oidy  be  granted  by  the  king  throii-!i  tho 
mediation  of  viceroy  and  audieiicia.  Indiana  were  to  be  dissuaded  ti"':i 
■working  in  the  factcnies,  although  without  their  labt)r  tliey  would  li.ive  t') 
be  closed;  all  laws  on  the  good  treatment  of  the  Indians  shor.ld  be  must 
rigidly  enforced  in  mainifacturing  establishments.  7^  co/i.  (/c  Iii<l.,\\.  Kill  it 
se(|.;  li'f'ili  a  ('('iliila<,  MS.,  ii.  SI,  S4.  To  favor  the  iiidusti'ies  of  Spain  i:ov 
wool  from  Mexico  was  exempted  from  duties,   luti  idli-ntoi,  IIkiI  Unl.,  ''■>■ 

•"•'The  second  ReviUa  Gigcdo  took  great  interest  in  these  matters,  au'l  at- 


WOOL  AND  COTTOX. 


617 


side  rablc  number  of  persons  were  cngat^ed  in  it.  The 
principal  factories  were  in  Queretaro,  Puebla,  and  Va- 
Ikulolid,  and  in  the  beginning  of  this  century  the  an- 
nual consuni[)ti{)n  of  raw  wool  was  estimated  at  about 
1(1,000  quintals.^*  The  result  was  somewhat  remark- 
able considering  that  the  native  artisan  generally  used 
only  the  most  primitive  machinery.'"'''  lie  c(Hild,  how- 
ever, produce  articles  which,  though  inferior  to  Euro- 
pean faljrics,  would  nearly  always  successfully  compete 
with  them. 

Of  an  earlier  date  Avas  the  manufacture  of  cotton, 
a  process  long  known  to  the  Aztecs,  who  had  formed 
plantations,  chiefly  in  the  regions  bordering  on  the 
South  Sea.  Imperfect  as  was  their  machinery,  tliej'" 
produced  a  variety  of  fabrics,  the  greater  part  of 
which  were  used  for  the  dresses  of  the  wealthier 
classes.''"  After  the  concjuest  the  production  of  cot- 
ton goods  decreased  in  consequence  of  the  conq^etition 
with  European  commodities,  although  the  latter  could 
iicver  entirely  supplant  those  of  the  natives.  There 
Mere  few  large  factories  in  later  years,  but  looms  were 
distributed  over  Cholula,  Puebla,  Tlascala,  Queretaro, 
and  Guadalajara.  The  total  produced  was  consid- 
erable; in  the  intendencia  of  Puebla  the  j)roduct 
amounted  to  si, 500,000  a  year."  In  1792,  Rcvilla 
Gigcdo  supplied  a  long-felt  want  by  founding  the 
weaving-school  of  Tixtla.  Whenever  Spain  was  at 
war  vrith  a  European  power,  and  the  importation  of 
faltrics  interrupted,  the  native  industry  flourished,  but 

tempted  to  form  a  collection  of  specimens  of  all  articles  manufactureil  in  tho 

diUc'ri'iit  iiitcndciicias. 

°' (^hicrL'taro  iilono  produccil  woollen  fabrics  worth  alxmt  Sf'00,000  every 
year,  and  employed  in  179.'}  more  tlian  1,700  persons.  lu  IStKJ  there  were 
li'iO  cstahliijliments  of  diflercnt  sizes,   lliimhobit,  E^sai.  Pol.,  ii.  (J()7. 

'"  ■  ICstos  naturales  no  nccesitan  de  todos  las  oficina.s  y  utetisilios,  que  re- 
gulaniii'nto  so  cmpleau  en  Espaua. .  .Siendo  tanto  nias  adniiralde  el  <pic  con 
tan  iiudas  disposieiones  salgan  algunas  obras  dignas  dc  ateneiuii.'  JUvUlci 
('';/"'",  Iiistrifr.,  02. 

^•^  IVir  details  as  to  the  mannfacturo  of  cotton  among  the  Aztecs,  see  A'lt- 
(ire  /^^v'.^•,  ii.,  passim,  this  series. 

'■  limnholdt,  J-J<.i(ti  Pol.,  ii.  (iOO,  gives  several  details  about  the  consump- 
ti>in  (if  oiitton  in  tlie  dill'erent  factories.  Other  statistics  relating  to  the  saiuo 
eiil'jict  are  given  in  Caitcelada,  liuiua,  1G--2. 


H 


I*, 


J 


ll  * 


^.]-*l 

¥'H 

Ih 

1'  '1 

|rl| 

CIS 


AGRICULTUEE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


onl}'  again  to  relapse  Into  its  former  state,  as  soon  as 
])eaeG  was  conelude'l.  The  export  (jf  raw  c(>tt(»ii, 
though  favored  by  exemption  from  duties  and  cus- 
toms, never  acquired  any  commercial  importancf,'^ 
and  was  inconsiderable  compared  with  that  of  the 
United  States. 

Though  at  an  early  date  the  raising  of  flax  aiul 
hemp  was  cncouraged,^^  little  progress  was  made  for 
more  than  two  centuries.  In  1777  and  later,  numer- 
ous orders  wei-o  issued  to  the  viceroys,  urging  their 
cultivation  and  manufacture,*'''  and  in  the  same  vrar 
twelve  experts  wore  sent  from  Spain  to  give  ijractical 
instruction.  Privileges  were  also  granted  to  persons 
willing  to  engage  in  this  industry;"^  but  all  efiorts 
were  fruitless,  despite  the  large  amounts  of  moiny 
spent  in  experiments,  and  finally  the  efl'ort  was 
abandoned."' 

In  addition  to  the  products  alrcad}^  mentioned, 
others  were  raised  in  New  Spain  of  less  importance, 
though  still  of  value  for  domestic  or  commercial  pur- 
poses. To  the  former  class  belong  the  manioc,  yam, 
potato,  the  different  kinds  of  pepper,  or  cltile,  a  neces- 
sary ingredient  in  the  national  dish,  tortillas  de  niaiz, 
and  manifold  varieties  of  fruit.  Of  the  latter,  nieu- 
tion  will  be  made  later. 

After  tlie  S[)anish  dominion  was  established,  and 
strange  plants  and  animals  introduced,  aboriginal  occu- 
pations were  placed  more  and  more  in  the  back- 
ground. This  was  apparently  the  case  with  the 
fisheries,  a  well  developed  industry  among  the  Az- 
tecs,''" but  little  encouraged  since  the  conquest. 

^^  Amounting  only  to  about  0,000  quintals  at  the  begiuuing  of  the  present 
century. 

6" Since  1545.  Ri'cop.  de  liid.,  ii.  67. 

"''  From  January  1'2,  1777,  till  May  9,  1795,  ton  decx'eea  were  issued,  all  fur 
tills  purpose.  Zamora,  Bib.  Leg.  If  It,,  iv.  181);  Bckua,  liecop.,  i.  pt.  iii 
t-'iy-JO. 

'''  Zamora,  Tiitemhiitcs,  Real  Ord.,  71-2. 

*-'  Mure  than  §!1(X),000  had  been  spent  by  the  crown.  See  also  on  tlii^  siili- 
jcct,  lieviUa  G'njedo,  Inslruc,  98-100;  /</.,  Bandos,  uo.  30;  Caucdada,  liiiiiia, 
33-4. 

•^  Sec  Native  Races,  ii.  352-3,  this  scries. 


it  of  the 


NATIVE  INGENUITY. 


cia 


The  pearl  fislieries,  however,  were  an  oxcoptlon,  and 
from  an  early  date  attracted  the  attention  of  tlie 
ci'own  and  its  vassals.  A  number  of  laws  were  issued 
for  their  regulation,''*  and  for  sometime  they  attracted 
iiuiiiy  exj)lorers  to  the  j^ulf  of  California;  but  as  this 
btiiiiiL;'s  to  another  division  of  my  work,  I  shall  speak 
ut"  it  elsewhere."' 


entloiiud, 
)!)rtaucL', 
:'cial  [)Ui- 
loc,  yam, 
,  a  nccos- 
de  luaiz, 


lied,  and 
na  1  ( )CL'ii- 
le  baek- 
vitli  tlie 
tlie  A/.- 
it. 

tlic  present 


sued,  all  fnr 
,  i.  ]it,  iii, 

DM  this  sub- 

xdtl,  Ji'dii'.'l, 


The  skill  of  the  natives  in  certain  branches  of  man- 
iifac tares  created  astonishment  even  among  the  Span- 
iards, thouo'll  thev  were  little  inclined  to  rccon-ni/.e 
any  such  ability.  No  less  surprise  was  caused  among 
the  Aztecs  by  the  first  examples  of  European  skill  in 
iiiaiiufactures,  not  so  much  on  account  of  their  work- 
]iiaiiship,  as  the  facility  with  which  they  wore  pro- 
tluicd.  They  innnediatclv  discerned  the  advanta^'es 
which  they  could  derive  from  their  European  mas- 
ttis,  and  seized  eagerly  the  opportunity,  whenever  it 
oli'i  red.  Instances  have  already  been  related,  among 
wliicli  may  be  mentioned  the  manner  in  which  they 
coiiliived  to  learn  the  weaving  of  a  certain  kind  of 
cloth  and  the  making  of  saddles."''  Soon  after  the 
eniKpiest  such  occupations  as  those  of  carj)enter, 
Liicklayer,  shoemaker,  and  tailor,  fell  into  their  hands, 
and  they  not  only  imitated  the  Spanish  artisans, 
but  exhibited  some  ingenuity  as  inventors.  Occa- 
s.ii)ually,  however,  tlieir  enterprising  spirit  would  lead 
them  astray.  Of  this  a  rather  humorous  instance  has 
liiiii  recorded  bv  an  earlv  chronicler,  who  relates 
that  an  Indian  tailor  on  observing  in  a  procession  a 
mail  dressed  in  the  sambenito,  the  badge  worn  by 
thiKu  sentenced  by  the  in(piisition,  su[)posed  it  to  bo 
a  new  kind  of  rarment  to  be  used  in  churcli  festivals. 
A  few  days  later  he  surprised  the  Spaniards  by  offer- 
ing a  number  for  sale,  until  the  laughter  which  he 
excited  made  him  aware  of  his  mistake. 

';'  fWop.  df  Ind.,  ii.  90-10(5. 

'''  111  Hist.  Xoiih.  ^^l•.^•.  Slafrr>,  vol.  ii.,  thi.s  series. 

'''Sue  JIis(.  J7ex.,  ii.  17-,  tlii''  scries. 


m 


C20 


ACniCl  LTUIIE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


^Iii 


I 


i  » 


-  1 


It 

m  n 


Loni^  bof-Dro  tlio  conquest  the  Indians  had  \n\\\ 
experts  in  the  manufaeture  of  earthenware  and  pot- 
tery, numerous  specimens  of  which  are  found  throuL^li- 
out  the  country.  Under  Si)aniyh  rule  the  variety  of 
desi^'n  was  greatly  increased  and  a  larger  field  was 
itpened  to  them.  They  also  learned  the  fahricatidii 
(tf  glass,  and  as  this  industry  gradually  developcid,  sev- 
eral factories  arose,  chielly  fit  Puebla,  wheij  forty-six 
establishments  for  the  making  of  glass  r.nd  pottery 
\  ere  in  a  llourlshing  condition  in  17'J3.  subsequently 
a  decline  took  [>lace,  and  in  the  beginning  (jf  this  cen- 
tury the  number  was  reduced  t(i  eighteen. 

The  fabrications  of  iron  never  made  any  notalilo 
progress  in  New  Spain,  and  the  iron  imj)lemenls  in 
use  came  almost  exclusively  from  the  mother  country. 
It  was  only  when  communication  with  the  old  woild 
was  interrupted  or  difficult  that  an  impulse  was  given 
to  this  branch  of  industry."' 

There  were,  however,  other  branches  in  whicli  tlic 
natives  excelled  the  most  skilful  European  artisans, 
and  cliief  amonijf  them  was  the  manufacture  of  coeli- 
ineal  and  indigo.  Both  were  produced  mainly  in 
Oajaca;  but  owing  to  failures  of  the  crop  and  the  (>[i- 
])ressive  policy  of  the  government,*'''  the  indigo  tialj 
declined  considerably,  and  toward  the  close  of  the 
eighteeutli  century  the  yield  was  not  enough  for  home 
consumption,*'^  and  the  want  was  supplied  by  inqnu- 
tations  from  Guatemala. 

Cochineal  long  maintained  its  place  as  one  of  tlio 
leading  exports  of  new  Sjiain,  its  production  being  en- 
couraged by  the  crown  from  the  earliest  days.'"     It 

"'RcvillaGigcdo,  Instruc,  92,  attributes  the  small  progress  of  tlie  iron  in- 
ilustry  to  tlio  unwilliugucsa  of  tlio  nicrcliauts  to  iiitroiluco  the  iiistrunuutd 
aiul  iniichinery  recjiiired  for  the  production  of  that  metal.  Estalla,  xwii. 
4(),  siieaks  of  some  excelleut  work  in  steel,  manufactured  at  Puebhi,  but  tli.-i 
is  r.itlur  doubtful. 

"^  A  law  of  !.">();{  prohibited  the  employment  of  Indians  in  the  cultivation  mi 
the  p-ound  that  it  was  injurious  to  their  health.     Rccop.  th  IivL,  ii.  'M~,   ^■ 

'"Tlio  second  Rcvilla  Gigedo  estimated  the  yearly  pi'oduction  in  17'Jl.  ;it 
l.'iOO  avrobas.  Listruc,  100.  For  details  as  to  its  cultivation  see  AiMK, 
Diirio  Lit.,  r,{)-2. 

'"Cochineal  was  exempted  from  tithes.     Ordeiies  de  la  Corona,  MS.,  iii. 


u 


ARTISTIC  WORK. 


621 


wns  procured  entirely  by  the  natives,  and  efforts  were 
iiKule  to  protect  them  iVoni  the  usual  extortions  of 
tiic  Spaniards,  thoui^h  aj>[)a)'ently  with  little  avail,  as 
tin  yield  decreased  and  linally  was  almost  confined  to 
the  districts  of  Oajaca.'^  Xevurtheless  at  the  hc- 
oimiint,'  of  the  present  century  the  exjjorts  from  Vera 
("ni/  ri'presented  about  ):?2,000,000.'''^  A  few  yeai's 
|iiv\iously  this  industiy  had  "ccupied  from  twenty- 
iivf  to  thirty  thousand  persjons,  but  the  profits  were 
api larently  moderate.'^ 

JJiit  the  skill  of  the  Aztecs  in  ])roducing  feather- 
wdik  excited  the  most  remark.  ]\Iarvellous  stories 
were  related  by  the  first  l^uropeans  v.ho  saw  speci- 
iiuiis  of  this  art,  and  the  choicest  patterns  wero 
(kenied  worthy  to  be  offered  to  the  sovereign.  The 
novelty  soon  lost  its  chann,  however,  and  an  industry 
which  in  aboriginal  times  had  been  fostered  and  de- 
viliiped  with  the  utmost  care,  was  neglected  by  the 
itpiesentatives  of  civilized  Europe,'*  until  it  hjst  all 
its  iiuportance  for  practical  purp(  ses,  and  merely  served 
tn  satisfy  occasional  curiosity.  A  worse  fate  befell 
the  manufacture  of  jewelry,  which  had  attained  the 
liiiiliest  i)erfection  amonu'  the  xVztecs,  wlMt>>  skill  was 
(iiiisidei'ed  as  unrivalled  by  Europeans.'^  Though  it 
was  well  known  that  they  })ossessed  the  knowledge  of 
working  the  metal  in  certain  forms  absolutely  unknown 
ill  Euro[te,  when  in  1507    some   mining   regvdations 


ls."i-7;  Aliimnii,  Mi}.,  i.  103,  A  decree  of  ]."!)7,  later  repeated,  directed 
tin'  viiciiiy  tit  Btiinulate  ita  productinii,  mid  if  iiixtssiiry  tDcuiupel  tlio  liuliaiid 
to  lalMirat  this  industry,  llevoii.  '/c  Iml.,  ii.  (if).  Sec  also  for  other  iiistrucliuiia 
IjiuiiiiLC  oil  the  subject,  /(/.,ii.  (!7,  IT!',  .'i.^O-l,  '~,?,\  iii.  4()(i,  .5111. 

■' I'miiierly  coeliiueal  ^vas  prodiiceil  als(j  in  (Uiudalajara,  Fuebla,  and 
Ylirutaii. 

'Authorities  differ  essentially  about  the  value.  Revilla  Oic;e<lo,  fusfrii'-- 
O'lii,  Id'J,  gives  ill  17!l3  the  annual  yield  at  •Jl>,(')(lrt  arrobas,  ivprisontiiij,' at 
the  jjiiic  coniputi'd  by  llunibiddt,  .SI. 770,0(10.  'J"he  htlter  authority  f;ivi3 
the  !i,>;tne.s  of  S3,oOS,r)r)7  and  $1>,-J;i,s,(;7;{  for  bSO'J  and  bSO;$  res|Kctivcly. 
£'--(/;  /'(,/.,  ii.  4,')7.  Alanian,  McJ.,  i.  lO.'J,  estimates  the  annual  yielil  for  that 
tiiiir  at  .><l.-_'00,000,  and  says  tliat  formerly  its  value  amounted  to  .S;!,000,000. 

••'  Avcuiding  to  Revilla  Uigedo  only'  nine  per  cent  on  the  capital  iii- 
VL.stid. 

"'Seo  Xat'iri'  lidccs,  ii.  4SS-90,  for  a  descriptiou  of  this  art  in  Aztec  times; 
aUi)  /)iiii'i,  Arte  I'ltimdri't,  1  et  seij. 
"Sec  also  Katiir  liucca,  ii.  47>3-S-. 


1 


C-22 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MAXUF ACTUIIES. 


\V(>rc  issued  in  Mexico,  severe  penalties""  foiLadij 
all  persons  interested  in  or  eonneeted  with  niinin,' 
to  employ  native  jewellerfs  for  making  ornanuiit> 
either  of  gold  or  silver.  Thus  European  designs  aiul 
methods  prevailed,  and  although  the  manufacture  (if 
jewelry  was  extensively  pursued,  the  style  led  in 
another  direction,  and  processes  which  had  only  Iktu 
known  to  the  native  wt)rkmen  were  irretriuvably  Inst. 

All  jewellers  were  obliged  to  have  their  estaldi.sli- 
ments  in  a  certain  street,  and  wo'c  forbidden  to  work 
any  metal  unless  the  payment  of  the  king's  fifth  lia4 
been  pr(jved;  nor  were  they  allowed  to  employ  coiiml 
gold  or  silver.  Since  early  times  they  had  been  in- 
corporated as  a  guild,  with  a  patron-saint  of  tluir 
own,  and  subject  to  certain  regulations  or  statutes.'" 
Xevcrtheless  there  is  no  doubt  that  contraband  trad- 
ing was  carried  on  in  this  branch  as  in  most  otlurs, 
and  tlierefore  some  addition  must  be  made  to  the  etii- 
cial  returns,  wliicli  indicate  for  the  bcguming  of  tlii> 
century  an  average  value  of  .^270,000  for  the  gold  and 
silver  manufactured  every  year.'^ 

The  (juestion  has  oiten  been  brought  forward 
whether  the  agricultural  and  industrial  resources  of 
Xew^  Spain  were  sufficient  to  place  her  on  an  iiKk- 
pendcint  footing,  and  the  answer  has  frequently  betii 
l)ased  on  the  condition  of  the  comitry  at  the  close  el' 
the  eighteenth  century.  The  projjriety  of  selecting' 
that  e[)och  is  at  least  doubtful,  considering  the  cliai- 
actor  and  influence  of  the  Spanish  dominion  duiiiiL,' 
the  preceding  three  hundred  years.  Allusion  lias 
often  been  made  to  the  policy  of  the  government  to- 
ward New  Spain  in  all  aftairs  where  the  interest  uf 

""Loss  of  nil  property  and  perpetual  banishment  from  New  Spain.  L?'iO 
dc  Cahildo,  MS.,  108. 

'^  C'onipiK'd  by  Viceroy  C.adcreita  in  1G38,  and  enlar<;ed  in  1701  by  the 
Count  (if  5l(.ctcsuma.  Tlicy  arc  given  in  tlie  Orihunnzax  del  Nobilis.-^iiiiu  .1/ ''.' 
di'  1(1,  I'laU  ric,  Mexico,  171;'),  10  folios,  and  contain  in  3r>  articles  the  rcL'ulii- 
tiona  fur  the  government  of  the  guild,  together  with  instruction?  for  cei  t;iia 
technicalities.  In  1733  and  1748  additional  rules  were  issued  in  Siiaiii. 
y.V«/cs  Ccduki><,  MS.,  ii.  99-104. 

''^Tiie  totiil  consumption  from  1798  till  1802  was  1,9"26  marks  of  gold  ami 
134,0-'4  of  silver. 


BACKWARD  rOXDITION". 


USB 


iho  motlicT  rouiitj-y  was  supposed  to  bo  endangered. 
])r;iiic]ies  of  ujjfrieultnre  and  industry,  which  niinht 
Ikivo  insured  proLjress,  labored  for  centuries  under 
litlieulties,  and  not  only  were  the  markets  of  foreign 
cnunti'ies  closed  to  tliein,  but  the  colonies  were  obliged 
to  lect'ivc  the  products  of  the  old  world.  It  is  true 
tin's  i)olicy  was  ehieilv  directed  against  the  niiniiiLf 
iind  nianufacturiiiLr  industries,'"  but  it  atfectcd  none  the 
less  the  agricultural  interest,  Mhich  was  intimately 
connected  with  it.  This  explains  the  little  advanco 
ill  the  different  methods  of  husbandry;  the  sharjxjned 
stick,  the  wooden  shovel,  the  copper  hoc  and  sickle  of 
the  Aztec  being  comparatively  less  {)rimitive  tliau 
the  iiidc  plow  introduced  by  the  Sjianiard  in  early 
times  and  still  in  use  in  the  eighteenth  century. 

About  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  elapsed  beforo 
a  more  liberal  spirit  pervaded  the  colonial  policy. 
One  of  the  first  steps  was  to  settle  the  right  to  prop- 
erty in  farm  lands  in  an  equitable  manner,  T)y  grant- 
ing for  a  small  compensation  the  possession  of  such 
as  had  been  held  for  years  without  legal  title.  The 
encouragement  which  these  laws  afforded,*'  was  in- 
creased l)y  giving  the  native  laborer  the  much  needed 
protection  against  Spanish  oppression.**^  After  that 
time  the  total  value  of  agricultural  products  increased 
considerably,  and  amounted  at  the  beginning  of  this 
century  to  more  than  )?oO,000,000  a  year  in  those  ar- 
ticles alone  which  were  subject  to  the  payment  of 
tithes.''^    The  injurious  policy  of  several  hundred  years 


•"One  of  tlio  ablest  and  best  viceroys,  the  second  Rcvilla  Gigcdo,  was  not 
eiitiicly  free  from  prejudice  in  this  respect.  He  says  in  ono  place:  'It  must 
nut  lie  overlooked  that  this  (\o\v  Spain)  is  a  c(jlony  wliich  must  depend  xtpoii 
its  mother,  Spain,  and  is  oblijfed  to  make  returns  for  the  benefits  widcli  her 
protection  afl'ords. '  And  further:  '  J'Jl  unico  medio  de  dcstruir  las  fidiricaa 
(111  I'cino,  es  cl  quo  venf;an  li  precios  mas  comodos  de  Europa  los  mismoa 
efictijs.'  Iiistntc,  90-1,  iVA. 

'"They  were  of  Octolier  1."),  17.")4,  and  March  13,  IToO,  and  granted  power 
to  settle  any  ditiicnlties  to  the  viceroy  and  audiencia.  Ordinirs  t/r  la  Corona, 
M^.,  i.  90-.");  vi.  1-0;  Cednlario,  MS.,  i.  '2S-33;  rrovidenckvi  Hcalis,  MS., 
IGO-O,  189  9.'). 

"The  text  of  tlic  law,  dated  March  2.3,  177.3,  is  given  in  A/.,  188-9. 

'■Tiie  total  of  tithes  in  the  bishoprics  of  Mexico,  Puebla,  Valladolid, 
Oajuca,  Guadalajara,  and  Duraugo  during  the  years  1769  till  1779  was  $13,- 


J  If 


624 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES. 


had  however  wrought  evils  too  serious  to  he  quicklv 
remedied,  .lud  wliilst  some  industries  had  been  al)aii- 
doned,  of  others  the  knowledge  liad  been  entiivlv 
lost/^  The  statutes  and  ordinances  of  most  of  tli.. 
different  guikls  Avere  antiquated  and  ina})})r.)])riattj; 
tlie  instruction  of  apprentices  was  gen<  i-ally  \(iy 
poor.  Of  tlie  total  yearly  product  of  manufactiuvs, 
valued  at  about  .$7,000,000,  the  greater  part  consisted 
of  articles  of  prime  necessity.*"^  It  was  only,  as  we 
have  seen,  when  war  in  Europe  hindered  communica- 
tion with  Spain,  that  some  activity  pivvailed,  but  it 
always  subsided,  and  the  ground  thus  gained  was  soon 
lost. 

The  mining  interest  was,  of  course,  a  very  promi- 
nent one,  tliough  its  importance  has  been  so  greatly 
exaggei'ated  as  to  cause  the  assertion  that  Xcw 
Spain  was  of  little  value  oxcep*t  as  a  mining  territorv. 
Wliat  tlie  country  under  another  fo]-m  of  govern- 
ment did  accomplish,  is  a  subject  which  I  .shall  treat 
later.'-^ 


■^l 


h.     ' 


.S,')7,l")7ngainst  818,353,821  for  the  following  tlccade.  lli  rWn  Gi(ie(lo,  In^irw., 
101--J. 

"  '  IT!i1)ientlo  entonccs  'varios  oficios. .  .ile  los  cualcs  iiun  njii'iLis  quoili  titra 
iiotioia.'  /'/.,  84. 

•"'Such  as  soap,  leather,  ordinary  textures  of  cotton,  of  wool,  and  otliers. 
The  indnstriiil  proiluctH  of  Querc'-taro  in  1703  liave  been  estimated  at  i?l.(l(H),- 
not).  iS'oc.  Mi\c.  <!voij.,  Itdli'iln,  iii.  IW'J.  Zaiiiaenis,  Hist.  MiJ.,  v.  7io,  \i\y<:i 
glciwing  di'soi'iption  of  the  industrial  achievements  of  Xrw  Spain  in  \1'M; 
accord!. ij,'  ti>  liini  they  wei-e  not  to  he  surpassed  liy  l',ni-o])(an  jirinhu'ts. 

*'•'  My  ol)sei-vations  made  in  a  preccdins,'  part  aliont  the  scarcity  of  authori- 
ties on  t'le  mining,'  Instory  of  New  Spain  lind  still  nmre  ap|ilicaliou  U'  tliis 
<1i;ipter.  'J'iiis  \\ant  nt'  information  lias  ohli^ed  me  to  yatlier  my  material  in 
tl,L'  fcina  of  numenir.s  items,  .scattered  thntngh  s\  vast  ran,L;e(if  hool.-s;  in  ;i.Mi- 
ticin,  however,  1  have  In  mi  aided  hy  a  variety  of  ti'eati.s"s,  dwelling  niilv  "ii 
8|iecial  subjects.  Amor.,  wi'iters  of  the  latter  class,  a  ])romincnt  jil.-ir.'  In- 
\iugH  t<i  the  sinentist  A)  ate,  wlio  has  endeavored  to  dilli'.se  useful  kiinul- 
edge  tln'ou;.;h  I's.say.s  in  the  ditlerent  series  of  liis  Cn'it  ix  <li'  Li/criiiimi, 
Mexico,  ]7HS-!).">.  A  Sep  rate  eilition  h.i.s  aj)|)eared  of  his  memoir  on  tlii'  iiil- 
tivat'Mii  (if  tln>  eociiinci  ,  tin.'  M<mori<i...ihl  /n.iiy/'i  <!riui(i  6  Cor/iinil'n, 
Mad  i(i,  1/!'"  jtp.  '_'■_'(>,  o  which  i  have  l>efore  me  a  m;iin'siri|)t  copy  in 'J^O 
foHo. .  with  the  writcr'.s  autograph.  Of  .similar  c.doi',  only  emiiiacim.'  one 
puliject,  is  I'ayno's  MrmarUi  xotirc  il  Mfn/iK  >/  ^fi.v!<-(Uin,  ISlexieo,  I.SIlt.  [ip 
l.'i'J,  and  another  work  uf  tlio  same  title,  .\lexico,  lS(i.">,  ]i)i.  3'J.  hy  I'edio  aii'l 
Ignacio  Jjla.sipiez.  liotli,  as  tluir  title  implies,  dwell  exclusiv(  ly  on  tlie  aia- 
guey  ]ilant  and  its  use,  and  the  first  contains  nuicli  curious  iuforniation,  jiiiit 
of  which,  however,  is  of  little  or  iiierely  of  local  interest.  Oill'ercnt  in  I't'iii 
and  ari'angement  is  a  treatise  on  .sericulture,  written  1)V  order  of  Vicei'oy  Itc- 
\ilhi  (iigedo,  under  the  tith  of  Compi'itdio .  .'leht-i  Mure  fas  y  MoruU»,  Mexico, 


REVILLA  OIOEDO,  FOXSECA,  AND  ALA:MAX. 


:.> 


17!^:i.  p|i.  "l,  takinj;  as  n  liaso  his  instnictions  on  tlio  sirDJfct.  'S]nro  ^'piirral 
i.i.i  iiiiiti</ii  is  fi'.riiislu'il  ill  liis  ]  ii.ttriicrinn,  valnalflu  t's))fcially  Ix'caiisc  it 
;  1  lU  ■;  sDMio  liLrlit  on  tiie  s)iiritof  t!u;  a'_;('  ami  of  tlio  j.;()Viriinifnt,  wliicli  thtu 
1:  il  rii'C  tly  ailoptccl  a  niori'  lilicral  imlicy.  l''onscca  and  I'rrut'a  in  tlicir 
j'Uiiirin  i.p  li<  J'c'il  lliir'iriiilti  fliiclly  view  niatlofs  from  a  linancial  staml- 
l"iiil.  a  111.  tiiou;4ii  contaiiiin;,'  .sinnc  ilctails  almut  niai,'noy,  toh.'MTo,  and  otluT 
iM(liut.s,  I'ffi'i'  essentially  to  their  relation  to  the  royal  revenue.  .M.-inian.  in 
ii-  ///■  inrhi  ill'  Mijii'i),  Las,  stfaiiLCe  to  say,  paiil  little'  atteiilicai  to  the  periocl 
■,,:i.i''.  (  onsicleration:  still  he  furnishes  some  items  of  interesv  ik  t  foivii<l  clse- 
wjiri'e.  Of  for'i!^'n  \vrit"rs  limnhohlt  claims  an  iin|iortaiit  )ilai-e,  hut  liis  in- 
I  .niiatioii  is  merely  eonriiird  t'>  a  few  liistoiieal  data  of  s]ieeilie  e'laraeter  anil 
;  -i.iililic  (leseri|>tion  of  the  dill'erent  ).l,'  nfs  wiiieh  he  found  in  the  country 
\'m\\  there.  The  remaiiider  of  the  spae.  .-Hotted  to  th(^  snhjcct  in  his  Ex^'ii, 
I' ,:iihi  '"  is  piinciiially  ah.;orI)e(l  l,y  statwlii's  of  moiU'i-n  date,  hut  the  whole 
I  n,  ■<  ant  fiive  the  complete  view  w  liieli,  one  would  presnnie,  iio  mi.;]it  have 
Im:i  ahle  to  form,  lie  has  l,een  followed  hy  Ward,  Mr.riri)  In  JSJl\  .Midil- 
I  !i;!iiii!t,  J!ip)f'il/k  Ml  J.'i-i),  ;ind  .Mayer,  Mir/m,  who  in  the  lespeetivo  parts  of 
t.i  il-  .vritinu's  iiave  ilrawii  lar'iely  from  Iiim.  aihlim,'  such  information  as  it  was 
il  I  111  ir  |iower  to  obtain.  ']"he  latter  refer  chielly  to  a  recent  period,  for  which 
i-a-iii  i  shall  con:rider  tlnini  in  another  part  of  this  work. 


Ghjcdo,  Iii<fi-iii'., 
lona.s  fjuod.i  otra 


Authorities  cited  in  prccediiig  chapter:  Onffiifn  ilo  hi  Co 


^\^. 


4,v:.ii,  !i;i  lo:i; 

l;i|  7;  J'rofalc 
.'r/i,i'.'i,  )'/(■-■//■): 


Kill 


IS.)- 


vi.   l-(i;   HiiiIi'x  Criiila-i,  MS.,  ii.   ,SI,   !)il   KM, 


(,f  AVa/i.-,  .MS.,  Ul-.'),   li:!-4,    1.'.4  ."),   l(i()  (i,   is.")-!)."),  L'l'.'i  O 


MS.,  (;!i  7<>,  1 1:!  t,  i>^o-i;  j:ir:/ia  (riiiiiin,  i„,ii 


MS. 


/./.,  jy^h/i 


.MS.,  4()(i-l!);    /'/.,   naiii/o.-- 


,S;t;  Ci  iliihiriit. 


i.  ■J'l-;!;);  iii.  (i:i,  iuL'-Tl);  Si'jinir.n  ii  ''oinj    '" ,  C'lr/a 


AIh 


raii/i 


-M,- 


ilillii,  TinniiUo.t,    ^l.S.,    11!-):!;    ISm-'jnii,   f.iO;/.   hisrnp.  On}.,   i. 


.|^  II.    '_':|S-!);    JuriiHiiiia 


'", 


i.    l.-.l- 
\\\.  till-.");  ('oij' 


(  'dlli'i  Iridd,  J! 


'X]l>;    \'i!l'i-S('fi(. 
<li'  la  X.  K: 


Thi 


iiiro,    1. 


:{;    Riiih 


l() 


4,  ,SL'- 


/' 


(•>■,  Cul.  l)<)i\,  vi. .")()();  Cnrriiilii,  Kstiiilin.i  Hid.,  ii.  illl.  I'usslm; 
Itl-'J;  Jli'cop.  dp  Iiuldi-',  i.  4;  ii.  40  et .se<|.;  Col.  JJoi;  Imd., 


illrd;,  jj;j.  y 


47.1:  -)/ 


niiliniiininr,  Sriiiiiriii^,  (iO- 


J)} 


i.<  i.   UK),    in-J,  ]-2S; 


l'l.,.\iir  Sjf 


M-lMi;     lllllldinldl,    E.^i-id.    I',. I.,    pil; 


7" 


ii.  .S(M-48;!;  iii.  1-10,'!,  4.V)-'.):!:  iv.  ■J7S-!t];  lit.,  Tidila^  lUiad., 


.MS.,  40-.-):  Id.,   y 


r/i,   1-I,S0:   Foiisrca  and  Urrulin,  Ihid  I  lac.,  ii.  ,'{,");{- 


4^ii:  iii.  HoS—l'JS;  Can-la  Mi  r.,  i.    \'l  et  sei|.;  ii.  'Jl  passim;  iii.  id-ll,  •_'•_';!; 


12,   -M8- 


2\i:^ 


Vll 


;j.'{;  viii.  4.-),  'iii; 


l,s,S;  .\ii.   ll-_»,  44, 


)-.S;   XVI. 


7-  ">;  Ah.nto  Cai\  fa<,  i.  ;iO-l,  lOt-l);  ii.  ").")  et  sei).;  iii.,  passim;  iv.  lot 


Jil-,t) 


W,  :{!)U;  JJi 


Mir.,  i.  :{7,  ."Ml,  :{7S;  ii.  70;  iii.  i:i'l; 


m,  •J70-M), 


4()2;  i.\.  '2-20;  .\ii.   140,   1." 


C 


Mv 


m:\  It;  /,'. 


lii-ii;i 


A  hale  y  Uai. 


lU'Cop.,    i.    210  -JO;  ii.    l-r>;  I'aiii, 


>■/), 


,  iii.  :!4.  00-1  :,S;  iv. 


Ml- 


MS.,  I  --J.SO;  .S< 


Ml 


ill  iii'rii  ('■■■■,   \ii., 
Cm,.,    Jlnfifhi, 


lOS-JOII,   •Js."i,  .•JOS---' 1 ;  vi.   147 


•_'7:i;  In.  ISI:  Jd. 


Jiia  en. 


hJ  4:  iii.  "J.");  iv.  41()--_'0,  .">-_V)-0;  //.,  :$ra  en.  i.  •j:>;{   I;  F.Midhi,  .wvi.  ;U.V7 


0  10,  4t)-7,  7:i-7,   10!»  201),  2r)l 


) 


P 

ili-ill'lil,    K.^/'id.,   2.S4   ."{OS;    J, 


Ciadro 


Hid. 


»)7 


7t);  /'/.,  Calii 


.)/. 


ii.sfii- 
ii.  00-,-);  Id.,  \\c  de  la 


Pi 


v.  127--(i.'!;  Miir/I,  J)nc.   Mi 


470:  /'.'/); 


Col.  di-  /'. 


rnridiiirla. 


hill  77;  Bnrc:  Ao'i'-'Vo  Maijin  i/i.'i,  .M>\,  1-10;  Mi.i:,  l!il.  Edad.,  1-2;  Nuii- 
1S17,'1;  Sunnnliniii,  id!i  r  lli  iiilii'.-ndi,  xiii.  OIIO  ."lit,  (104  ."i;  Calnui, 


".'•■/.  Ti 
V,  !l',l;  ' 


arn,  J  res 


2:1-8;  Ala 

S!,ili 


ll'isl.  Ml).,  i.    102  s,  11.-)- 10,  Xu\  0: 


;!0   1; 


o.-i.   111. 


14, 


0;   Jfiiinnid,-:,    /■;../,/,/.    J/,/.,  l(i:{  4;    /,rt 


!iil;  ( ' 
I'd  ;i 


ii.  222-:!;  An-illaiia,    'iiju 


II.  47 


Ml 


.'/'''■ 


\l  Me 


A:.f. 


1.  _.!.);  11. 
-•  OS. 


'ido,  Xiiero  tSi.'<leinf(,    114:10,    142  . "),-);    <Jnrijin,  Col.   di-   i>iii\ 
IiLti'diilo  Cinij.  L'dad.,  1-22;  ZiCiiija  if  (Jiifrri  rox,  lioinlut,  1-12;  /',';). 


;4.  Ix.    l-l 


■1.    1-22;  el 


xiv. ,  iiassiin 


di'K  de'i  Toi/. ,  .xxiii.  71;  Xo>ii'/ii<o  'leu. 


Cliiralh 

isi; 


/:. 


I'lj"!,    1. 


4:i-S,  17')-(5;  Ai 


Hid.  }', 


ii.  4. 


)(  ;  111. 


;ii  :is;  .sv 


14; 

Hixl.  da- 


202;  A 


'!>■ 


lei  rn. 


Mer.   ill   IS'/..',  241-3;  Muai-o  Mex.,  iiL.  I.')3  et  seij. ;  Za 


UiHT.  Me.\.,  Vol.  III.    40 


C2C, 


ACr.ICULTURE  ANT)  MANUFACTURES. 


viora,  m'l.  Lrr/.  111.,  iv.  ISfl;  Ahrm-.,  KsfinUnK  ffist.,  iii.  301.  4,">.'.  ll':  .'!; 
W'diloii'n  SjiKiiish  Am.,  ii.  .'?0.">-7,  •ilS  "20;  M(U'ii'illfrrtiii'!<  I lunilinhll.  ',\\'i.  li-Jii; 
Mi'I-hi'm  Am.  (,'((1(1.,  -ISO;  J)llrl.^<\1  Kiiroji.  Siltlc,  i.  'J'J;{-S;  W'nili  rli,.lhiii,i-i 
J/isl.  I'.  S.,  iv.  I'll-l'J;  Monlni'.i  (!,n.i.,  ."".(-S-J;  Zarula,  l!vi:  M(.v..  -Jli  ill; 
J'liib  rtdii's  Moilrni  d'ro;/.,  iii.  'J.'M;  'I'diilurx  iSilirlidiis,  ^)0-'A;  J>irc.  I'iiir,,\, 
'Jl  J  IT,  ;<!••!;  ix.  -148  T.");'x.  U,  T.'il  'J,  1MI4;  Mix.,  M<m.  Jii.-liria,  IS/,.},  7  r.s; 
Alliiiiil  Mi.i\.  i.  1S;{;  (li)iiziili~,  ('ill.  X.  J.I  nil,  l,"iO-l;  Ah'ispn  Ue  <  '/il//iiiiiriii,i„, 
."ill;  yUm  .Wi/isli  r,  xxii.  'J4(i;  Miil/ir,  /'i  isiii  in  Miw.,  iii.  "JlKJ;  H'lVirn,  din-- 
vniifm,  i.  'Jit').  '2M;  ()ijil!ii/'n  A  iiii  rica.  1241)  '2;  ('iirr(iiir.u'--<  J)i srri/iL,  '.\~;  riiiii'i 
ilio'i..\'\.  140  7;  Tnrniitr,  J,'i  nt/.  /Ii-'/k,  i.  l!l;  Wiinl's  Mix.,  ii.  .5.S;  .sV/».(. 
'liiirio  Erninim'iro,  l-(i.">;  (hiiz,  Jlix.  liiilip.  7, (///•(,  "JbO-tJlO;  Wdlic,  Svi'u'm 
J  Inc.,  4;  Saiiclu'z,  Piuli.  Siajracl.  Pro/.,  lllJ-Ki. 


Hi 


¥l  H 


i 


1 

6. 

i; 

Hi 

■ 

; 

' 

«? 

j 

ii 

1' 

'    ■ 

i] 

P'l 

1 

*s' "  ^ 

*l 

' 

i 


Ii. 


CnAPTEll  XXX. 


CO'SnWAU'K. 
Tin:  Sr.i.Frsir  PourY  df  Spain— Commkiu'IAI,  and  MdKU-  F.KFKf t  in  Nfw 

SpMS — CasA     I>F.    (.'oNTUA'l'ACKiN     AMI    ( '(INST  I.Alii  is       1  )l'.|>|;KI  lA  TIi  iN  S    IIY 

llii^iii.K    Xat.ons    AM)    ('(lUSAii;^     -Maiji.v    'J'kaiii:    wirii    Swm    l»ii- 

MINlK) iNTKItCllL-IMAI,    TkAUK    r\lll[     TIIH    I'mi.lI'l'lNKS  -l)|-.cAiii;Ncr,     - 

('(iM.MKIM'K     WITH      I'l-.Kr — NlCKAKIil.V     Ji  Kl  1 1' I.  VIIl  INS — .Mk.XICW     lllcll- 

wws — Till",  KuAii  ii:ii\i  \i;ka  Cki/.  'in  riii;  ( 'aitiai.  ami  Ar  aim  m  n  - 
Si'Adi:  Links — Intkknai- Xwihaikin  -  'J'uk  I'dsrvi,  Skuvick  -Ar.rsi:s  - 
'J'liK   Ckdwn   As,-i-mi.s   TiiK    Manackmknt  —  Imi'.knai,   'J'kaiiI',— I'aikh 

ami  -MaKKKTS   -  KkLAXATUiN  (IF   l;i:sl'l;l(   TKINS  -  InSII;  ANCF  (  'd.M  I'  VMl.S 

A  I'.i  jUiLF  ]5ank  ami  (Ji  i.i.kk  Siiaki'.iioi.uf.iis — I'Ixi'anskin  ui'  (om- 
Mi;i;in  unijek  Fuke  Tuahk. 


TnK  jealous  and  oxclusivo  system  adoiifcd  l»y  Spain 
ill  liiT  coloni/atioii  of  the  New  World  lias  no  pai'allcl 
ill  the  liislory  of  mankind,  l^'or  tliree  centurifs  tjio 
jMilitical  and  commei'cial  dcpiMidence  of  the  eojoiiics 
II I M in  I  he  mother  eouiilry  w  as  as  ('oiii|)lcle  and  ahsohitc; 
lis  srhisji  policy,  ri^'orous  laws,  and  oppressix'e  ,uo\- 
(•ninient  could  make  it.  To  drain  tlic  indies  of  their 
alth  and  draw  it  ti»  Spain  was  the  sole  aim  w  liicli 
liicnoi'd  the  S|)anisli  monnrchs  in  l('ni>latint4'  foi' 
tlirir  colonial  possessions,  and  the  pmliihil  ive  system 
nt' cennnei'ce  jiursui'd  hy  them  makes  ^larin^ly  enn- 
spienous  their  inditference  to  tiie  welfare  of  Ihetrans- 
;id;iiitic  setlK'ments.    I'lie  jirincijiles  of  the  commercial 


ill 


cmle    iiromulLi'a 


ted 


were    (U-s 


^potl 


md    m    order    to 


siMiire  a  monopoly  of  trade,  certain  nianufactui'es  and 
till  I'ldtivatiou  of  the  vine  and  oli\e  were  lorhiddt  n. 
I'Aeiy  ]']uropean  article  of  necessity  or  luxuiw  called 
liii'  liv  the  colonists  of  New  Spain  had  to  Iw  imported 


C-2S 


COMMERCE. 


from  tlic  Peninsula,  and  trade  with  foreigners  wn-; 
piniisluiblc  by  deatli.  Even  the  eanyinL;'  trade  lic- 
tween  old  and  lunv  Spain  was  lorhidden  to  tlie  ^t- 
tlcrs,  while  intercolonial  traflic  lan^'uished  uiitlcr 
CI  ij)])lini;'  restrictions,   or  was    absolutely   proliibittd. 


]' 


oreiun  ar 


ticl 


es  were  minoi 


•ted 


ni  such  (luantities  that 


the  demand  generally  exceeded  the  supply,  thus  se- 
curing to  the  shipi^ei's  enormous  prices.  Vessels  |iii)- 
(•eeding  to  and  Irom  Xew  Spain  wen^  jiermittcd  (u 
li-ave  or  enter  only  the  ])ort  of  Seville,^  and  tlmso 
clearing  for  a  certain  port  in  the  Indies  were  not 
allowed  to  touch  at  any  otlu'r.     In  order  further  to 


ecurc  the  carryin 


g  trad 


e  and  monopoly  of  commcivi 


the  registry  of  shi|>s  was  made  im])erative,^  and  (> 
those  thus  licensed  could  convey  mercliandise  to  .iin 


nica- 


from  the  colonies.  At  hrst  conunercial  conunu 
tion  with  S[)ai;i  was  irregular,  a  ileet  being  despatduil 
occasionally  to  A\nvi  Cruz  under  the  j)r()tectiou  ni' 
convoys,  and  distinguislu'd  by  the  term  j/afn.^ 

So  clost'ly  did  the  goNcrnmcnt  guard  against  ]vis>i- 
ble  indej)enilence  of  the  (^(ilonists  in  ti'ade  that  sliij-s' 
companit's  were  jii'ohibited  from  ])urchasing  goods  of 
the  country,  and  fictoi's  and  ti'ailcrson  (lie  llcft 
not  allowed   to  remain   lonu'er  than    three   year: 


S  WCI'O 


111 


A 


merica. 


Xo  f 


oreigner  could  trade  with  the  coloim 


nor  was  one  permitted  to  ent(.>r  a  [lort  without  spi  rial 
license.''  In  i'act  both  the  juices  of  imports  and  cx- 
])orts  of  Xew  Sjiain,  with  the  excei)tion  of  the  pre 


( ;ii!i' 


nu'tals,  were  under  the  arbitrary  control  of  the  mn- 
i'hants  of  Sevill(\  and  hxiw  ol'  (  Vuli/.     What  i'nrtlui' 


incieasetl  the  drainaue  of 


ih 


wealili  irom 


Ai 


nerica  nas 


!,H 


'Til  17-0  Ciiliz,  ns  Ijcing  more  coiivi-iiiiiit,  was  nwulo  llic  cNclusixr  | 
for  trailo  witii  Aiiu'i'ioa. 

-'  In  l(17">  a  vi'ssi  1  trmii  the  West  Indies,  fnivhti  il  with  wiiip,  coca".  ; 
Spanish  ^'nods,  hut  witii  no  ii'ijislcr  tVoni  the  Jlaliana.  anivrd  at  Wra  I'l 
Till'  raiitaiii  was  arn',-.tcd  for  want  of  fi>niiality.    I!(,tilc<,  Jlidiio,  ii.  ISt. 

"  Di'iiii!,'  tilt'  ]ioiiiMl  fi'din  1.">(1.")  to  1777  I  liiul  that  the  llei'tsanivcd  lit  \ 
Criiz  at  intervals  varviiiL^  from  on  "  to  live  years.  In  the  lsilicenlui>.  ;; 
over,  ii  nunilier  of  vessels  annually  eutured  that  (ort  independent  of  the  :i 
Linixli'  T( jddc,  CiDiii'i:  L'xtti:,  J>oe.,  iios.  I,  I'J. 

*  /!<iil,s'Cnliil(t.'<,  .MS.,  i.   10,»,  171, 

^  lUrop.  ik  hit/.,  iii.  :i-2C>-S. 


11.1 
;/. 

.a 
«•• 

!,l. 


COXTlLvnAXD  AND  COKRUrTIOX. 


629 


tlir  (locadence  of  inanufactiirliio'  industries  in  Spain, 
owini,'  to  the  ininKMiso  inllux:  into  tlio  Peninsula 
(,t'  tlio  j)reci<tus  metals.  The  riehes  ]>oure(l  into  the 
metlier  country  made;  labor  ahnost  ujineeessarv;  liencii 
a  uvneral  dechne  in  all  kinds  oF  industry,  and  Spain 
liail  to  resort  to  forei^'u  markets,  not  oidy  to  supply 
ill. me  oonsum[)ti<)n  hut  also  the  demands  of  hir  col- 
(luics.  ^lei'fdiandise  thus  procured  could  only  he  <'\- 
ported  to  the  American  settlemcMits  at  rates  inei'eascd 
ly  additional  duties  and  merchants'  ])roHts/'  Th" 
iiiMval  ellect  of  such  a  system  upon  the  commnnllv  is 
(ilivious,  Contrahand  trade^ — and  the  consetjucnt  ciM'- 
ruption  of  oJlicials---\vas  carried  on  in  the  S[)anish 
colonies  to  a  de^'ree  une(jualled  in  any  ago  or  country, 
and  oro-anizcd  troo]>s  of  bandits  in  time  infested  the 
iiitrrnal  lines  <>f  ti'atlit'.' 

Ill  order  to  ensure  the  carrylno'-ont  of  the  restric- 
tioiis  imposed   upon  transatlantic  commerce  tlie  casa 


(II'   rn 


ntratacion  was   established  at   S(,'villi',  with 


ii'riiic  i)f)\V(.'r  HI  all  connnercial  ma 


(HI 

ca 


1 
V  to   the  council   of   Indi 


itter; 


su- 

te 


es. 


c 


s,  suhdi'ilniate 
ommercial   courts 


llrd 


consu 


lad 


OS  were  also  es 


tahl 


1sI)(mI 


tl 


le  cwlolHi 


the  duties  of  Avhich  were  to  decide  all  (jUcstions  and 
(lis]iutfs  A'latiu'^f  to  mercantile  affairs,  to  supervise 
a!i(l  administer  in  all  matters  atfectiu!:;'  trad(\  suih  as 
the  repair  of  ports  and  highways,  and  promote  and 
liintict  comiuerco." 


COl'.'li'.   ;;ll'l 

:  Wni  Ciuz. 
ii.  IS-t. 

ivrll  ilt  \'ria 

iiUiry.  l;i'W. 
;uf  U'r-iI'^.u 


''I'n_lisli  gootls  sliipped  tliroufjli  Cdiliz  to  tlio  Sp;)iiisli  coKiiii(~;  Ii.ivc  licou 
fstiiii.iic  I  at  Olio  Iniii.livil  ]tvv  cent  Iu^Iilt  in  prioo  tliau  il'  tiny  li:ul  licxii 
bliiliui 'l  ilirict  iroiii  an  liiiu'lisli  ]ii)rt.   Surlh  Anivr.  Ilcr.,  xix.  17^. 

'  ■  liuiaijaiiilo  1- s  tuiiijlos,  y  roliamlo  los  vasus  cmi  las  foniias  consa'/ra- 
(lis;  li.i.liii'Uilo  lli'u'^i'io  i-l  c.-aso  do  no  piilcrso  traii-*itai'  los  oaiiiiiios,  ni  oontiaaiir 
tl  ci'iiicii  il-.'  Ji!i(i:,  Mij\,  iv.  '2',.'i,  I'^-d-T.  This  ooounocl  iluiiii;,'  the  ailiniiii.-;- 
tratiuii  i)f  VutToy  Valero  iVoiii  17l<>  to  17--.  Vory  aitivo  iiioasiiivs  a\cto 
taktii  liy  him  to  siip|)nss  luiLramlai^'o,  ami  iiuniluTs  oi  liaiidits  woro  cxooutcil. 

'' A  ilisciiptioii  ut  the  oiiiiijio.-iLioii  of  tlii^  hoard  oi  trade,  its  powers  and 
ihities.  eaii  1)0  found  in  //<</.  ( 'I'nlral  Aiiirr.,  i.  '_'.S"_'-;!,  tiiis  series. 

'Til''  lirst  Iriliii.'fil  ihl iiiii.oilnilo  in  New  .Spain  was  estalilislied  in  tiie  eajii- 
l!i»  hy  i.rd'Tf'f  I'liilip  H.  who  coutiiine<l  tiio  action  of  Viceroy  Velasco  in  tho 
luatti  I-  liv  ceduhi  "if  Dec'tiilier  !>,  l."i!i:).  In  17:lo  siniilaf  tiiliunals  were  estah- 
lislh  I  i.i  \'erii  C'niz  and  (luadalajara.  and  tlio  extent  of  their  jiirisdietious 
•It'iuu  i.  Tiiose  courts  wi're  composed  of  a  ])rior,  two  consuls,  an  assessur — 
<*Vi'U  iiur— iisviidic.andiiiue  votiiiL^oiieiiihcrs,  ealkd  iims'ilhirin^.  Atiaeiied 
-"■i        oui't  wer*-'  al.'jo  a  secretary,  auditor,  and  treasurer.     The  court  in  tho. 


"■■^- 


W\ 


cno 


COMJIERCE. 


But  apart  from  the  coniincrcial  restrictions  iiiipdstil 
upon  tlie  colonist^;  l)y  the  lirjiue  governniout,  tluiv 
were  other  causes,  internal  and  external,  which  ()|ili'- 
ated  disastrously  u])on  trade,  and  kept  it  in  an  almost 
continual  state  of  depression.  Forced  loans  and  (k- 
niands  of  the  king  for  money,'"  Hooding  the  market 
with  copper  coinage,  the  interference  of  the  churdi." 
the  arbitrary  action  of  civil  authorities,  and  coutia- 
l)and  trade,  each  in  Lrreater  or  less  di'o-rec  had  an  un- 
favorable  inlluence  on  legitimate  conunerce. 

]3ut  the?  blows  which  were  most  destructive  tocuiii- 
mercial  prosperity  were  the  losses  iiiHicted  l)y  tln' 
English,  French,  and  Dutch  navies  in  time  of  hostil- 
ities, and  the  depredations  conunitted  l>y  corsair;;  alikf 
(hiring  war  and  peace.  In  time  of  war  conunerce  with 
the  nb)th(-'r  country  was  reduced  to  the  lowest  cbli: 
Furopean  goods  were  })oured  into  the  Spanish  colonic 
l)y  neutrals,  anil  the  contraband  trade  was  almost 
opiTilv  cari'ii'd  on.  In  the  <>'L'neral  necessitv  dr.riii'i 
such  periods  the  authorities  and  custom-house  otiiivi^ 
relaxed  their  strictness;  the  ])rohibitivc  system  \v;i- 
widely  ignored,  and  illicit  trade  v^arried  on  in  spite  nt 
all  the  measures  emploved  bv  kirn's  and  vicerox-  t- 


I   I 


iC 


city  of  Mexico  occasicmallv  felt  tlio  power  of  tl\e  vieoroy.     Tu  \(].''\  the  iio.:- 
lier.s  Were  iiiiprisoiieil  ami  their  property  eoiiiiseateil  '  hasU\  vple  exliiliie-'  i  i.;i 
gnieso  aleaiiee  ijue  al  eoiisulailci  lii/.o  el  visitailor.'  '/«;/'•■.  ihnrio,  in  y><i' .  // ■', 
Mr.r.,  seiie  i..   i.  'H'A).     In   KiiiH  tlie  viceroy  called   upon  the  eoiiMiLei'i  t' : 
tiOO.OlM)  pe>os  ill  two  days'  time   to  l>e  collected  from  the  u\ei'eliaiits,  niiil  ::i 
Bpite  <pf  the  |(rioi  's  claJK^  Oiat  Kiich  a  proeeedinu  was  not  vithiii  the  ceui*- 
jirerogativcs,  the  vicen;)'  iiisi.iU-d  iipon  the  demand  l)ein<  carried  out:    1' 
eigne  el  virey  en  (jne  loti  t  Mterf. '  ///.,  .>()7  S.     On  I'Minuiry  4,  17">7,  ft  dcv 
■was  ]iassed  forhiildiiiL,'  the  ri^(/('j[jfltion  of  tliis  tribunal's  powers  liv  the  vi.  f  i  ■ 
J'rorhlviirUt^  R,'i'i.<.'^'S\fi.,  il'i  ft.     Consult  llci,/,.  ,/c  /,/</.,  iii.  iVH)  (W:  I  •     • 
i'nlnlas,  JIS.,  i.   ,S,'j,  MS;    ('.  {'■■iiz,  /■J^/ifixir.,  jn  J'ii/>.   I'd):,  l.'i,  17;  I't-ilnl  u',  ^ 
MS.,  iii.   170;  (•'iiici/ii/'ijfirn,   llml  C'll,  Knr,   Ctiiii>iilail',;  Li.-do  fir.   Tijt"^  ■ 
Apinit.  //(V.,  no.  V.  '.m  fit,  •.VM);  Ihniiholdt.  E<x'i)  l'„i.,  ii.  70S-!). 

'"The  king  niailo  a  foreid  loan  of  one  eigiith  >>\  the  gold  and  silver  sliii 
on  the  lleet  which  arrived  iit  Seville  in   liiJiJ.    A'<'(/>.s  Cnliiln.i,  in  Pifli.'    .' 
('drill  ii'is.   ('iil.J>oi\,  xvii.  "Jirj-KJ.      hi    IlKii   the  crown  demanded   'JiiNU" 
jesos,  and   the  iner(l;Miiilise  eiuijargixd  till  the  owners  ptiid  tiie  sum.   ' 
JUiir'io.  4!(."i.      /vike  demands  were  re[ieate.ily  made. 

"FeiipelV.  in  Miiiih  and    Ajiril    liKiO  issued  edicts  rei(uiiing  th'   ;< 
liishop  and  liishops  to  avoid  tiie  use  of  aii.itlieiuas  un  the  suhjeet  uf  ^rw  iN  .'  ' 
liieridiandise.    pul(|ue,   ami    nuscari  iicl   letters,  as    tlie   mauagemiiit    ol    M-'-' 
matter-s  pertained  to  the  viceroy,  audicucia,  auJ  Bccuhir  aiUhorities.  J/u/ife 
1ii(u;or,  >'(vy(((c/o.'--,  .'id. 


CURREXCY  A\D  BARTKR. 


C31 


ai'ii  st  it.  Witli  tlu;  iinputus  _tj;'ivoii  to  it  l)y  lio.^tilitics 
\,i;'i  r()reiL>'ii  nations  and  tlu;  ('o.stcrin<4'  inlluonetj  of  a 
l.liiid  polirv,  sniiiui'ulinL;'  was  too  iirndy  i^'rat'tod  to  l)o 
(icstroyc'd.'"  A  few  intervals  of  animation  in  conuuoreo 
(lining  the  S'-jvcnteontli  and  ciglitccnth  centuries,  it 
is  truo,  arc  porcoptiblo,  but  they  Avere  but  s[)aHinodic 
]v\ivals  of  the  magnificent  trade  winch  Spain  had  car- 
liid  on  with  her  colonies  in  the  davs  when  her 


own 


IIHIU 


■<tries  were  flourishini. 


1  'urin<>'  the  i)eriod  immediately  succeedinar  the  con- 
liitst,  the  trade  of  New  Sj)ain  was  carried  on  almost 
xclusively  with  Santo  Domingo;  but  this  commer- 
■i;il  intercourse  soon  ceased,  ])V  reason  of  the  arbitrary 
'idcc'edinixs  of  Cortes,  an<l  the  ill-treatment  of  mer- 

to  the  scarcity  of  c(jin, 


ant? 


i:i 


zVt  tl 


lis  time,  owin* 


internal  trade  was  reduced  to  barter,  mantas  being  the 
standard  of  value;  but  much  in(,'onvenience  arose 
I'lMiii  the  different  prices  demandc;d  by  the  Indians" 
I'll'  (he  commodities  they  brought  to  market.  To  ob- 
^iare  the  want  of  a  convenient  curivncy,  the  council 
I'l' tlie  Indies  suggested  in  lo-'Jo  that  gold  and  silver 
ir  weighed  by  ounces  and  traded  in  that  form.^' 

Xor  were  the  regulations  which  governed  interco- 
lonial trafiic  better  c^levised.  Tin;  selfisli  sj)irit  which 
imluced  their  [»roniulgation  led  to  evils  similar  to  those 
ill  regard  to  connnei'ce  with  foreign  countries.  Laws 
Were  incessantly  violated,  antl  the  amount  of  smug- 


'■'fTiiiiibolilt  oonsidcvcil  tliiit  in  tinicof  peace  this  frauiliik'iit  trafiic  nl>- 
fuilicil  lu'tilmhly  iVoiii  4.(Mil).0(Ht  t,>  .").(inO.(l()U  prsds  anmially;  and  in  tiiiie  cf 
Mar  t' mm  (ii.(MKI,0(M)  to  7,(1(»(MI(HI  pesos  witiioiit  doulit.  L'.<"n  ."ulit.,  ii.  7:{()-l. 
(  Miisult  B-'ii'ki,  J.'icnj:.,  i.  ]it.  iii  J-2'.l-;>4:  J'rnrii/i'iirkis  l,',iik:i,  MS.,  102-.'); 
Oi.-</n..sii-.  Viir.,  i.  '2i'>-'.  44,  77;  hr'/i-ms  dr  hi  ('(iioiin,  MS.,  \i.  7'1-SO. 

"Oh  om(^  oocasioii  ('ortes  seized  the  ta<kle  of  .Mu.ne  earalu  las  from  Saiito 
I'liiiiiii^'n  tt)  lit  oiu  til-  ileet  wliirli  lie  cles|}atelitd  a;.'!iinst  Olid.  Tlie  j^olil 
!i1mi  wlueli  was  paid  tl>e  meivhauts  ].••  .veil  to  l)e  only  of  twelve  carats, 
til' iu:.'li  set  down  atTwmty.  iJniirl.,  /o  '  .  in  JJi"'.  Jii"l.,  i.  r)"J4-r);  J'dc/i'co 
&w\  I  'ih-ih'iian,  i'ul.  I>v.,  xiv.  4.S. 

^^Snhncroii,  in  A/.,  xiii.  "Jad  I.  On  the  2.")t'i  of  .Turn;  I.">;i0  the  kiui,'  issued 
iii-'dula  oidernii;  the  aiitlioiities  in  Ni'w  iSpa'n  to  allow  merchants  to  .-.ell 
till  i I'  goods  where  they  wished,  and  to  regulate  t  ic'ir  own  pi-ices.    I'd'jn,  L'cUu- 

^-</-w,'lO. 

■■.l/i.(-.  I'arc'xr,  iu  J'urlino  imd  Cdrdenaa,  Col.  iJw.,  .\ii.  141, 


'.''Hi 

m 


r:i 


C32 


COMMERCE. 


i;liniLj  (HI  tlic  Pacific  coast  boro  a  fair  proportion  to 
that  carried  on  at  Atlantic  ports. 

Connnunication  between  New  Spain  and  the  Pliil- 
ijjjtines  existed  at  an  early  date,  and  durinuc  the  l.'iUti- 
])iirt  of  the  sixteenth  century  a  vessel  yearly  lel't  Aia- 
pulco  with  supplies  for  those  islands.*'^  This  (i[)(ii(il 
a  way  for  trade;  Chinese  silks  and  iL^oods  were  brouulit 
to  New  Sjiain  by  the  returniiiLif  ships,  and  an  excnd- 
iiiL^'ly  thrivin*,''  conniierce  ini^ht  ha\'e  been  develojud,'" 
Jiut  Spain  soon  Ixn-anie  alarmed  at  the  ])ros|ii>t; 
traltic  with  the  Philii)[)ines  rapidly  increased  ,iii  I 
affected  S[)anish  connnerce;  ro  a  law  was  passed  ia 
loDl  allowinuf  the  colonists  of  the  islands  to  iiujinit 
U'oods  into  New  Spain,  but  excludinu;'  merchants  df 
the  latter  country  IVom  return  tralKc  with  tlie  lMi!ii|i- 
])ines.^'^  ]\Ioreover,  only  a  linnted  amount  of  Asi.itic 
merchandise  was  ])ermitted  to  be  shi[)])ed  to  Atw- 
pulco.^'^  ]]ut  even  this  rcjstriction  did  not  satisfy  tlio 
niei'chants  of  Seville,  and  in  IGIO  the  consulado  cf 
that  city  ])etitione(l  the  king  to  close  all  dirtM-t  tiadc 
between  New  S[)ain  and  tlie  Phili[)pines.  Their  [ic- 
tition,  however,  was  not  granted."' 

For  more  than  a  century  these  regulations  rcmainiil 
in  I'orci',  but  were  as  little  acceptable  to  the  merchants 
of  the  Philippines  as  to  those  of  New  Spain.  ]'is- 
])utes  as  to  the  valuation  of  cargoes  for  the  colled  inn 
of  the  customs,  evasion  of  the  duties,  and  violation  nt' 
the  law  in  res})ect  to  the  (piantity  of  merchandise  in- 
troduced were  the  consequence."^     Owing  to  the  re[)- 

^'''  ^^ml<■cl•n,  Iiistrxr.,  in  Dor.  Ini-iL,  xxi.  4^8-0. 

'"  'J'lic  colonists  of  the  i'liilippiuo  Itslaiuls  were  ;illowcJ  to  tradc-Avitli  (liiiia 
anil  Japan. 

»■  AV-v.y.  (/-'  ///'/.,  iii.  .")•_'•_>,•?. 

'"•''riK'  .Manila  niiTchants  M-cro  allowed  to  sonil  annually  only  t\ro  sliips,  of 
400  tons  cacli.  'J'lio  value  of  the  liii'ivliamiise  with  which  they  were  frei;:'ilt''l 
was  limited  to  'J.'iOjOOi)  ]>esos,  tlu'  returns  of  \\  liieh,  jirineiital  and  ]irolit.  uiie 
not  to  exe(!ed  ,")()(), 000  )i('sos  in  sjx'eie.  Id..  ^)'1\,  7\'H\\  J)( .•<criji.  dr  Aincr.,  MS., 
I'.KI.  The  arrival  of  these  vessels  was  attended  witli  threat  activity.  At  Aiu- 
pulco  a  ^reat  fair  was  held,  to  whicli  tlockeil  merchants  and  trailers  fimii  iill 
parts  of  Xew  Spain.     All  this  has  liefore  hieu  noticed  in  another  eonnccii'ii. 

'^"The  kiny  consulted  tlie  eonde  do  ^Moutesclaros,  viceroy  of  I'eni,  uhn 
advised  his  Majesty  aj,'ainst  the  measure.  JluiUvficlaros,  Carta,  in  Pac/ii t<inu'\ 
Ciiri/iiiii.i,  vi.  -j'JS-;!!-!. 

■^  r/ii'UHnan,  Hist.  Com.,  2S-9.     The  law  was  repeated  in  lO'JT-     lu  "wj 


nilLirPINK  TRADK. 


C.13 


wo  slii)'S,  "f 
•re  froi:..'.iifl 
in-cilit.  Wire 

At  Aca- 

Cl-.S  frnlll  liU 

f  IVru,  wl'.'i 
)7.     lu  10  J  J 


ivMiitntions  f)f  t]io  ^Maiiiln  iiicrfhants  n  niodiflcatlou 
(il  llir  law  was  iiually  eUl'cted,  and  in  1702  niorclwin- 
i!1m  to  tlio  value  of  oOO,()00  pesos,  convoyed  in  two 
hlii|i>  of  r)00  tons  burden,  was  permitted  to  enter  the 
jiori  of  Acapuleo  annually."^ 

The  al)uses  Avliich  followed  the  establishment  of 
t'.ii'-c  new  rei;-idatior.s  were  extra vai^ant.  Ivesidents 
iif  Initli  ]\lanila  and  Mexico  contravened  the  law,  and 
Asiatic  goods  were  landed  at  Acapuleo  in  such  (pian- 
tltics  that  the  return  freight  amounted  to  2, 000, ()()() 
jasds  annually,  instead  of  000,000.  Even  the  mer- 
clKints  of  Xew  Spain  were  discomfited,  and  addressed 
ii  iiHinorial  to  the  king  })etitioning  for  a  discontinu- 
ance (tf  the  annual  jManila  fleet — for  instead  of  tw(j 
vessels  as  permitted  by  law  many  were  now  engage(l 
ill  this  trade.  To  remedy  the  evil  the  king,  on  the 
blh  of  January  1718,  prohibited  the  importation  of 
silk  goods  from  the  Phili])[)uies,  and  issued  a  final 
iWwo  on  the  20th  of  June  of  the  same  year,  ex- 
ti'iiding  the  ])rohibitien  to  all  Asiatic  manufactures,-^ 
liiiiiiing  the  imjxu'ts  to  raw  materials. 

A  new  franchise  with  increased  privileges  having 
l)ocn  granted  in  1734,  the  Plii]ip[)ine  trade  flourished 
till  near  the  close  of  the  century,'^'  the  inn)orts  into 

t!ie  Hipi'clmntM  of  the  Philippines  petitioned  the  kinp;  to  remit  certain  tUitios 
m  tlie  imported  goods.   (Iran  ij  MoiifaU'di),  in  /</.,  .■<4.VG4. 

■'-Tlie  vahu!  talieu  l)ael<  to  Manila  was  (iOO/HH)  pesos  in  specie,  less  duties 
mill  expenses.  Tlie  duties  amounted  to  17  percent  ad  valoriin.  J'/iill/iiiid-:, 
//;*'.  <'i,iii.,  129-.*?.'?.  Tlie  specie  which  was  sent  from  Manihi  to  Chiiiii  ior  tho 
l"iichiise  of  floods  never  retui'iied  from  tliat  country.  Jji  srripfioii  ili'  Aiix  r., 
Ms,,  pM).  'J  lie  l'iiilip|)ino  galleon  usually  arrived  at  Ae.ipulco  in  llie  niontlis 
I !  lircrmber  and  .January,  and  hit  duiing  the  month  of  March;  iK-lay  aftiT 
l!ii'  1st  of  A)iril  Would  make  it  liable  to  miss  tlie  favoralile  hreezes  on  leaviui; 
I'lrt,  and  exjiose  it  to  contrary  winds  on  reaching  the  ^lariaua  Islands.  ,Jfi,l' 
kiid'rr.  F.iinut  (I'lnir  !.■ /fic, 'll II,  MS.,  10-11. 

'-■' l.iinin.i,  liiKlriic.,  ISIS.,  (j;{;  I'li'iiqi'diii.f,  l//yl.  Com.,  .11-7.  The  importa- 
ti'iii  lit  silk  fabrics  was,  liowever,  condiiioually  [lermitted  again  by  royal  de- 
uce nf  Aprils,  I7.'vl.  rnnidnivhi^i  ^■((/(.■<,  MS.,  'A0-\\.  On  the'samc  date 
in-'iiiiission  was  granteil  to  import  into  New  S[iain  merchandise  to  tlio 
siiMuiit  of  .")00, 000  pesos,  and  return  with  l,(,()t),()00  pesos.  Jt'iuli t  Ci(lid(t-<, 
Ms,,  ii.  1-J7. 

■'Ill  ITS,")  Carlos  IIT.  cstablisheil  a  trading  coni]iany  in  Spain  inulir  tlui 
title  nf  Real  ('oui)iauia  do  I'ilipinas  with  a  ca|iital  of  S, (100, 00^1  pesos  sencidoa 
iliviilcl  into  :J'J,()()0  sliares,  open  to  jnirchase  by  any  subject  of  whatever  clr.ss 
i;!  tile  Indies  and  Vlulipi)ine  Islands,  except  ecclesiastics.  ICxtensive  pri\- 
ii^o'es  Were  gniutcd  tho  company,  which  \\as  to  carry  on  trade  between  Sptiin 


pi\ 


4 


q 


Iftip 


u 


T 


''4 


i| 


I 


i(? 


it>i 


in 


M 


i: ' 


OIM 


COMMKTJCE. 


New   Sp.'iin    cniisistinuf    cliirlly   of   i-;nv  slllc,    col 


MI'C, 


CO 


ttoi 


1  till  111  I -s,  wax,  .'UK 


1  Ch 


iilicsc  (';ii'tli('i-ii  wai'c 


I  71)4,  liowi'vci".  the  ti'adc  liad  so  L;r<  ally  decreased  I 
ill  I7'.>li  and  I7i).')  no  lair  had  bi'cn  lidd  at  A 


hat 


caiuilc. 


o\v 


ill'''  to  lack  orattciKJancc,  and  in  tlic  rollowiii''  v 


car 


till'  ilcctdid  nt)t  arriv 


"^I'lic  trade  aj'tci'ward  i'c\  ivi 


CO 


iisidci'altlv,  since  lIunil)oldt  states  that  lli 


e  aiinMliii 


ol  hullion  aiinnally  slii|t|>e(l  aNcrau'ed  1,000,000  [kx 
and  oft.'ii  ivachetf  l.;500,()00."' 

]>esidi's    the   JMiili])}»iiie    trade   at   Acajuil 


CO 


<t\\i 


coninierce  \v 


as  also  carried  on  hetween  Xew  Spaiii 
and  ]'ern  at  the  same  ])ort,  hnt  the  rostivictioris  jnu 
U|ton  it  rednced  it  to  a  veiy  limited  scale.  Only  twn 
vessels  of  two   hundred  tons  burden  each  Avere  ] 


uutt 


ed  annua 


llvt 


o  visi 


t  A( 


'1' 


capuico,  and 


tl 


le  o- 


()()( 


Isl 


irr- 

IrV 


took  away  paid  an  expoi't  duty  of  two  and  a  half  \n 
cent.      ]^ut  even  those  iii<v<;'ar(llv  conditions  weiv  r. 


^i" 


iirded  as  too  liheral,  and  the  conde  de  jMontescl 


IIM- 


viceroy  of  l*eru,  expressed   his  opinion   to  the  kin.' 

that  only  one  ship  a  year  should  Ix*  allowed  to  sail  t 

Acapiilco.  and  that  the  exjiort  duty  at  that  port  jiml 


sslVi: 


the  import  duty  at  Callao  should  he  made  exc( 
'^riius  the  clamp  was  tightened  for  the  heiiefit  of  tl: 


Seville   uierchants,  and   both    Per 


u  aiK 


1   Ni 


'W  Si 


jirotested    aj^'aiiist    restrictions 


w 


hicl 


I     Vll 


tualh 


•luded  all  trade  hetween  them.      Even  the  sorrv 


ItlV- 


(•(III- 


mill  the  riiilip]iino  I.slniids,  It  Mas,  liowovcr,  proliihitcil  from  iiitrrtViii .' 
witli  till'  iiitciii.il  iniiiiiu'irc>  (if  the  islands,  and  that  with  China  aiul  Ac.r 
]niU'o.   J,'rtil,.t(Jn/ni<.-<,  vi.  SSIK!;  ix.  i:!7-4(). 

-•"'So  notii'ia  (|iu'  ilia  A  salir,  y  no  so  jhumIo  atrilinirsu  falta,  siim  a  lun 
dosirrai'ia.'  ]'(  rillu  diijcilo,  f/islrnc,  104.  N'iconiy  Linaivs  attriltuti'il  tlif  il.- 
cailciu'i'  to  tilt'  <li']ii('iiati"ii  of  prices  caused  hy  the  pioLtress  niaiK'  in  ti  ' 
inaimfaetiire  of  falirics  in  Mnrope,  and  also  to  the  I'xtensive  operatiniis  df  tin' 
Coiiipafiia  de  las  l-'ilipiiias,  wliieli  introdueed  into  Xew  fSpaiii  i^i'eat  (juaii' 
titles  of  Asiatic  i;ooils  via  A'era  ( 'ill/.   A/.,  KM-"). 

■'''' Xiuneious  ])assi'iii.'ers,  anioiiL,' Avhoiii  were  many  monks,  al\v;i\s  sail  1 
with  the  lieet.  In  ISO!  7">  monks  left  Aeapiileo  on  tlie  j,Mlleon  ^\  liii  li  ti'; 
Mexicans  linmonMislv  descrihed  as  being  freighted  with  ' :  ..ita  y  liayli>. 
£sK,li  I'nii/.,  ii.  71S--JU. 

-'  M'argando  mnelio  los  deveelios  de  la  salidiv  de  Aeapuleo  y  de  l.i  nitinii 
delC^illao.'  Montesclaros  eom])lains  in  Kill',  that  in  spite  of  pinliiKiti"!- 
toiir  or  tivi>  sliips  had  arriveil  that  year  from  .\capnlco  under  various  prct' \t-. 
siii-h  as  stress  of  weatlier,  conveyunee  of  despatches  from  the  goveniiiieiit"; 
iS'ew  S[)ain,  and  like  excuses.  I'ac/iixo  and  CunUiiuti,  Vol.  JJoc,  vi.  3-1--' 
and  ;i04. 


COLONIAL  IXTKIICOURSE. 


CM 


,'oin  iiiti'i'ffrii:.' 

lit;),  siiin  a  mn 
rilmtoil  till'  il'- 
<s  iiuuli'  ill  xhi 
ii'ratiiius  (if  till' 
in  i^ivat  ijiwii- 

,  Jilways  s.iilrl 
k'dll  wliirli  th'' 

..itii  y  trnyli'*.' 

y  (1(^  la  cntrii'i:! 
of  ]iroliil)iti"ii> 
irioii.s  jurti  \t>. 

i^OVOIlillll'lIt  "! 

Doc,  vi.  ;U:'-i 


(Tssidii  tlifit  f)ii(' vossol  aniiUMllv  fVoiii  oacli  itort  lui'^lit 
trade  hotwc'cii  tliu  two  colonics  was  sliacldcd  with  iv- 
>tii(ti(ms,  and  in  lO.'M  finally  witlidrawn.'^  \vt  this 
uii'4vn('rous  legislation  was  not  wholly  eircctivt*,  since 
we  ji  arn  that  Peruvian  vessels  directed  their  course 
tiniii  time  to  time  to  the  ])ort  of  Aca])ulco,  and  that 
fviii  viceroys  were  a])t  to  i^'nore  tlu^  sti'iiiL^'eiit  sttit- 
ulcs.  whereujion  the  crown  oi'dered  that  the  jxMialty  of 
iliiiih  and  coniiscation  of  projierty  should  he  imposed 
uiidii  all  Peruvian  merchants  tradiniif  with  Acapulco.'" 
]|a]i|ty  colonies!  Nevertheless  during  the  eighteenth 
niitiirv    ti'ade    to    some   extent    was    reestahlished,'''' 


iiL;h  it  was  not  until  17!)4  that  the  eyes  of  Sp; 


im 


)])encd  and  the  monarch  decreed  free  trade  be- 
lt 


llielio' 

were  ( 

twnii  the  two  colonies 

Tlic  internal  commerct^  of  Xew  Spain  Avas  conducted 
for  a  loni;'  tinu^  alonj^  the  routes  of  the  Indian  trails; 
liiit  these  narrow  lines  of  communication  wei'e  soon 
widened  and  made  practicable  for  pack  trains  and 
wa^Diis;'-  while  additioiud  roads  were  opened  later 
lietween  important  ])laces.  The  ])i'incipal  I'outes  weie 
tlinse  from  the  ca])ital  to  Vera  Cruz  thi'ouoh  ]?U(d)la 
a]id  .lala[)a;  that  through  Chilpancingo  to  Acapulco; 
the  one  to  (vluatomala  throusjh  Oaiaca;  and  that 
kading  nortlnvard  to  ])urango  and  called  "el  camino 
lie  tieria  deiitro."  From  these  main  arteries  branches 
and  ramitications  extended  to  all  the  [)rincipal  towns. 


33 


ic  vessel  wliieli  left;  Calluo  was  perniitteil  to  take  '200,000  dueailos  to 


invent  in  jirodiieo  av  nianiilaetures  ( 


.f  X. 


u   S| 


ain,  liut   iiiitliiiiL' 


not  even 


(.'(iiiil^  friiiu  Spain.     Jleavy  ]ienalties  were  eulofced  in  ea  ^es  of   violation  of 


■■■•J/,',./, 


lies,   (inin  y  Moii/iilitui,  in  /</.,   ItT-f^ 


(('.' 


J); 


!|-_>,  '-'41;   Jh 


iii.ins  with  more 


lihi 


■'/'• 


</r    A  I 


ii|iciiniL;  trail 


\vi 


Ih  I'l 


siiiru'esteil  to  tlu' 
Init  liis  majesty  <1 


:MS.,   ]9l>-S.     Viieroy 


,     til' 
■anlcil   this 


iliilit 


ilvic 


y  lit   re- 
aiiil   liv 


111  I  II 


.\ 


f  July  ;i,  171"-,  iieiemptonly  forliaile  all  tialhe  Ijetwceu  the  ports  of 


r«  "^iiain 


and  that  colony.  Jtvulo:  ViilitUis,  ^IS.,  i.  74. 


'  Ui  rilla  (I'li/nli),  I iitlri 


10.')  (J. 


''/'C.  JA'.f.  (ISOO-l),  X.  l'J.'>. 


lime 


I  stilted  in  l.'i.'il  that  work  had  been  bei'uii  on  these  native  loads 


7'e'i/"(M-ro//)/«//(.'(,  si'i'ie  ii.  torn.  v.  1!)1--'J. 

'■'■' Ihiiiihiihlf,  Kxmii  Ptilif.,  ii.  ()8'2-S.  The  diirerent  lialting-jilaees  were 
jiiDV!  lid  with  mesones  and  jiosadas,  and  the  justices  were  ordered  by  the 
Km.  to  see  that  travellers  were  supplied  with  provisions  and  other  neces- 
Miiji  .  for  the  road  at  fair  prices,  '  y  ifuc  no  .sc  les  liagan  e'xtorsioues.'  Ji'icup. 
d':  1    /  ,  ii.  50. 


^ 

^  A 


:/. 


^ 


<. 


\ 


688 


COMMKRCE. 


!Mjiny  of  tlieso  roads  wcro  danj^orous  in  jdacos,  c  vcn 
the  best  of  them,  owinj^  to  tlio  pliysioal  I'oatun  s  (,f 
tho  comiiry,  prosoiitiii!^  (lillioultios  which  t;i\((| 
sevoicly  tho  traveller's  nerves  rjid  enikirancc;.  'i'ln  ir 
condit'uui,  moreover,  down  to  tho  heginniiii^  of  the  iiiiir- 
te(ujtli  century  was  rarely  satisfactory;  and  though 
the  viceroys  repeatedly  exerted  themselves  to  elln  c 
improvements,  meivhandise  was  more  ^csnerally  ti.iiis- 
ported  by  beasts  of  burden  than  wagons. 

Of  tho  important  highways  v;hich  led  from  (lie 
capital  to  Vera  Cruz  and  Acapulco,  especial  notice 
must  be  tak(;n.  Along  the  first  of  these  lines  of 
trallie  all  European  merchandise  was  introduced  iiiti) 
tho  country,  while  by  the  latter  Mexican  trade  willi 
the  Philip|)ines  Islands  and  Peru  was  carried  on.  In 
1708  the  Jesuit,  Pere  Jaillandier,  travelled  across  tlic 
continent  i'rom  the  first  named  port  to  Acapuleo,  jiikI 
has  furnished  us  with  a  detailed  account  of  his  jounuy. 
It  being  the  dry  season  the  priest  and  his  paity  w«io 
cnable(i  to  foll(»w  a  route  not  taken  during  the  raiiiv 
season.  Having  passed  throu-  iuena  Vista  .'iiid 
crossed  the  river  Jamaica  eight  1  ,ucs  from  the  pnit, 
they  tiavelled  ten  leagues  farther  over  uneultiNatnl 
land,  airiviuijf  at  the  liver  and  village  of  Cota^ta. 
Iheir  road  thence  led  through  fertile  valleys  coven  il 
with  trees  and  cornfields  to  San  Lorenzo,"*  Cordoba, 
and  Orizaba.  On  the  sixth  day  of  their  jourm  v 
Puebla  was  reached,"''  after  ])assing  through  a  charm- 
ing country  abounding  in  fiuit  and  grain.  Proceedin.,' 
to  Cholula,  and  leaving  TIascala  four  leagues  to  tli"  ir 
left,  the  party  arrived  safely  at  Mexico  on  the  eiglilh 
day,  having  seen  sn<>w-caj)i)ed  mountains,  and  a  vol- 
cano in  a  state  of  eruption.    The  distance  travelled  as 

"Inlmluteil  by  negroes.  Evtru'it  d'nne  Leltve,  MS.,  14. 

'' I'ltilri' Naviirrete,  iniulc  tho  jouniey  from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  capital  in 
1(>4I}  ami  suys:  'We  pansM  tlinmgli  plueeH  infesteit  witli  ni()8r)uiti'"s  'r 
gnuls. .  .I>ut  met  lot  with  tiioHo  tiiicoutii  i'inkIb,  or  luigiity  cold,  which  (i;li>  ii 
uiiu  truvelh')!  tiie  same  way  the  uu.\t  yuaiao  niigUtily  ntaguUicil. '  Chuixh.  1 1 
Cut.  Vol/.,  i.  -208. 


TRANSCONTINENTAL  IIIOIIWAY. 


m 


iriv'ii  by  Jaillandior  was  eiglity  leagues  from  Vera 

Tlio  descent  from  the  caj)ltal  to  the  Pacific  coast 
was  more  gradual  than  tliat  to  Vera  Cruz,  but  at 
ccitaiii  seasons  presented  difficulties  which  caused 
]ii(ii(!  delay  and  danger.  Jaillandicr  reprtiseiits  the 
(1( Mcnt  from  the  heights  as  ])i'rilous;  and  fhe  ac- 
(iiimts  of  botli  Navarrete  and  irund)()l(lt  ])rove  that 
fill  more  than  a  century  and  a  half  l)Ut  little  improved 
t'ai  ilities  for  travelling  hatl  l)een  effected  on  this  higli- 
way.  Tlie  former  tlius  descriltcs  the  route:  "This 
Kiad  is  indeed  bad  and  troublesome;  tliere  are  moun- 
tains that  reach  up  to  tlie  chmds,  and  as  uncouth  as 
may  be;  mighty  rivers,  and  the  sunmier  then  b(\gin- 
1  iii^',  high  swohi.  ]3ri(lges  there  aie  none,  but  jd)un- 
(!aiice  of  nuisfjueto's,  or  gnats,  that  sling  cruelly."^' 
I'a->ing  through  Chicrnavaca  and  crossing  the  ]*io  do 
lis  IJulsas  in  the  primitive  method  cmployc.'d  l)eroro 
till'  con(|uest,'''*  tile  ]>arfy  arrived  at  Chilj)anciMgo,  at 
that  time  a  town  of  four  hundred  famihes.  "riiciico 
tiny  travelled  over  si  mountain  range,  coiitinuidly 
a>i  (  iiding  and  descenthng,  and  reached  Aca[»ulco  after 
trii  (lays  of  fatiguing  journey. 

Since  the.Se  travellers  crossed  IMexico  from  ocean  to 


li:':,. 
l:i.  ■  t 
!■  .:il 

I  ■  !■! 
I'   •   ■ 


Wt.X 

I'll-  ;i 
t!,:t   . 

Ir.t  t 


111  HuniboMt's  lime  the  road  led  from  tlio  (•■•ipital  to  Pcroto  2,500  feet 

■  .si'jiluvcl;  tlio  (Icsi'i'iit  tlK'iiro  to  tli(M;i\  iiie  (if  I'liiii  <lil  llio  \va«  very 
'I'lio  latter  roads  Iciidilii,'  to  the  co.-ist  were  jreiieraily  very  diliieiilt,  niid 

lii:l(lt  culled  the  attention  of  tins  goveninieiit  to  the  necessity  of  improve- 

Ho  itiehldeH  uiiioii^;  these  routes  'ijiie  j'apix'lh^  tr^ifrsviTsales'  ihoso 

I' from  Zaeatecas  to  NiU'Vo  Saiitander;  fiiini  ( Juadiilajaia  to  San  IJlas; 

N'alladolid  tu   i'ort  C'oliiiia,  and   from   Duraiigo  to  Ala/atlaii.     L'unai 

,  li.  (;.s:j-4. 

■  hinrUl'sCol.  Vo;f.,  i.  200. 

Navarrutc  crossed  this  liver  in  a  niniilar  manner  (!0 years  liefore  .Taillan- 
'  lieoplc  pass  over  it  on  canes,  wiiirh  are  supjiorled  hy  only  fonr  ('ala- 
tliey  nrc  fastened  to;  at  first  it  is  fiii^hlfnl  to  see  so  licliciilims  aiicl 
an  invention;  an  Indian  lays  hold  of  one  end  of  it,  and  tiu;  passen;;er 
upon  it  with  his  mules  nnd  furniture,  he  swims,  ami  ilraws  it  over  alter 
//'/'/.  This  river  is  the  same  as  the  Mescaln,  so  e.dh d  liy  lliiinholdt, 
■Hissed  itin  the  same  manner,  lledesciihes  it  as  liein;;  iieai  ly  as  danjj;er- 
-  the  l'ai»ttj;ayo,  which  frecpiently  iinreaseil  from  a  width  of  (j.">  feet  to 
'i^iOO,  cargo-trains  Indng  compelled  to  w.dt  seven  or  ei;.;lit  days  lie foro 
•  :d)li!  to  cross.  An  attempt  had  l)een  nuule  to  erect  a  hridye  m  ross  it, 
lie  massive  piers  were  washed  away  before  its  completii)n.  In  I.SO.'t  the 
iiiiient  appropriated  100,000  pesos  to  construct  a  second.  JluniMdl, 
J'uUt.,  ii.  084-5. 


ens 


COMMERCE. 


ocean,  groat  improvciiKiits  of  tin-  liij;1i\vays  have  )»« .  n 
efi't'otod.  ITiider  tl)e  M(liniriistratii»ii>  of  the  vic»iuv> 
]iucareli,  llovilla  ( Ji^edo,  ami  lturritr:u-ay,the  most  im- 
jKH'tant  HncsoftiaHio  were  |)la<-i<|  in  tDlei-uhlecoiidiiinn 
and  stai,^e  lines  estahli.shed.'"  The  exertions <»ft lie  latti  r 
ruler  were  particularly  successful,  and  to  him  aif  tin 
Mexicans  indebted  for  the  sph-ndid  Jalajia  hii,di\v;iv 
to  Vera  Cruz,  the  construction  of  which  had  not 
nearly  3,000,000  i)esos  in  1812.*' 

Altlu)U|L;h  tlie  physical  formation  fjenerally  is  un- 
favorable to  river  and  canal  navij^ation,  8uch  is  imt 
the  case  in  the  valley  of  ^lexico,  an<l  thousand-^  -  f 
canoes  yearly  conveyed  <fi-ain  intf»  the  capital  by  tlie 
lakes  Tezcuco  and  San  Crist6l>a!,  which  were  tiiii- 
nected  by  a  narrow  canal,  or  rather  dike.  Comimi 
nicatiou  with  Lake  Chalco,  and  throu;;liiiut  the  e.xtcut 
of  tile  valley,  niioht  have  been  ea>ily  effected  at  ;iii 
early  date,  and  freight  char«i^es  o-reatly  re<lu<-ed.  luir 
the  gi)vernment  opj)osed  all  sucii  projects  until  tin 
time  of  Iturriij^aray,  who  ordered  the  ojiening  of  ilic 
Tezcuco  canal." 

"A  stape  mil  in  17fll  from  the  c.njntal  to  Pnc)»!a.  thence  tp  San  Aii'lii-. 
tin;  limit  of  tlie  line,  tnwanls  Oaj.ica.  'jiur  iii>  ji«i«Ur  M~suir  canuaj,'i'. '  '.■■.. 
Mix.,  iv.  WVi.  In  ITO.'tsix  ciiucIrs  oallfil  tlir  •iiw.Fi'-*  <le  l'r<>vi<l<iicia,' |.!ii' i 
tlif  streets  (if  Mexieo,  the  drivfi-.f  (h-es>e(l  in  livi-rj-.  /-/..  v.  4nt-*j:{.  47-.  T' 
the  ])ni|irieti)r.s  of  tiiese  hitter  veliiehs  tile  eomx^.ti'rti  »a»  }rrantt-<l  in  IT  'I  t ' 
ojieii  ji  jiassenper  line  lietween  tlie  city  <>f  Mexico  aiul  <>ua<lalajara,  tJ];  .'; 
li>iieretfr<»,  and  also  to  IVrote.  1"he  .sta/ren  wcrt'  to  run  »«,-»kIy  or  inoir,::!',, 
ancl  carry  only  four  |ia«sen.!.'ei'H.  Shoiilil  there  I*  'Hily  one  jass^iui  r  !• 
(hiaihilajara  his  fare  was  S'JOil;  two  passeniiers  |Kiiii  SKJi'iciaicL;  thnt'  >-'7"i.  ^iii'i 
four  $!(i"_'.r)0.  'J'lie  return  fares  were  at  halt  price.  T'»  lVrr>te  the  |irii(>  p,i>i 
Were,  for  one  person,  S7(l;  for  two  .s7((;  for  three,  .*SJ;  an-i  f<»r  four  |K^s^(•l! .  n  -, 
JsiM).  An  amount  <if  freiiiht  in  deereasiiif:  pii>fx>rti<>ii  U;  tlie  gn-aU-r  iiuihlHr 
of  iiasseiiirers  was  alloweii  to  he  carrieil.   Id.,  vi.  .">l-l». 

*"  Lm/i)  lie  'J'ij(ii/ii,  Ciiniii-i-.  /,'»/« (•'<')•.  4.'{.  Tlii-t  »«prk  wa«  cfiminein  ■  1  ii 
ISO.'J,  and  the  expenses  w<i'e  defrayed  liy  tiie  eoii«nl;»lo  of  Vera  Cruz.  /•/  .  -.'. 
A  traveller  in  lS(iri  descrilies  the  ]irincipal  riKul.t  a.^  txct-Ilent,  and  ex)'  -•'- 
the  hope  that  others  will  lie  made  ei|ually  triMxl,  aiMiii;^,  'pueu  lie  \i.-i"  i  'i- 
ehos  que  han  niuerto  desliarrancados,  ssi  eclfsia^tiow.  . ..  OfHiio  arri  r-. 
Jiinr.  Mi.r.,  i.  .'M.S.  Consult  also  .\z'iiivi,  lii-ir»r..  Z\-'k  Pan'*,  Kjt-  .  , 
V.  Cruz,  MS.,-jn-(il:  V.  Cnr..  L'^/mxh:,  I."i-I7;  H-^rilliOi-j^^.,  IwiriK..  ^l^. 
i.  1 1!)-44.  Opposinji  interests  for  many  vtais  delaye*!  tlie  c«.*iMtruetioii  ■  :  il  ■• 
Jaiapa  road,  tlu;  merchants  of  tlu>  ca]iital  desiring'  tlutt  the  i*»>|ki«-<1  n<\>  i"  i 
BJiould  ]iass  Orizaha,  wliile  those  of  N'era  (.'niz  wire  iii  favor  of  it  l^'iii.  'ii 
ducted  throuj^'h  Jaiapa.  The  old  route  led  throu^'h  the  |>laiu  ot  AiKi  v^  >  ' 't 
touehin;,'  I'ueiihi.    IIuidIidUII,  Kitiiii  I'ulil..  ii.  (*><►  •{. 

"  J/iniiliii/i/l,  Ksxii!  Piilit.,  i.  'I'M.  In  171  •'»  a  memorial  «•*«  addrwwed  t  ■  tin- 
viceroy  petitioning  fur  the  formation  ot  a  canal  fn^ii  the  Gveunx-aicu  Kntr 


MAIL  SERVICE. 


For  many  years  after  tlio  c()ii(]uest,  postal  oonnnu- 
ii'uatioM  with  Spain  was  iiitVt'«|Uiiit  and  irnj^ailar; 
nor  was  the  systt-ni  l»y  which  the  mail  service  was 
((iiiducted  such  as  to  secure  secrecy  or  evep  sale  de- 
Ijvcrv.  At  first  all  correspundeiice,  includiuLT  roval 
i!L>|'atches,  was  ordered  to  ho  convived  to  its  des- 
tination free  of  chariiv,  and  he  pimctually  di'livt-red; 
liiit  duriti'^  the  last  half  of  the  sixteenth  'vnturv  a 
Histal  service  was  i-stahlished  hv  the  crown,  which 
iciii!^  made  salahle  to  the  highest  hidder*-  was  not 
Hilly  ill  conducted,  hut  oi>ened  a  way  to  dishonesty 
ami  treachery.  Correspoiuh-uts  whethei-  political  or 
ooiiiinercial  could  seldom  feel  confident  that  their  let- 
tois  would  reach  their  destination,  or  osi'a[ie  heing 
tampered  with  hy  ecclesiastics  or  inimii-al  secular 
authorities."  Xor  did  the  Indian  mail-cairiersescaj>o 
al)Uses,  and  from  time  to  time  laws  were  passed  for 
the  purpose  of  insuring  to  them  payment  for  their 
liai'd  services  and  relief  from  ill-treatment.*'  Yavm 
the  natives  tratficking  on  the  nmil  naites  sufiered,  tluir 
beasts  of  hurden  heing  taken  from  them  and  their 
cargoes  cast  down  on  the  road  side.^' 

J)uring  the  seventeenth  ceiiturv  the  iiostal  com- 
luuiiication  hoth  internal  and  trans-oceanic  wnn 
j;rcatly  increased,  and  in  IGoi)  Viceroy  All)ur(jU(.'r(|Uo 

til  Oiijaca  via  Snraljiii.  Tlio  incmoriiil  wiia  filed  among  the  Kecrft  archives  of 
Maihiii,  ami  an  order  w;i»  sent  fruni  tiie  <->iiirt  t'>  tlie  nuiiiniijilists  joiliidding 
tiK'iii  over  to  rcler  to  the  wuKjort  a^'ain.  ymir.  Am.'itiH,  In//.,  cliii.  S. 

'-"I'lic  rigjit  to  trant-iiiit  nuiils  Mas  mad"- 'vendilih' y  icininfiaMi'"  thiit  la 
ttaiisfcralplc  liy  tlio  ]iun'ha.sii-  of  tlic  contract  to  jinotlu  r.  Winn  tiic  nmn.-iv'c- 
iiRiit  of  the  Kci'vico  \\;is  assnnu'd  liy  the  crown  in  IT'i"),  the  Mniiof  s((|.770 
«iis  |i!iiil  to  Antui.io  .Mendez  I'ricto  to  extinguish  his  right,  iialci :,  lij'uniiv, 
il'ii'/iii'.i  lie  Suiiorti,  o~t. 

*'\n  l."i!C2a  royal  order  \v:is  issued  ))ruhiliiting  eeclesiiiRtics  and  secular 
pirsoiia  from  i))>enin.i^  (tr  (htaininL,'  corre.-p' ndeui  e  » iihi  r  olliiial  oi- |.riv:iti'. 
y.'i'i/i.  (/('  Jii  L,  i.  ().">.').  I'mm  a  cidnla  ]ironnil>:.ited  in  W>2  it  is  known  tluit 
ktteis  wero  fre(|U(nlly  ojkiuiI  Jind  det.aned.  />/.,  (!■"><!.  l'iistina.--ters  were  or- 
•Krcd  to  give  receiiits  for  the  currcsi)ondence  intrusted  to  them  hy  trihunuls. 
I'L.  tl."i!». 

"A/.,   COO,  (),-|,S. 

''The  contractor,  railed  the  eorreo  mayor,  failed  to  place  post  horses  at  the 
proper  places,  and  those  of  the  Imli.'ins  were  jivcssed  into  the  service  without 
their  owners  heing  renuuierated  :  '  viiansoohli^'ados  los  indiosii  ir  a  pie  trasel 
eijirro  jiiira  volver  con  sus  ealialhis,  i|ne  1>  s  eran  (|iiitailos  por  fiier/Ji  en  los 
laiiiiuos  tirUudoles  la  eargii  ijue  dijalxm  alxindonadu.'  Jiirtiu,  l/o/i.  i/c  Mix., 
i.  -.il. 


640 


COMMKRCE. 


ordered  a  mail  vessel  to  be  desjiateljed  every  fdur 
moiitlis  to  Spain,  toucljiiij^  at  llahaiia  to  take  dii 
board  Culjan  eorrespoudeiice.'*"  From  this  time  kiiav- 
ifsh  mismanaji^ement  kej»t  i)aee  witli  the  increase  (,t 
jiublio  recjuirement  and  yielded  (•orres])ondir;4  i)rotit>. 
riie  eyes  of  viceroys,  botlj  good  and  bad,  were  not 
closed  to  this  state  of  alUiirs,  and  in  1705  the  crown 
assumed  the  administration  of  tlie  mail  service,^'  aiul 
greatly  increased  its  facilities/* 

Having  j)i-esented  a  general  sketch  of  the  extenml 
commerce  of  New  Spain,  it  lemains  to  give  sdin 
account  of  the  methods  of  conducting  internal  tiailir. 
Trade  in  the  interior  was  facilitated  by  tlie  estah!i>Ii- 
meiit  of  fail's  held  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year  at 
various  trathn'j:  centres.  Notable  amon;jj  these  asscm- 
blages  for  the  purposes  of  traffic  were  the  fairs  htll 
at  Aca[)ulco,  Jalapa,  and  San  Juan  de  los  T^agns.* 
Activity  in  trade  was  and  still  is  greatly  stimulatnl 


tin 
the-  I 


'TIicso  (Icspati'li  boats  were  miuill  vessols  wliiili  liad  no  roniicctii 


llict.' 


anil  wi'i'o  (.-a 


llo.l 


avi.<iis.      Sucli 


l.,nk 


.1  t. 


i'liiii 


Hiila  lii'tni(!  the  sv.stcm  of  fli'cts  was  cstuhli 


(1  ami 


Were  alloWf.i 


li< 


L'ai'iy  a  miiall  i|iiantity  of  inii'iliaii(li.-i'.     At  liisl   tliuy  wtio  only  tlrsp; 
liicnnally,  l)ut  iiltiiiiiiti'ly  every  iiiontli,  'lU'liiendo  airojarla' — i.  <■.  tin' 


K|>oniU  iKf— "al  aj^iia  liii'LTo  (juo  apan'ciera  iin  iieligro.'  ItL,  O'J,  •JOIJ-4;  /.(•( 
t/t'  T<J(iilii,  A/iiiit.  lliKt.,  no.  V.  ;{UI -'J. 

*' iX'i.ict's  WAic  issued  on  the  'JTtli  of  Xovtmbcr  ami  tlic  21st  of  I'nvii 
Iksv,  and  jiut  in  fiirce  on  the  1st  of  •inly  17ti(i.  J/(.'.'.,  ViimhiK,  in  Cnlii'url-. 
no.  i.  I.Vi-(J.  In  tliu  year  17<i')  tiie  iveeipts  of  the  |iost-olii('e  were  I'JI.IT'. 
reales  de  |)lata,  the  ex|>(  iisi's  heiii'.,'  ()4,4()0  reales,  leaving  net  proeeeds  ."iii.TII 
reales  or  7,"!"l  I'eson.  Noc.  J/<.c.  (.'ci;/.,  iJa  ej).  iii.  4.">.     A  list  of  jxjstal  t  '«t 


nni 


1  their  distanees  will  lio  found  in  Jil.,  i.  7i!>S-'J4.     Times  of  depart 


arriviil  '\\\  Zm'i'vii  y  O.  Citlrml,,  l4;$-(i. 

"•Till  late  in  the  ei;;!iteentli  eentury  the  arrival  of  the  mail  from  Spain  w.n^ 
the  oeeasiou  of  rejoicing'  and  eelehration.  'I'lie  eliureli  liells  were  runy,  'r\\y) 
t'stniendo  cs  tan  grande  y  niolesto,  Jpie  es  mcnester  liahlar  il  voces  paia  iii- 
tenderse.'  On  the  following  day  the  viceroy  and  audiencia  attended 
and  oll'ered  tiianUsgiving  in  the  eatliedral.  Not  even  the  news 
monarch's  tlealli  inleriupted  the  ringing  of  the  hells:  'y  eonul 
i'in|)ir/a  A  toear  i\  nnieito.'  E-flaUi.,  xxvl.  •J'.(7.     Mailcarriers 


Willi   the  jii'exailing  weaknes>i,  and  am 


ong  other  fraudulent  praeti 


of  a  Sji 

iii.-h 

nido  e ■; 

■.  HO 

vere  inl'i 

.:..! 

nddieled  to  HiiuiLrgling.     'J'hey  were  ]irohil>ited  from  carrying  j)ackagi  ^  ■■<t 
freight.   I.'crilla  f/i./n/o,  JjhikI'X,  nos.  Ixi.  anil  Ixxi. 

<*'i'he  latter  fair  had  a  religious  origin.  Multitudes  of  pilgrims  from  tlie 
year  KL'.'t  annually  visited  the  town  in  order  to  venerate  an  imago  of  tii'  vir- 
j£in.  This  attracted  nu-rehants  and  traders.  In  17!I7  Carlos  IV.  apji' I'tul 
the  fair  to  he  held  during  the  first  l.'t  days  of  l)eeeiiilKT.  It  is  estimated  •'al 
ltM),tX)0  persons  eolltetcil  from  all  parts  of  Mexico  at  this  time.  A'oc.  J/'/. 
Oeoj.,  vi.  310-11;  JJi-'jioak.  !'«/•.,  i.  40,  d'2;  (Jaz.  Mtjc.,  x.  'J30. 


FAUli  AND  MAHKITS. 


C41 


l'\  llie  irregularity  of  till'  niaizo  ('roi)s,  and  ponseqiunt 
i\(  lianife  <»f  itroductious  in  diirfrciit  |>roviiK'(.'s,  tlio 
jpiicis  ^A'  luaizi'  ol'ti'ii  varvinuf  in  iU'iiL,dil)<>rini^  districts 
ill  ilio  |>r()|)()rti(>n  of  nine  to  twentv-two.*'  Jn  curtain 
|iaits  the  consumption  of  connnoditics  at  the  mines 
was  the  main  supj»ort  of  commerce."  In  every  town 
a  daily  market  was  held  in  the  |)ul)li(!  s(|uare;  and  in 
tile  capital  itself,  besides  the  jreneral  one  in  the  plaza 


I  every  fnur 

to  take  (III 

^  time  knav. 

increase  (,| 

ilii'i^"  pr(j|it>. 

ti,  were  Hdt 

L»  the  ci'Dwii 

-Tviee,  and  |  ,|,,i  ^^)lador,  there  were  various  otiiers  assiiirnod  for  the 
>-alc  of  sjiecial  articles,  such  as  that  in  the  [)laza  do 
Ji'sus,  where  building  materials  (jiily  were  sold,  the 
jtlaza  «le  la  I*aja  or  hay-market,  and  the  alhundiga 


wlitie  grain  and  ilour  were  so 


)ld. 


Notable  also  wa.*^ 


ilic  baratilh 


►U 


•h 


d-hand 


(b 


!  secona 
li<)U:^]it  antl  sold,  and  which  was  the  thieves'  emp*)- 
limn,  since  stolen  articles  could  always  be  disposed 
of  in  that  mart. 

The  great  commercial  gatherings  at  the  fairs  were, 
liowever,  the  events  which  marked  the  activity  de- 
Mloped  at  the  difi'erent  centers  of  jwriodical  trading. 
Wiiei-ever  a  fair  was  held,  thither  throngt^d  the  nier- 
•  liaiit  witli  silks  and  foreign  sta[>les,  the  petty  dealer 
and  huckster,  the  gambler,  and  the  thief.  The  day 
was  passed  in  close  dealifig  and  cheating,  and  the 
iiii;lit  in  gambling,  fandangos,  and  carousal,  the  assas- 


■yiiimholdf,  Exml  PoHl.,  ii.  GSO. 

'-^  IluinlHtlilt  iiK'iitions  a  curious  system  of  traffic  with  tho  wild  Iiulians  in 
till- niii'tli.  'I'lic  iiutivos  wero  accustonu'il  ti)  place  KiniiU  crosses  ou  tiie  I'oail 
Iri'in  Chiliualiua  to  Santa  I'V.  A  jiicfc  of  dccr-nirtit  in  a  leathern  l)ag  was 
liiiii!.'  on  a  cross,  ami  u  butl'ah)  liide  spread  at  its  foot.  'J'his  indicated  that 
till'  Indians  wislied  to  trade  witli  the  woi-shipjiers  of  tlie  cross,  and  olfeivd 
(•kills  tor  provisions.  The  soldiers  of  the  presidios  took  the  liides  and  left 
^.!lt  meat  iit  paynieiit.  This  barter  was  carried  on  uilhoiit  the  parties  seeing 
11  h  other:  'un  systfcmo  de  eonnnerce  i|in  iudique  un  niehin;,'e  extraurdinuiro 
il''  liiiiiiie  foi  et  de  Jneliance.'   L'.^stii  I'uli/.,  i.  .'{04  ."). 

■The  regidations  by  which  thc<e  iiiaikets  in  tlio  capital  were  conducted 
Vile  strict.  I'roduccrs  could  m'U  their  articles  only  in  the  respective 
I'liues  of  side.  Wholesale  business  was  carried  on  by  auction,  under  tlio 
(lire  ■tion  of  a  c(n-regidor.  All  cereals  had  to  be  delivered  and  sold  at  the 
iilhi'udi^'a,  <jr  corn-market.  Retail  shopkeepers  could  sell  provisions  of  every 
kind.  I'rices  in  some  instances  were  regulated  by  law,  as  those  of  poultry. 
Miiiilriiiiii/iir,  Sriiiiirio,  iii.  3-8,  4;i— 1,  .")(j  !(;  Iti'rnp.  ilf  I  ml.,  ii.  48  .").'l.  Over 
til''  iri:irkets  a  juez  de  pla/a  presided,  who  daily  attended  office  in  the  pla/a 
il'  I  \'olinh)r  and  verbally  decided  disputes.  In  cases  ot  rascality  tho  culprits 
Were  sent  by  him  to  prison  to  l»e  tried,  llvvilla  O'ijedo,  liaiidos,  ii.  iio.  xv.  30, 
UiBi.  Mes.,  Vul.  UI.    U 


Mt 


COMMERCE. 


sill's  knife  l>t  IiiLj  tliiMist  ever  and  .'iiion  1)i't\vi'cii  ji  \  i,  - 
tim's  slioiildi'i'-hladt's.  At  Uwsv  Ijiirs  a  j^rcat  |i|n. 
])<)rti()U  of  the  ooinuuToe  of  the  country  was  cairinl 
i^\).  ( 'acao,  cocliiii'jal,  iii(lii;'o,  sii|L^ar,  ilour,  sarsa|)aiill,i. 
vanilla,  tanned  hides,  jalaj),  soajt,  dyo-woods,  and  |irji- 
|iers  l»rou_L(lit  tliitlier  were  ])urcliased  l)y  exi)ort;ii„' 
niereliants,  and  conveyed  1)V  lon<jf  trains  of  i>ack-niiil-> 
to  Vcnv  Cruz  for  sliipnu-nt  to  Spain.  In  turn  tli.  -r 
trii(l(>rs  sold  tlieir  own  commodities  at  a  proiit  tlini 
would  sta_in"!j;er  the  merchunts of  niodein  days.  ( Jandy 
linen  and  cotton  <(oods,  wines  and  oil,  <hea[>  trink.  t-. 
and  tnunpery  wcm  disposed  of  at  en(trmous  prirr^. 
The  Indian  and  the  country  S[taniard  alik(i  paid  exui- 
hitant  rates,  whether  the  purchase  consisted  of  a  striii;,' 
of  glass  beads,  or  of  an  expensive  costume. 

It  was  late  before  Spain  recot^nized  that  restriction- 
on  connnerce  did  not  conduce  to  either  lier  own  prn>- 
perity  or  to  that  of  her  colonies.  In  17()0  the  ciitwii 
relaxi'd  somewhat  the  prohibitions,  and  o[)ene(l  a 
mimber  of  ports  in  Spain  to  trade  with  certain 
<*olonios,'^  and  in  1778  extendi'd  the  privilege  to  .ill 
the  Indies.'*  These  liberal  measures  of  Carlos  HI. 
gave  a  great  inqmlse  to  commei-ce;  the  port  of  C'a;;;- 
])eche  and  others  were  opened  to  tradv',*""  the  systi:ii 
of  the  tleets  was  forever  abolished,''*  and  in  17;''.i, 
owiiiLTto  the  war  between  Sijainand  I']noland,  neutr;il 
vessels  were  allowed  to  trade  directly  between  tli' 
Peninsula  and  the  colonies.^'     jMeanwhile  the  syst'iu 


'■'Trade  with  tJio  principal  islands  (>f  tlic  West  Iiidioa  vns  opened  .it  ; 
pnrt.s  ^ti  Cddiz,  .Seville,  Alicante,  Cartairena,  Mala,i;a,  UarceUinii,  .Saniiiiil 
C'i)ruiia,  and  (luijnn,  'aliuliendo  loa  tleleelios  de  palnieo,  tonelades,  ex  ;. 
j:eria,  seniinaiio  de  .S.  Tolino,  vi.situH,  halnlitaciones,  y  licencias.'  >l..'-/^ 
Mviii.  Ilisi.  I'niiK,  ;i()  7. 

'■>*  Tlie  additional  pmts  of  .A  in  cria.  Alfuiucs  do  Tortosa,  Palnia  in  M;ij"; 
and  .Sjiuta  (.'ruz  in  tiio  islai  .1  oi  'Lenerile  were  opened.  A/.,  .'{7;  L' i''i< 
T'juilii,  I'oiiur.  K-^tii:,  l!l-'2('.  This  fanimi.s  act  of  ('iilos  111.  was  ibsiuu 
the  1-tli  of  t)etiil)er,  I77S,  'aid  was  styled  the  ^Onkiuiir.a  o  jiru'jiiutl!':  i 
cutiii  I'cio  lilm .'  Ilihl. 

'^■'('ori:  Merc.  Exp.  /ml.,  ii.  (!. 

^''Tlie  la.st  lleet  sailetl  iVoiii  Spain  in  the  year  1770,  and  left  Vera  <  'in/ 
the  llitli  of  .laniiary,  I77'"'.    I.i nln  de  Tvjiidii,  Coiiiir.  lUlir.,  does.  nos.   In. 

'•''•  This  pcnuissiuii  was  soon  uftur\«'urd  ubrogateil,  JJispu«ic.  I'urian,  iii 


4.i, 


iNsun.wcE  Axn  nAXKixn. 


643 


of  iiisinaiiro  tlovrlojud  and  several  coinpanics  wcro 
foiiiied.  ^Fercantilo  adventiin's  were  covered  l>y  iii- 
.uiaiiee  policies  at  an  early  tiate,  aiul  JMiilii)  II.  in 
t!ir  years  lajC),  1387,  and  loHS  issned  a  nnnil»er 
ct"  l;i\vs  rej'nlalini:'  such  transactions  and  tli(>  action 
of  underwriters.  Tlii-'  bnsiness,  liowevei".  was  con- 
tiiicd  to  Spanisli  slii[)|)ei\s  and  insnivrs,  the  policies 
i>>ued  I>y  the  latter  heini^  sniiject  io  the  approval  of 
the  consulado  in  Seville."^  liut  the  stitnnhis  yiven 
r.t  co'.ninerce  by  the  removal  of  I'estrictions  in  1778 
iiiihiced  the  merchants  of  Yavn  Cruz  to  estaMish  a 
iiiiiiine  insnrance  company  in  17H1),"  which  wiis  to 
li.-t  lor  live  years,  and  aL,^ain  in  1802  a  second  one  was 
I'nniied  on  a  lari^er  scale,  thns  indicating;  the  increase 
ill  commercial  oi»crations."'' 

In  1781  the  condc  de  Caharrus,  who  enjoved  a  lii'di 
ivpiitation  in  matters  of  iinafice,  addressed  a  memorial 
Id  the  king  of  Spain  advocatinj^'  the  establishment  of 
;i  national  bank.  The  pro[)osal  beinLj  sn|)i>oited  by 
till'  minister  Jovellanos,  the  kinsjf  l>v  cednla  <»f  the 
•Jt'ith  of  Jnne  1782  autliori/A'd  the  creation  of  a  joint 
>tii(k  banking  con)i»any  with  the  title  of  lianco  de  S;iu 


(ViiK 


The  nnmber  of  shares  was  fixed  at  one  htm- 


ihvd  and  iifty  thousand,  open  to  all  j)urcluisers,  and 
llir  (•a[)ital  at  fifteen  million  pesos  liiertes." 
( )n  the  IStli  of  June  1783  subscriptions  were  opened 


Vffa  ( 'ni.'  "M 

S.    llf)8.     \0.    II. 

'ar<(i!<,  ill.  I'l, 


nihl  .■i'_';iin  prantcd  from  ISO.")  in  ISOJ),  wlicn  it  wns  witliili'awii  liy  oi'ilulas  of 
tlir  ITili  <.f  Mayfiml  'JTih  <>f  .liily.  Concosifiiiii  wcri',  jiuwtvi'i',  {.'la'iti' I  tocri-- 
t.iiii  iiicivliants  allowing  tlioiii  tn  iiiti(nliiro  iiitu  cnhinial  ]icii  is  j.'ihii|s  piuot'ciiini; 
'iiirilly  from  foivi^'il  l"irtH.  'J  lie  iik  rcalitilc  iiiM|i(i|i(ily  (if  X'cra  (ill/.  rcix'i^Lil 
ill  liiial  Mow  ill  Is20,  wlii'ii  !i  miiuIxT  of  iiorts  on  Imlli  tin;  Atlaiitii!  ainl 
I'll!  ilio  sljorts  of  Now  Sfiaiii  veil' ([iriicil  to  finviuli  tia'te.  Lirlnilf  J'-Jdiln, 
{'•inn  r.  A"-'' c,  "JO-I.  ('oii>nlt,  also,  l!i  iilmni'iilo  >J  .Iriinnl' -i  /A  "/<.<,  Cnnur, 
/.''/■■,  l-'J(i-;  Onliiii.f  (In  la  Coroiin,  MS.,  iii.  4.VS,  aiul  vi.  S'J-."i;  .[.uif.!!, 
/"•'""■.,  MS.,  Ul  ."»7. 

■'" /i'<i'iy(.  (/('///(/.,  iii.  474— f>0.  Ill  ITT.'laroyal  ciiliila  was  issued  correct- 
ill'.*  \arions  aluiscs  prevailing  in  the  iiisuraiicc  business.  Itrxci-ijdo^  J!ciil<:i 
L  '■<..  .M.S.,  -J.-J-O. 

^  With  a  cajiital  of  §-2nO,000  ilivided  into  40  shares  at  i^r,,{W)  each.    /,-  r.'o 

(/'  'J\i  1,1,1,  Ai„i„t.  iiisi.,  V.  ;ni. 

'"The  capital  of  the  second  company  M'as  400,000  poso.s  fiierte.s  divided  into 
*'i^  -li^ires,  ,')H  of  which  were  immediately  taken  up  l>.v  nierchants  of  Vera  ( 'ru;;. 
.\  li.~t  of  the  sliareliolders  and  a  copy  of  the  by-laws  will  l)e  found  in  (Ac 
.'/....  ilsOJ  ;!|,  xi.  !»7   101. 

■'  luaki  Onltiit.'i,  iv.  l-oO. 


Ct4 


C0M>.:::::cE. 


I 


i 


in  ^loxlco  livtlccroc  of  tlie  viccrov,  and  not  only  wriv 
j)nvatu  individuals  solicited  to  jiurfhase  sluirts,  hut 
oven  tho  municipalities  of  Indian  towns  and  il- 
laj^os."-  The  conse(|uenco  was  that  a  larj^o  nuiiil)ir 
of  shares  was  sold,  the  people  and  niunicipalitii  s  in 
dilfeient  parts  of  New  Spain  alone  purchasin;^  iicaily 
one  hundred  and  fifteen  thousan<l  pesos'  worth  of  tin 
scrip. "^  It  turned  out  to  he  oidy  a  connnercial  hultl)lr, 
however,  which  Hoated  for  a  time,  when  finally  tlieiv 
canje  a  crash  which  hrouj^dit  ruin  to  thousands. 

Nevertheless,  in  spite  of  occasional  disastrous  spc'- 
ulations  the  conmierce  of  New  Spain  expanded  .n- 
tively  and  surely  under  the  more  liheral  sysli m, 
Statistics  <)f  tho  earlier  tradinj^  o[)erations  are  wjiiit- 
ing,  hut  a  fair  estimate  of  the  impulse  given  to  cuiii- 
niei'co  l)y  tho  so-called  free  trading  laws  niiiy  1" 
gathered  from  documents  which  supply  us  with  tlir 
tonnage  of  tho  fleets  which  arrived  at^'era  Cruz  dm- 
ing  the  eighteenth  century.  During  the  period  fn'iti 
irOC)  to  1770  this  varied 'from  1,20-2  to  8,492  tniis.' 
and  the  value  of  return  cargoes  from  ten  million  [xxis 
to  more  than  twenty-seven  million  in  hulllon  aiid  pi'*- 
ductions.  Asjain  between  1728  and  1739  not  rioiv 
than  one  hundred  and  sixty-four  vessels,  besides  lilty- 
eight  which  composed  the  three  fleets  that  visitnl 
Now  Spain  during  those  twelve  years,  entered  the 
port  of  Vera  Cruz,  whereas  during  the  period  I'lciu 
1784  to  1795  no  less  than  1,142  ships  arrived  finiu 
the  different  ports  opened  in  the  l*eninsula  and  tlic 
colonies.'"'  According  to  tho  calculations  of  liuiii- 
boldt,  tho  total  amount  of  bullion  exported  during  tin 

*^  'Qncricnilo  S.  M.  qne  cste  bcneficio  comprehonda  no  solo  d  los  r.irli>n- 
lares,  fiiiio  taiiibicn  it  loa  Cuerpos  do  Ciuiladcs,  Villas  y  i'lU'blos,  lia  cxp  i;  i  ■ 
su  Real  pLTiiiiso  para  que  estoa  sc  intercseu  con  sua  haberes  propioa  y  cuiinuic». 
Dlxinme.  Var'ms,  iii.  f.  97. 

^(!az.  Mi'x.,  ii.  235-0  01  acq. 

•"'The  Ik'ct  ooiTesiTOiuliiij' with  tho  latter  figurca sailed  in  1700coinni:iiiika 
by  Carlos  Kcggio.  It  took  back  a  return  cargo  in  precious  metals  aiil  I'l"- 
ductions  of  the  country  to  the  amount  of  :s>y,t>ll,'J4r),  of  which  yT,-!"' '•"^''■' 
bclon;4ed  to  private  individuals,  and  the  balaucc  to  the  king.  LerJo  (/'  i'-- 
Jtiil(t,  ( 'oniir.  Enter.,  doc.  noa.  'J,  3. 

«/(/.,  doc.  uos.  1-',  13. 


LINAGES  NORTE. 


fil.> 


L)t  only  wi'iv 

sluiIVs,   I  (lit 

lis  a!i(|  i|. 
iX»5  miiiil).r 
cinalitics  in 

HS\\i<r  lirallv 

vortli  of  till' 
rclal  l>iil)I>Ir, 
Knally  lliciv 
^aM(ls. 
strolls  sj)(.i'- 
^cpandid  ;ii'- 
Tal  system. 
IS  are  wjiiit- 
veii  tn  cinii- 
w.s  may  lie 
us  with  tilt 
:'aCniz  dur- 
pcriod  iViiHi 
^,492  tniis;'' 
lillioll  pesos 

on  and  pio- 

9  not  iioiv 
ics'uk'S  lil'ty- 
tliat  vi>itfil 
Diitercd  the 
)ori()d  Iriiiii 
rivud  IViiiu 
ila  and  the 
s   of    lllllll- 

during  the 

10  A  1(13  I'.iitun- 

Ids,  liii  oxjinii.l.' 
)piosy  coiiiuiics. 

700cornniiii>liu 
metals  aii'l  I'li- 
■lich  $7,4.v.i.>'^':) 
g.  LcrJo  </''  ii- 


thiitccm  years  from  1779  to  1791  amonntod  to  A-J'24.- 
ii.VJ.O'J"),  Nvliiie  in  the  preceding,'  thirteen  years  it  was 
„iily  slj.l.KlO.jfM.''" 

Hut  a  trying'  ju'iiod  of  intestine  strife  awaiti-d  tho 
cohtny  of  New  Sjiaiii,  and  duiiiii,'  tlic  <Katli  stru'^'LjIc! 
fir  n  lease  from  the  fetters  with  which  sin;  had  Ix-eii 
!.li;iekled  for  tlirce  centuries  hy  the;  mother  coimtrv, 
(•(iiiuiierco  aejain  dechned,  until  independence  gave 
to  ^fexico  free  action  and  insured  curres|)ondiii^ 
[irogress. 

^'KsmiPoL,  ii.  "34-7. 

During  the  earlier  period  of  tlic  commcrcinl  liistorj*  of  New  Sjiain,  statis- 
tiis  nliowiiig  the  iiotiml  aiiioiint  of  traile  carried  on  are  meagre;  of  its  liinifa- 
fiiiiis,  however,  a  eorreet  idea  can  lie  olitaiiu-d  from  iiiultitiidiiioiis  royal 
(KJuiasand  onlinaiiees  wiiieh  exhibit  tiioroughly  SpniirH  jiolicy.  The  eor- 
ru>|niii<leiit'u  uf  vieeroys  also  all'ordM  Kiii.sideraMe  iiiforiiiatioii  as  to  the  lliietii- 
iitiiu'  1  iiinlitioii  (jf  trade  and  the  prosperity  of  the  eoiintry.  Still  iiioro 
\;iliiiiMu  ill  this  respect  are  the  reports  of  such  rulers  to  their  siu'ic.-sor<, 
iiniiiiiL.'  which  especial  mention  may  Ijo  made  of  Mnwrru,  IiiKlriirrloii,  in  />"  . 
Jiiiil.,  .\\i.;  LiiKirfi,  Inntnirrioii,  MS.,  and /«'( J'i7/a  (liijulo,  Im^lnifrion  I'im'T- 
f'l'hi.  This  last  work  exhiliits  not  only  close  ohservation  on  the  aiitlior's 
[lart,  liut  a  more  lilicral  tendency  than  migiit  he  expected  in  a  viceroy  oi  New 
S|iaiii;  fur  though  ho  was  somewhat  liiassed  liy  the  spirit  of  the  guviiii'iu-nt 
(it  tlj:it  time,  his  viuwa  were  singularly  correct,  and  his  aihiiinisti'ation  jii>t. 
'J lie  J /isl rwrion  Iienervmla  was  not  published  in  Mexico  l>efore  IS.'M.  1*  sup- 
jiics  in  li.'i.'l  pages  a  complete  account  of  every  branch  of  the  government,  and 
Wiis  lit'ciiicd  su  important  that  in  the  following  year  the  NUprcnie  gii\rrniiicnt 
(inliri  d  the  publication  of  an  index  to  it,  which,  however,  not  being  alpha- 
liotiiiilly  arranged,  is  of  little  service,  rrobably  the  most  valualile  cuntrilm- 
tinn  to  information  on  commerce  is  Linage's  Sartf  (/«■  la  ruti/ralinidii,  in  two 
Imnks  of  "JOU  anil  'Jli4  pages  respectively,  published  in  Seville  in  1(>7-,  a  work 
wliic.li  (lcs(!iil)es  fully  the  l.iws,  customs,  and  jiractices  which  pcrtainid  to 
tiadc  between  Spain  and  her  American  colonics.  Juicjiii  dc  Witia  Mnago 
WHS  a  knight  of  the  order  of  Santiago,  a  U'lendicr  of  tiic  king's  council,  and 
tnasiircr  and  jucz  oficial  of  the  casa  de  contratacioii.  He  was  thus  fully 
ciMii|ittcut  to  compile  a  work  which  for  completeness  can  challenge  any  pre- 
ceding publication  of  the  kind.  >'ot  only  does  it  include  information  upon 
(•'iiiiiiitrce,  but  much  relating  to  the  revenue  and  assjiying  dipartiiicnts. 
The  author  in  his  preface  informs  his  readers  of  the  sources  from  which  he 
ii.iidi'  his  compilation  and  drew  his  results.  Naturally  they  wi  re  principally 
ollii  ial  (hicuinenta,  including  royal  cedulaa  and  instructions,  the  correspond- 
tncc  of  ollicers  of  the  crown,  the  members  of  the  council  of  the  Indies  and  of 
the  lasa  dc  contititacion.  But  besides  these  authorities  he  did  not  onat  to 
consult  the  historians  of  his  time. 


WlO 


COMMFRCE. 


With  rt'u'iinl  to  tin*  title  of  tin-  Imok  lie  (i1Ii'Ko«  roasniiH  for  Jiii  Hclcctinn  ,f 
it.  At  iiiikriiic'i'it  ilirt'i't  tiitir  coui'hc  aiiiDtfi  the  ocean  l>y  o)mriAiii;{  tlic  in  !,,; 
iitur.  HO  limy  Inn  naileiN,  \w  |io[n'n,  lie  niiiili'il  tlirou;;li  tin-  iiitiieai-'icit  of  cum- 
liii'i'i.'c  liy  till'  |ic'i'UMil  ot  liiH  Work;  aii<l  as  tiit!  iii'tiHi'  liy  |ioiii(iii^'  to  the  niii r 
(jiiiii'ter  instruct:!  tlic  iiiarincr,  mo  may  lii.i  liook  instruct  tlic  rfmUrsof  it.  'Ji|.. 
cilitioii  contaiiiH  II  curious  wood-cut  fronti  ■|)iccc  ic|ircscntiiig  in  tlu'  uppi  r  |„,|. 
tioii  '!>.  Fcnlinanilus  &  KlisalH't'  cntlironiMl  on  tin'  left,  uiul  '!>.  Cuiciliii  Ij. 
A:  itc}.'iiia  Mater' on  the  ri^'lit,  supporteil  l>y  two  coIiiiiiiih  on  eitiier  tiiile.  In 
liiclics  l)et\v«'en  tilt!  i>aii's  of  columns  are  fuillcimtli  li^jures  of  'Coldn' uni 
M'ortes.'  A  reiiresentation  of  the  oceun  with  pilleouH  Hailing  on  it  occii|ii,< 
tiiu  center.  Numerous  scrolU  with  J^ktiii  inHcriptionii  are  Mcattereil  nn  tlw 
Vfiod-cut.  In  1702  tiiis  work  was  '  Maih-  /,'»;/ '/.i/i  iiy  ('apt.  .lolin  .Stivin.. 
V  lio  ailtleil  'Two  <  'onijileat  Lists:  One  of  the  ( ioods  'rninsjiortetl  out  of  /.'.i/.  . 
to  the  S/xniinh  Wcft-Iiidw^  tin!  otiier  of  eoiniiKHlitieit  )ii'<>u;!ht  fi'mii  th.... 
I'arts  into  /■.'iini/ii.'  A  conii)rehensi\e  lii.>,tory  of  tlic  I'liilip|ilne  trailc  i>  t.il, 
iouml  in  Ji'xtrnr/o  //inlurinl  JJit  L'j'/iiili<  iih-  (Jin'  Prinlr  Eil  hi  ( 'ohkiJo  Hi  at,  )' 
iSii/ircmo  /><•  LiM  JikIIuh,  A  liiMnnnii  Ih  Ln  Vindnd  ])e.  Manila,  Y  IhiihU  lif 
J.HK  hliiH  I'liiH/iiiKiit,  jiulilisheil  in  Ma>iriil  hy  order  of  the  kin;;  in  IT.'iii,  :i\A 
eontainiii).'  ,'t'J4  folios.  This  work  coniprises  a,  large  nuinherof  royal  ami  dthir 
otiieial  do'.'umcnt.-',  from  early  times,  hearing  uixni  commerce  Ijotwceii  tiie  I'inl- 
ippine  Islands  and  China,  and  New  Sjciiii.  The  injury  done  to  Spani.-li  (nn,. 
nu  lee  liy  the  iiiti'odiictiijn  of  Chiiiisc  silk  faliiics  into  Acapulco,  is  espciiiiily 
entered  into,  niid  the  restrictions  whicli  wi-re  iiu]M)sed  uim>ii  such  articles  in- 
ilticid  the  kiii^'.  on  the  representations  f)f  Manila  iiKTchaiits,  to  cause  a  niin- 
jdett.  investi;.'atiiin  to  l>e  made.  Among  modem  authorities  on  the  eoiiiiiiri'ii; 
of  New  Spain,  Lcnio  du  Tejada  may  he  mentioned  as  one  conspicuous  lurn- 
gearch  and  with  a  corr«'ct  jmlginent  of  causes  and  eli'ccts.  His  AjuiiiI'A  lli<- 
liirirnx  l)i  La  I/frdirii  Ciinldil  i' •  \'rrn-('rir.  was  pulilished  in  Mexico  in  lN'i(i, 
and  liesiilcs  fui'iiishing  a  geiier;  review  of  commerce  from  tlie  coiniuest  until 
lifter  the  inilcpendencc,  contains  a  historical  sketch  of  ewnt.s  from  the  lii>tiiv 
of  i  olumhus,  and  a  tlescription  of  Vera  Cruz  and  the  port  of  San  Juaa  tii' 
Uliiii.  In  18.")'{  Lerdo  de  Tcjadii  puhlished  another  work  on  Mexico,  cntitlnl 
Comiiiorio  Kdiriitr  de  Mtxico,  which  contains  tahul.ir  forni.s  e.xhiljitiii:,'  tliu 
liumher  of  veBsels  entering  Mexican  porta  during  the  period  from  17"-"^  t-i 
17!i">.  liesides  other  information.  The  writings  of  this  author  are  an  iiiiimi;- 
nnt  adilition  to  the  literattue  of  Mexico. 

The  researches  of  Itumholdt  whicii  endn-acc  commercial  matters  ii;,i_v  U' 
considered  defective  ami  occasionally  inaccurate.  Kmhraciiig  in  his  ciilLiila- 
tions  the  commerce  of  all  the  .Spanish  <Vmerican  colonies,  and  basing  tliciii 
more  particularly  upon  the  exports  of  the  precious  metals,  his  dcduetiuiis  ure 
too  gcnci-al  to  atlord  information  in  detail  relative  to  the  earlier  trade  ot  N'lW 
Spain  From  the  eommenceinent  of  free  trade,  however,  he  has  made  \;i!iu- 
Me  calculations  and  supplied  figures  setting  forth  the  values  of  cxjiorts  aii'l 
imports,  with  comparative  tahles  cxhihiting  the  increase  of  commenc  >\no: 
t!ie  removal  of  the  restrictions.  I-J-isni  /'old.,  ii.  7.'{;5-8.  la  his  de-scripti'ii  "t 
the  highways  and  roads  of  Mexico  he  shows  excellent  observation  anil  sup 
plies  good  suggestions  for  improvement. 

CurffO  MciXitiitd  t/c   E^jianu  y  sm  Iiidius,  Madrid,  179'2-4,  in  4  vuU 


rifiiAr.n,  .wdkhsox.  and  .MAmii'Rsox. 


047 


T'l'-"  work  i-*  n  <'i)iiiiiit'rc  ial  inniitlily  iM'riiMlicnl,  niid  cfititaiim  iiifnnimtioii 
ii|)  II  tlir  <'(iiiiiii<nc  (if  S|i,iiii  mill  liir  ucsti  in  rnlimiiH,  toj/rtlicr  \v  itli  tlif  ion- 
(litiiiii  (if  liiT  tiailc  witli  tli<-'  ]it'iii('iiiiil  cities  nf  Ktii'ii|ii-.  riii't-N-riinciit,  nitfn 
lit  t'xclmiip-,  ami  Klii|i|iii)^  ItiixiiH'Hit  .q>|<oar  r(';.'ulaily  in  tliu  vnlunKS,  'J'lio 
iiiii>t  ini|ioi'tiint  iiifiirniatiiin  wliii  L  :  il<irii.'<  with  rc^aiil  to  Mi'xii'o  is  that 
iclitinj,'  to  til"'  fiiMclnni  "f  tin-  |i'iit»,  nml  ,''<  .'  i|i|iini,'  luLsini  hm  at  Xfrii  ( 'ni/. 
Mriition  JH  alHii  niailu  of  the  a),'i'ii-tiltiii'al  i  <n<litiiin  of  vai'iotiM  ]iartM  of  thu 
toiiiitry,  ami  of  the  ciiltun'  of  certain  \i.liial.le  )iroi1iietioni«.  'i'liu  rapiil 
ill  veli>|inieiit  of  coMiiiiene  had  o|Mne<l  u  new  literary  lielil  uliich  ilcnianileil 
»  -jKcial  treatment  not  iinworlhy  of  the  hi^'hcHt  oider  of  aliillty.  ]>i>ho|i 
liiut  hail  in  eoiinnoii  with  other  learneil  investigators  ^riviii  a  ilisHertiitiiu 
nil  tlu)  traile  of  the  ancients,  in  which  the  niiiMle  a;.'es  foinul  an  e.vj '.miit 
ill  /iniinii/i  Amjilii  a  Wi  rili  nhdiji  ii  ilr  IoIiiiki'IiIiHi'ih  J/iiii^inliii.-i  'J'rurli'i  : 
liiit  theso  faileil  to  meet  the  vantH  of  thu  liractieal  inercliant.  'J'he  ve|l 
iiMaliLTfil  maritime  history  of  Morisot  Was  more  t<»  lii.s  ta.sle,  li  '•  it  w.!!» 
ia-ulhcielit,  ami  hail  to  yiehl  to  liiihiml,  Tmiti'  <!m<  ml  dii  Ci  '  m;  A 
still  more  practical  "nrk,  ami  the  most  valiialilo  8o  far  is.sniil,  in  An  il'i' 
im-'fiil  null  ('hr>-iii  (.,/'•«/  l)vdiictio)i  of  till'  Orii/iii  i>f  Cviiiini  rn',  Lomlun,  17'iJ. 
'J  Mils,  4tii,  liy  Ailain  Amlersun,  i  clerlv  irf  the  .Smith  Si  a  Cnmpaiiy  f'  i  alu.vo 
fnity  yi  .  .1.  Its  success  eausiil  the  issue  i.f  a  new  eil'lion  in  17^7,  enlM;.'cil 
t'l  fiiiir  volunii's  i|uarto,  ie|inlilislieil  in  Isol.  ISei^inniiii,'  uilh  the  eariii-<L 
riioi'ils  of  the  Jews  anil  <irecks,  the  ihvi  lo|iiiiciit  (pf  iinhislrial  arts  jihI 
niciices  is  rcvieweil  in  cimncction  with  traile,  migration,  ainl  clunizatiiiii, 
lit  liist  !>}•  centuries,  liut  simn  year  liy  year.  J^cj^islative  miasiin  s,  liiiaiict , 
treaties,  naval  <>|ieiaf ions,  ami  other  iiojccts  atlectin'^  trade  are  also  in- 
cliiilcil.  The  llrsl  viilume  clnses  v.  ith  the  litteenth  century;  the  secdnil  villi 
the  seventeenth;  tlio  third  witii  I7<i'-;  the  latter  contitinin;;  to  a  ^'I'tat  e.\tent 
tiie  ]iersiinal  oh.servations  of  the  author  vliile  eonnecteil  with  iiiercantilo 
at!:iiis.  The  fourth  volume  is  a  continiiatii)ii  liy  the  |>iil>lishcrs  for  the  pi  i  lod 
17ii"J-S,S,  liristlin;^  with  dct^iiU  and  statistic!!.  'J'lic  work  is  evidently  the 
ivsiilt  of  years  of  lahor,  and  research  into  oliscnre  as  well  as  standard 
iiutliorities.  'J'he  earlier  jieriud  indicates  less  jiiil;.'meiit  and  comiileteness, 
liiit  afterward  it  improves  <;reatlj',  and  shows  more  oriu'inality.  'J'he  want  of 
iiitic.il  skill  is  a  sirions  fault,  and  olijections  may  In-  niade  to  the  almndanco 
I'f  statistical  and  unessential  details  in  the  text,  and  to  tiie  eompilatory  form, 
I'.iiihined  with  n  stilted,  prosy  style.  Knuland  is  of  course  the  main  oliject 
ii!  the  work,  jiarticularly  in  the  later  portions,  wherein  the  .sjiiiit  of  national 
liirjiulice  hecomes  rather  ^'lariiij;. 

'I'lie  success  of  Anderson's  work,  jxTliap.'",  rather  than  its  faults,  induecil 
I';iviil  Miiepherson  in  I.SO.'j  to  issue  the  AniiaU  of  Cuinim rie,  J/niiii/dctnns, 
/"'  lnricM,  and  Xiiriijnflon,  4  vols,  4to,  wherein  he  claims  to  present  a  eoni]ile'te 
ivvi.-ioii  of  the  former.  He  iecoc.'iii/.es  the  care  liestowed  hy  Anderson  tipon 
tlie  ]ieiiod  after  the  discovery  of  America,  and  j)iesuii  s  only  to  )iiune  it  of 
cuiiihrous  (letails  and  odd  words,  adding  his  own  connnents  in  notes;  hut  the 
liiilii  r  period  lie  found  it  necessary  to  rewrite.  Somewhat  over  twf  vcdumes 
aiv  devoted  to  the  revision,  and  the  remainder  to  a  history  of  the  last  forty 
Vi  ,iis,  formed  entirely  by  himself  from  otlicial  jwpers  and  ]iulilie  reports,  and 
it;iiiiriiig  altogether  the  eoiitii)uation  by  the  publishers  of  the  original  work. 


648 


COMMERCE. 


If  Macpliorson's  en<lenvor  to  build  up  a  reputation  upon  an  csteomod  staii'l.irl 
workdays  iii»t  exactly  inspire cuiillcluiii'e,  yet  it  must  he  adinitteil  tiiat  tlir  uia- 
terial  he  oilers  is  not  without  valne,  and  that  his  pruning  hati  lieeii  of  um  ; 
Imt  other  expected  iinprovenu-uts  of  method  and  of  style  are  by  no  nn  .■ni< 
apparent.  Altogether  it  remains  a  (piestiun  whether  the  result  warrantfii.M) 
bulky  an  issue. 

The  nninlierof  hooks  on  trade  and  industries  increased  rapidly  in  vniiuiH 
forms,  including  not  only  works  on  special  branches,  but  cyclopcdiiis,  i,s 
JlrCtil'cx'h''",  antl  the  J'irt'ioninitri'  iln  ('miiiiitrvatit ;  p<rioilical  reviews,  m 
Aiiiimuicile  ('iimtnrrre  M<tnti)n<';  and  ;:cn<'nil  sttitistical  revii^ws,  as  h'uli  i-i<'.. 
SidtUlif.t  of  the  Ziilh-ertiii.  One  of  tlie  most  thorough  books  of  tiic  l;ittir 
class,  comjirising  the  varied  phases  of  industries  and  resources  of  cvi  rv 
country  is,  Jnhn  Miti-<irrijor'K  ('ommt'rrln/  SlntiyflrK.  London,  l.S44-.")0,  ."i  vil-, 
4l().  As  secretary  to  the  Knglisli  board  of  trade,  of  extensivt^  travel,  iiii'l 
intimate  with  tlic  leading  men  ,'ind  institutions  of  more  than  one  country,  1;^ 
had  every  facdity  for  obtaining  the  necessjiry  material  and  aid  for  his  \V(ji1;. 
nn<l  he  has  certainly  shown  his  ability  to  make  good  use  thcrenf.  A  skitiii 
of  physical  geography  precedes  tiio  review  of  resources  and  industries  t^r 
ea^'h  countiy,  and  a  series  of  connnercial  treatises  isappcn<le<l. 

The  importance  of  the  New  Worlil,  mid  the  want  ])ercci)tible  in  ev(  ii  its 
most  complete  liistiiries  of  a  statistical  report  on  the  growtli  itf  tlie  vaiii.:;'i 
states,  induceil  .Macgrogor  to  jiidilish  a  special,  ponderous  set  on  T/i<  l'i-'«i- 
rrss  (if  Ami  ricii.  Ijiindun,  IS47,  'J  vols,  4to.  In  order  to  present  a  tiionniL:!! 
an<l  satisfactory  work  hi'  added  historic  and  geograjihic  material  to  the 
industrial  reviews  whicli  form  the  main  object.  The  I'idtcd  States,  as  tic 
jnost  important  section,  occupies  the  whole  of  volume  I[,  fonning  one  tliii'l 
of  the  whole  text,  while  the  ten  bnuks  of  volume  1  are  pretty  eveidy  di-- 
tributed.  The  lirst  book  gives  a  review  of  the  discovery,  conipiest,  :inl 
settlement  of  America  in  general;  IV-VI  cover  Mexico  and  Central  Amcriia; 
and  the  remainder.  South  America,  the  Antilles,  and  the  IJritish  possessicnis 
including  a  review  of  English  trad(!  generally  with  tiie  new  world.  MacgrcLT'i' 
published  several  other  works  on  this  subject,  chiefly  rchiting  to  Amcrii  a. 

In  contrast  to  the  practical  lOnglish  treati.ses  on  commerce  we  now  turn  t) 
a  work  which  in  devoting  itself  to  the  development  of  traile  with  dist.i;.: 
regions,  ventured  upon  the  innovation  of  allying  philosophy  ami  speculativi; 
thought  to  so  material  a  subject.  Hut  it  was  the  era  of  revulution,  aiil 
iH'fnrc  the  author  hiy  the  ilattering  hope  of  becoming  another  Thii<  v- 
dides,  the  leader  in  a  new  literary  Held.  Its  fullilment  lies  before  us  in  tin' 
Jlisfftin'  PltUnso/ihif]ii<'  il  J'ul!ll(/iif  din  fUiililiKsrinviiK  vt  dit  l.'omiiicri'e  ili s  Kiu-  • 
juviis  ilaiin  li'fi  ilciix  liiilrx;  par  (iuillaume  Tliomas  Ilaynal;  lirst  issued  at  •■r- 
Meve,  1780,  in  .')  vols,  4to,  and  10  vtds,  8vo.  'i'he  revisecl  edition,  I'aris,  Ih'JII  1, 
was  increased  to  VI  vols,  8vo,  from  the  author's  manu.scripts,  ami  from  ti.e 
review  by  I'cnchet  on  the  progress  of  the  colonies  since  liaynaTs  time.  It 
ojjcns  with  the  Portuguese  discovery  of  the  sea  route  to  the  East  Indii  ~. 
and  proceeds  with  the  operations  of  other  nations  and  the  grow  th  of  trade  in 
this  region,  including  Africa  and  China.  In  livre  VI  is  reliited  tin;  discov  i  ly 
of  America,  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  and  the  trade  resources  of  \ew  Sp;iiii, 
and  in  the  following  parts  the  progress  of  conquest  and  commerce  in  otini' 


; 


II-: 


RAYXAL. 


640 


portions  of  America,  pnrticuliirly  in  the  'West  Inilies  nml  the  Unite<l  States. 
Ill  till' iiiiictei'iitii  livre,  fonniiia;  vohiinc  X,  liitynul  foiichuU's  iiis  own  writing 
with  11  ri^vicw  of  the  (ievelopiuent  of  institutions,  moral  iunl  sncial,  political 
ami  imliistriiil,  in  both  iieinisphercs,  iind  their  inlltience  upon  culture. 

The  tleparturc  implied  in  this  work  hail  more  than  a  literary  .siirnitieance; 
it  imant  a  warfare  against  social  intolerance;  and  this  refpiircd  courage,  par- 
tii'iilarly  in  a  man  moving  in  the  supercilious,  frivolous  circles  open  to  Hay- 
iial.  It  re(|uire<l  also  ability  to  face  the  learned  hosts  before  him;  and  it 
ilt'inanded  both  fpialiti<^s  to  undertake  researches  for  so  varied  a  lield,  Tho 
rtsult  was  nuiuifested  alike  by  the  apiilausc  of  philoso[)lu'rs  and  i)raetieal  men, 
liiul  by  the  condemnation  of  the  church  an<l  the  government,  which  forced  him 
Into  exile.  An  acknowledgment  of  its  beauties  was  conveyed  in  the  very 
(linrL'e  that  l)idcrot's  hand  was  manifest  therein;  but  there  is  no  doubt  that, 
whatever  the  work  may  owe  to  his  advice,  the  elaboration  is  entirely  by 
lliiynal.  It  e.xhiliits  a  not  uneven  form,  and  a  su.stiiined  nobilit}'  of  thought 
anl  style,  which  is  never  obscure,  and  always  attractive.  When  jirineiples, 
Mlieii  human  rights  arc  the  theme,  then  alone  he  breaks  somewiiat  the  bounds 
of  calm  review,  and  rising  into  the  dramatic  he  discloses  tho  Voltairian  influ- 
tiK'e  which  has  encompassed  him,  and  shows  himself  the  champion  also  of  tlio 
ll<';.'id  slave. 

Trained  a  Jesuit  and  later  maile  an  abbd,  lla_vnal  had  amid  his  multifarious 
studies  imbibed  the  teachings  of  Montaigne  an<l  Bayle.  ]?eeoniing  a  writer 
trnni  elioiee  as  much  as  from  necessity,  he  at  once  attracted  the  attention 
(if  critics  by  the  Jiistoiri'  (hi  S/dl/wailcrit/,  wherein  ho  rose  as  one  of  tho 
tirst  to  combat  the  prejudice  of  the  age  against  trade  as  a  professidii,  to 
I")iiit  out  its  glories  in  the  Queen  of  the  Adriatic,  in  the  Mediei  family, 
(iii'l  to  dcmonstruto  its  inllucnce  and  power  in  Holland,  in  raising  a  (Inwn- 
tniilden  people  to  a  leading  nation,  while  for  Kngland  it  was  about  to 
iroate  empires.  The  researches  for  this  subject,  and  the  duties  in  editing  fjr 
L>'  M I' I'll! !•<• ,  chained  him  more  and  more  to  connnercial  interests,  while  tho 
luiiipaidonship  of  Itousseau  and  kimlrcd  spirits  raised  him  idiove  tiierank  of 
iiici('  narrator,  and  instiUcil  a  philosophic  s])irit  which  soon  evolved  tho 
llisfiiiri'  I'hlloKoph'iqiic.  IJefore  lleeing  from  I'aris  to  Genoa  he  had  Ihreo 
cipjiies  of  it  printcil,  to  be  submitted  to  friends  and  critics  for  suL'gcslicjnsaml 
iiii]iriivements.  The  perfecting  process  occupied  him  after  its  pulilication  till 
liis  death  in  JT'.KS,  at  thi'  a^e  of  aliout  s;{.  Kngland  sliowcil  her  api)rciiatioa 
"I  the  work  by  a  translation,  in  17>^.'!,  which  was  several  times  rejiublishcd. 
llaynsl  left  among  other  notes  a  IliMn'in'  J'hih)Ko]ih'i<iw,  <lr.,  llc.^  I'/ahlix-^t'imiila 
■/■'lit:  r.l/riijiic  Si  ji/iii/riuiiii/f,  which  I'en'hct  cidargcd  and  issued  in  iM'Jt),  iu 
i  Vols.  6vo;  and  which  should  form  a  part  of  the  greater  work, 

A  fuller  list  of  authorities  considted  are  tlic  following:  Onlriirs  de  la 
('■■mnn,  MS.,  iii.  4.')-,S;  vi.  'M,  (14-."),  7!)-N.");  ('<ilnl'iiU>,  MS.,  i.  irM-tl, 
•-'l.;  S;  iii.  (;-J-;{,  \-{\;  i\„iollrili,,  lli.-t.  Ym:.  .")4S-,"il;  ('«//,■,  Mmi.  ij  .\<,t., 
:<il-s.  |()(»-I,  is:?;  Azuizi.  YiiKlnii-vinii,  .MS.,  71-.">,  Ili'-U,  14l-:)7;  Vil'ii-Sviu.,-, 
Thioh-n,  i.  4!)-riO;  Hrril/ii  <;i;ir,l,i,  liiMnii-.,  MS.,  i.  Hit  44,  .'{•-'l-lM;  ii.  :(54-(;(>, 
4Ni  7;  /(/.,  JJin/iitm,  nos.  xv.  .\ix.  xli.-lxxi.;  I'lujn,  <'<iliititi\o,  10,  llo-l4, 
li'i-ii,  l!).V((:  \"n<iiii<  ili'Mi.i.,  /iisiriii-.,  MS.,  ."i;  .]/oiii(iiii'ii/<it  JJomiii.  A'.s//., 
•M^.,  !fJ,  107-8;  cJiidlio  J'ru.     J/<i-.,  :\IS.,  i.   108-17,  ."Ul-tlO;  I'mikUm-iaa 


C.")0 


COMMERCE. 


/.VfA.t.  M.'^..  no  40,  so,  10-2.',  212-14,  244-7,  2SS-nO;  Pt>rf,^ro  mm\  Cn,<l, 
ii>t.  Dn,:,  V.  421;  vi.  2!)H-:i  14,  ;«.•{;   xii.   142  .'.1;    xiii.  2i)i»-l;  i;,nl,>i  l),-ih 


111 


:{-4:{2 


i-.v; 
r.  r 


.•i77-!i; 


hS-lKi;  viii.    l!)i»  1,    2!l.'i 


i2.S; 


MS.,  211-(;i;  j:i,</o.^,lc  M,' 


Ji,',l.,  xxi.  4(;7  0,  4SS-!»,  r)02-4;  ]', 


ih>(ti',  Iiisiri 


\: 


(>.  MS.,  7H;  Ci,l.  h' 
MS.,   !l   1(»;  /,/■;/"/■ 

20,  i2;$-:!.>s;  /'„,/, 


Itolnir.,  MS.,  S-12;  /'IhHitiiiw,  E.ilo.  Ilhf.  Ci 

H'liffts  dciiirn'in,  ]ip.  vii.-x.   2()(i-;ill;  /'"-o]).  ilc   /"Hkk,   i.   ii.   iii.,  jkis.- 

/'-•«'(,<,  Ca/iila.-',  MS.,  i.  >s:!-,S,  KK),  172;  ii.  44-r)().  12;{-;i(i;  Orix/n,  II, si.  <; 

iii. 

1-2U!;  Cniili 


i.")(i;  Moiiliiinii/Di;  Si'iiKiriof,  ',)'>,  12--40;    Viriirroil,  .lu'lii  Ji'i/mlsn,  Ms., 


ritri'iii    I 


h-    In 


■ili.i,   MS.,   00-1;    C'liinhiifa,    l; 


<l-    X. 


L'-^ji.,  14.  i)asHiiii;  llohlm,  J)iario,  i.  ii.,  ]ias.sim;  Aiin  rim,  J)c^'ri/i.,  MS.,  141 
20,"),  I(i2-;i;   T(  riiKi!X-Ci>iii/)>(iiy,  srriu  i.  turn.  x.  4.j1-70;  siiie  ii.  t<iin.  v.  101  i', 


2:J7-44,  ;i20;  ( 


iiiiju,  !.,  ]>iis.siin ; 


.S'oc.  Ml .c.  (/'<».'/.,  IJn/'ihi,  ii.   ]', 


::{-;;i; 


32.'.-:?8;  iv.    IS;  ix.  SO;  J,/.,  ."Iia  ep.  i.  2ri4  .">,  7.'-.S-04;  Jiinnt,  lli.^t.  J(ilni„ 


144,  18M!;  /•/.,  i!ul„ 


laiiii 


.<  ih-  M(.,\,  i.  00,   i:]7,  no,  passim;  dnz.  M, 


ii.  iii.,  passim:  iv.  410,  42S-0;  v.  lOetsci].;  vi.,  iwissim;  ix.,  10-12,  1(11  .Mki; 
X.  12."),  .V)4-78;  xi.  .'JO,  07  I't  t'iH\.;  xii.-xiv. ,  pa.ssim;  Jti-^jio-'kivii'^  Tc/'m-, 
IIS.,  i.  Is  40,  77;  ii.  1-4;  iii.  42-."),  07;  Aiiiumz,  Mi  iih  C'onKixin,  21-27,  liii- 
Ji.SO;  Mdif-r'^  Mix.  AJir,  2;;0,  240-oO,  2(iO-74;  ii.  OS;  ('i,frio  Min:  I^/,..i 
f;0-l;  ii.  (I,  1."),  OC.  7,  113-4;  iii.  .'),  11-12,  .V)-7:  iv.  :W2  ;J,  44.'.,  .".OS.  (i2l  J; 
Jii'vfia,  llv'op.,  i.  Ill  ctsiHi.;  ii.  (14,  71-<S<i,  l.");{-(i2;  Nntii-ioKo  f.V».,  17  X'f. 
J;'17,  2-15;  Li  nln  ih-  Tijniln,  ('oiiwirio  Est.,  12-1."),  ])aMsini;  Himlt'-^,  I'm''. 
Hi  iraif.  I'rot'.,  41-(il{;  Jjiirlnii/Kiiin,  Mrin.  Cnmji.,  12-I.S;  Wiinl'.'t  Mi.r..  i.  (.II, 
]:;0-:!2;  ii.  h»,  1."),  4!);  Arrllliom,  I'lriiji.  IS.'!),  ;)7S-42S,  .-):!4-02;  LI.,  I„fi.,;,.., 
IJ;  ZuMiorn,  Jl}h.  /,,;/.  V,!.,  ii.  4:i2,  o2S  :$:!;  v.  21  :!.".,  :{0()-i:{.  :{04; '(■'</-■-,, 
Jiiiiiik<  Hi-t.,\.  i;;i;  ii.  20.VO;  Ori.zrn  y  lUrra,  ('nrhni.  Mcr.,  IsO-l;  IV'f.'CP. 
I'liirrr.tdf,  xxvii.  "),  07,  20(!-12,  24;{-()';  Sii//iioii'.'<  Mmliiii  J/i.^t.,  iii.  2lil  l!i; 
]','iii>l),  .)/(-.)•.  (inil  I'liit,  .'I//(.,  0.')-l  i(i;  IVi.-if  Iiiilin,  Oil);/,  null  ///^^,  l."iit-7; 
/V/.v".v  L'.r/Jorril-:)-!/  Trai:,  T,:>  Ci;  Orti-.,  Yrwlin  Mi.r.,  ';(7(i  7;  A/.,  Jii^mir,. 
y.f-Unh,  70-S();  Walhiiin  !>iiiiiiinh  Colmni:^,  ii.  174;  /'/.,  K.iyixr,  42.S;  Jliiir'i 
:!i.:,  i.  10  2il.  40.  2.">0-1,  ;{4S;  ii.  OO-IO);  iv.  i:!0.  210,  27.")  S7;  v.  1-2,  2lt, 
i:74-S;i;  vi.  :U4;  vii.  S7-04,  202;  viii.  40,  VM\,  W.W-W.  x.  »)21;  xi.  047  ".H;  xii. 
4S;!;  Mlc.  Liiji4.  MiJ.,  lS.',l,2'M-4;  Sjimii-h  Knipiiv  in  Am.,  llS-2i!,  271'- 

:!'i;:  AiiDKiit',  in-f.  j'lj.,  i.  2s  ctsi(|.;  iii.  :i2-:;s;  wunc,  Xutiria  iin ..-.', 

!!-I0;  Co,-/,'-,  l)i„,-',o  K.i/i.  lS..'n,  i.  ;!4(1;  iii.  0,  11  12;  iv.  201;  Miluli,  j.nin 
('<.-:/inrhir  (lii/iini  /'clijiinaK,  i.  2.")0;  I'liji.  \'iii:,  xxxi.  .'};  Ii.  '.i;  clxiv.  07-iiO, 
11.4;  c'.xxxvi.  l.")-17;  ecxv.  :!;  Z niinroi.-',  lli.^t.  .!/•/.,  v.  41:1  it  sc(j.;  vi.  I.'iii, 
ISd;  vii.  140;  X.  1200;  Mora,  J.'rnir  Mc.r.,  1S2-4,  214-41,  as7:  /■/.,  "/.,w< 
S>iif!o.i.  i.  00-2;  IliniiUvlll,  E^^ni  J',l,  i.  1."),  120.  2;!1,  24:!;  ii.  42."),  440.  liii::- 
77S,  821),  S40-l)():  /-/.,  TnhUt.'i  K^fnil.,  :MS.,  42  (i;  /-/..  \'ir.-<iii-h.  iv.  2.".ii  C'.O: 
V.  IKi  20;  /(/..  .V((f'  Sjniii,  iv.  KJS,  2S1,  ;{(;;{-0;  J)ii-i:  Uiiir.,  i.  .".;!;  v.  2iiii]l; 
viii.  (iJt-S,  (ii;(;-7;  X.  7;il-2,  SI2-14,  IOIl-2.">;  JJit'^duiiiinti',  Ciiiul.  Ili.i..'\\. 
(i7-7<i;  J'i,ihr/n.r-<  Mmliri)  (Ao;/.,  iii.  211-12,  224-0;  /il.,  Coll.  Vvij.,  v.  47ii-^l, 
400-4;  xiii.  S.'.S-O;  Yinhi'.f/t  lli.-it.  J/c.c. ,  (i2;  Ciirniir.it.  (lii  ij.  ])i  srriit.,  IJ  17, 


innii'i/  .■< 


J)l. 


Sivdh  Ski,  ii.  :i4(i-0;  J)il/iii'.'<  lli^t.  Mi 


100-10;   An 


liniiilii  ri 


Ml 


cf  (iiifit.   2.")0-(i4;    iJidtlitn  y  Li'-jiim,    Li;/.   Mix.,  i.  ISO.  lil 


Oi/ill'i/'s  Ann  rim,   2S.'5;  J>ciiiocralii' 


i.   2GS:   J)i'   llircy,   J.'L\ 


]41-;i;  Liiiii/.-iilorf,  I'o//.,  ii.  20S;  A'/  T.niqm,  100:  Pnln/o.c y  MiinlirM,  I'./ 
4,");  /■'()/(>■('(/(  _)/  Urrittiii,  I'i'ul  llii".,\.  .SlJi  ct  scr|. ;  Fri:  '-h.  Stw'ti 


Si  iii: 
Ml 


Galr 


T, 


47-S:  /.( 


/>/ 


///.•<^ 


XXX  VI 


".20;  (/.■ 


/ox,   MS.,  2(iO-l  ;  (/■izila,  doU.  .1/- 


/>/(««.  EmiyriitL,  vi.  .'J40;  lloiirhoKrii,  L  I.Mlnnp  Tih.,  8;   ('oinlir's  Mi.c.  m"! 

(I'/ift'.,  51,   i;iS;  Siifrit  JJ.'<;iinii(t,  Ai 

122  ft  SOI].;  (liillu 

JC.irup.  Si'itli\,  i.    2;!2-8;  (Inin  di'  Ilu 


(/(();/.,  i.  ;tO.");  Alrnnii,  L'.ifn 


ii.  4.'!7;  /.'"/i' 


iU 


ii.   <iO-108: 
Willi  rhiilhnni''<  IH"!.  '>/'  6'.  »S'.,  iv.   112-1.'};  (!iii'ri\,,   ; 
ii.  ()2.">-0;  Mit'-/i/i' r-inn'.-!  Aiuiiih  i[f  Com.,  i.  074-7;  iii.  402:  ]>ii 


M, 


l:i-'.'(i; 


N.  l: 


p.,  1. 
;..  .1/. 


f-m  (  rir.. 


.")0:t-(i20;  Mitllrr,  Jliixn 


Mr 


iii.  4:i7  44,  720-:!7 


llli'd 

'icr'i 


i/V.b'.,  xxii.  St;  Zuritlii,  Hiv.  Mv.r.,  27-07;  Liiiayi'.f  S/miii^h  Utile  of  i i 
!27,  2(Jli-7;  Bidmll's  I'cunuiui,  08,  7-. 


I,'i  ii/in  On/'  „■ ., 
:.'.>>;  X.  .SI.VKi; 
,  TS;  O,/.  //.,.. 

'.■5-:!-'.S;  /'«„„„, 

i.     iii.,   )(;iSM!;i; 

ifo,    J  J  is/.    f„„.^ 

J,'ijiii/.i,i,  Ms., 

J.'ii.'iiii  ill   ,V. 

•//..,  MS.,  141- 

toiii.  V.  I!t|  J, 

17,  -j:}-;;!;  ni. 

li-t.  Jtlhlim,  i, 

^'":.  J/'..-.,  i. 

O-ll',  ](i|  .-loll; 
hiulK't    I'"/'/.!., 

■/o,  '2i-i'7,  ;;•:- 

JA/v.   A'v...  i, 

!•'•,  .VJS,  (il'l--.'; 
'iliirliiz,  I'luh, 

■.V  Miu:,  i.  (;;i, 

/'/.,    llll'nrilf, 

i.  .S'.M;  "f  •,//,-,;, 

SO- I;   I'-a-/.,-,, 

^,  iii.  LMO  111; 

//'-Y.,   i;((K; 

/'/.,     Hi  XII III' II 

,  4'J>S;  /;;,„■;., 

;  V.  1  •_>,  I'l  I, 

.  047 -•"•It;  xii. 

Iis--J(i,  -JTIi- 

I'lH  I  In  ..  :', 

Mitirlii  jjiii'ii, 

xiv.  1)7  l(i», 

•ij.;  vi.  l.'lo, 

:  /./.,  ijJ.i.K 

.'),  44'.t.  iii;;;- 

iv.  'J.'iii  4:111; 
!;  V.  -Jilii  II; 

/.  //ii.,  is. 

.,  V.  47i>-*>l, 
■/•->.,  iJ  17, 
)!>-l();  /../,-.. 
i.  :!(!.  (i7: 
L'h'iif'  /",  i. 
'.(I,  I'l  III  rnh. 

Sf  It'll  I II  ri'ii 

,S    J/'. I'.    (I'.'/ 

(.•I'li.  .1/./., 
:!7:  /.■"./■■< 
v./'.,  I:i-'.M; 
>.,  i.  177-''; 
.  .U'l-'-'iiiHl 
17;  S'l'i'iri 
'J  TfU'lt, 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 

REVENUE    AND    FINANCE. 

1.-jOO-.)809. 
Tr.F.AsrRT    Pep.vktmf.xt    EsTAiiLisiiKn — Royal    Oitickiis— The    DEiwnT- 

MENT  AS  FlLEY  OUGANIZEU— 11kGLL.\TI0NS  ANU  liKSTlilCTION.S — C'OL- 
CECTION      OF      ReVENTE — TlIE     KiNO's      FiFTlI  — SMELTINC— TltlBCTE — 

Qric'KsiEVEU— CrsTOMS  DniEs— IjiroitTs  and  Kx pouts— The  Ma- 
nilla TiiADE — Royal  Monoi-olies  and  Sale  of  Offices — Gam- 
liLiNO  License — Liycou  Tuaific— Taxation— Sale  of  Indulgences— 
TniiEs — Cacao  AS  Cluhency — Estallisujient  of  a  Mint— Coinage- 
Income. 

TiiE  troasury  department  of  Xew  Spain  may  l>o 
f-;ii(l  to  have  bci'U  or^'anized  cai'lv  in  l.'3'J4,  with  Cortes 
iis  ij^overnor  and  ca|)tain-general,  whiMi  lltxhi^o  do 
Alixirnoz  was  appointed  as  C()ntacU)r,  (ionzalo  do 
Sahizar  as  factor,  Alonso  de  Estrada  as  treasurer,  and 
Tedi'o  Ahuindez  Chirinos  as  inspector  of  sniultini^ 
wiiiks.  The  inti-rference  c>f  tliese  otHcials  in  ,u,ubei"na- 
tnri;d  aftairs,  and  their  assumption  of  prrro^atives  not 
lightly  appertainin<^  to  the  treasury,  hjd  to  the  estal)- 
lisliiiient  of  a  more  thorounldy  ornanized  de[)artment 
whicli,  as  occu[)ation  jtrogressed  and  th(^  sources  of 
I'tvcuuo  increased,  hecame  enlarged  hy  tlit;  ci'eation, 
hoiiitime  to  time,  of  dilferent  branch  de[)aitmeuts  at 
iIm'  ]>orts,  and  in  all  impoi-tant  districts.  From  Ij28 
111  the  end  of  the  eiuhteenth  century,  laws  in  great 
luiiiibcr  were  passed  duscribinj^  the  duties  and  cur- 
iiiiliii,!^  the  inde[)endent  action  of  the  roynl  oflicrrs  of 
tlif  treasury,  provi(lin,ijf  ai^ainst  fraudulent  jtractices, 
Jiiid  itrotectinir  in  ev^ry  wav  the  interests  of  theci'own. 
li  a  cedula  was  issued  which  became  inoperative,  it 


m 


632 


REVENUE  AND  HNANCE. 


was  repeated ;  if  an  order  proved  iiieflTectual,  it  was 
revised. 

The  treasury  department  as  fully  or^^'lnized  was 
composed  of  three  |)riiici|)al  «»ffi<ers,tlie  fjietor,  auditu', 
and  treasurer.  Each  of  these  chiefs,  t<M^etlier  whli 
an  escribano,  had  under  him  three  officials  who  may 
be  denominated  the  first,  second,  and  third  book- 
keepers, and  attaoluid  to  the  department  was  a  miiii- 
ber  of  employes,  such  as  scriverers,  who  were  occupidl 
in  despatchinj^  the  business  of  the  tribunal  of  royal 
officers,^  and  that  of  the  variijus  outside  branclies 
responsible  to  it.^ 

All  the  inn)ortant  affairs  of  each  department  weie 
conducted  by  a  tribunal  of  the  royal  officers  who  ImM 
their  sessions  weekly  in  the  presence  <»f  the  audiencia, 
or,  where  there  was  no  audiencia,  lx.'fore  the  <^n\-. 
ernor  of  the  district.  Their  duty  was  to  direct  the 
management  of  the  royal  treasury;  an«l  in  the  colli  c- 
tion  c^'  the  i-evenue  these  courts  had  .ibsolute  jurisdic- 
tion, each  triljunal  beint;  confined  to  its  own  distri<t. 
Durinix  the  sixteenth  centurv  the  iK>wer  of  the  roval 
officers  was  great.  They  opened  in  session  the  kiiii;  s 
despatches  to  governors;  could  address  the  king  con- 
jointly or  severally;  viceroys  and  audiencias  were  or- 
dered to  put  no  impediment  in  their  way;  justices  and 
alguaciles  mayores  were  instructed  to  carry  out  tluir 
orders  in  all  matters  concerning  the  treasury,  and  in 
their  court  sessions  their  vote  was  final.  ]iut  latt  r 
the  power  of  these  courts  was  greatly  curtailed,^  and 
controlled  bv  the  audiencia  and  the  hii'her  Tribunal  v 
Audiencia  de  Cuentas.* 

'The  tribunal  <lc  los  oficialos  rcales  of  the  city  of  M«-Kico  wasoonipos«i!  (A 
five  lucniljors,  iianii'ly,  tiie  three  chiofa  of  the  tnasnry  nn-ntiout-il  in  tlit-  tr\t 
and  tin"  contiulor  dc  tribntos  y  nlcalxilas.    ViilnSriior.  Tfnulru,  i.  ;{!>. 

'■'Kiirly  in  tiio  ITtli  century  tiare  wasn  royal colicr  aii<ll>raiic'li  (Ifpartini  nt 
at  eacli  of  tiie  following  places,  namely:  the  city  of  Mexico,  Vera  Cruz,  .\  a- 
pulco,  San  Luis  du  Futoi^i,  (iuanajuato,  I'ailtnc.-t,  (iiiatlalajara,  I>u,'itn;ii>.  nn'l 
jlerida  in  VucaUin.  licio/i.  r/c  /ml.,  ii.  4.")1.  The  tinst  two  treasury  depiiit- 
nient.s  were  tlio.so  of  the  city  of  Mexico  and  Vera  Cruz. 

■^  /i'n-op.  lie  //«/.,  ii.  41  !)-•_>.■>. 

*  This  court  was  established  by  Felipe  III.  in  IfiOTV.  a«  a  further  check  u]'"U 
the  otlicials  of  the  treasury  department.  Jitojp.  de  liid.,  iL  Slvi.     At  lir^^L  it 


TK  K ASUR Y  RESTRICTIONS. 


0.-3 


Tliat  tlio  reader  may  form  some  idea  of  tlic  jeal- 
ousy with  wliit'h  the  crown  attoinpted  to  j^uard 
ii'iaiiist  fraud  or  ])oculation,  and  of  the  methods  by 
\vlii(h  (hshonest  officials  mij^ht  appropiiiite  funds  of 
tlie  treasury,  1  shall  n«ention  a  few  of  the  niultitudi- 
iKHis  laws  issued  for  the  protection  of  the  revenue. 

Treasury  officials  were  strictly  prohihited  from  en- 
on^rjng  in  commercial  or  business  cntej[»rises  of  any 
l;iii(l.'*  They  could  not  work  mines,  nor  were  their 
sons,  brothers,  or  near  relatives  allowed  to  do  so. 
All  jmblic  appointments,  such  as  those  of  corre«^idor 
and  alcalde  mayor,  wcie  cl«)sed  a^^ainst  them  and  all 
iHiu-  relatives,  nor  could  they  hold  Indians  m  enconii- 
cndit.  The  royal  safe  had  three  separate  locks  witli 
(liiferent  keys,  one  of  which  was  in  the  keepinix  <>f 
ciich  of  tlie  three  chiefs  of  the  departmi-nt,  while  the 
door  of  the  office  in  which  the  coffer  was  dej)osited 
was  similaily  fastened,  so  that  all  three  otHcials  were 
(•iinijxlled  to  be  ]>resent  at  the  openinj^  an<l  closin<jf  of 
liotli  tlio  room  and  the  stronL^-box."  ]iestrictions  fol- 
lowed restrictions;  royal  officers  were  even  forbidden 
to  Diariy  the  daughters  or  sisters  of  contadores  de 
cueiitas,"  nor  were  their  own  sons  and  daughters  al- 
lowed to  intermarry-  during  the  lifetime  of  tlieir  par- 
ents; and  lastly,  nepotism  was  so  strictly  guai'ded 
against  that  no  relative  of  a  treasuiy  officer  within 

va-;  coiiiposcd  of  tliroo  auditors  of  accounts,  two  auditors  of  li.iliiiici'-sli('t'ti» — 
iiritiiilorcH  di'  rosultas  -iiuil  two  vii\:\\  otlji-irs  '  jiara  i|uc  (iidciiru  Im.s  cuciitas, 
i|uc  sc  iiuliii'rcn  .  '•■iH;a:.'  Jhii/.  At  a  later  dati-  tills  court  was  cidioyvd 
ami  comprised  ti  I'l;  contadores,  aii  al;.'uacil  luaycir,  six  cnntadorcs    do 

rrsultas,  foiir  ordeu.niores.  twelve  ( mitadnres  superiiuiiiciarins.  and  an  «'scii- 
liaiici  real.  The  accounts  nt'  all  the  lnauclies  ni  the  treasnrs  (iijiaituieiit  wi-io 
]i.isf^cd  tlu'ou;,di  tins  tril)Uiial.  \'etancurt  informs  ns  that  at  its  sessions  the 
tliicc  contiidores  were  seated  witli  the  rnvalaudieiicia  '  y  en  su  'i'ril'Mnai  yo/.an 
lie  Seiioria.'  Trnt.  Ciin!.  Mi.r.,  'M>.  In  Villa-Scfior's  time  further  cliangea  liml 
liiruniade.    'J'/milrtt  .\  im  >•..  i.  .'{S. 

■'  Muiiti'tninjor,  Sniiitria,  '_'4.S.  This  pndiihition  was  freipicntly  iiinored. 
The  citlicialsof  the  royal  treasury  at  San  Luis  I'utosi  ciimmitud  si  many  irrci,'- 
rliiiiies  liy  eni])loyinL'  the  kin;.''s  money  in  men'anlile  transaciinns  that  his 
Majesty  in  I (jr>0  ordered  it  to  l>e  cluseil  for  a  time.  Itnrnt,  ilnh.  ila  M,x.,  i. 
M'  ■_'. 

''  N'o  one  of  tlic  ofTicials  couM  surrender  liis  key  to  either  <if  his  colleagues 
Uiil(  ss  illness  or  other  ju.stitialile  cause  prfventeil  him  actinirin  person.  J'vcop, 
(/   ///'/.,  ii.  4:U,  4.-)'_'.     See  //(.sV.  t'>iil.  Am.,  vol.  i.  this  series. 

'  Members  of  the  tribunal  y  audieneia  dc  cuenUis. 


C.->4 


RKVENUE  AXD  FINANCE. 


the  fourtli  tl<'i>roo  of  oon.sniiijniriitv  and  second  dc^jjfroo 
of  iiilinity  could  liold  a  i)osition  in  tlio  ynnio  (.Icjuiit- 
nient  with  liinisi'lf."* 

]\[oi'cover  tlio  laws  which  rejjulatcd  tho  duties  ot' 
the  royal  oflic(>is  were  ecjually  stiiniLjfcnt.  All  lunids 
and  securities  had  to  bo  received  by  the  ofticials  con- 
jointly. Th»\y  had  to  attend,  in  company  with  ;iii 
oidor,  the  |)ul)lic  auctions  of  all  i^oods  i)ertaininn'  \n 
the  crown;  if  their  accounts  were  not  lendered  in  time 
their  salaiies  were  withheld;  drafts  on  tho  treasury 
drawn  even  l)y  tho  viceroy,  or  president  and  oidoit  s, 
couUl  n(»t  1)0  honored  urdoss  they  were  supported  liy 
a  special  order  from  his  Majesty;"  the  oflicers  could 
not  absent  thenisclves  from  their  posts  without  |)n- 
mission  of  tho  viceroy,  nor  return  to  Spain  without 
that  of  the  kinjj^.  Any  dereliction  of  duty  was  in  nio>t 
cases  ))unishable  by  loss  of  position. 

Xevertheless  len;islation  availed  not  to  prevent 
abuses;  a  study  of  tho  laws  passed  durinj^  a  lon^- 
period  of  time  rcjvoals  tho  fact  that  fraudulent  aiul 
irregular  ])ractices  continually  prevailed,  and  cvtiit- 
iially  tho  royal  treasury  in  Now  Si)aiu  was  placid 
under  tho  absolute  control  of  tho  viceroy  as  supci  in- 
tendent,  no  appeal  being  allowed  against  his  decision 
except  directly  to  tho  crown. ^"  But  it  is  time  to  con- 
t;ider  tho  various  sources  from  which  tho  kings  of 
Spain  derived  their  revenue  in  tho  Mexican  proviinrs. 

Tho  earliest  recorded  collection  of  revenue  in  X*  w 
Spain  was  made  during  tho  captivity  of  Montezuma. 
and  several  remittances  wore  sent  to  the  mother  coun- 
try during  the  tirst  years  of  occupation  except  in  1  ,VJ;!: 
but  in  1524  the  smn  transmitted  amounted  to  nenilv 
one  hundred  thousand  pesos.  From  this  time  reiiiil- 
tances  to  Sptiin  declined  somewhat  for  several  decade  >, 

"/iVaANCVr/M/rw,  MS.,  ii.  1^.1.  \%l;  Onlrnci^  de  In  Corona,  MS.,  i.  IX!, 
•l>y  •.'('■ilulaof  l.'i.'ilt  tlio  viceroy '.s  drafts  on  the  ti't'iisury  were  ordi-'tvd  t"  I't* 

paid,  till'  (iliii'i'iH  advisiiii;  tiie  Hiig  of  the  same.     IJut  iii  IM'J  this  was  cnim- 

teiiiiaiidcd.   Maiili  iiiinidr,  ■Sninirlo,  24!),  '2.">(). 

^"li'-alis  C((liil(i<,  MS.,  ii.  'J'Jl-'2;  JJiKjmsicionea  Vurias,  i.  f.  53. 


until  al 
iially  it 
colDuiii 
was  tril 
soiial  HI 
mviptf 
(late  ni 
a  h(,'tt( 
iniTcasc 


COLLECTING  TAXES. 


Cr)5 


until  about  the  middle  of  the  century  when  they  ofrad- 
ually  increased.'^  JJuriiiuf  the  first  few  years  of  the 
coloni.'d  period  the  prinei[)al  source  of  ro\-al  revenue 
was  tribute  money,  and  as  this  was  j)artly  paid  by  ])er- 
siiiial  services  no  very  (;orrect  estimate  of  the  treasury 
iicripts  at  that  time  can  l)e  formed. ^'^  I>ut  at  an  caily 
(late  measures  were  ado[)ted  by  the  crown  to  ensun; 
a  hotter  administration  of  this  dej)artment,  and  an 
increase  of  revenue.  Branches  were  established  in 
the  [jrincipal  towns^^  to  i'acilitate  collection,  and  in- 
structions issued  for  the  guidance  of  otHcials.'*  As  the 
revenue  increased  in  value  and  importance,  and  the 
sources  from  which  it  was  derived  multi[)lie(l,  fresh 
laws  were  r^'peatedly  |)ronuilL(ated,  moi'e  <K'[)artnients 
(ivatiMl,  and  a  vast  financial  policy  develoj)ed.  No 
pDssihle  opptn'tunity  of  drawing  wealth  into  the  royal 
ixchequer  was  thrown  away;  and  luxuries,  industries, 
and  vices  were  alike  made  to  contribute  their  quota 
to  till  the  royal  coflcrs.  So  numerous  were  the  means 
iiiiploved  that  at  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  centurv 
tlu'  various  sources  Irom  which  the  rental  was  derived 
numbered  more  than  sixty,  and  during  the  period 
iVoni  15-J2  to  IH04  yielded  !?1,910,000,()00,  or  an  an- 
nual average  of  80,8,'J0,98r).'''  The  proceeds  lluctuated 
considerably  dui'ing  the  above  named  years. 

I'he  earliest  impost  which  was  jiaid  in  New  Spain 
was  the  royal  fifth  of  the  net  value  of  all  gold,  silver, 
till,  quicksilver,  or  other  metals  obtained  from  mines. 

".l//<o/'770s,  Cartn,  in  Ica-linlnln,  Col.  Dor.,  i.  .'01-'2;  Pochcfo  nnJC((/v/c- 
)«'-,  '■"/.  Doc,  xii.  ;>.")•_'-( ;-J;  T< ni<iii.\-Coiiiii(ti>.*,  siric  i.  toni.  x.  4.")1. 

'-I'/iiinn,  Jfcypitpsta,  MS.,  in  S(/i(l(r's  .l/.S'.S'.,  xviii.  .'i-O. 

"  In  Apiil  i.VJH  the  kin;^  <'st;il)!i.s!u'(l  tlie  folluw  inv'  towns  ;is  cMnfccrns:  llio 
city  of  Mi'xioo,  Ti'zciico,  Znnuuliula,  Z.icatiil.i,  Zrnii»j!illa,  'l\  huantcpcf, 
Tiuiitujice,  Tluscula,  Vibtzilan  in  Michoaca!i,  Acupuico,  anil  (Juilapan.  I'tcjn, 
('•<hilririo,  '27. 

"A  (locree  wns  issued  May  10,  l.")"27,  enjoining  ofTicials  not  to  oompcl  any 
pi'isnn  to  pay  twice  an  inileliti'dncss  to  the  treasury.  I'lic  ilutii  .t  of  the  con- 
t:iili'r  and  treasurer  were  then  delined.  Ancjtlu'r  decree  of  .Inne  o,  I.VJS, 
jiri^irilicil  tiiat  payments  made  into  the  royal  treasury  .'-hou  id  ncitlier  1  e  to 
tlic  iirejuilicc  of  tiie  pcr.son  jiaying  nor  to  tiiat  of  tiie  kinu'.  Jicca/i.  ih-  ],i<l.,  ii. 
4ii.V:i.  Xor  were  the  royal  ollicer:<  pennitteil  to  farm  laud  t)r  enj:a.L;e  in  any 
Im.-iiii'ss  contract  under  penalty  of  a  line  of  10,000  maravedis.  Montemaijoi-, 
Sfiihirio.i.  '24S. 

'-•Ao/ic.  lie  Esj}.,  in  Svc.  Mcx.  GiO'j.,  ii.  30, 


ill 


GTiO 


REVENUE  AND  FINANCE. 


This  duty  was  established  in  tlic  Indies  by  royal 
cedula  of  the  5th  of  February,  1504,  and  was  paya- 
ble by  all  vassals  and  residents  in  the  <loniains  of  the 
crown.'*  In  order  to  secure  the  collection  of  this  tax 
an  inspector  of  mines  was  appointed  at  an  early  dati', 
and  in  1528  royal  officers  were  required  to  be  piestnt 
at  the  smelting  of  gold.  This  fifth  on  gold  was 
found  in  some  instances  to  be  discourajjintj  to  niiniii" 
enterprises,  and  the  king  caused  it  temporarily  to  !m' 
reduced  to  one  tenth,  wliich  concession  was  extendid 
from  time  to  time."  After  a  variet}'  of  changes  tin 
tax  was  reduced  in  the  last  half  of  the  cii^hteeiith 
century  to  t;:ree  per  cent  on  gold,  and  eleven  por 
cent  on  silver.  This  caused  a  considerable  incnasu 
to  the  revenue,  and  in  the  twenty-five  years  fiom 
17G5  to  1789  inclusive,  the  amount  collected  wa? 
$43,041,4(38.'^ 

Almost  ^'ontemporaneous  with  the  establishment 
of  the  royal  fifth  impost  was  that  of  the  Indian 
tribute.  The  surrender  of  Montezuma  to  the  crown 
of  Castile  made  both  him  and  his  former  subjtits 
vassals  of  the  king  of  Spain,  and  indeed  that  unfor- 
tunate monarch  sent  valuable  presents  to  Carlos  V.  in 
token  of  his  recognition  of  him  as  his  sovereign.    Ac- 

'*  The  royal  fifth  was  also  paid  on  all  treasures  ami  treasure  trove.  tJn 
June  10,  1540,  a  royal  cedula  was  issued,  enjoining  the  strict  collection  »if  it 
on  all  treasure  captured  in  war,  discovered  in  graves  or  elsewlieie,  or  rcccivi-.l 
as  ransom.  J'achico  and  C'drilenan,  Col.  Doc,  six.  r)!)-(),S.  Cortes  in  I.V.j 
appointed  ollicers  to  collect  this  revenue.  Foiuteca  and  Urrulia,  Uenl  Iliv.. 
i.  1-5. 

•'  In  1572  the  duty  on  silver  was  reduced  to  one  tenth  for  six  years.  /'/.. 
i.  IG.  During  the  next  two  centuries  a  great  nund)er  of  ct'dulas  were  is.sui'l 
relative  to  tlii.'i  duty,  and  for  the  encouragement  of  mining. 

^  '"Itl.,  i.  43.  In  tlie  single  year  of  1798  the  yield  amounted  to  $2,2^1.04.1. 
Notic.  N.  E<p..  in  Soc  M<x.  Geo;/.,  ii.  25.  Connected  witli  this  branch  of  the 
revenue  were  the  assay  otliccs,  which  were  established  in  the  Indies  by  royiil 
Cedula  of  Septemlier  14,  1511),  Itccop.  dt  liul.,  ii.  75-7,  and  in  1.V22  were  mail'.' 
vendible.  The  proceeds  of  these  olhces  thus  depended  on  the  conditi'piis'i 
sale,  and  regulations  enacted.  For  melting,  assaying,  and  stamping,  one  aiul 
a  half  per  cent  was  ordered  to  be  charged  by  royal  cOdula  of  June  5,  l.'i."i:', 
which  was  renewed  in  KilO.  Id.,  79.  The  system  of  selling  this  source  ui 
revenue  proved  unprofitable  owing  to  fraud,  and  in  1783  it  was  incorinniiti'l 
with  tlie  crown  administration;  during  the  following  seven  years  it  j-iehli  .1  tho 
email  net  amount  of  (|;27, 375.  Foitsci-a  and  Urrutla,  ll'tst.  licnl.  line,  i.  4.')-."il. 
In  the  year  17U8,  however,  tiie  net  proceeds  amounted  to  47,944  pesos.  .Sw. 
Mex.  O'eoij.,  ii.  25. 


INDIAN  TRIBUTE. 


657 


liy  royji! 
was  paya- 
itis  of  the 
A'  this  tax 
?arly  datr, 
be  j)resL'iit 

gold  was 
to  iiiiiiiiii^ 
irilv  to  lie 
I  cxtendcMl 
an<^os  the 
!ij,'iitecMitli 
iluvcn  jKr 
J  iiicrcasf 
cars  from 
jcted   was 

blisliiiKMit 
10  Indian 
ho  crown 
'  .suhjri'ts 
lat  iinlur- 
rlos  A^  in 
ign.  Ac- 
re trove.  On 
jlleotion  (if  it 
c,  or  i-ec'civc'il 
jrti's  in  l.j.'d 
I,  Ileal  J I  a::, 

X  years.  LI.. 
s  Were  issutil 

0  ^-J.S.W.tM.'.. 
jrancli  of  the 
lies  Ity  royal 

were  mail'.' 
coiuliti'iiis  ''i 
•inii,  one  ainl 
'uuo  "),  I.Vrj, 
his  source  ui 
iiicorp'irati'l 
tyiei.lc.ltlio 
tc,  i.  -I.'i-.'il. 

1  pesos.  Soc, 


cordiiigly  orders  wore  issued  on  the  25th  of  October, 
l.VJJ,  re(juiriiig  payment  of  tribute  to  be  made  to 
the  royal  treasury  officer.  This  tax  was  discharged 
litlier  by  the  payment  of  a  sum  of  money  and  contri- 
laitions  in  kind,  or  by  labor  which  was  employed  on 
jiiihlic  works  and  buildings,  and  in  the  cultivation  of 
]ilantations.  The  amount  paid  was  regulated  l)y  the 
(|iiality  of  the  soil  cultivated  by  the  Indians,  and  con- 
sequently varied  in  different  districts,  the  land  being 
ajtpraised  by  the  corregidores  or  sworn  commissioners. 
Those  towns  which  did  not  pertain  directly  to  the 
crown  paid  the  tribute  to  the  respective  encomenderos,''' 
who  in  turn  paid  to  the  officers  of  the  crown  the 
ruyal  fifth.'"^ 

At  first  the  impost  levied  upon  the  Indians  was 
probably  the  same  as  that  ])aid  to  Montezuma,  namely, 
(iiio  third  of  all  produce,  or  an  equivalent  wholly  or 
ill  part  in  the  precious  metals;  but  it  soon  became  evi- 
dent that  so  oppressive  a  tribute  could  not  be  borne, 
and  reductions  and  exemptions  were  repeatedly  made"' 
during  the  period  from  1550  to  the  close  of  the 
cii,fhtecnth  century,  when  the  tax  which  generally  pre- 
vailed was  about  two  pesos  and  a  quarter  per  annum.^^ 

Meanwhile  the  importance  of  this  source  of  revenue 
was  such,  and  the  increase  of  business  in  the  treasury 
department  became  so  great,  that  in  1597  a  general 

"Tlie  enconienderos,  however,  were  in  the  ha)>it  of  exacting  a  liigher  trib- 
v,tc  tlian  that  at  which  the  land  was  assessed,  and  on  the  30th  of  ^lay,  loiVi, 
the  king  ordered  the  viceroy  not  to  permit  such  exactions,  Turqueinada,  iii. 
JiJO-1.     This  C(^dula  was  confirmed  in  l.")4!l  and  15ol. 

■-"The  viceroy  in  loST  writing  to  the  king  says  that  there  had  been  much 
iiegleet  in  compelling  the  enconienderos  to  pay  the  king's  fifth  on  trilmte  paid 
ill  jrold,  and  that  it  was  his  intention  to  enforce  tlie  i>ayment.  Pwheco  and 
'  ■inliiia.<,  Col.  Doc,  ii.  207-8.  In  I.jOD  there  were  in  New  Spain  15o  alcal- 
ili:i.s  niayorcs,  the  tribute  of  wliich  to  the  crown  alone  amounteil  in  1570  to 
Ii'.'fi,40.S  pi'sos;  and  in  the  following  year  that  of  the  crown  pueblos  produced 
s.'(,.Vi:i  pesos,  besides  37,770  fanegas  of  maize  and  a  large  number  of  loads 
of  euiliineal,  cacao,  wheat,  fish,  honey,  clothing,  and  poultry.  Fomeca  and 
L'rnilid,  Hid.  Ileal  llac,  i.  41G.  Tliis  produce  was  sohl  at  i.action  in  the 
iisjKL-tive  towns  before  an  oidor  and  tlie  fiscal  of  the  nudiencia.  In  1536 
cnlers  were  issued  forbidding  these  officers  to  send  deputies  to  represent  them. 
l\i<i.  (hhilario,  102,  111. 

•'('iinsult  //*■«<.  Mex.,  vol.  i.  153-4,  this  scries. 

■ '  llinnbohlt,  Esmi  Pol. ,  i.  104-5.    This  tribute  as  regards  Indians,  negroes, 
nmluttoes,  and  others  was  abolished  in  1810.  Diyjonk,  Vai:,  ii.  f.  C. 
UUT.  M£X.,  Vol..  III.    ii 


G58 


KEVENUE  AXD  HNANCE. 


auditors'  office  for  the  uniU'd  nianageiiicnt  of  Indiiui 
tributes  and  the  quicksilver  branch  was  cstablislkd 
by  Viceroy  Monterey.  In  1G51,  however,  the  tww 
branches  were  disconnected,  and  the  contadon'a  iJl 
tiibutos  became  a  distinct  de|)artnicnt,  with  an  athiiin- 
istrator  j^eneral  at  the  head  whoso  jurisdiction  ex- 
tended over  all  Xew  Spain.^ 

The  next  productive  impost  introduced  into  Xow 
Spain  was  the  alcabala,"  or  excise,  collected  upon  all 
salable  commodities.  This  duty  had  its  origin  in 
Spain,  at  what  late  is  uncertain;  but  in  1342, and  fur 
a  long  period  afterward,  the  right  of  collecting  it  \\a^ 
periodically  conceded  by  the  cortes  to  different  Spaiii>li 
monarchs  to  defray  expenses  of  war,  till  finally  it  Ik- 
came  a  fixed  source  of  revenue.  In  1558  Philip  II. 
after  consultation  with  his  councillors  decided  to  intro- 
duce the  alcabala  into  the  Indies,  and  in  15G8  issiud 
a  royal  cedula  to  the  viceroys  ordering  it  to  be  estal)- 
jished  in  Peru  and  Xew  Spain."  Some  delay,  howcvn, 
occurred  in  the  formation  of  a  tariff,  and  the  oi  oaii- 
ization  of  the  department;  nor  was  it  before  OctoUr 
1574  that  the  viceroy  Martin  Enriqucz  issued  lii^ 
proclamation,  specifying  in  detail  the  articles  to  k' 
taxed.'^^  On  the  27th  of  November  following  ho  ap- 
pointed Gordian  Casasano,  secretary  of  the  audiencia, 

*'  ViUa-Sinor,  Teatro  Amer.,  i.  45;  Fonseca  and  Urrutla,  Hint.  !!■"'. 
Amrr.,  i.  410,  4"24.  The  proceeds  of  this  trilmte  in  all  New  Spain  piiiil  inn 
the  royal  treasury  during  the  years  ITOj  to  1778  inclusive  anio\iiitnl  ti 
811,345,'224,  and  for  the  years  177'J-17«'J,  §8,438,704.  J<t.,  451.  In  ITHStLi 
net  amount  was  81)214,217.    Xofic.  de  X.  E^y.  in  Soc.  Mix.  Genr/.,  25. 

^'DitFerent  opinions  exist  eoncerning  tlic  origin  of  the  word  ulruld'''. 
The  Arabian  al-cuMla,  much  n.sed  among  the  Arabs,  meaning  adjudiLatii  ii 
of  certain  land,  or  any  other  object,  through  a  tax  or  tribute  whicli  it  «:■• 
obligatory  to  pay  to  the  royal  treasury;  later  it  became  the  name  of  tin'  u\ 
itself.  Glosario,  in  Cartas  de  Indian,  873-4.  From  the  Arabic  mftn/a  or '■((/'  , 
signifying  to  receive,  to  collect,  to  deliver.  Mortri  ami Mirurel y  Casadi  rth^'-. 
i.  292.  From  the  llcbrew  verb  carat,  to  receive,  or  perhaps  from  tlu'  Lit::; 
gnbflla,  by  which  the  Romans  understood  duties  on  sales.  Encrkfir,  JJ'  ■ 
Lef/'iH.  Juris.,  118.  In  our  own  language  ;/«/>f7,  tax,  custom,  duty,  frmii  ti:e 
Anglo-Saxon  f/a/el,  and  Gothic  (jihun,  to  give;  the  German  Ahijabe.  A  i>riv- 
alent  Spanish  notion  is  that  the  word  is  derived  by  corruption  from  c/  '] ' 
raJa;  that  is,  algo  que  vabja,  something  of  import;  the  expression  beiiij,'  umI 
when  the  cortes  were  re(|uested  to  provide  necessary  funds  for  tliu  ruv,,! 
treasury. 

Consult  Recop.  delnd.,  ii.  498. 

2» '  Desde  luego  quedaron  por  entonces  exentos  los  indios,  las  iglesias  y  ku 


i  of  Indian 
catablislnd 
r,  tilt!  tw.i 
itadon'ji  th 
nn  adiiiiii- 
diction  lx- 

into  Now 
)d  upon  all 
I  origin  in 
142,  and  lor 
ting  it  wa-i 
!nt  Spanish 
nally  it  In- 

Philip  II. 
od  tointio- 
50)8  issunl 
,o  bo  cstal)- 
y,  howc'Vir, 

the  oi'naii- 
TO  Oc'tolxr 

issued  lii> 
icles  to  lo 

ing  ho  ap- 

audionoi;i, 

l!a.  Hist.  II'':'. 
Spain  jiiiiil  iii:i 
0  ainoiinti'il  t' 
1.  Ill  IT'.iStLi 
'eof/. ,  2."). 
woril  ul'-nhw'i. 
iig  adjuiliL'atiiii 
te  which  it  \\«' 
iiaiiic  of  tiu't.ix 
cnbnld  or '•<('■' '. 
ly  Camil'  ri(ii'\ 
ironi  tJH'  Li;;ii 
Encrk/ic,  1/'-  ■ 
duty,  frmii  tie  I 
'xjube.  A  I'liv- 
on  from  ol  7  ' 
ision  beiii^'  ib"l 
8  for  thu  ruv,,! 

as  iglesias  y  las 


ALCAB.\LA. 


C.-.0 


to  tlie  office  of  auditor  and  superintendrnt-general  (»f 
tilt  new  department,"  instructing  him  at  the  same 
time  to  appoint  receivers  in  each  diistrict,  and  coni- 
iiRiice  the  collection  of  the  duties  on  tlie  1st  of  Jan- 
uaiy  1575.'" 

Henceforward  this  impost  under  the  ever  watchful 
(VIS  of  the  grasj)ing  kings  of  Spain  increased  in  pr<»- 
(liK'tiveness  to  the  crown  and  added  greatly  to  the 
liiirdens  of  the  inhabitants  of  New  Spain.  The  small- 
est articles  of  merchandise  and  the  connnonest  neces- 
saries of  life,  as  they  passed  from  one  ownor  to  another, 
were  taxed  over  and  over  again.  Forei<;n  jjoods,  home 
)ir()(luctions,  the  fruits  of  the  soil,  native  produce  of  all 
kiiids,^  landed  property,  sold  or  even  leased,  in  time 
iill  came  within  the  reach  of  the  elastic  alcabala. 
The  two  per  cent  first  exacted  was  doubled  and 
tithled.  In  the  decade  IGOl  to  IGIO  the  yield  in  the 
Mexican  department  alone  was  2, G7 1,1 00  pesos;  that 
of  the  decade  1781  to  i^qq,  13,575,528  pesos.  Tiie 
total  amount  which  this  tax  yielded  in  the  wluile 
kingdom  during  1780  to  1789  was  34,022,552  pesos, 
giving  a  net  profit  of  31,302,941  pesos.  In  the  single 
VKtr  1798  the  total  amount  of  this  impost  was  2,7(15,- 
-17  pesos,  with  net  proceeds  of  2,352,235  pesos,  or 
nearly  ten  times  the  mean  annual  receipts  during  the 
first;  named  decade.*' 

Xor  was  the  alcabala  the  only  impost  to  which 
inteinal  trade  was  subject;  the  peage,  or  transit  dues 
^vllich  were  levied  upon  goods  on  their  trans])ortation 
iVoni  certain*  places  to  others,  still  further  increased 
the  price  of  commodities.    The  eft'ect  of  this  griev<jus 

pcrsonas  eclesiastic.ds,  en  lo  quo  no  vcndicscn  ni  camhiasen  por  vin  dc  negoci- 
aeiun.'  I'uiisf cannd  Urrvtki,  Ilixt.  Peal.  J/fic.,n.  7. 

•■  Cisnsaiio  gave  Iwndsin  the  sum  of  .SO.OOO  (hicadosdeCastilla,  equivalent 
to  41,250  pesos.     His  salary  was  fixed  at  1,87.1  peso.s  per  aniiuin.  Iil.,  .S. 

■"The  duty  first  imposed  was  two  per  eeut  on  all  iirtitles  iiouulit  and  soM, 
until  the  king  ordered  otherwise.  Motitemai/or,  Svwnrlo.^  dc  Ci  diila.*,  'I'.Vi. 

•''15y  a  c«5dula  of  Septcmher  23,  1588,  tlie  tax  was  imposed  ujion  the  Inrl- 
i:ins  \\lio  were  made  to  pay  alcabala  on  fruit.s,  produce,  and  ineichaudisc  of 
tlie  tfiuntry.  Fonsfca&nA  Urrittia,  Hint.  Ileal,  llae.,  in.  17(5. 

^" Fonseea  and  Urrutia,  Hint.  Heal,  tiac.,  ii.  93-4;  Notic.  de  N.  E^p.,  in 
Sur.  Mex.  Geoij.,  ii.  25. 


ceo 


BEVKNUK  AND  FINANXE. 


Rystom  is  obvious.  Intomnl  trade  was  cramped,  mniin- 
faeturini;  and  agricultural  industries  were  fettered,  and 
inclination  to  undertake  local  enterprises  was  choked." 
But  the  purchasers  of  imported  goods  paid  still 
more  highly  for  the  satisfaction  of  their  wants  dr 
luxuries.  The  ahnojarifdzgo,^^  or  custom  duty,  was 
charged  on  all  merchandise  entering  or  leaving  the 


"  Rules  and  regulations  nfFectins  the  managcinent  of    the  excise  do. 

rrtment  were  iiiccH.santly  issued.  Ironi  nniong  the  nnmerous  laws  ]i!ixs(il 
Belect  a  few.  Colored  people,  thou^'li  paying  tribute,  were  not  exiiiifit 
from  nlcal)ala.  This  order  was  passed  in  IImH.  lHonfrjiini/or,  Ordetirm-.n^.  (. 
1,  with  Motiti'mnyar,  Svniarion  tie  ('iiliilnn.  'I'ho  tux  was  not  to  Ijo  colKitKl 
on  salfM,  the  proeeeds  of  which  were  to  ho  devoted  to  religious  pnrpuses, 
A.  i>.  17--;  nor  ujMin  projjerty  sold  for  division  among  heirs,  a.  n.  M'A't.  I'm- 
vUlinrias  Ihalct,  MS.,  144-5,  'J*j;i-5.  In  Bonio  districts  the  alcaliahius((l  tu 
1)0  farmed  out;  in  177(5  this  system  was  discontinued  and  the  collection  inailc 
on  the  king's  account.  iJixpanir.  Varlan,  i.  f.  5,3.  In  1777  an  order  M'aspa.-siil 
prohibiting  leases  of  10  years  or  upward,  unless  the  same  alcaliala  wii.s  ]iaul 
as  if  the  ]iroi)crty  were  sold.  Town  lots  sold  for  building  purposes  were 
subject  to  half  tho  aicabala  duty.  Ii'enl  Cnliilu,  Aug.  21,  1777,  pi>.  l-'l 
Tax  suits  could  only  be  admitted  on  appeal  when  they  related  to  iiiomy 
returnable.  Koyal  cedula  of  May  '22,  17<K).  Provhlnirian  Pealm,  MS.,  'JT-.'!! 
Indians  to  bo  exempted  when  Butlering  from  epidemics.  /(/.,  l!l7-!>.  l!ii\:il 
magnanimity  was  also  extended  to  ]iaupers  and  travt'lling  poor  who  nhM 
*maiz,  grauos,  y  scmillas. .  .para  provision  de  los  I'ueblos.'  liiroji  (/«'  ///''., 
ii.  5(VJ.  (.'liurciies,  nionasteries,  prelates,  and  ecclesiastics  were  also  ex(iii|it 
from  alcal>ala  'do  las  ventas  que  hicieren  de  sus  bienes;'  but  if  any  dtliir 
article  was  sold  the  tax  had  to  be  paid.  Ih.  In  17!M)ataxof  15  jxr  ciiit 
wa.s  ordered  to  be  paid  on  all  property  transferred,  i'edulnrio,  MS.,  iii.  f. 
l*20-3'2.  Kan  Ildefonso,  Aug.  21,  1777.  The  king  this  day  forbids  in  liis 
dominions  leases  of  10  years  or  upward  unless  they  pay  the  alrahula  tlif  saiiie 
as  if  the  property  were  sold.  Town  lots  sold  for  building  dwellingdioiiscs  nr 
other  cditices  adovning  towns  to  pay  half  tho  alcalxila  duty.  Ileal  CnUda, 
Aug.  1-21,  1777,  pp.  1-.1. 

^''  A/iiioJ(iri/e,  ov  almoxari/f,  was  the  n.imc  anciently  applied  to  the  col- 
lector of  the  king's  revenue.  It  is  derived  from  the  Arabic  word  a'-iiKfliM, 
meaning  i)  spcctor,  an  officer  who  coiJected  the  duties  levied  by  the  Moors  at 
the  ports  '  Andalusia.  In  New  .Spain  this  custom  duty  was  ordered  to  lie 
collected  1  early  as  1522,  under  the  name  of  almojarifazgo.  The  duty  tirst 
charged  i  ;  n  imported  articles  of  commerce  was  seven  and  a  half  ])vr  ciiit. 
At  a  hitci  ,te  it  was  fixed  at  two  and  a  half  three,  five,  seven,  and  tiftoon 
per  cent,  i  ording  to  the  quality  of  goods  and  tho  place  whence  they  wire 
Bhippod.  (•  'iirio,  in  C'artnn  de  Inilias,  874.  In  150(i,  Philip  II.  conlinmil 
fonner  roy,  eedulas,  and  made  the  impost  on  merchandise  imjiortcd  tinm 
Sjiain  ten  f  cent  on  tho  market  value  in  New  Spain.  Two  and  a  half  pir 
cent  was  o  icrod  to  be  paid  on  exports,  ad  valorem,  at  place  of  slii|iiin'iit, 
On  reshipr,  nts  of  Spanish  goods  to  other  parts  of  America,  no  duty  was 
charged,  but  if  they  were  again  similarly  reshipped,  five  per  cent  had  tu  1)C 
paid  upon  the  difference  between  their  market  value  in  Spain  and  at  the 
place  of  destination.  All  such  duties  were  only  payable  jn  specie.  This 
C(}duhi  was  reiterated  in  November  1591,  and  in  August  1013.  Montcmnii'ir, 
Smiarion  de  lax  Cvdulax,  ff.  251-4.  At  tho  close  of  the  eighteenth  coiitnr)', 
the  rate  of  duties  levied  at  Vera  Cruz  on  difl'crent  classes  of  meroliandi'e 
varied  from  two  and  a  half  per  cent  to  twenty  percent.  FoH<>eca  and  i'lrnlin, 
JIM.  Jieal  llac,  v.  59. 


CUSTOMHOUSE  RECEIPTS. 


OCl 


ports  of  the  colony.  Durinj^  the  sewn  years  fr»»m 
17Sj  to  1701  tlie  receipts  at  the  enstoni-housc  (»t'Vera 
Cruz  amounted  to  .S.i.lHr),!'.)!-';  tlioso  at  Aeapuh'o,  for 
the  five  years  178G  to  17'J()  inehisivc,  to  J?(;G0,r).'V2; 
while  the  total  receipts  in  all  the  jiorts  for  tiie  sinu^lo 
year  l7i»8  were  $!24-J,l)G8.  In  the  early  period  of  the 
colonial  history  the  princi|>al  exports  at  the  j)ort  of 
Vtia  Cruz  wore  aguardiente,  dyes,  and  gold  and  silver 
bullion.  A  letter  of  instructimiH  to  the  royal  ofK- 
tvrs  stationed  there  was  issued  on  the  liith  of  July, 
IjIJO.  It  was  also  provided  that  one  of  the  crown 
(ifficers  at  ^Mexico,  under  whose  superintendence  cus- 
titin-house  affairs  were  ]»laced,  should  reside  at  Vera 
Cruz,  in  order  to  appraise  merchandise."^  Particular 
directions  were  issued  to  prevent  fraud  and  smug- 
gling, and  the  penalty  of  death  and  forfeiture  of  goods 
was  proclaimed  against  all  persons  illegally  exporting 
fjold  or  silver.^ 

Fioni  old  documents  of  the  port  of  Acapulco  tlu're 
appears  to  have  been  stationed  there  a  j)aymaster  who 
kept  the  accounts  in  connection  with  the  buikhng  of 
vessels  and  the  payment  of  workmen's  wages,  as  also 
those  of  seamen  employed  in  voyages  of  disco\ery. 
The  almojarifazgo,  however,  was  not  collected  until 
1574.  In  1597  roval  orders  were  issued  relative  to 
the  management  of  this  port,  the  viceroy  Velasco, 
however,  having  already  in  151)3  given  instructions 
to  the  factor.  The  substance  of  these  lengthy  orders 
was  to  the  effect  that  the  factor  should  reside  at 
Acapulco,  and  make  a  summary  of  the  arrival  of  all 
vessels  and  merchaadise  from  the  Philipi)ines;  pay 
into  his  Majesty's  treasury  all  moneys  received;"^  at- 

'■'The  «]uccn  regent  in  April  ir)33  onlercil  the  audiencia  to  inveatijjato 
tlif  practice  of  royal  olticials  taking  nierfhanilise  from  imiiortera  at  appraise- 
iiiiiit  latcs.  This  waa  (lefrau<ling  tlie  royal  treasury,  ami  the  oiiloies  M-ero 
insti'iMteil  to  report  on  the  matter.  I'mjit.  Ceiltilario,  S7.  In  \'>'M  the  treas- 
ury ollioials  were  ordered  to  provide  a  strong  \x)X  with  tiiree  keys,  at  Win 
("luz,  for  the  money  derived  from  the  custom  duties,  as  we  have  elsewiiere 
seta.  /,/.,  111. 

"  Foiiiii'ra  and  Urrutia,  II  int.  Heal.  J  far.,  iv.  547. 

^''I'he  duty  on  gold  was  at  the  rate  of  one  and  a  half  per  cent,  at  this 
time  a  mark  of  18  carat  gold  being  equal  to  70  x^'sos  de  oro,  and  one  of  23 


602 


REVENUE  AND  FINANCE. 


tend  to  the  proper  equipment  of  all  governiiicnt 
vessels,  and  collect  all  duties. 

Apart  from  these  great  sources  of  revenue,  enor- 
mous profits  accrued  to  the  crown  from  the  rnyal 
monopolies  and  the  sale  of  offices.  Salt,  gunpowder, 
tobacco,  and  quicksilver  were  the  most  important  of 
the  monopolies.  The  first  of  these  established  in  Xcw 
Sjiain  was  that  of  quicksilver.  For  some  years  after 
the  conquest,  gold  and  silver  were  obtained  without 
the  necessity  of  quicksilver,  or  even  a  knowledge  of  its 
amalgamating  properties,  until,  as  we  have  seen,  in 
1557  Bartolome  de  Medina,  a  miner  of  Pachuca,  dis- 
covered the  process  of  quicksilver  amalgamation.  The 
consequent  demand  was  at  once  turned  by  the  crown 
to  an  additional  means  of  profit,  and  on  the  4th  of 
March  ]559  a  royal  cedula  was  iss  led  prohibiting  the 
importation  of  quicksilver  from  tiie  Peninsula  and 
Peru  into  New  Spain,  even  in  the  smallest  quan- 
tity, except  through  the  treasury  department.^"  Thu 
net  proceeds  of  this  branch  for  the  years  1779  to  178i) 
inclusive  amounted  to  $4,745,318. 

Then  fallowed  the  prohibitions  on  the  manufacfuro 
of  gunpowder^'  and  salt,   sti'ingent  regulations  with 

carats  to  80  pesos  <le  ore.  The  same  rules  were  applicable  to  vessels  niiiviii^ 
from  <;uatciiialan,  Nicaragiian,  ami  other  ports.  A'citlier  money  nor  linin-i 
could  be  sliippetl  to  the  I'liilippines  witliout  royal  pennis.sion;  nor  cnuld  any 
eix-lesiastical  or  secular  person  proceeil  thitlier  without  leave.  The  purvcvnr 
auil  auditor  at  Acapulco  was  to  obey  all  mandates  of  the  viceroy,  i)ici\i-iiiii 
the  lleets,  and  collect  duty  on  merchandise  sent  to  Mexico,  wliicii  iiad  liitlui- 
to  l)een  ctiUccteil  at  the  capital.  But  the  most  important  item  in  tlio  luyal 
order  of  lo'.il  was  to  tlu- ell'cct  that  the  valuation  of  tlie  average  duties  wnstn 
be  made  ])y  the  viceroy  and  the  trca.sury  ollicials  at  Mexico.  /(/. ,  iv.  4."d-(i\ 
^•'■At  this  time  tlie  value  of  the  Cf)nuiioditj'  I'unged  from  o")  to  ilS  diuail's 
the  ([uintal.  At  tlie  end  of  the  18th  century  tlie  price  varied  at  dilli  nut 
mines  according  to  the  expense  of  transportation.  For  instance  at  Sail  \.\\u 
de  I'otosi  tlie  cliarge  per  (piintal  was  80  niarcos  de  plata;  at  the  iiiiiics  in  .Mi- 
choacan  and  Oajaca,  90  ditto;  at  those  of  Guanajuato,  li!j  ditto.  /</.,  i. 

'■''•  Tlie  tirst  notice  of  the  restrictions  placed  on  gunpowder  in  Xcw  Spain 
occurs  in  1571.  Jtecop.  de  Iitd.,  i.  573.  In  1  GOO  the  factory  of  Chapulte|iic\v,w 
completed  by  Jie  ci'own  and  concessions  granted  topiivato  individuals  to  man- 
ufactuie  powder.  The  privilege  was  purcluiseil  by  tlie  Ortega  family  (liiiiii^' 
the  period  from  IGOd  to  1087,  the  periodical  prices  paid  gradually  iiRicisiiiL'. 
being  based  upon  polvora  de  gracia.  which  was  a  (jtiantitv  of  powder  aniiuaHy 
presei'*"d  to  the  government  by  the  contractors.  In  170'.)  the  cost  to  tlie  inn- 
tractor  was  'Jl,0OO  pesos  yearly,  and  in  1771  it  amounted  to  lli2,S(M)  ]\:>«<. 
Tliu.'s  the  value  of  the  monopoly  became  so  great  that  the  government  in  1 77'i  u- 


TOBACCO  AND  STAMPED  rAPER. 


rouard  to  tlic  production  and  sale  of  which  articles 
\V(  re  enacted.'*  The  most  productive  of  all  the  monop- 
dlics,  however,  was  that  of  tobacco,  which  was  estab- 
li>]ied  in  1705  by  Visitador  Galvez,  and  yielded  to  the 
tivasurv  during  the  forty-five  following  years  $123,- 
808,G85.2» 

There  were  moreover  other  monopolies  of  greater 
or  less  values,  from  that  of  stanjped  paper  to  that  of 
1(0  brought  from  the  mountains.  The  regulations 
A\  ith  regard  to  stamped  ;oaper  were  especially  vexa- 
tious, as  no  civil  business  transaction,  whether  public 
(ir  [)rivate,  was  legal  uidess  written  on  this  paper. 
The  stamps  were  of  four  difterent  values  varying  from 
three  dollars  to  one  sixteenth  of  a  dollar,  and  every 
instrument,  deed,  judicial  record,  will,  or  contract  had 
ti)  be  legalized  by  one  or  another  according  to  the 
importance  of  the  document. 

Chailes  V.  by  cedula  of  August  27,  1529,  abso- 
lutely prohibited  gambling;  but  Philip  II,  considered 
that  the  vice  could  be  turned  to  profit,  and  in  1552 
didered  a  royal  monopoly  on  playing-cards  to  be 
established  throuirhout  his  western  dominions."    The 


•ti) 


taiiicil  tlic  management  of  it,  cstr  blisheil  a  separate  department  witli  a  full  fitaff 
(il  iillicers  ami  auents,  and  in  17'JS  the  net  j>i"(jceilsof  tliis  branch  amounted  to 
4"0.'_'"J0  jiesos.  JS'iitic.  tie  iV.  K-<ji.  m  Soc.  Mcx.  (ito<i.,  ii.  "Jo.  FoiitKca  and 
/  rri'ia,  Ilkt.  Ileal  llac,  ii.  11)0-3.     lievillu  Giiiedo,  liislruc,  MS.,  ii.  iil:2-28, 

4\-)-r). 

^"  'Die  monopoly  on  solt  was  P'-taolished  in  1.j80.  The  principal  salt- 
vnrk.s  were  at  Santa  ilaria  de  Pefloi  Blanc }.  They  were  like  most  other  mo- 
i"ilii)iics  at  liist  rented  out.  In  177S  tin  ulniini.stration  of  this  bninch  was 
(i-sr.med  hy  the  crown,  and  in  171*8  the  net  proccoda  were  I •_'.'?, .'ir)0  jjcsos.  Soc. 
M'.r.  it'i-'ij.,  ii.  -.").  The  salt  works  in  Jalisco  during  the  four  yeais  17!)2  05 
I'liichiced  gross  proceeds  amounting  to  S4!»,r)17.  In  KS'JS  tiicy  were  farmed 
('.It  for  six  years  at  §7,000  a  year,  and  in  l8oi  for  §14,000  a  year.  /(/.,  •2da, 
qi.  iii.  '201-i'. 

•''•' .l/< .'.-.  Diet.,  in  Pap.  Var.,  xii.  27;  ^f>■x.  AiinL,  in  Id.,  clxv.  no.  7.  Tab- 
ular statement.  Miguel  Urrea's  estimates  diH'er  considerably  from  those 
l^ivcn  ill  the  text.  He  states  that  the  net  yield  to  the  treasury  down  to 
tin  year  1S02  was  S!4t,GU.'!,.">81,  or  a  mean  annual  gain  of  8.'i,OI8,2.")l.  Sor. 
J/' J'.  GVof/.,  ii.  29.  The  tobacco  estanco  i)rohil)iteil  tlie  cultivation  of  the 
I'liiit,  except  under  contract  with  the  govennnent.  Seed  was  importeil  from 
ilalcina.  lunnrca  and  Urriit'ut,  Hint.  Ileal  llac,  ii.  !l,').'{-438.  Laige  sums  of 
iiiuiii'y  from  the  proceeds  of  this  rent  were  sent  to  Cuba  and  Louisiana  an- 
liiihlly  for  the  purchase  of  tobacco  for  the  I'eninsuliu   Ihid. 

'"This  duty  was  established  in  1038.  llicop.  de  Iiid.,  ii.  573-7.  See  also 
(\'l;l„rio,  MS.,  i,  135-4:1;  ii.  247-53. 

"All  cards  were  to  bo  stumped  with  the  royal  arms.   The  monopoly  of  the 


6C4 


EEVENUE  AND  FINANCE. 


I 


success  of  this  device  to  wring  money  from  the  sub- 
jects of  Spain  led  to  others  of  a  similar  kind;  and  as 
cock-fighting  was  a  most  attractive  sport,  in  1727  the 
exclusive  privilege  to  oi)en  a  public  cockpit  was  sold 
to  Isidro  Rodriguez ;^^  then  followed  that  curse  of  a 
community,  the  establishment  of  a  government  lot- 
tery ,^^  the  profits  accruing  from  which  to  the  royal 
treasury  amounted  in  1798  to  $109,255. 

I  may  mention  here  the  taxes  imposed  upon  the 
sale  of  the  native  liquors,  pulque  and  aguardiente,  the 
first  of  which  in  the  above  named  year  produced  a 
net  profit  of  6779,1GG,  and  the  latter  $217,723."  To 
enumerate  all  the  complieated  exactions,  duties,  and 
contributions  imposed  from  time  to  time  by  the  crown 
of  Spain  would  be  profitless;  suffice  it  to  say  that 
every  conceivable  plan  was  adopted  to  increase  the 
revenue.  The  salaries  of  royal  and  civil  officials  were 
taxed,'*"  as  were  later  even  the  stipends  of  ecclesi- 
astics.""^ 

There  were  three  more  sources  from  which  a  large 

manufacture  and  sale  of  them  was  sold  in  1578  to  Ilermando  dc  Casercs  ■nho 
paid  a  royalty  of  one  real  for  each  pack.  The  value  of  the  privilege  graJuulIy 
increased  as  well  as  tlie  price  of  cards  paid  by  the  public.  In  lU.'Jo  tiie  inu- 
nopoly  Bold  for  ^I'AOOO  iier  annum,  and  the  price  of  a  i)ack  was  raised  u 
'un  peso  de  plata,'  which  caused  a  corresponding  increase  to  the  royal  cutRi.-i 
of  §45,000,  making  the  annual  value  $195,000.  Owin^  to  failures  of  cuii- 
tractors,  the  administration  of  the  branch  was  assumed  oy  the  crown  scvcial 
times  from  1073  to  1800,  aud  the  net  proceeds  gradually  declined.  ThuM'  I  r 
the  quinrjuennium  17iS5  to  178!)  amounted  annually  to  §'J7,8;{5,  but  in  llWi 
t'ley  reached  the  sum  of  !?100,781.  Foiiifcca  and  L'rrnlla,  HisK  I'ail  lln'-..  ii. 
295-318,  passim  ;  CI iiatcmalu,  Autos  dv  I'u,  Ic,  MS.,  1-41;  Villa-tienor y  Sai«  h^ :, 
Tcatro,  i.  40;  Provhliiwlns  JkuJcs,  MS.,  2;,o-8. 

^■•'In  1730  the  right  was  sold  at  auction  lor  the  first  time,  and  brouL'lit  in 
$1,000  a  year  for  a  period  of  nine  years.  The  total  proceeds  from  17-7  to 
1791  amounted  to  $1,473,028.   Fovxvca  and  Urriitkt,  Jliat.  Heal  JJac,  iii.  1  -1 

"By  decree  of  Dccemljer  20,  1709.  Jd.,  ii.  120. 

*'Soc.  Mcx.  Gcoij.,  ii.  25-0. 

*^The  media  anata  tax  had  its  origin  in  the  retention  of  one  month '.s  s-alavy 
of  all  appointees  of  the  crown.  It  was  first  established  in  1025,  but  wa-^  m'  ii 
modifieil,  and  amounted  virtually  to  payment  of  the  tax  in  advance,  \\:i 
amount  collected  varying  according  to  tlie  value  and  term  of  office.  'Qiu'  do 
los  oficios  annales. .  .se  cobrase  tambien  la  dccima  parte  de  loquc  tuvicr.di  ilo 
salario  y  emolumcntos,  de  los  bienales  la  octava,  do  los  trienales  la  fw.uVA 
parte.'  Foiiseca  and  l/irutia,  Hist.  Had.  Hue,  ii.  489.  The  salaries  of  _  'V- 
crnors  were  subject  to  it,  but  not  the  pay  of  other  ollicers  and  of  the  soMi'  !>* 
of  the  garrisons,  licalcs  t'fdidrts,  MS.,  iii.  f.  43.  Copy  of  did'ercnt  laws  can  lu 
found  in  Uccop.  de  Ind.,  ii.  542-8. 

'"Under  the  name  of  niesudasy  medias  auatas  eclesidsticoa.  The  exaction 
wofi  established  in  1636. 


SANTA  CRUZADA. 


6G3 


portion  of  the  revenue  was  derived,  namely  the  hulas 
dc  la  santa  cruzada,  the  tithes  of  the  cliurcli,  and 
the  mint.  No  more  iniquitous  system  of  taxation 
could  be  designed  than  that  which  was  carried  out 
through  the  instrumentality  of  the  bulas  do  la  santa 
cruzada,  inasmuch  as  it  worked  upon  the  supcrsti- 
tioM  of  the  people,  perverted  public  morals,  and  fos- 
tered crime.  These  bulls  had  their  origin  in  the 
times  of  the  crusades,  and  were  granted  by  the  pope 
allowing  dispensations  to  Spaniards  who  made  them- 
selves eminent  by  their  christian  zeal  in  those  wars. 
In  time  they  were  extended  only  in  favor  of  ohe  kings 
of  Spain  to  aid  them  in  their  wars  against  the  Moors,*^ 
and  were  ever  afterward  continued  in  recognition  of 
their  services  to  the  church. 

In  1532  or  1533  the  bula  do  la  santa  cruzada  was 
first  published  in  New  Spain,*^  and  in  1578  the  virtue 
of  the  bulls  was  extended  to  a  period  of  two  years  l>y 
sanction  of  Gregory  XIII.*'  The  bulls  may  be 
divided  into  two  general  classes,  the  huhts  de  viroft,  or 
those  which  conferred  dispensations  and  indulgences 
upon  the  living,  and  the  bulas  de  difantos  which 
friends  and  relatives  of  deceased  persons  [)urchasedin 
order  to  rescue  their  souls  from  purgatory.  By  virtue 
of  the  first  class  persons  could  be  abst^lved  IVom  all 
crimes,  special  bulls  of  composition  being  issued  for 
the  benefit  of  thieves  and  robbers,  by  virtue  of  which 
they  became  the  owners  of  the  goods  thc^y  stole.  Bulls 
also  were  provided  for  the  clergy,  granting  certain  gas- 


tronomic indulgences 


during 


lent.     The  price  varied 


c  exaction 


*'In  1457  Caliato  III.  in  the  time  of  Ilonry  IV.  of  Castile  wlio  was  at  war 
witli  tlio  Moors  sent  Alonso  do  J^spina  to  proclaim  the  hnla  cruzada  for  four 
years,  and  dispensations  wore  sold  duriii',' that  period  to  th(;auiount<jf  400,000 
iiuc';iili)s.  Later  Sextus  IV.  ordered  the  church  to  pay  I'eniaiido  the  Catholic 
'una  vcz  para  sieniprc'  100,01)1)  ducados,  and  also  j^'ranted  hiiu  thi>  i>rivi!fgo  of 
ITuclaiiningfor  three  years  this  Lull  asa  furtheraid  in  t!ie  war  with  (iiaiiada. 
.After  that  time  tho  popes  lenewed  the  bull  every  tlr/ce  years  in  favor  of  tho 
kind's  of  Spain.  Moreri  und  MIrairl  ij  Casadtcautv,  ii'raii  hire,  iii.  oj4. 

"  Uiaumont,  t'ron.  Mirh.,m.  4.")."). 

*'-'Iu  Spain  these  bulls  were  elFicacious  as  dispensations  for  oidy  one  year, 
anil  according  to  Solorzano  their  ctlicacy  was  extended  to  t\fo years  in  Xew 
Spain  'per  la  gran  diatanoia  de  los  Ingares,'  which  would  cause  their  virtiio 
tu'oc  destroyed  before  they  were  received  by  the  people.  I'ul'tt.  Ltd.,  ii.  "220. 


666 


REVENUE  AND  FIX.\XCE. 


according  to  tho  rank  and  wealth  f»f  the  purchaser; 
but  few  persons,  from  the  viceroy  t)  the  Indian  laborer, 
neglected  to  avail  themselves  of  the  privilege  they 
conferred/" 

In  order  that  the  reader  may  rightly  understand 
how  the  royal  exchequer  was  enriched  by  the  tithes 
of  the  church  a  few  explanatory  remarks  are  neces- 
sary. Tho  construction  of  the  ecclesiastical  hierarchy 
in  Spanish  America  was  peculiar.  The  celebrated 
bull  of  Alexander  VI.,  which  divided  the  world  in 
twain  by  a  lino  drawn  from  pole  to  |>ole  and  bestowing 
on  the  Spanish  sovereigns  forever  the  dominion  of  tho 
western  hemisphere,  was  interpreted  in  its  fullest  luti- 
tudo.  By  virtue  of  its  infallibility  the  future  kings 
of  Spain  claimed  and  maintained  the  right  of  juris- 
diction in  civil,  political,  and  ecclesiastical  affairs.  In 
tho  earlier  years  of  the  conquest  it  was  owing  to  tho 
relijxious  fervor  of  the  sovereij^n  that  the  first  churclies 
were  erected  and  bishoprics  established;  and  in  recog- 
nition of  work  already  performc*<J,  and  in  view  of 
future  expenses  to  be  incurred  by  the  monarch  in  tho 
erection  and  endowment  of  cathedrals  and  other  sacred 
edifices,  tho  same  pontiff,  in  1501,  granted  to  tho 
kings  of  Spain  the  right  to  collect  the  church  tithes 
in  the  Indies. °^  At  first  these  tithes  were  wholly  de- 
voted to  such  purposes,  but  during  the  extension  of 
the  church  throughout  New  Spain  the  crown  per- 
ceived that  no  little  addition  to  the  revenue  could  bo 
obtained  from  so  liberal  a  grant. 

In  1537  Viceroy  jSIendoza  was  directed  to  impose 
tithes  ujion  the  natives;  and  should  there  be  any  ;^ur- 

^'Tlie  price  was  lixeil  by  tlie  commissary  of  the  <U-partmcnt.  The  niiiount 
received  into  tho  treasury  during  the  -•>  years  from  1705  to  ITM*  ^vaa 
5!J,-7"2,43;j.  Foiiseca  am]  Urrutia,  Hist.  LVal  J/ar.,  HI  330.  In  1798  tliLi»io- 
Cecils  amounted  to  SI:{-tO,8!)7.  Sor.  Mex.  G'rxj.,  iL  'Jii.  Cousult  also  7i't(f^'.  d( 
IikI.,  <.  170-81,  amlSolunuiio,  I'oW.  lud.,  ii.  218-ii. 

'''  A  copy  i)f  the  transhition  of  this  conccaitioii  written  in  Latin  is  given  in 
S'.ilOrzniio,  I'olit.  fiid.,  ii.  'J-3.  The  bula  a!.so  conferral  the  right  and  ini]ii)scil 
tlie  rcsi)onsil)ility  'do  predicar,  y  propagar  la  Fe.  fuiiilar  Iglesias,  y  iiomreii 
cllas  Miiiistios  Eelesiusticos,  dutavias,  y  su-ttcntarloiii  coniiKteutcmeute. '  Ibid- 


j)lus  irfi 
and  for 
1)0  pait 
papal 
The  CO 
Kddom 
.state,'^ 
ho  den 
ious  pu: 
to  hims 
In  J 
to  the  1 
f(  turth 
eeses,  a 
jiaid  fr 


TITHES  AND  THEIR  DISTRIBUTION. 


667 


purchaser; 
an  laborer, 
the)- 


ilcge 


nderstand 
the  tithes 
are  ncces- 
hicrarchy 
celebrated 

world  ill 
bestowing 
ion  of  the 
illest  hiti- 
;ure  kings 
j  of  juris- 
Sairs,  In 
iig  to  the 
.  churdies 
in  recosf- 

view  of 
'cli  in  the 
ler  sacred 
J  to  the 
■ch  tithes 
holly  tle- 
ension  of 
3wn  jier- 
could  be 

3  impose 
any  .siir- 

Tlio  niiionnt 
:o  17S!>  waa 
798  tliujiro- 

n  is  pivcn  in 

and  iijj|ii)dcil 

y  pmiii't'ii 

iciito. '  J'jld. 


jilus  I'fter  the  payment  of  expenses  for  public  worship 
and  for  the  support  of  the  prelates,  it  was  ordered  to 
be  paid  into  the  royal  treasury,  since  according  to 
papal  concession  such  tithes  belonged  to  the  crown." 
The  collection  of  these  ecclesiastical  rents  was  not 
seldom  a  cause  of  dispute  between  the  church  and  the 
state,''  as  well  as  between  prelates.^*  Yet  it  cannot 
be  denied  that  the  king  frequently  devoted  to  relig- 
ious purposes  that  portion  of  the  tithes  which  accrued 
to  himself.'^^ 

In  June  1539  a  royal  cedula  was  passed,  assigning 
to  the  bishops  of  Tlascala,  Oajaca,  and  Michoacan  one 
fdurth  of  the  tithes  collected  in  their  respective  dio- 
ceses, and  ordering  that  if  their  stipends  could  not  bo 
paid  from  that  source  the  deficienc}''  should  be  made 
good  from  other  funds  of  the  royal  treasury;  but  in 
October  of  the  same  year  a  more  permanent  division 
was  made.  The  crown  ordered  that  one  half  of  the 
titlies  accruing  to  each  cathedral  should  be  devoted 
to  the  use  of  the  prelate;  and  the  other  half  divided 
into  nine  equal  parts,  called  novenos,  two  of  which 
were  set  apart  for  the  crown,  three  for  the  building  of 
the  cathedral  and  hospital,  and  the  remaining  four 
ninths  appropriated  to  the  payment  of  the  salaries  of 
the  curas.^®  Various  modifications  were  made  from 
time  to  time  according  to  the  requirements  of  circum- 
stances, but  the  kings  of  Spain  ever  maintained  their 
ri'j'ht  to  the  two  ninths.     These  novenos  were  not 

o 

^- Pncheco  and  Cdrdenas,  Col.  Doc.,  ii.  203.  In  l.'.SO  a  cudula  provided 
that  the  comcndadorcs  of  IIr'  order  of  .Santiago  should  not  he  exempt  from 
]«iyiiig  ecclesiastical  tithes,  and  furthennore  made  the  payment  retrospective. 
I'l/'ju.  Cedukirio,  1G7-8. 

■'The  bishop  of  Tlascala  in  15;J7  claimed  the  tithes  on  wool,  Bnflron,  and 
Filk.  Tlio  viceroy,  however,  rt  fused  to  let  him  have  them,  as  the  yield  woidd 
lir  large  and  ought  to  go  into  tiie  king's  treasury.  Pachcco  and  Cdrdauvi,  Col. 
iA"'.,'ii.  202-3. 

-•'  111  ITi.SO  the  bishops  of  Mexico  and  Michoacan  disagreed  on  this  subject, 
niid  the  king  ordered  the  latter  prehitc  to  submit  to  the  decision  of  the  vice- 
riy  iuid  oidorea  without  appeal.  Piuja,  Cedulario.  118. 

'■''■'  Fovnern  and  Urrut'm,  llift.  Jieal  Hue,  iii.  17-^-0.  For  a  number  of  lawa 
relating  to  tithes  see  Zumont,  Laj.  Ult.,  iii.  35-03;  Jlcrnru,  iii.  v.  ii.  and  iii.; 
/'i '■'!,..  (Ic/iid.,  i.  andii.  passim. 

■'' Piitja,  Cedtdurio,  118-19;  fonneca  and  Urrutla,  Hist.  lical.  Ilac,  iii. 
140  70. 


4 


668 


REVENUE  AND  FINANCE. 


imfrequently  farmed  out,  but  at  the  auctions  at  wliidi 
they  were  sold  frauds  were  as  repeatedly  committed 
as  at  the  sales  of  other  royalties." 

In  conclusion,  with  respect  to  tithes  I  may  add  that 
almost  every  article  of  produce  or  consumption  fri)ia 
silk  and  cacao  to  lentils  and  pot-herbs  was  thus  taxed, 
and  that  the  Spanish  colonists  frequently  endeavoied 
to  avoid  the  payment  on  certain  productions,  but, 
under  the  pressure  of  the  united  interests  of  churcli 
and  state,  their  attempts  were  generally  defeatod.^^ 
Nor  did  the  religious  orders  escape.  In  1655  and 
1G57  the  society  of  Jesus  were  condemned  to  pay 
tithes  on  all  crops  and  productions  of  their  estates."' 

No  sooner  had  the  conquest  of  Mexic^  been  acconi- 
plished  than  the  necessity  of  a  numismatic  system  of 
exchange  became  apparent.  Previous  to  the  arrival 
of  the  Spaniards  trade  had  been  mostly  carried  on  liy 
bart(ir,  and  cacao  beans  and  other  articles  were  used  as 

*^  Instructions  were  issued  directing  the  audiencia  to  investigate  the  nature 
of  these  tninsactions.  Pwja,  Cidulario,  75,  79.  The  disorders  in  tlic  iuhiiiii- 
istrntion  of  this  and  other  revenues  continued  for  many  years.  In  1G70  Mcc- 
roy  Manccra  caused  so  strict  nn  investigation  to '••;  made  that  a  repetitinn 
of  them  was  in  a  great  measure  prevented.  Inxtrvc.  Vireyes,  298-9;  lii  riHa 
tl'iiiedo,  liaiidon,  ii.  no.  xix.  1-3.  In  Marcli  17"28  the  royal  novcnos  wiie 
leased  out  for  nine  years  at  §19,000  annually.  When  the  lease  expired  tiiiy 
were  again  let  for  a  similar  period  at  §'20,000  a  year.  I'aUrotiatto,  etc.,  t'. 
1-J9-30,  13o,  in  iJor.  Eden.  Mex.,  MS.,  ii.  no.  1. 

**In  Fonseca  and  Urrntia,  Hist.  Had  Ilac,  iii.  1.39^4;"),  will  be  found  copy 
of  a  decree  specifying  the  articles  on  •which  tithes  and  first-fruits  were  iiM. 
There  are  some  few  exceptions,  noticeable  among  which  are  pine-nuts  ami 
acorns  'de  que  no  sehadc  pagar  diezmo,' p.  141.  On  a  few  articles  a  lower  per- 
centage than  one  tenth  was  exacted.  The  total  amount  of  tithes  paid  into 
tlie  treasury  collected  in  the  archbishopric  of  Mexico  during  tlio  decciuiai  v 
1780  to  17S9  was  8(',97'2,92.3,  one  ninth  of  which  sum  would  pertain  to  the 
crown.  Jd.,  20(1,  tabular  form. 

'*i>i.sci()>o  Lcijcd,  in  Dkzmas  de  Indian,  no.  vii.  The  tenacity  with  wliicli 
the  crown  asserted  its  rights  to  the  tithes  of  the  church  i.s  frequently  ilis- 
played.  Altliour,'h  a  papal  bull  granted  to  Cortes  immunity  from  titlics, 
the  king  ignored  the  pontifTa  authority  in  the  matter,  and  ordered  t'nrtis 
to  pay.  Pmja,  Ctdulnrio,  84;  Moiitemayor,  Svmariox,  49.  Were  tiie  titlics 
insulh'ient  to  pay  churcli  stipends,  it  was  ordered  tliat  they  should  l)c  ) :  iil 
into  tiie  treasury  under  a  separate  account,  and  the  clergy  sustained  ivm 
otiier  funds  of  tiie  exchequer.  Discurno  Lena/,  in  Diezmos  de  IndiiiK,  viii.  I •_'-!.'!. 
About  the  middle  of  the  17th  century  the  bishops  in  New  Spain  elaimeil  ex- 
clusive right  to  tlie  tithes,  grounded  on  the  fact  tliat  Fernando  anil  liis 
daugliter  .Juana  had  made  a  grant  in  1512  to  the  prelates  and  clergy  of  Saiito 
Domingo  and  Puerto  Iticoof  the  tithes  in  those  islands;  but  it  was  niaiiitaiiuil 
that  such  grant  in  no  way  indicated  tliat  they  had  abandoned  their  claim  to 
them  in  other  parts  of  the  Indies.  Id.,  7. 


oiirro 
sinal 
quor( 
and 

jioses 


rh 


MINT  AND  COINAGE. 


669 


currency,  specie  being  unknown.""  The  comparatively 
Hiiiall  amount  of  coined  money  introduced  by  the  con- 
querors was  principally  of  the  higher  denominations, 
and  the  scarcity  of  small  coin  even  for  domestic  pur- 
poses caused  great  inconvenience.  To  obviate  this, 
the  cabildo  of  the  city  of  Mexico  passed  a  resolution 
on  the  Gth  of  April  152G  to  the  effect  that  the  citizens 
niii;ht  have  their  tepuzque  gold  converted  at  the  smelt- 
iiiL,^  works  into  pieces  of  one,  two,  and  four  tomines, 
and  of  one,  two,  and  four  pesos  do  oro.®^ 

As  trade  and  commerce  increased,  however,  the 
necessity  of  a  mint  became  urgent,  and  in  January 
15,'U  the  oidor  Salmeron  in  his  letter  to  the  council 
of  the  Indies  strongly  advised  the  establishment  of 
one  in  the  city  of  Mexico,*^  but  it  was  not  till  May 
looo  that  a  royal  cddula  was  issued  to  that  effect.'^ 
A  portion  of  the  house  of  Cortt^s  was  assigned  by  the 
viceroy  for  the  new  establishment;  and  in  order  to  de- 
fijiy  first  expenses  the  crown  granted  one  thousand 
marks  of  silver  to  be  taken  from  the  king's  fifth, 
tribute,  and  other  sources,  to  be  coined.^  It  was  fur- 
tlu  rmore  ordered  that  to  meet  future  current  expenses 
(tnc  real  out  of  ever}'-  mark  of  silver  should  be  retained 
for  that  purpose. 


6a 


''"  For  the  nearest  approach  to  coined  money  and  the  difiorcnt  kinds  of 
currency  used  in  Mexico,  see  Nutivi'  Jtace.%  ii.  381-2,  this  series. 

'''  J.ihro  <hl  Cah'thlo,  ^IS.,  114.  The  tomin  was  the  eighth  of  a  peso  de  oro. 
Oil  the  17th  of  August  of  the  same  year  an  order  was  given  by  the  cabildo  for 
the  pnymentof  157  pesos  de  oro  to  two  silversmiths  for  coining  t2,))")l  pesos  de 
oil).  /(/.,  15'2-3.  For  two  years  oro  tepuz(iuo  was  exclusively  used,  and  the 
intrinsic  value  fluctuated  so  much  tliat  a  standard  was  demanded.  In  Sep- 
tcinlier  bVJSthe  cabildo  adopted  the  resolution  that  all  such  money  should  ])o 
cx.iiiiiiied  and  stamped.  The  silversmith,  Pedro  Espinosa,  was  intrusted  m  ith 
tile  work.  Id.,  2.37. 

^-  I'arhecoax\\\.C(irdpvaf>,Col.  Doc.,-^n\.  193-4.  The  president  Fuenlcal  re- 
itcijited  this  recommendation  in  April  1.5.32.  Id.,  217-18.  As  early  as  1025 
Luis  Tonce  de  Leon,  commissioned  to  go  to  New  iSpain  as  jucz  de  residencia, 
liad  been  instructed  to  investigate  the  convenience  of  establishing  a  mint. 
Ill  III  ra,  dec.  iii.  lib.  viii.  cap.  xv. 

•^  Itecop.  di-  Ind. ,  ii.  88.  The  c('dula  ordered  it  be  governed  by  the  laws 
regarding  mints  in  Spain.  By  ci'^dula  of  M.iy  31,  1535,  it  was  ordered  that 
S[)iiiii.sh  money  circulated  in  the  Indies  should  have  the  value  of  34  marave- 
di.s  \)iY  real,  and  no  more.  Pii'ja,  Cedulario,  107. 

•'* /b/(,src'f  and  Urrulia,  JJist.  Ileal  II ac,  i.  Ill,  120.  This  was  the  first 
money  coined  at  the  mint. 

^  This  amount  was  found  to  be  insufficient,  and  later  in  the  same  year  a 


III 


ii. 


C70 


REVENUE  AND  FINANCE. 


Laws  were  also  passed  to  the  effect  that  the  officiak 
of  the  mint  should  be  appointed  every  two  years,  and 
by  the  viceroy  only;''*'  that  civil  suits  aj^ainst  cmpL  ivt's 
in  the  mint  be  adjud<:]fcd  by  the  alcaldes  of  the  mint. 
and  by  no  other  judicial  authority;"^  and  that  no  silvir 
should  be  received  unless  it  bore  the  stamp  wliicli 
certified  that  the  royal  fifth  had  been  satisfietl.  l\r- 
sons  who  contravened  this  law  were  to  suffer  death 
and  confiscation  of  property.  The  silver  thus  ](iv- 
sented  was  to  be  seized.^*  No  official  could  buy  or  tsi  11 
bullion. 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  the  appointment  i)f 
the  mint  officials  by  the  king  or  viceroy  constituted 
them  royal  officers.  From  its  first  establishment  tho 
mint  was  leased  to  private  individuals,""  and  the  olH- 
cials  were  as  yet  in  the  service  of  the  lessees  and  not 
of  the  crown,  which,  however,  retained  the  right  of 
their  appointment.  The  work  of  improving  the  spooie 
system  of  exchange  was  at  once  begun.  In  153G  tlu- 
tepuzque  coinage,  the  value  of  which  had  been  arbi- 
trary, fluctuating,  and  above  par,  was  ordered  to  be 
called  in  and  rccoined  into  pieces  of  oro  de  miiuis.'' 
A  large  quantity  of  silver  coin  "^  was  struck  off  the 

Cf'-dula  was  passed  which  provided  that  three  reales  should  be  deducted ;  two 
of  wliich  were  to  be  devoted  to  the  payment  of  expeuses,  and  one  paid  to  ilie 
king  as  royalty.  Jitcop.  de  IncL,  ii.  89. 

*'' Viceroy  5leiuloza  in  his  letter  to  the  king  of  December  10,  1537,  com- 
plains that  though  he  had  been  authorized  to  make  these  appointiuint!, 
assayers,  engravers,  and  other  employes  holding  royal  appointments  ha^l 
arrived  from  iSpaiu.  This  had  been  the  cause  of  ill-feeling.  C'arlu  id  !!■!/,  in 
Florida,  Col.  Doc,  120-8. 

*'  Tliia  did  not  ai)ply,  however,  to  matters  touching  the  king's  fiftli  or 
other  tributes.  Such  cases  were  to  be  tried  by  the  justicias  ordinaiiiis.  /'/., 
ii.  92.  The  alcaldes  of  tlie  mint  were  otticers  who  attended  daily  to  adjuili- 
cate  on  business  connected  therewith.  Piiija,  Ccdulario,  1.31.  Tlie  viceics  was 
instructed  to  appoint  jueces  de  residencia  of  the  alcaldes  and  mint  ctticiaU 
every  two  years.  I'ecop.  de  Ind.,  ii.  90. 

*^  Viceroy  Mcndoza  in  his  letter  to  the  king  of  December  10,  I.")."?!,  uncs 
the  abrogation  of  this  sevei'e  law,  and  suggests  that  all  bullion  should  In-  stiit 
to  the  mint  before  being  </iiiulada,  and  that  it  slionld  be  taxed  the  royiil  liltli 
at  the  estublishmeut.  J'nc/ieco  and  Cdrdenas,  Col.  JJoc,  ii.  191.  Yet  t'.iis  law 
was  restricted  iu  1505,  1020,  and  1040.  Fonneca  and  Urrutia,  Hist.  Hk'I 
JJuc.,  i.  U.S. 

**  J/^a,'.  Oiiia  de  line,  ii.  59;  Humboldt,  Essni  Pol.,  ii.  G75-6. 

'"  The  further  coinage  of  gold,  however,  was  prohibited. 

•'  These  coins  were  not  circular,  but  of  irregular  polygonal  form,  and  rnllcd 
niacmjuina.    They  were  called  iu  to  be  reduced  to  bullion  iu  1774.  X'l^oiif. 


COPPER  AND  CACAO  CURRENCY. 


671 


same  year,  and  copper  money  introduced.  This  latter 
innovation  was  almost  ludicrous  in  its  oj)eration. 
The  new  pieces  of  despised  copper  were  held  in  con- 
tempt by  the  natives,'-  and  they  refused  to  receive 
them.  They  would  sell  their  small  articles  of  manu- 
facture or  a  measure  of  maize  for  a  few  cacao  beans, 
but  not  tor  an  ill-shaped  bit  of  copper  with  a  mark  on 
it.  The  circulation  of  the  coin  was,  however,  enforced 
by  the  viceroy.  But  though  by  stringent  measures  the 
Indian  could  be  compelled  to  take  in  trade  the  objec- 
tionable medium,  he  could  not  bo  made  to  keep  such 
a  symbol  of  poverty,"  and  he  cast  it  from  him.  Ho 
threw  it  into  the  gutters  and  hurled  it  into  the  lake 
that  it  might  never  more  be  seen,  and  in  a  year  or  two 
the  natives  succeeded  in  getting  rid  of  more  than  one 
hundred  thousand  pesos'  worth  of  the  offensive  trash.'* 
During  the  decade  1541  to  1550,  more  suitable  de- 
nominations were  put  into  circulation,  but  the  amount 
coined  does  not  appear  to  have  been  sufficient  to  meet 
the  requirements  of  the  increase  in  trade  and  com- 
merce, and  both  Spaniards  and  Indians  purchased 
goods  with  unstamped  bullion  and  gold  dust.  This 
practice  was  prohibited  by  royal  cedulaof  the  IGth  of 


VctrinK,  i.  39.  A  royal  order  of  November  1537  provided  that  silver  pieces  of 
eight,  four,  two,  one,  and  one  half  rcalcs  should  be  coined  in  the  same  nian- 
iicf  as  in  Spain.  Eecop.  de  hid.,  ii.  88.  In  l.")38  the  value  of  tlic  real  de  plat."* 
van  fixed  at  34  maravedis,  the  standard  of  the  Spanish  coin,  Perap.  df  /iid.,  ii. 
W.  .and  in  1544  it  was  ordered  that  all  silver  pieces  should  contain  the  same 
alloy,  have  the  same  value,  weight,  size,  and  impression  as  those  coined  in 
iSiiiiin.  /(/.,  ii.  80.  Money  coined  in  any  part  of  the  Indies  was  made  cuiTeut 
iu  other  parts  of  Spain.  Jd. ,  04. 

■- '  llacian  burla  de  tan  baxa  cosa.'  Torqnemada,  i.  014. 

"  'Diciendo  que  hera  muestra  do  mucluv  pobresa.'  Panes,  Vireyes,  in  Mon, 
Dow.  Esp.,  MS.,  81. 

''* Ibid.  Tonjueniada  says,  '  y  se  ])erdieron,  segun  so  dixo,  mas  do  doci- 
entos  mil  Pesos  de  valor . .  .  en  esta  Laguna  de  Mexico,  porque  jamas  parcciese. ' 
i.  <1I4.  Fuenleal  had  foreseen  tiiat  the  introduction  of  copper  coin  would 
iiiLit  with  opposition,  and  in  his  letter  of  April,  l.")3'J,  to  the  king,  oli'ercd  tho 
advice  that  no  moneda  de  vellon  should  be  coined.  I'achvri)  »ud  i'drdcinm, 
Co'.  Doc.,  xiii.  217-18.  Alwut  the  year  1540  or  l.">41,  the  cireiilatinii  of  cop- 
ixr  coinage  had  entirely  ceased,  (,'aro,  Treit  Sii/iix,  i.  131,  and  an  attempt  was 
made  to  supply  its  place  liy  that  of  the  silver  cuartillo,  or  fourth  part  of  a 
real.  The  insignilicant  size  of  these  coins  made  them  a.s  objectionable  as 
their  more  bulky  pre<lecessors.  IJut  instead  of  being  all  thrown  away,  quan- 
titii'.s  of  them  were  collected,  melted,  and  cast  into  bars.  Tor<iuemada,  i.  014, 
They  were  again  coined  iu  1794.  Disimic.  Varku^,  i.  80. 


'1 


iji-.ii 


C72 


REVENUE  AND  FINANCE, 


April,  1550;  in  1501  Philip  II.  repeated  the  prolij- 
bition  and  adopted  measures  for  the  purpose  (tf 
making  the  supply  of  coin  adequate  to  the  demands 
of  trade." 

By  an  act  of  1552  the  chief  smelter  and  the  assav 
master  were  made  royal  officials.  This  step  appears 
to  have  been  the  first  instance  of  the  crown  withdraw- 
ing any  part  of  the  management  from  the  control  of 
tlie  lessees.  The  principal  officials  were  the  treasurer, 
smelter,  marker,  weigher,  blancher,  engraver,  and  sec- 
retary. J3y  cedula  of  August  21,  15G5,  these  posi- 
tions were  declared  vendible  and  instructions  wore 
issued  ordering  the  sale  of  them  to  the  highest  bid- 
ders, provided  that  they  were  duly  qualified  to  fill 
tliem.''« 

From  this  time  until  the  year  1731  no  affiiir  of 
great  importance,  with  one  exception,  occurred  in  con- 
nection with  the  mint.  A  few  events  caused  tempo- 
rary excitement,  it  is  true,  and  occasionally  disturbed 
its  management.  About  the  middle  of  the  seven- 
teenth  century  three  hundred  thousand  pesos  of  Peru- 
vian money  were  imported  into  the  country,  and  were 
so  violently  objected  to  that  it  required  a  special 
order  from  the  king  to  enforce  its  circulation."  In 
1GG3  the  viceroy  imprisoned  Juan  Vazquez  Medina, 
the  treasurer,  and  confiscated  his  property  for  refusing 
to  pay  into  the  royal  treasury  two  hundred  thousand 
pesos  which  he  had  demanded  of  him — a  demand  in 
contravention  of  the  contract  by  which  the  office  had 
been  sold  to  Medina.'^    Permission  was  granted  by 

"*  In  some  districts  there  was  a  deficiency  of  the  circulating  medium,  in 
tlie  larger  cities  a  superabundance.  Tiie  viceroy  and  governors  of  provinces 
were  instructed  to  purchase  tlie  bullion  and  gold  dust  of  the  former  witli  the 
surplus  coin  of  the  hitter.  liccop.  de,  Ind.,  ii.  O.S— t. 

'^  Recop.  de,  Ind.,  ii.  90.  The  minor  offices  also  were  made  salable  iu  1G'2J. 
Fonseca  and  Urrittia,  Hist.  Heal  IIai\,  i.  122. 

'''' liivern,  Gob.  de  Mex.,  i.  189;  Fonseca  &nd  Urrulia,  Hist.  Real  Hac.,'\. 
125. 

''^Guijo,  Dinrio,  in  Dor.  Hist.  Mex.,  1st  ser.  i.  508.  In  1GG4  restitution  was 
made  by  the  king  ordering  that  whatever  sums  had  been  paid  by  Medina 
into  the  royal  treasury  should  be  restored  to  his  son.  Id.,  538-9.  From 
this  it  may  be  inferred  that  Medina  haU  died  iu  the  mean  time. 


COLD  COINS. 


87S 


i\'i!iil;i  of  l'\!l)ruary  lOTi)  to  issue  n'oM  <'oijis  similar 
ill  .ill  ivspi'cts  t<^  tliofie  foint'd  in  Spain.  ^Vccdid- 
'\u<^\y  ill  \(\70  l)y  order  of  the  vici'i'oy  the  staiidai*! 
was  ileehired  to  he  t\veM(\'-t\v'o  carats,  and  tiie  niai'k 
it' jiure  gold  ordi'red  to  bo  c«jined  into  sixty-ei,t,dit 
(sciidos  after  the  deduction  of  two  and  a  half  toniines 
tor  hrassaju^t!.'"  On  the  'J.'ld  of  May  this  |)rivilr<rc 
was  pu1)li<ly  proclaimed,  and  i-eceived  with  much  re- 
joitinjj^.  ])an<ls  of  music  j)laved  in  different  ])arts  of 
the  city,  and  all  the  oflicers  of  state  issued  from  the 
mint  on  hoi-seha.ck,  and  inarched  in  procession  under 
aiclies  of  ilowers  which  spanned  the  crowded  streets. 
There  is  no  mention,  however,  of  any  gold  having 
liccn  coined  before  the  2.'jd  of  ]3ecend)er  1G71),  on 
wliich  day  the  viceroy  and  audiencia  visited  the  mint 
to  witness  the  coinage  of  doubloons.""' 

The  original  building  in  which  the  operations  of  the 
mint  were  conducted  was  soon  found  to  be  inadecjuate 
tit  requirements,  and  to  the  safe  kcej)ing  of  the  large 
snins  that  were  accumulated  in  it.  Indeed  the  king 
had  issued  orders  for  a  uiint  to  be  erected  at  his  own 
expense;  but  these  instructions  were  not  carried  out 
until,  owing  to  the  representations  of  the  treasurer, 
Gabriel  Diaz,  ho  again  in  January  1500  ordered  the 
(.rection  of  a  proper  building  on  a  site  selected  and 
assigned  for  that  purpose.''^  With  the  progressive 
increase  in  coinage  this  building  became  too  small, 
and  in  1731  Viceroy  Casafuerte  began  the  erecti<jn  of 
the  one  which,  enlarged  and  embellished,  lias  devel- 
oped into  the  fine  mint  which  exists  to-day  in  the 
city  of  Mexico. ^""^ 

J)uring  this  same  year  the  king  bv  cedula  of  the 
2Gth  of  January  f>rdered  the  establishment  of  a  tribu- 

''Tlic  csciulo  was  the  eighth  part  of  a  doubloon,  and  the  tomin  was 
tiliiil  to  twelve  grains. 

^'' l.'c'jlcs,  Biario,  in  Doc.  Ilkt.  Mex. ,  1  st  ser.  ii.  217,  294;  Elhuijar,  Indwjac. 
AiiKiiinl.,  I}. 

'''/'o/(.s'C(t  and  Urrutln,  IIi4.  Rent  I  far.,  i.  120. 

"■'-'I'lii!  original  strnctnre  was  complotccl  in  December  1734,  and  cost  with 
"'ily  a  small  portion  of  the  machinery  §449,893.  Pams,  in  Mon.  Doc,  Esp., 
M.'?.,  lOJ;  A/fiiihiii,  J>l<erf.,  iii.  ap.  102. 
Ui8T.  Mex.,  Vol.  III.    ii 


074 


rnVRXUK  AND  FIXAN'CE. 


li 


iinl  mIioso  imrlicular  oflice  was  the  su[)prossi(tii  .,1' 
couiitci-rcitiiiL:^.  J''i'()iM  the  lii-st  iiitroduotioii  ofacdiiul 
inc'diuin  into  tlu;  couiitrv  false  luoiicy  boujan  to  bci  DJui 
catoil,  at  which  illcj^^al  <Tal"t  the  natives  showed  tlinn. 
selves  no  less  .skilful  than  the  Spaniards.*"' 

This  court  was  composed  of  six  ministers,  includin,'! 
the  pi'esident,  one    iiscal,  and   a    secretary.''^     TIkI' 
was  besides  a  luunber  of  subaltern  olHcers  of  diifiKi; 
parades.     The  office  of  prcsidt;nt  was  vested  perpetuiill;  I 
in  the  secretary  of  state  for  the  treasury,  who  \v,l^ 
made  judj^o  and  supin-intendent-general  of  all  niint\| 
Two  at  least  of  the  ministers,  as  well  as  the  iiscn! 
wei'c  required  to  be  <;raduates  of  law.     His  !^[.'lj(•stv| 
conferred  upon  this  court  absolute  jurisdiction  in  ;ili 
matters  pertaining  to  it,  without  apjMjal,  and  free  fima  | 
all  interference  of  the  audicncia,  other  tribunals,  <  1 
councils.*^'^ 

From  the  year  when  the  smelter  and  assayer  wnv 
made  royal  oflicials,  other  ofHcers  from  time  to  tiiu' 
were  removed  fi'om  the  service  of  the  lessees  to  tli.it 
of  the  crown,  till  eventually,  in  1732,  the  mint  wih 
incorporated,  by  royal  cedula  of  the  14th  of  Julv. 
with  the  royal  treasury,  under  the  direction  ut'  ;i 
superintendent.*''' 

When  Hund)oldt  was  in  ^Mexico  this  establisluncut 
^ave  employment  to  l)etween  three  hundred  and  sixty 
and  four  hiuidved  em})loyes,  and  its  machinery  \v;i> 
such  that   wiilout  any  extraordinary  activity  -^  ii'.- 

*"' Viceroy  .M'-'i:.o7,a  in  I")."?  stated  to  the  kiiifc  that  the  Indians  disjil.iy  1 
extraoi'dinaiy  skill  in  toantfi'fL'iting  luoney.  I'.wii  the  cacao  hcaii-  mhi  a 
were  used  as  currency  were  counterlcited  l)y  them.   Unriilit,  Col.  J)ir.,  I'_'\ 

^* 'Con  cjercicio  y  refrendata.'  Foiixica  and  L'milhi,  ll'iM.  IteuL  liu\.i 
131. 

"••Previously  counterfeiters  ■were  tried  by  the  audiencia,  or  any  conipitri: 
court  of  justice,  hi.,  i.  114.  The  nicnilieis  of  thi.s  court  were  instrii' U'i ;  ■ 
inform  themselves  thoroughly  about  all  business  connected  with  coiniiii.  ;ii  1 
tlie  operationsof  all  silversuiiths  and  workers  in  gold  and  silver.    A/.,  i.  l.'il  .'. 

^'^  Di'lina,  Iiccop.,  i.  \>t.  iii.  \2'A.  The  superintendent  was  made  .siiliui'i; 
nate  to  the  viceroy  in  17.'>o.  ItialuK  Cidnlds,  MS.,  ii.  f.  70.  The  viceiny  It.l 
supreme  jurisdicticm  over  siU  the  ministers  and  othcers  connected  witli  t!'^ 
department,  'liien  (pie  cl  conocimieuto  en  priinera  Instancia  de  las  caii-.; 
civiles  y  criniinales  corrcspoudo  al  .Supcrintendente,  y  de  sua  scnteiRiaj  •■- 
npela  al  Superior  Govierno.'  (Jalvcz,  Iii/orme  dd  Marque-.,  15. 


vicissiTunrs  of  tiik  exciikquer. 


c:.i 


0(10,000  could  1h!  struck  oil*  vcarlv."'  "With  lv'^'lr(l  to 
till'  iunount  coined  ))i'oviou.s  to  101)0  iiotliiiii^^  c;ui  l)u 
stated  with  any  dci^rcc  of  a<*cunicy,  i)ut  .since  that 
tiiuc  the  aiujual  coina^'e  is  known.  Its  [)rourcssive 
iiici'case,  and  the  cnoimous  sums  eventually  struck 
otr,  are  shown  by  the  following,'  fiu;ures:  In  IGDO  thi; 
amount  of  silver  coined  was  !?j,28a,58l  ;  one  ccntuiy 
later  it  reached  ^l7,'\^]f),GAA.  In  the  year  179(;  si' l'- 
;!4(;,8;]3,  and  in  171)7  6-4,041,182  were  coined.  In 
17:1:!  ,!.(old  was  coined  to  the  amount  of  $151,702;  in 
17'.'<;  the  coinaLjc  of  the  same  metal  reached  $1,297,71)4, 
and  in  171)7  $  1,0:38, 8.')G.  From  IGDO  to  180:3  inclusive 
the  total  amount  of  silver  coined  was  $1,. 320,1 11), 17:3, 
aiidof  «?old  .$44,819,830;  in  all  $1, .37^,9:39,000.''  The 
iu.t  j>roHt  which  accrued  to  the  crown  in  the  year  1798, 
alter  the  ])avment  of  over  $388,000  for  expenses,  was 
,^1,280,740."" 


I'espito  the  numerous  and  lucrative  sources  from 
whi  -h  the  revenue  was  derived,  the  treasury  depart- 
iicnt  in  New  Spain  cannot  l)c  regarded  as  an  ex- 
hiltition  of  successful  financierinjL(  and  or^ani/ation. 
What  with  the  demajids  of  the  king  U[)on  it,  the  pec- 
ulation of  officials,  and  the  fraudulent  practices  of  the 
|iuhlic,  the  roval  treasury  could  rarely  show  a  credit- 
al)le  balance-sheet.  Previous  to  1G44  statistics  are  so 
meagre  that  only  a  vague  idea  of  the  income  and  its 
[gradual  increase  can  be  arrived  at.'''^  According  to 
(•(  rtiticates  of  the  royal  treasury  the  average  receipts 
(luring  the  }>eriod  tVoni  1G44  to  1G73  was  $l,2GG,r)l9, 
.'111(1  the  payments  $1,.3G3,G77,  leaving  an  annual  deficit 
of  .$97,158.  Viceroy  ^[ancera  who  found  the  exchequer 
bankiupt  on  his  arrival  devoted  himself  assiduously 

^' EK^ai  Pol.,  ii.  GTO. 

*' Ziiiiwra,  Lc'iix.  Ull.,  i.  2."-8.  Tlie  figures  nre  somcwliat  in  excess  of 
tliosi'  of  Iliiniholdt,  w!io  gives  the  siiiii  total  of  both  goM  ainl  silver  cuiuoil 
duriiiL.'  tiie  same  period  as  .Sl,H."iIJ,4.V_'.  EiiKdi  J'ul.,  ii.  o7S,  070-7. 

'^■'  Xotir.,  X.  JC-'j).  in  Son.  Mcx.  (!<0'j.,  ii.  'lo. 

'According  to  a  statement  of  tlio  I'lanciscan  comisario-general  Frny 
r>iu'iiaventura  de  Salinas  the  crown  spent  more  than  .9lO,0(X),0()()  on  churches 
and  hospitals  from  the  comiucst  until  10-17.    CuijoUvdo,  Hist,  Yuc,  101. 


i 


676 


REVENUE  AND  FINANCE. 


to  the  correction  of  abuses,  and  succeeded  in  brinfiiorr 
about  a  more  liealthy  condition  of  the  royal  treasnrv, 
which  in  1G73  was  free  from  debt.  Mancera  duriii'jf 
his  rule  increased  the  revenue  §213,000  a  ycar."^  iJut 
this  improved  state  of  affairs  did  not  last  long.  Vice- 
roy Linares  in  17 IG  thus  describes  the  condition  of 
the  exchequer  and  his  own  position:  "The  royal 
treasury  is  administered  like  a  bankrupt  merchant':, 
estate,  and  the  viceroys,  playing  the  part  correspond- 
ing to  that  of  the  assignees,  only  liquidate  the  niu>it 
urgent  debts."''^ 

In  17G5  the  revenue  amounted  to  $0,130,314,  and 
in  1790  to  $19,400,213;  yet  with  this  ever  increas- 
ing income  pro[)ortionately  increasing  demands  were 
made,  and  Mexico  had  to  bear  the  burden  of  wars  and 
the  support  of  sister  colonies."^  But  it  was  during  the 
wars  with  the  English  and  French  that  the  greatest 
strain  was  put  upon  her.  Xot  only  had  the  coloni-its 
to  pay  increased  taxes,  but  their  patriotism  was  ap- 
pealed to,  loans  were  raised,  and  voluntary  contribu- 
tions solicited."* 

When  Viceroy  Branciforte  entered  upon  his  ad- 
ministration in  1794  he  found  the  treasury  exhausted 
and  the  sources  of  supply  apparently  stopped.  But 
he  immediately  effected  a  loan  from  the  commercial 

•'  IIo  moreover  remitted  to  the  king  iluring  his  term  $4,370,312.  .1/«»'OV7, 
Jiintnic,  in  J  Jar.  Jiii'il.,  xxi.  .^iio-ri"'. 

*-'  /Jiirnri,  Jiixtnic,  MS.,  CA.  ilie  kinLr  ■.•cqiiircd  tlio  viceroy  to  remit  Iiim 
annuiiliy  8I,(;(K),000,  and  l.in;i'''\s  explains  to  liis  successor  liow  iuii)o.s>il'lt.'  it 
had  hfon  for  him  to  do  so.   /(/. ,  iVi-ti. 

*•' The  aiipropriations — sitiiados — disbursed  hy  tlie  treasury  for  tin'  jay- 
ment  of  military  and  civil  salaries  and  the  maintenance  of  garrisfiii-^,  lU., 
abroad,  during  the  period  1770  to  181 1,  amounted  to  .s^, 837, 700  annually.  .'■  ■■. 
J\/cj:.  ii'ioij.,  '2d;i  ep.  i.  4'Jl-'2.  licuattances  to  Haliana,  I'ensacola,  and  (  aita- 
gena  during  the  live  years  nrw  to  17")0  amountoil  to  .*?7.884, 17<'-  ''i'/' 
Jlcrccd,  M.S,,  1l21-31.  Accoiding  to  Humboldt,  during  the  ycaic!  17SS  to 
1792  81 ,820,000  was  sent  to  the  island  of  Cuba.  L\s(ii  I'ul.,  ii.  8o3. 

*'Loans  were  etl'eeted  iu  174H  at  tliree  per  cent  interest.  In  17'"8  tin'  in- 
terest was  iixed  at  live  jicr  cent.  I'roihkni'mn liciilft,  MS.,  11-12,  l.',.'!-."i.  The 
merchants  with  greai,  willingness  loaned  the  government  .*2,80;),0(MJ  in  1771 
sin  jncmio.  Vara,  Trcs  Siijlon,  iii.  15.  Conspicuous  among  tlmse  rci'ly  to 
lend  their  aid  was  Antonio  BassocG,  who  in  1778  loaned  the  goveiiniK  iit  thi; 
Bums  of  8100,000  and  $200,000  without  interest.  At  the  same  time  he  iiunle 
presents  to  the  amount  of  $115,000  iu  different  sums.  Zamucoi-f,  lli^t.  M'j-, 
vi.  501, 


12.  jMuwrru, 


LOANS  AND  LEVIES. 


077 


and  mining  tribunals  of  $2,000,000,  and  others  from 
the  merchants  ami  pubHc,  not  bearing  interest,  so 
tliat  in  less  than  three  years  he  despatched  .$32,000,- 
OOO  to  different  parts  for  the  king's  account.''^  His 
successor  Azanza  almost  despaired  of  raising  anotlicr 
loan  on  similar  terms  thongh  instructed  by  the  king 
tu  do  so.°"  By  judicious  financiering  and  squeezing, 
liowevcr,  he  managed  to  send  to  Spain  and  different 
colonies,  during  his  short  administration  of  less  than 
two  years,  $20,000,000,  besides  paying  government 
(Icltts  to  the  amount  of  VK^arly  half  a  million,  and  leav- 
ing- more  than  $0,100,000  in  the  treasury.  ]3ut  as  the 
cKiuds  gathered  round  the  Spanish  throne  the  needs 
of  the  monarch  became  greater  and  more  pressing. 
Ill  1801  a  war  tax  was  imposed  upon  bequeathed 
piupert}',''''  and  in  1805  Carlos  IV.  levied  an  annual 
income  upon  the  revenues  of  the  church,  which  be- 
tween 1805  and  1809  amounted  to  $12,080,29 1.''^ 

!Mean while  loans  and  more  loans  were  asked  lor, 
and  responded  to  with  patriotic  readiness  and  liberal- 
ity; but  when  at  last  in  1809  one  of  $20,000,000  was 
calkd  for  inunediately  after  a  contribution  of  over 
j^3,000,000,'''^  the  people  murmured,  and  the  mc^ney 
coukl  not  be  raised.^'" 

The  receipts  of  the  treasury  from  ordinary  sources 
in  Js09  amounted  to  $20,402,307;  after  payment  of 

^'Urniirij'ortpy  in  Lhinrcx,  Iwtnir.,  8-9. 

••''Mo  (U.siilcntaba  cl  rccuonli,  'lo  his  roppti'ltia  contribncinncs  ilo  la  misma 
clapc  (|nc  Iiahian  Ik'uIu)  on  In."  ultiiniw  ticiiijids. '  A ~.'i ir.-ii ,  ///.<.' ••.v.,  1  lO-l  1. 

"■'I  ho  tax  Yuriitl  fioni  two  jilt  cent  on  thi'  aincjimt  K'tt  la  one  lialt  ot  ono 
year's  iiuMuie,  .Tcconliiig  to  the  uiuouut  and  kind  "if  ijiojii'ily  luijufiithed, 
bifjittxk'.  I  iirictK,  i.  JlO-li). 

'''Sue.  Mix.  (.Vo.'/., 'Jihi  cp.  i.  488-90. 

*'■'  In  ISO!t,  Andrew  Cnchrane  was  nciit  l)y  tlicEnirlisli  fjovcrnnient  '  con  una 
letra  do  hv  junta  Central  do  .'>  inilloncs  do  duros'  to  n('t;otiatt'  a  loan  for  that 
anumnt.  'J  lie  eall  was  esix^nded  to  with  great  l■('adilR•^-i,  and  in  a  short  tiiiio 
tlii'sum  of  .S.'i,-M(),4:5.")  raised.  CanmUvla,  Til.  Mi.i\,'.Vl-[\.     Ali^-toftho 

f  iliMiilifis  is  given.  '.'  .!i\\\t  Aidiiifin,  Hint,  Mi  j'.,'\.  '.WA  .">.  In  the  jncv  ions 
;i;n'  .S_\  100.(100  had  been  raised,  mid  nhortly  aftei-waid  th(!  resident  Kiiio- 
luiuis  eontril'iited  .'r 'J, 700,000.   Ctnin Imla,  Ititina  il<'  la  .\.  Esp.,  hO-1, 

^ " Ahuiiuii,  lli''t.  Mix.,  i.  ;iOO-7.  A  second  nttenijitwas  again  made  in 
IMO.  7;i.«/;(w;r.  Varia.%  ii.  l\,  4,  l.')-,  G(i~.  (.'•■h.  Mc.i-.,  JSln,  i.  7;)7  SOI.  'Jhe 
li:iti  'iial  c  in.stitnent  congress  recognized  by  deciee  'debts  contraeti'd  1  y  tlio 
pivciiiiuei  t  of  the  viceroys  till  September  17,  IWIO. '  Mt.c.  Mini.  MiiiMf.  i!(:'  , 
ill.  due.  vii.  no.  4,  p.  G. 


C78 


REVENUE  AND  FINANCE. 


the  government  expenses  in  i^cw  Spain,  and  rciiiis- 
i<[ous  to  the  colonies  and  the  mother  country,  tlieio 
barely  remained  $2,000,000  in  the  treasury,  while  tlio 
public  debt  amounted  to  $29,029,G95."'^  With  re- 
gard to  the  shipments  of  treasure  from  New  Spain  to 
the  royal  treasury  and  the  colonies  on  account  of  tlio 
kini^,  the  drain  upon  the  country  is  prominently  set 
forth  by  the  fact  that,  durini^  the  period  from  1G90 
to  1807  inclusive,  $1,052,579^000  of  coined  gold  and 
silver  were  shipped,  $707,000,000  of  which  found  its 
way  into  the  royal  treasury  of  Spain.'"" 


102 


^"^  Canrchida,  Tel.  Mex.,  285-92. 

^'■'-  CuiittlaJa,  Ituiiia  de  la  N.  E-<p.,  37-8. 


The  liiiscs  wliicli  have  been  used  in  the  preceding  chapter  have  naturally 
l)ucii  ikrivtii  from  voliunea  which  contain  royal  onlinanccs  and  official  tlotu- 
niciits  on  a  great  variety  cf  s'.d)jects.  Among  such  works  are  included  tliu 
J!i;c(ijt.  dc  /lid.;  J'ccdcs  (Jnkiics;  Iticdi s  Ciklida-';  Ordeiies  tie  la  Corona;  M'jii- 
icmai/or,  Soiuuio,  and  a  number  of  others  containing  laws  and  regulatiiiiislir 
the  administration  of  the  treasury;  laws  which  occasionally  remitted  t^oma 
impost  for  the  benefit  of  the  Indians  or  even  the  colonists  generally,  but 
yet  continually  imposed  fresh  taxes  and  duties  aa  time  passed  on.  l!ut  in 
addition  to  such  authorities  a  largo  number  of  others  have  been  consulttil. 
rroinincnt  among  these  is  the  BihUolvca  dc  LcjUhieion  Ultrcunarhiu,  ci  ^u^o 
M;uia  Zanujra  y  Coronada,  publislied  in  1841-0.  Tills  work  contains,  liisi^Ks 
roj'al  cOdulas  and  regulations  bcai'ing  upon  every  branch  of  the  goveniinLnt, 
a  large  collection  of  acts  of  the  andiencia,  jiroclamations,  and  orders  issiuil 
from  the  year  lliSO.  A  clear  conception  of  the  wide  diirercuco  betwttii  the 
old  and  new  commercial  systems  is  obtained  from  a  comparison  of  the  diller- 
ent  tarifts  of  the  custom-house  which  p  jvailed  during  the  two  eiioc'is. 
^'etancurt  in  his  Traludo  de  la  Ciiidad  de  Mexico  treats  casually  and  bric'ly 
of  several  branches  of  the  revenue,  such  as  the  introduction  of  the  aloaliahi, 
p.  10;  demand  upon  the  Indians  for  a  loan,  p.  11;  the  constitution  of  the  tii- 
bunals  of  the  exchequer,  p.  28;  the  founding  of  the  mint,  and  other  matters 
eonneotid  with  finance  in  early  days.  Villa  Seiior  gives  a  more  extcndtHl  iK- 
count  of  the.-^c  matters  in  Theairo  Aiiirricaiio,  i.  3S-J0,  yet  it  is  but  a  hkctih 
of  the  ntunerous  ramifications  of  the  revenue  office.  Alaman,  in  his  JJi^i-rt., 
and  i/isl.  J/(  .(,•.,  gives  some  I'cliable  and  valuable  information  relative  t'  b'Jtli 
the  revenue  and  the  ndnt,  out  it  is  neither  copious  nor  connected. 

An  extremely  valuable  work  on  this  subject  is  tho  J lintorin  GciKrd'  ik 
Jh'id  I/dikiida,  compiled  by  Fabian  de  Fonscca  and  Carlos  do  Urru'ii,  I'V 
order  of  the  viceroy  Conde  de  llcvilla  tiigcdo.  The  six  printed  voliiuii.:! 
\»  iiich  compose  the  work  mat  great  research,  and  the  authors,  liavinv;  liaJ 
access  to  all  necessary  public  documents,  have  produced  as  complete  aadii'- 
curate  a  liistory  of  the  real  hacienda  and  statistics  connected  with  tiiv   .^^ 


FOXSECA,  URRUTIA,  AND  ELHUYAR. 


C79 


eniniont  of  Mexico  under  Spanish  rule,  as  can  well  1)C  fouml.  Tlie  manuscript 
(Vii.s  not  originally  intendeil  for  pulilioation,  l)ut  upon  its  being  found  in  the 
i;;ilii\es  after  the  declaration  of  independence,  it  was  printed  liy  permission 
,;  the  Mexican  government.  To  the  linancier  of  the  time  when  it  was  written 
itWMs  an  invaluahlc  work;  to  tlie  modern  liistorian  it  is  e(pially  useful,  as  ex- 
b  KJiig  tlie  incessant  drain  made  by  the  Spanish  government,  generation  after 
■•(iicration,  upon  tlie  American  colonics.  Tlie  volumes  ct)ntain  copies  c)f  nu- 
I'lcrous  royal  cedulas  relative  to  every  brancli  of  the  revenue,  as  well  as  tlio 
history  of  each  one's  origin  and  development.  Statistical  tables  abound;  and 
ii  mil  ly  occurs  tliat  a  fair  estimate  of  tlio  proceeds  of  everj'  department  can- 
liMt  l)c  formed  from  them.  Nevertheless  the  work  is  not  without  its  faults. 
The  bad  chronological  arrangement  of  cetlula;  is  confusing,  and  typographical 
(iTura  iu  dates  have  been  allowed  to  creep  into  tlie  text.  Tlie  oppressive 
h;i.  Uu)  ini])osed  upon  the  Mexicans  were  taxing  their  endurance  beyond 
liiii'-  I  this  Fonscca  and  Urrutia,  however,  saw  nothing,  ami  everj*  new 
1  .a^;;  ..nposed  upon  colonist  or  Indian  was  regarded  a.s  allcclionate  zeal 
01.  *1"  part  of  the  king  to  legislate  for  the  welfare  and  prosperity  of  his  sub- 
ju-t.. 

\Vith  regard  to  tlie  mint  and  coinage  I  fhid  the  work  of  I'auslo  de  I'Hhu- 
Vii',  entitled  Jiulaiiacioiictt  snbrc  l.a  A moiH ducion  en  Xmca  E'^jmi'iit,  Madrid, 
bh,  to  be  extremely  useful.  His  researches  were  conducted  with  great  care, 
i,;iil  supply' a  concise  and  correct  history  of  the  mint  from  its  establishment 
i'  i«  11  to  the  lOtli  of  August  1814,  when  he  laid  before  the  mining  tribunal  of 
Mr\iL'o,  of  which  ho  was  director,  tiic  result  of  his  labors.  In  this  book, 
v.hhh  consists  of  142  pages,  he  gives  an  account  of  the  ditTcivnt  coins  struck 
o:i'  and  the  modilicaiions  whicl.  tjiey  experienced  at  vaii(jU3  periods,  also  uf 
tlu^  new  systf^m  when  the  administration  was  assumed  by  tlie  government. 
He  moreover  con^iclers  with  attention  the  causes  by  which  the  interests  of  tlie 
niiiiing  industry  siiiicicd  and  suggests  remedies,  lieiug  a  highly  scicntitio 
idiiii  he  did  not  fril  to  ^ii'a  the  appreciation  of  IfumboKlt,  who  describes  him 

f; 

Mexico- 


c  .savant  d'riluiynr,'  and  'Le  savant  directeur  du  tribunal  de  Minciia  de 


Esi:u  ru'JL,  '..  118,  293. 


Tlio  nutho.-'ties  ■  ■insulted  for  tl'<  chapter  arc:  I'mli's  Crdnlan,  MS.,  i. 
Wi,  !)2-7;  ii.  1-.''.  ■*-!'  4;!,  70,  1U4-,".,  ■Ji)!)--_'4,  L'.SS;  />ror:ilr„ri<t.s  J,'.„/rs, 
M-^..  !:!etse(|.;  <  Jr</-'ih:i  <!<'  i'a  CoroiKt,  MS.,  i.  i;};?. -Jli-l-J;  iii.  7.'i-(>,  111-]--', 
lJ.il  I;  Jr.rnrji,  Yiixtruc,  M.'^.,  pa.ssim  ;  ('nhi/nrri.  MS.,  i.  !l!»,  Ki,")  4.'!;  iii.  (i4, 
:^-M»,  \-2'.)'',i>,  'j;S(»-2,  247-.".'!;  iv.  82-'.)!l.  202  24;  J.lnnir.'^.  hisinir.,  MS.,  :i  28; 
\u-i>i  s'  tic  Mij-.,  Yiis/rKC.  MS.,  1-.');  /,Vv(/m  Ortfi'iir.^,  i.  !li-2:il.  :{I4,  :!4()-4(;i; 
iv.  :!U7  72,  4n.'>-(;,  4;!(i-.")n:  v.  173-8,  2:)l-:i24;  /.'rrllifi  (ii;ii:i/o,  Jiisirii,:,  MS., 
ii.  ]i;is.sim;  /'/.,  Baiidus,  17  et  sei[. ;  \"il!ii-S(  i'idt,  TIicuIi\i,  i.  .'{8-()l;  'I'ort/Ki'- 
'I'ul'f,  i.  (114;  iii.  2(10-1;  ro./r./'r/o,  //;>/.  Yuc.,  101,  .")4I,  (117;  \'<tiui,'n-t, 
yV7.  J/cr.,  30-2;  Colli;  Mnn.iiSi^t.,  42-.'.(l,  (10,  02,  112,  IIS,  I  S3;  /'»;/«, 
(■',h,i,ino,  2T  et  sci.;  Florhht,  '( W.  Dor.,  12(1-8;  J)or.  L'rlr.-^.  Mr.c,  MS.,  v. 
12;  l>nr/u-  and  i'drilinn».  Col.  Dm:,  ii.  101;  iii.  534;  vi.  l(i(i-74;  447-8, 
4li!l.  .-irj-l.tr  ,1-  20.V-0;  xiii.  liKt-."),  200,  217- IS;  C/n-l<in  il<'  /mll'i.-:,  iiy.t-iA); 
('  rt'ii'i'iii'i:.ii  ■  '7.x  Mirri'il'<,  MS.,  0(1-200;  Xticrd  L'-]nn'i'i,  Ami  nlo",  MS., 
4  (i,'l2,  73-4:  ■'  .c.  Ilh'.  J/'.c,  si'rie  i.  toi.i.  i.  4,  121-8,  207,  32S,  470  8,  ,".08- 
•J-',  .".3(1  0;  toni.  .i.  74-S,  207,  217,204;  tom.  iv.  (12,  01,  108-0,  17.'>.  100  S; 
''"/.  I>ni\  Iiii'ii.,  xxi.  r)23-.'>2;  Diiriiiiijn,  J)ur.  lli.sl.,  MS.,  110;  Mniiti'iiKii/iir, 
hi'in''rii)x,  4d-o0,  112-13,  lo2-G3,  2.'i7-70;  Diftjmti.civiici  !'« ;•«(*■,  i.  ^Octsecj. ; 


C80 


REVENUE  AND  FINANCE. 


ii.  3-15;  iii.  18,  2")-30,  50-03;  Hc-ajK  «//•  IniVnu,  i.  ii.,  passim:  Jfoniiw iiit>i 
JJomiii.  KxjK,  MS.,  :«)-2,  SI,  VIX  UVM):  A/.,  //tV.  y  Pol.,  ^uS.,  371! m,, 
r)01-8!);  (luijn,  Dkirin,  passim;  (inntemnln.  Auto-  <le.  I'nrti',  MS.,  l-'l: 
Samunirijii,  Itnlacioii,  passim;  Amiri'-'i,  hf-'^rifi.,  M.*I.,  I"J'J-3;  Zuritn,  11:  ,i. 
cion,  MS.,  KS-'.M,  44-75;  Alummi,  hi'*rf,  ii.  HrJ-5,  31()-10;  A/.,  Hid.  M.j., 
i.  4  ct  scq.;  Li-ijch  I'ltritw  Aiiof.,  M.S.,  .";.'t-o.  3.VJ-7;  Hohh-*.  Jjiario,  74-S,  l'h;, 
217,  204;  Aryv/o  (/c  T<j,iilu,  A/^nii/.  Il.-i.,  :V)l-'J.  3'^H;  /,/.,  roiiKir.  £-<t„.l., 
21  3;  JJit'ziiio.s  (Ic  iKiliii.i,  passim;  Mmitt  I'lo  tie  Ojiriiia-K,  J^ron/iKtrio,  \  ',[\; 
JU'hrm,  J'lro/i.,  i.  o8-7S,  123-5,  l(J<)-7:  M>i ;if'r'ja.  iMrcf/iox,  ]MiaAn\;  Anv  ti 
L'fh(((!/(inii/,  Iiistnic,  I -JXJ;  Mixiro,  Coi'i"t>trion  d  I"m  0'/-<-(('.,  71,  lOd-ll)'.'; 
I'l.,  JJiriclio.-i,  1-14;  LI.,  Estaii-  il>'  lUnl  //<!<•.,  04;  /'/.,  AVy/o  (V;„»  al  S-l. 
CoiK/.,  30;  III.,  Mi'inori'i  A'/rir.  1S/,J.  •2-4;  Id..  M- iiioria  J/ac.  IS.'/.},  3-7;  //, 
JS.','!>,  4-lH,  50;  /(/.,  IS:0,  3S,  (i!-5;  ///.,  .\/'i>'or!i  /V--'•/'^/'/a,  ]-(i();  1,1..  M.. 
woria  ltd    /.:,.',  G;  /'/.,  ^'ot.  Ch"/.  Mu-.,  J3-_'-3.  20S-0,  307-2S,  3;{7-(i(t:  //., 


J'cali'if  A 

tSi/iiicr'.t   Al,    < 

1-0,  20-2;   A., 

Onl.,  202-(;2;  •., 

pp.  xiii.-.xxiii.   121, 

dc  Kit  Jiisticid,  1-58 

(I'roi/.,  Ikiht'iii,   ii.   7,    17-40;  v.  3;;i 

2(]ii'ep.  i.  207,  3:!0,  318,  370,  404-2 


)12;    /'/.,    /.'»:/.    £>!.//>,   4-5;   /</..    J'fv''im,iito,   pus.;:;; 

8-21,  44-75;   Gi»rr>,    M<»lo,   l-SO;   i)(7/;c,  Not.  liar., 

;.\vi.  284,  3t4;   ywii.    11-15,  217-40;   Ji,te)i,l,'iil>-»  i;,nl 

.  >i  BiTf'i,  Mill).  <  ii"f.  M^j-..  lOS-71;  t'iiro,  TriA  (S'.;/A.., 

i;{l;  ii.  10-17,  \\~,-**\  1^2-1;  iii.    1.5,  2(m-71;  Maiihii-to 

/■oD.'icrii  y  i'rnit'in,  liff-t  //>/'•.,  i.-vi..  jia.ssim  ;  Sar.  Mis. 

viii.   55<^;-7;  x.   505-11;  xi.  320-1;  A/., 

iii.  0.'V4.  179-S1,  201-2;  Zci„ioniJ;.i, 


Li;/,  ('ft.,  i.  25-8,  31;  ii.  53:1-40;  iii.  :r,-0:!.  -yiif-V:,  432.50;  vi.  81-00;  7'.,-- 
vriiir-Coiti/iftii':,  ]'(>!/.,  .'ji'iie  i.  t'un.  x.  24'}-5<;.  451-3;  st-iic  ii.  tom.  v.  Vi, 
124-5,  170-2,  101,' 240-74;  Z>inl>ri  y  O.. 'nUud.,  72-5,  88-08,  110,  14;i-N; 
lihri-d,  Gnhi-ni'iii/i'i  M,x.,  i.  30,  OO-hX),  132  ct  .st-<j.;  J/(/.>(0  Mu-.,  i.  3."i;i  >, 
303-402;  iii.  4i)7-8;  iv.  04,  2.")0-(;0;  Klfnninr.  /.-.A>7.'.-;o//f *.  passim;  Luli.irj.., 
Airi'ijr,  X.  251  3;  OrilcH'iiizrM  j"ir"  >/  tii^Atruo.  1-.50;  /</.,  HkiI Ili'tila  /'nlnti-n^ 
1-73;  /'/.,  7.V.//  y>V»^'  Xai//ir<,  1-35:  A/..  /,'/.V/r  Mrn,-,lii<.  l-.'.O;  J/rn/rr's  Mr.,:. 
Asl.,  i.  141,  248,  274-5;  ii.  02,  00,  107-.^:  rat,rflf,'l<i,  Tel.  M(x.,  32-0,  47  ."il, 
100-0,  285-07;  /(/.,  Itiiiiia  ,l>-  In  S.  £:</*.,  37-S;  DcnU,  Arlii  I'liiiiiun:<,  s- 
TiihiilOK,  III .//amriilo,  1-14;  /</.,  lifiil'inifnto  y  Oril'iiaiizax,  1-00;  Arnh'il 
dificlKin.  1-30;  Hi riiainliz,  Kslrnl.  Mi)..  VXt:  Xour.  Ainirili^  ilf.t  fn//.,  iv. 
2.54-5;  lluwhnldt,  l-U^ai  I'ol.,  i.  27?;  ii.  57v-'>2,  075-Sl,  734,  803;  Id.,  X-.r. 
Spiihi,  iv.  205-81;  /(/.,  Tal,kii^  Est 'J.,  M.<.,  4<>-.54;  /./.,  Vnyiirh.  1-20,  ,m, 
12tt-21;  (Idiriti  Mi. v.,  i.-x.,  passim;  Alz/itf,  Garitw,  i.  82.  10()-7;  Oiihi  ih. 
J/ai:,  i.  72-3;  ii.  50-08,  ]10-2.'S,  1  H -4;  .S',„  J/,7;„j,,  J„<:  O/inid,  1-10;  ('n/^,, 
J)iiirio,  iv.  100-8;  v.  220;  M'a/v/'.^  .1/,^-..  i.  .55;  ii.  12,  1.5,  ,31-2,  40,  58;  C/,!,-:. 
Hit,  I.c  Mi.vi'ijiic,  533-43;  Fulii-ii'-t  y  E'4nnt]<i  d*"  Xny/ifi,  1-10;  Vnuiiimh. 
Hi-it.  J\Iij:,  i.  2.")0-5l,  278;  Tf,'>iiti<,  /!' /Hiuf i,lo  di,  l-li;  diierrd,  Jl' r.  ,h, 
y.  Kx]!.,  i.  175-(i,  200-.3O1:  ii.  C!f>-31 ;  JrW/'M.va,  Hirop.,  IS.Ji),  4.53-52:'.;  A/., 
liijhniie  ijiii'  dirri'ii,  12;  (inlixz,  I.j'nrni''  J/'»/-<y««  .>'o«.,  passim  ;  Jj'mrio  Mix., 
ii.  151-2;  iii.  8,  :i(),  410-11;  v.  1!J4.  222,  2V.:  vii.  120:  ix.  1.58;  xi.,  passim; 
xii.  5(i  ct  scij.;  xiii.,  ]iassim:  Ziima-o'".  Hi't.  M'j..  iv.  .500  (i31;  v.  |ti^-!/, 
420-4,  408,  470-0,  54(>-58.  571-01,  012cts*^|.;  vi.  l!i,  2.3.  40  0(i,  128-:!0,  h:', 
.3:18-0,  .501;  vii.  140,  178,  .38<»-l;  x.  I31.v  19,  1.3:54-5,  i:!00-2;  EIThii<i.'u 
IS.:.',,  100;  IS.',:),  02;  Piiii.  Viir.,  V.  .52-4;  xvi.  l:;2-48.  104;  xxxv.  l-2li:  In. 
27,  07;  Ixxx.  1-27;  cxlii.  30-40:  cl.  23;  clxi.  3:  cxxxix.  ;i0-40;  ocxv.  :i7-\ 
Znriilii,/!ii\M<:i\,  ii,  2:!-0;  Cniidir:oi>"<  d-l  I,'-al  A-'xifulo,  1-25;  Yiii''i/(iii. 
E.i/ail.,  7-12;  Siihii(iii\i  Afodini  /li't.  iii.  21.5:  A'<7'--,  Jtii/islfr,  xxiii.  \'.>',i,  l.Vi; 
xxvii.  245;  .Mn/ra-i,  K.ij'lor.,  i.  30->0:  -J .-.•••  >.'';,  HiM.  y  i'r-iii.,  1,"..5;  Jii'irUiil> 
VII  Aim  ririiiiii,  5;  Alnurz,  JJ.iimlio.'i  Hi-'.,  iii.  202.  424;  Iiidrweion  di'l"ii''i- 
iHiniiiiiudiiK,  !-:>();  Jtiiiliiiiii'iito  jurr''  el  O'Jji^ri-o,  1-03;  I'mdl,  Hist.  Itrr.  J.-'i'., 
30-40;  liiMiliito  (,'i'oij.  Kstdd.,  2:>;  A'jii'jrd'unt' ,  HdiiniK iito,  l-2();  Jli'"''* 
Ji'i'jfcr.  J^idifiii',  (i;  MihId  Ainnent.  llotnfo,  3:  lJufi[io.  f'ol.  JJ"C.,  132-(i4;  Urn-" 
Kiiir  de  JloiiHiiiiiri/,  Nut.  <'ii\,  iv.  77-"';  A'>^i'i  J^oUmia,  l-7(>;  J.>iir\  Uii'i'-..  \. 
52-3;  ix.  20.5-7;  x'.  017;  Torrmlr,  H^r.l.  II.^j^iii,  i.  ]:{-18,  23;  Midln  Au<i><u 
Ii'ifd  L'rd.,  1-3;  TIiuiiijikoii'.^  HniilU'liofi".  lyl-<i;  (Jiirrttciro,  Aot.  IJs/.,  7:i-t; 
I'lliiiz.  Midi.  Ui-'t.  O'luil.,  i.  251-.j0;  ii.  l84-2Ui;  liiftra.  Hist.  Jala^m,  i-  >"''•'. 
112,  144,  104,  108-0. 


CHAPTER    XXXII. 


THE  SECULAR  CLERGY. 

IGOO-ISOO. 

Viciofis  Ecclesiastics — SrnrGCLE  '<et\vee>t  ttie  REcrian  Ordeks  and 
THE  Secular  Clkhcy— iMLUESih  .  "  the  nELioiors  on  the  Masses — 
The  Royal  I'uekocative — Pi;iviLEf;Es  of  the  Ecclesiastics — Richt 

OF  SANCTrAl!Y — TlIE  BlSHOl'KICS  OF  XeW  SpaIN  —  I'lKLIGIOUb  FRATER- 
NITIES—ClirKCH  Prope'-iy — Its  Confiscation  Ori^ereu — Cuciicii 
Revenues— The  Inqcisition. 

DuiJiNG  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries 
tlio  secular  clei'gy  included  many  ^Yho  had  come  to 
Xcw  Spain  in  search  of  fortune,  having  little  prospect 
(if  success  in  their  native  country.  These  \vere  for 
the  most  part  mere  adventurers,  vicious,  and  a  cancer 
ill  the  l)0(lv  ecclesiastic.  The  natives  among  the  secu- 
lars,  with  a  few  exceptions,  had  also  become  contami- 
nated. Of  this  we  have  abundant  evidence  in  j)aj)al 
bulls  and  royal  orders,  in  the  reports  of  sevcial  vice- 
roys, of  whom  one  was  a  distinguished  jirelate,  and 
in  the  edicts  of  the  inquisition.  Violations  of  the 
vows  of  chastity,  impeding  the  administration  of 
justice,  trading  against  express  proliiljitions,  manufac- 
turing prohibited  liquors,  collecting  excessive  fees, 
and  defrauding  the  crown,  were  common  ])ractices, 
aiul  indeed  some  of  their  deeds  were  so  scandalous 
that  decency  forbids  tiieir  relation.^ 

'  ^fo)•l:U!,  Fant.  Koi\  f »■'>.,  4-:0-r>l;  nccop.  ,h  Im/.,  i.  nO-l;  Pri'a/ox,  //,'- 
f'rw.,  in  Mor/i.  ('<,/.  Di.r.t.  ,MS.,  i;7-!l;  Mnin-ini  IiiKlriir.,  4(i!»-71;  L'nia- 
ns,  /iistrif.,  MS.,  4()!)-71;  D'hiix-r  ili- ii  \'(ril.,  1;  <)ril.  <!<■  la  Cornnn,  MS., 
vii.  77;  Cirspo,  Mdit.  Aju-^t.,  7,  S;  I)!s/iosic.  Vnr.,  v.  5,  l.'{,  "J'.l;  HkiIis  Cnln- 
'"■'■.  .MS.,  i.  34-r>;  fain),ilii),  X.  Sin'onu,  4J-l=:  Vil/(im>il,  Kiih-nii.  I'o/i'., 
Ii  'J'l,  in  Buytaiiuvitp,  V<iZ  do  la  I'atrin,  v.  One  victidv,  tlio  niiii(|in's  do 
Biiaicitorto,  gives  ii  11  the  cKriry,  liiirli  ami  low,  fi  \i(m'A  ili;ir;R't(i-,  lii\t  a.s  ho 
"it  laiiic'i'  a  had  ono  of  his  own  in  tin-  rnuntry  I  hoitatc  to  acit'|it  his  mifor- 
ii^cjrattd  tt'stinioiiy.  ilnaa/j'vrU-,  lustruc,  in  Luiuitu,  Ji:,striir.,  .MS.,  44-U. 

t  C.^1 ) 


J 


i 


C82 


THE  SECULAR  CLERGY. 


Amoncf  the  orders  of  monks  were  alwavs  to  lie 
fomul  i'rom  tlu  earliest  days  men  who  liad  come  to 
America  to  render  good  service  to  God  and  their  kiuL;', 
at  the  same  time  ridding  themselves  of  the  monotony 
of  conventual  life,  and  winnin<jf  renown  for  their  re- 
sjiective  orders  and  distinction  for  them  elves.  jMany 
of  them  earned  the  coveted  crown  of  mai  yrdom,  fear- 
lessly carrying'  the  gospel  and  the  arts  of  peace  anioii;' 
savages,  and  a  much  larger  number  won  fame  eitlior 
\)y  their  charity  and  missionary  labors,  or  by  tliuir 
learning  and  writings  upon  various  topics,  especially  <>ii 
the  countries  where  they  dwelt  or  journeyed.  Not  a 
few  attained  to  high  position,  and  thus  secured  a  larger 
field  for  usefulness.  But  it  nmst  be  confessed  that  the 
regular  orders  also  contained  unworthy  members,  men 
who  shrank  from  poverty  and  discipline,  some  of  whom 
were  vain,  covetous,  and  profligate,  and  looked  upon 
their  mission  in  the  New  World  only  as  an  opportunity 
to  gratify  their  desire  for  a  life  of  ease  and  pleasure. 

After  the  spiritual  conquest  of  jMexico,  it  was  an 
easy  matter  for  these  ecclesiastics  to  have  themselves 
assigned  io  parishes  or  doctrinas,  which,  though  an 
outward  show  of  religion  was  maintained,  became  hot- 
beds of  vice;  even  the  sacred  act  of  confession  beiiiLj- 
profaned.  This  scandalous  immorality  was,  in  the 
second  half  of  the  eighteenth  and  early  years  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  most  noticeable  at  the  seats  of 
.some  of  the  dioceses  and  in  small  towns;  in  the  capital 
the  clergy  were  somewhat  restrained  from  o[)en  exhi- 
bitions of  vice  by  the  presence  of  the  superior  author- 
ities of  New  Spain. 

The  day  came  when  the  supreme  government  de- 
cided that  the  friars  should  bo  restricted  to  their 
own  proper  functions,  and  not  be  allowed  any  longer 
to  encroach  on  those  of  the  secular  clergy,  and  the  au- 
thorities encouraijed  the  latter  to  assert  their  riglits.' 
A  lonsj^  contest  ensued,  in  which  the  religious  orders 
struggled  for  every  point,  but  they  were  defeated;  and 

UiM>c6  Cedulwi,  MS.,  90-2. 


EXCLUSION  OF  CREOLES. 


683 


injunctions  came  from  the  crown  against  any  but  sec- 
ular clergymen  being  nominated  for  vacant  benelices." 
The  result  was  a  better  state  of  affairs;  the  ranks  of 
the  seculars  were  reenforced  by  worthy  and  able  men, 
and  they  soon  gained  the  ascendency  among  the  people. 
During  the  first  two  centuries  after  the  conquest 
thu  church  offered  preferment  to  natives  of  America, 
many  of  whom  held  bishoprics,*  and  other  high  posi- 
tions; but  in  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
ah  royal  orders  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding,  the 
number  of  native-born  priests  thus  promoted  had 
become  very  small''  A  cedula  of  May  2,  1792,  ordered 
that  one  half  the  prebendaries  of  the  cathedral  should 
1)0  conferred  on  natives  of  America;  but  a  suLiicestion, 
.^aiil  to  have  emanated  from  Archbishop  Har«),  to  the 
ellrct  that  Americans  should  have  onlv  inferior  offices 
in  (jrder  to  keep  them  ever  humble  and  submissive, 
>c(.ins  to  have  been  adopted.  The  result  of  this  policy 
was  that  in  1808  all  the  bishoprics  of  Xew  Spain 
with  one  exception,"  the  greater  portion  of  the  canon 
stalls,  and  a  large  number  of  the  rich  curacies  were  iu 
tlk'  hands  of  Spaniards  from  Europe. 

■'  'I'lie  secularization  of  the  curacies  was  cnrricd  on  without  trouble  as  tai'ly 
as  17i;;>.  Marjil,  Instruc.,  20-1,  in  Liiianx,  Iii/'lnic,  M8. 

'  Zamacois,  JJM.  Mi'j.,  x.  137.VS,  tries  to  jirovu  that  the  governii;ent  <lis- 
triliutitl  her  favors  ecjiuilly  among  Creoles  and  natives  of  Old  Spain;  but 
Aliiinan,  who  cannot  be  accused  of  enmity  toward  the  niotlier  ecjiuitry,  says 
tiuit  out  of  70ti  bishops  appointed  in  Spanish  America  before  the  rcvuhition, 
Jii".  were  native  Americans,  and  but  few  of  them  were  appointed  to  the  ino.st 
iiiili'iitunt  sees.  Ills/.  M<J,,  i.  14.  In  the  last  century  there  was  di.'seriniina- 
tiuii  airainst  the  Creoles.  No  native  of  Yucatan  was  ever  bishop  of  tliat  tlio- 
n'M'.  Aiivoiia,  Hist.  Yiir.,  ii.  :{.'5.'>— b 

•Tlie  high  ollices  of  the  chinch  were  reserved  for  natives  of  .Spain. 
Z'ii'i'k,  Eiis(ii/o  JJiit.,  i.  00.  Archbishop  Lorenzana  recommeihU'd  that  the 
i.iil.Ms  siioukl  be  forced  to  learn  the  Spanisli  language,  and  as  this  could  not 
!»■  iiadily  accomplished,  the  creole  priests,  who  for  good  I'easoiis  o)  poseil  that 
incisure,  were  accused  of  seltisli  motives,  fur  as  they  knew  the  Indian  languages 
till  ruracies  of  Indian  towns  would  all  fall  to  their  lot.  Ihis  was  denied  by 
II  111  ..|c  Franciscan,  Father  Francisco  de  la  Kosa  Figueroa.  \\\m>  as.M  ited  tiiat 
till  secular  priests  from  Old  .Spain  never  d'sired  cnratos  de  Indios,  preferring 
the  i.arishe.s  of  Spaniards  in  Mexico,  or  higher  preferment,  'con  la  .'^ond)ra  do 
Ins  .siLTiadaa  mitras,  mayormeute  los  <pie  vn  Sr  Arzobispo  o  Obispo  trae  cu 
tu  tiiiiilia,  que  luego  van  aubiendo  y  exaltando  hasta  ocupar  Ins  Juzgados 
till  -iasticos,  rt  los  clioros  de  las  Cathedralcs  en  las  I'rebendas.'  I'iiiiHiidii  ilc  la 
Iw/if/,  M.S.,  30-31.  'l"he  same  writer  gives  51  names  of  native  Mexicans, 
ami  'JT  of  Peruvians,  who  l)ecanie  bisiiops  and  arcldiishops.  /(/.,  70-5. 

''  Tliat  of  Puebla,  held  by  I\luuuel  Gonzalez  del  Campillo. 


1  (i«'"i 

i 


\M 


684 


THE  SECULAR  CLERGY. 


The  prestige  of  the  church  was  jealously  uphold  l»v 
law,"  and  the  Indians  continued  to  pay  the  regular 
clergy  the  reverence  which  the  early  missionaries  luid 
won  from  them,  a  reverence  bordering  on  veneration. 
This  wrought  no  mischief  so  long  as  it  was  shown  to 
men  worthy  of  it,  for  the  old  friars  were  firm  sup- 
porters of  the  government,  but  when  bestowed  on  a 
corrupt  and  presumptuous  clergy  it  became  a  source 
of  great  danger,^  especially  as  the  lower  offices  of  the 
church  were  in  the  hands  of  discontented  natives, 
who,  being  in  contact  with  tJie  masses,  must  have 
influenced  them  in  political  afiairs.  This  eleuiont 
became  a  powerful  agent,  and  the  time  came  when  it 
worked  upon  the  hearts  of  a  large  majority  of  the 
inhabitants  against  the  Spanish  domination. 

The  church  of  Mexico,  like  that  of  the  rest  of 
Spanish  America,  was  under  the  immediate  control 
of  the  crown,  through  its  representatives,  the  viccidy 
and  governors,  by  virtue  of  the  real  patronato.  This 
was  a  right  held  as  the  most  valuable  of  the  crown's 
attributes;"^  it  was  claimed  on  the  ground  of  prioi* 

'  In  1700  a  mulatto,  for  striking  a  priest,  was  awarded  400  laslics  well  laid 
on.  An  alcalde  de  corte,  for  a  similar  ofl'cnce,  was  exconiniuiiicatod.  A 
royal  order  of  the  same  year  prescribed  the  penalty  of  death  for  rulil'i  liij 
committed  in  chnrches.  Iiobles,  JJiario,  .30-7;  (JrU'ijn,  A.,  Volo  Fitml.,  II). 
The  worship  of  the  masses,  who  had  little  instruction  in  religion,  consisicil 
mainly  of  external  show.  The  duquc  dc  Linares  said:  'En  este  reyno  t'l'iu 
es  exterioridad,  y  viviendo  poseidos  de  los  vicios. .  .Ics  parecc  ii  lo  mas,  (|i;a 
trayendo  cl  rosario  al  cuello  y  besando  la  mano  li  im  saccrdote  sou  Catc  li'  os, 
que  los  tlifz  niandamientos  no  se  si  los  conmutan  en  ceremonias.'  Liiitiri<, 
JiifttiHC,  MS.,  'Al.  An  able  writer  in  1785  severely  criticised  the  rcli^i'ius 
practices  in  tlie  capital,  denouncing  tliem  as  barbarous,  because  they  i  nii- 
verted  the  most  solemn  mysteries  of  the  Catholic  church  into  acts  of  sui'H-U- 
ti(in  and  fanaticism  in  the  most  ridiculous  form;  he  uses  these  words:  '  Ka 
ninguna  parte  del  re  no  cristiano  so  presume  de  mas  eristiandad  y  dovd  .  >v., 
y  en  ninguna  e.st:i  nu'iios  radieada  que  en  esta capital.'  Villarruel,  EiiJ.  I'u  '/., 
73-81,  in  Iliistiiiiiinifc,  Voz  di-  la  Patria,  v. 

*The  duqne  do  Li i  ares,  in  view  of  the  prevailing  corruption,  and  n  iimiii- 
beriiig  the  liots  again  t  tlie  mai'i|Uijs  de  (Jelvcs  in  1021,  made  it  a  jioiiii  to 
avoid  a'l  biclicring  with  churchmen.  He  gave  his  reasons  as  follows:  '  I'iim"'' 
son  eapaccs  do  auopel  a'  cl  rispjto  de  la  persona,  6  iiKjuietar  los  anini'  ^  tie 
los  seculares,  poi-ipic. .  .la  cautidal  de  cclesiasticos  ignorantcs  no  es  jini.;!..  y 
cl  todo  del  pueblo  de  la  voz  de  catolicos  en  apariencia  escomun.'  J.h'urc^ 
IiiKlri'c,  MS.,  87,  41-2. 

• '  La  piedra  uiaa  rica,  la  mas  preciosa  Margarita  de  bu  Real  Diadciua. 


REAL  PATRONATO. 


685 


discovery  and  possession,  and  the  introduction  of  Chris- 
tianity, followed  by  the  building  and  endowment  of 
churches,  convents,  and  monasteries.  To  this  were 
added  tlvo  privileges  conferred  by  popes  Alexander 
VI,  and  Julius  II.,  confirmed  by  later  briefs  of  the 
holy  see.^"  The  decision  of  the  first  ecclesiastical 
council  of  Mexico  reserving  patronage  to  the  king 
was  advanced  as  an  additional  reason.  The  preroga- 
tive was  claimed  as  one  to  be  forever  held  inalienable. 
Xo  person  or  persons,  ecclesiastical  or  secular,  no 
cl lurch  or  monastery,  was  to  use  the  patronage,  ex- 
cept under  the  crown's  authority,  and  severe  penalties 
wure  jjrovided  against  infringements  of  the  royal  priv- 
ilege. 

The  nomination  of  archbishops  and  bishops  and  the 
hestowal  of  benefices  in  the  Indies  belonged  exclu- 
sively to  the  crown,  and  were  consequently  confirmed 
witliout  demur.  The  king  became  inw  facto  the 
head  of  the  church  in  America,  and  no  bull,  brief,  or 
other  order  emanating  from  the  holy  see  or  its  apos- 
tolic nuncios  could  be  published  or  carried  out  with- 
out being  first  submitted  to  and  i)assed  by  the  council 
of  the  Indies."  Repeated  cedulas  issued  from  1G44 
to  1G72  inclusive  reiterated  those  orders,  and  enjoined 
viceroys,  audiencias,  governors,  and  other  rulers  to 
send  back  to  the  council  of  the  Indies  all  documents 


liihndeneyrn,  Manual  Comp.,  in  address  to  the  king,  3-4;  Pah/ox,  Instruc, 
ill  Morji,  Col.  ile  Doc,  MS..  '20. 

'"  Jiibadeiuyra,  Id.,  ul-(J3.  Antonio  Joachin  de  Ribadencyra,  Manual  Com- 
p'Jiidio  do  el  Ucgio  Patronato  Indiano  (Madrid,  IToo).  Tlio  antlior  Idled  high 
jiKliLJal  ottices  in  Nueva  Galicia  and  ^lexico,  and  was  a  nitinlKT  of  the  king's 
cuiUR-il,  a  man  fully  competent  for  the  work  ho  undertook,  lie  furnishen  a 
cuiii[)letc  and  cxhauscivc  dissertation  in  clear  and  laconic  style,  on  tlie  royal 
fatiijuage,  both  caronical  and  civil,  in  the  Indies,  with  the  view  of  rendering 
the  matter  comprehensive  and  practical.  The  work  contains  all  the  papal 
liulls,  royal  orders,  and  opinions  of  reliable  authorities  bearing  on  the  subject 
and  ;;oiug  to  sustain  the  compiler's  statements. 

"C'edula  of  Felipe  IV.,  April  23.  1043,  reiterating  others  of  his  predeces- 
sors and  his  own  issued  between  l.")()4  and  Hi'S'A.  Jieco/i.  dc  Intl.,  i.  ',H>,  49,  HO, 
70,  70,  78,  11.1,  118-lS);  Ii'calfs  Ccdnlas,  M.S.,  i.  '21-S;6rd.  de  la  iJoroua,  MS., 
i.  1;  Zamora,  Bih.  Lftj.  Ult.,  v.  43;  Li-i/e^,  I'm:  Aiiof.,  M.S.,  '23.  The  same 
rule  was  applicable  to  patenten  of  the  generals  or  superiors  of  the  religious 
oiilrs.  The  only  ones  excepted  were  such  as  were  for  the  internal  domestic 
govirnment  of  the  religious  within  their  cloisters.  JUonteiiuiyor,  Svmarion, 
'M-oS. 


4" 


!il«H 


mi 


cso 


THE  SECULAR  CLERGY. 


of  this  nature  which  had  not  been  duly  passed  by 
that  body. 

Xevcrtlieless  occasional  violations  of  the  idval 
privilege  occurred,  two  of  them  as  late  as  174G,  wlim 
the  archbishop  of  Mexico  published  two  papal  bi  iit'-; 
without  the  n^yal  exequatur,  whereupon  bolli  ho  and 
the  audiencia  were  rejirimanded,  and  ordered  to  re- 
scind them.  Later,  in  1777,  it  was  ordered  that 
popes'  bulls,  briefs,  and  kindred  instruments,  even  if 
provided  with  the  council's  exequatur,  were  never  tn 
be  circulated  without  the  permission  of  the  viceroy,  or 
local  governor,  as  vice-pat rono}^ 

The  royal  prerogative  never  failed  to  assert  itself. 
Even  in  God's  temple  special  honors  were  paid  the 
viceroy,  because  of  his  being  the  viceregal  patmn. 
The  appointment  of  j^rovisores  and  vicarios  gcnrralct 
had  to  be  submitted  to  the  crown  for  approval.  Com- 
petitions for  vacant  stalls  in  cathedral  chapters  must 
be  in  presence  of  an  asistente  real,  appointed  by  the 
vice-patron.  In  the  selection  of  parish  priests  or 
curates,  a  ternary  of  names  was  to  be  laid  by  tliu 
ordinary  before  the  vice-patron,"  who  usually  elioso 
the  first  on  the  list,  to  avoid  giving  offence,  and  be- 
cause lie  seldom  knew  who  was  the  worthiest. 

The  secular  clergy  held  a  privileged  jurisdiction, 
known  as  fiiero  cdesidstico,  with  speoial  courts,  ami 
until  near  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century  personal 
exemption  from  the  control  of  other  tribunals.'*  l]i'- 
clesiastical  courts  w'ere,  however,  not  only  forbidden 

^^Provid.  Rcales,  MS.,  80-1;  6rd.  de  la  Corona,  MS.,  i.  201-:.  Tho 
king's  proi'dgativc  was  so  jealously  guardod  that  even  alms  could  not  In  .•i>ls(il 
for  in  the  Indies,  if  to  he  sent  to  Spain,  without  the  express  leave  of  h;^  \\M'.\ 
Council.  Archbishops  and  bishops  before  assuming  the  government  d  iluir 
dioceses  had  to  lay  before  the  vico-patrono  the  evidence  of  having  t.il;r)i  tiio 
regular  oaths  of  fealty  and  obedience  to  the  crown.  A  viceroy  in  thf  ITtii 
century  reported  one  of  those  violations  by  Bisliop  Osorioof  I'uebia,  ^\  !io  v.-i 
of  course  compelled  to  fulfil  the  law.  Muncvra,  lustnic,  in  Doc.  limL,  xxi, 
512-15. 

^^Cahdario,  MS.,  i.  G2-3;  7?e)-(7/«  Gk/rdo,  Tiisfriic,  7;  Pimrt,  Dor.  Son., 
MS.,  G-14;  Puln/ox,  Iiistrur.,  in  Morji,  Col.  Doc,  MS.,  27;  Patrouitliu,  \-^''>, 
in  Mix.  Doc.  Edis.,  MS  ,  no.  1. 

^^Moidl't,  Past.  Nov.  Orb.,  192-5;  Betancurt,  Derccho  de  las  Lj.,  1-JI. 


ECCLESIASTICAL  COURTS. 


687 


to  encroach  on  tlio  royal  jurisdiction,  but  expected  to 
allord  every  possible  aid  to  the  common  courts.  The 
laws  of  Castile  on  this  subject  had  full  force  in  ^lex- 
icf).'"  They  had  no  cognizance  in  cases  either  civil  or 
(liininal  over  persons  not  catholics,  nor  criminal  juris- 
diction in  cases  of  adultery;  the}'  could  not  sentence 
Indians  to  hard  labor  for  this  crime,  nor  impose  fhio.s 
on  them  for  any  offence;  neither  could  they  intlict 
ciij)ital  or  corporal  ])unishnient  on  any  one.  In  the  ad- 
ministration of  cleru'vmen's  or  intestates'  wills  the  ec- 
clesiastical  courts  had  no  jurisdiction,  such  cases  bein;;^ 
ef  the  cognizance  of  the  royal  courts,  except  where  a 
clergyman  appointed  his  own  soul  as  the  heir — that 
is,  ordered  that  his  estate  be  used  in  payment  for 
masses  and  other  religious  rites  for  the  benefit  of  his 
soul.  The  council  of  the  Indies  could,  however,  re- 
voke all  ecclesiastical  decisions." 

]^y  bull  of  Gregory  XIII.  dated  February  28, 
1578,  and  royal  orders  of  IGOG,  1722,  and  1731,  all 
suits  of  whatever  nature  commenced  in  the  ecclesia.s- 
tical  courts  of  the  Indies  were  to  be  terminated  in 
tlieui  and  not  carried  elsewhere.  This  had  reference 
to  cases  in  which  the  ecclesiastical  iudge  acted  in  his 
capacity  as  the  ordinary;  but  not  when  he  ])roceeded 
as  the  delegate  of  the  pope,^^  in  which  event  any 
a})])eal  would  have  to  be  to  the  pope  himself 

Tlius  for  more  than  two  centuries  the  secular  clergy 
enjoyed  great  privileges,  but  these  were  in  later  times 
grathially  abolished.  By  a  royal  decree  of  October 
25,  1795,  the  conmion  courts  were  allowed  to  take 
cognizance  of  grave  crimes  committed  by  the  eccle- 
siastics. The  sala  del  crimen,  or  criminal  court,  now 
sure  of  its  right,  acted  with  rigor  against  jiriests, 
especially  curates,  confining  a  number  of  them  in  the 


N-'i< 


^^Rfcop.  ddml.,  i.  79-80. 

^'' Ii'<'co2>.  lie  I  ml.,  i.  80-2,  2,30-2;  Movtnnoyor,  SvrnarioH,  30;  Orte^ia,  Vofo 
hnuh.do,  10;  Onl.  dc  la  Corona,  MS.,  i.  104,  100;  v.  12;  Ji'rrdi.iiJrd.,  i. 
447  !);  (Mhdario,  MS.,  i.  04-.');  J'roriil.  L'eults,  MS.,  107-0,  134-42,  14(1-50, 
Ib-J  .-{,  281-.");  Itfucnp.  L'mh-s,  MS.,  30-7. 

^''  Mordli,  Fad,  Nov,  Vrb,,  272;  Lei/cs,  I'ai;  Anot.,  32-3, 


M 


688 


THE  SECULAR  CLERGY. 


same  prisons  as  the  lowest  classes  of  the  people.  In 
this  uiatttT  the  royal  aiulieneia  favored  the  cause  of 
the  clergy.  Tlie  royal  order  ahove  nainetl  proin])t(jd 
the  bishop  and  chapter  of  ^lichoacan  to  make,  in 
l)eccml)er  1790,  a  representation  to  his  ]Majesty,'* 
which  contains  many  wise  and  liberal  suggestions. 

The  courts  connected  with  the  archbishopric  of 
Mexico  and  other  sees  were:  Tlie  2)'^oi'isotvto  for 
Spaniards,  presided  over  by  the  jiicz  ]yrovisor,  having 
bosif'es  a  prosecuting  attorney,  sheriff,  relator,  two 
notaries  or  clerks,  a  translator  of  apostolic  letters, 
keeper  of  records,  and  messenger;  and  the  ^9rori!.sor((?o 
for  Indians,  with  a  provisor,  notary,  clerk,  and  re- 
ceiver; i\\c  j uzfjado  de  testamentos,  capellanias  y  ohras 
jykis,  with  judge,  counsellor,  relator,  chief  and  second 
clerks,  and  a  notary  for  the  military  cl;-^nlaincy  in 
chiefV  We  have  already  seen  how  tl  owers  of 
this  last  named  court  were  curtailed  in  t  jbato  of 

wills  of  clergymen.  Later  a  further  curtailment  took 
place,  reducing  still  more  the  ecclesiastical  fuoro,  with 
the  sovereign's  declaration  of  March  22,  1789,  making 
cases  of  capellanias  and  obras  pi'as  cognizable  in  the 
secular  courts.^"  Questions  of  jurisdiction  between  the 
ecclesiastical  and  civil  courts,  which  were  of  frequent 
occurrence,  were  adjudicated  by  the  viceroy."^  This 
power,  while  it  upheld  the  crown's  prerogative,  greatly 
exalted  the  prestige  and  authority  of  its  representa- 
tive in  Mexico. 


Offenders  against  the  laws  who  took  refuge  in  a 
church  or  other  sacred  place  were,  as  we  have  seen, 
allowed  benefit  of  asylum,  in  certain  cases  not  excluded 
under  papal  briefs  and  royal  orders.     For  a  long  time 

■^'Informe  del  Obispo  y  cabildo  cclesidstico  de  Valladolid  de  Michoacan 
al  Roy  sobre  jurisdiccion  y  Imunidadcs  del  Clero  Americano. '  The  whole 
document,  under  a  somewhat  different  heading,  may  be  found  in  Mora,  Uhms 
tiueltns,  i.  1-G8;  Queipo,  Col.  deDocs,  1-G5.  Humboldt  gives  tlie  above  title. 
Ensai  I'oL,  i.  105. 

"•Ziiuiga,  C'alendario.  52-4,  gives  the  names  and  residences  of  the  officers. 

^Jilex.  Provkl.  Diocemnas,  MS.,  203,  273-81. 

'■^  litviUa  Oiijedo,  Iiistruc,  21;  Alaman,  Hut,  Mij,,  i.  68-9. 


SAN'CTUAUV   I'UIVILF.OR. 


osn 


\]\rvo  liad  1)0011  no  limit.-ition,  oitluT  as  to  ofrcncos,  (»r 
lie  miiiil»cr  of  privik'ned  places.  The  facility  f»'i' 
iMapiiiLf  tlu!  ))onaltics  jn-ovidcul  l)yla\v  i'or  tlic  gravest 
diiiics  had  aiijjfint.Mitcd  the  uuinhcr  of  thcsu  asyhnns 
ill  countries  where  chnrches,  shrines,  cemeteries,  and 
ntlii'r  ))laces  under  ecclesiastical  control  ahounded. 
Fioni  tinj(!  to  time  modifications  were  ohtained  hy 
the  kiiiijf  of  Spain  iVoni  the  ]{oman  pontiffs.  I'oprs 
(Irc^ory  XIV.,  Benetlict  XJIL,  Clement  XII.,  and 
l!ciie<lict  XIV.  excluded  from  that  )>iivile;j;e  mur- 
(!er,  robhery  in  public  places  and  highways,  muti- 
lations of  liml),  forgery,  heresy,  high  treason,  and 
dtlicr  ixi'ave  offences;  and  Clement  Xl^'.  bv  his  brief 
of  Se[»tember  12,  1772,  which  was  ordenid  to  be 
tiiforced  by  royal  decree  of  November  2,  177*3,'^'"  very 
iiiiisiderably  diminished  the  number  of  churches  that 
were  available  as  asylums  for  offenders  against  the 


law. 


The  cathedral  church,  described  elsewhere,  pos- 
M'sscd  large  wealth  in  silver,  gold,  and  jireeious  stones. 
The  mf/rario,  an  a[)pendage  of  the  cathedral,  was  also 
a  fine  edifice.  The  descendants  of  Cortes  furnished 
tlcgant  carriages  and  costly  teams  of  mules  for  con- 


'M'\ 


^"  Uoncnidn.'^ Ucnhx,  MS.,  02-74;  liralK  6rdenes,  v.  244-59;  Cnhtlario,  iii. 
i2G-3:i;  C4liila  licnl,  ISlo,  1-21. 

•'In  I7S7  till!  king  (luciveil  tliat  crimiii.nls  of  whatever  coiulition  in  life, 

hdliail  t:ik('ii  r('fu{,'e  in  fiiiirulies,  siioilM  lie  at  oni'u  tiiken  tiience  witli  tiie 
iirmission  of  tlie  |irie.sts  in  cliiiigL",  or  tlie  nearest  ecclesiastical  autiiority,  or 
vithiiut  it  if  the  re(|uest  wei'e  not  piniiiiitlycoinplieil  with,  liy  tlie  iiiojier  oHi- 
liiil,  under  a  bond  (written  or  vcrlial,  at  the  ]u'ison('i''s  ojitioii),  tliat  life  ancl 
liml)  Would  lie  resiiected  nntil  the  iniinuiiity  ])lea  had  iieen  decided.  The 
liisoiiers  would  lie  eoniine<l  in  tlie  iniMic  |iri.^oiis,  ami  sujijiorted  at  theirown 
iOst,  if  they  had  means;  otherwise  at  the  exjiense  of  the  jmlilic,  or  the  royal 
Iriasuiy.  In  no  instance  was  sentence  to  exceed  10  yeais'  labor  in  ciiaiu 
gangs  or  navy  yards,  service  in  the  army  or  navy,  or  exde.  If  the  oll'ence  were 
I'diiiircdof  privilc'e,  then  the  ecclesiastical  court  nvut  surrender  the  prisoner 
tibc  dealt  with  by  the  pro])er  aiitiiorities.  Ditl'ereneesail-iingas  to  the  iiuture 
I'l  the  crime  were  to  be  decided  by  the  audiencia.  All  authorities  weie  re- 
Miiied  to  ;ii(l  one  another  to  secure  the  punishment  of  crime,  and  to  avoid  all 

'iiise  iif  the  ecclesiastical  immunity.  I'ufn/ario,  MS.,  i.  77-S,  iii.  22l-(i;  Mi'.r. 
iV(,i;./,  l)Uu-ix.,  MS.,  4(>-.")0,  2.?_M;n,  ;i.-)l-(;2;  llf. ■«■,■■, i,io^  Iladnt,  MS.,  1-8, 
n:  8:  I'rofUl.  h'litlrs,  MS.,  ,S!»,  2S0-1;  I.'fnks  Cnliihis.  MS.,  i.  212-l;i;  ('),■</. 
'^'h  ('nro)ifi,  MS.,  i.  82-7;  Culoii.,JiiZ',i(nlos  Milit.,  i.  238,  327-8;  liecop.  lud. 
1  35;  Zanioni,  lliti.  Let/.  Ult.,  iii.  58'J-y3. 
UisT.  Mex.,  Vol.  UI.    4* 


m 


090 


THE  SKCULAR  CLERGY. 


vi'viiiGf  tliciK'o  tlio  host  tlirougli  tlie  streets  during;'  tin 
visitation  of  the  sick.-^ 

The  niotropolit.'iii  of  Mexico  on  certain  occasioih 
liail  the  supervision  over,  and  on  otliers  the  adniiiiiv 
trntion  of  vacant  suffranan  sees.  Amonjjf  his  (hiti.- 
Avas  that  of  casting'  liis  vote  at  tlie  election  of  pi'ol'rv 
sors  of  the  university  of  ^lexico.-'* 

It  was  provided  bylaw  that  in  nominations  for  tlh 
ohaptei"  of  the  archdiocese  of  ]Mexico  and  its  snfn'-i^aii 
se(>s,  preference  should  he  o'iven  to  <4"r:uluates  of  llif 
univei'sities  of  8[)ain,  ^lexico,  and  I/nna,  or  to  clrii^v- 
nien  who  had  served  in  cathedrals;  or  to  those  jun- 
posed  hy  tlie  l;iM<^  hinisclf  ur  his  ivpresentativcs  in 
the  Indies  1)V  virtue  of  the  roval  patronao-e.  AN'lui. 
])ossil)le  two  of  the  canons  were  to  be  jurists,  and  1\\" 
theologians.  The  ibur  stalls,  called  resjiectively  'A"- 
to)'<ff,  )ii(i</isfraJ,  Iccforaf,  and  pchifciicidnO,  were  L^ivui 
to  those  who  excelled  in  Irarninij^  and  general  rtli- 
ciency.  All  tlie  members  were  to  be  ])ermanent  iv>i- 
dents,  and  I'aithful  attendants  at  the  chapter's  st'ssim^ 
and  other  service,  and  could  not  absent  themsclvo 
from  their  posts  without  leave  from  the  crown.-" 

The  annals  of  the  church  in  !^^exico,  aftci'  lli' 
period  of  «piritu;il  CdiiqriO.^t  and  misfionary  l.il)"!'. 
contain  littk;  worthv  of  note.  I  might  i)rescnl  ;iii 
outline  of  its  jirogress,  rect>rd  the  names  of  pioii.i- 

-' ;>■/«//«,  xxvi.  L's-j-.*?. 

-'•'In  (li'MTiliiiij;  tlio  iiii';ifTi;i'iiti(m  of  iiio  early  Inshops  and  .■nvlilii-li' !* 
nic'iition  was  iiuhIl' of  tlnir  ivrfjjticv.  niul'T  tlii'  ].nlliiiin.  'i'Ms  ]iiiutit'i' »;> 
tlis(.MiiitiinH'il  hy  idval  ciiiiimaiul  in  {(•i'.S,  .-cttini;  if^iilc  tlic  l.nnian  litii::!  :!i 
that  ivsjH'L't.  'I'ho  lioimr  was  ri'sxTvd  fiT  t\\v  kiuL;;  ami  tho  ikijio  aci|nii':wi!. 
The  <i-i!cr  was  ivitt'iatod  in  I7">r).  I'nuiil.  /:<  u/is,  MS.,S',»;  J^tulis  Cnliili:-, 
M^'.,  ii.  l.'U;  Miiiil(iii(iiii>i\  Si-.iiiirh.s,  ."I. 

-''  'J'he  cliaptcr  nf  Uu'  archdiiui  sc  (if  Mexico  consisted  of  dean.  ai<  lnlian n. 
j>ivcentor,  ehaneelhir,  ami  trciisuier;  the  doctoral,  nia.Ljistral,  leetor:il.  :ii  1 
|H  niteneiario;  live  other  canons  called  (/<'  iiurml;  twelve  jirehindaui"',  i 
w  iioni  six  Were  rdchiiicmn,  and  the  otliers  wdlici*  fnfioiK  rot;  and  ii  sei-ivt.uy. 
At  the  end  of  the  eijihteenth  century  the  dean  receive.l  SHt.(KK*  a  vciir;  ti« 
other  (ll'jHiilnilt'M  a  little  less;  eanoiis,  from  .ST.CIMI  to  .S'.t.(MK);  the  iii -t  il;i< 
lireliendaries,  .SI. 0(10  each;  thv  '-ecoml  class,  .yJ.OOO.  K^lnlhi,  xxvi.  'Jv.'.  '\\o 
insiuMio  y  rt'al  eoU'^data  ('.  « Jnadaluiie,  so  often  mentioned  in  the  cour;-ief  tin 
history,  had  episcopal  honors,  heing  presiiled  over  liy  an  aliliot,  and  ciiilnw  ' 
with  ten  canons,  six  pnhendaries,  and  ii  seeretury.  Vitla-Siidji;  T/itnli'u,  •'^'> 
ZiiHiijiu  CiitiiiiL,  ■I'J-ol,  04-5. 


(lurinu'  tli 

1  occasi(lll^ 

10  adiiiiiii>- 

liis  (lutii^ 

1  of  juolo- 

!C)iis  for  till' 
ts  siifiV'ii^aii 
latos  ol'  till' 
r  to  clri'iiv- 
'  those  ]irn- 
jiitativcs  in 

<ts,  and  tw" 
ctively  '/'"• 

Avero  L;iv(ii 
^'c'lioral  (tii- 
iiaiieiit  iv>i- 
er's  sc'ssiiiii- 

thonisrlvf> 

ONVll.-" 

after  xW 
lary  l.-ilmr. 
)reseii1   :iu 

of  [iron,.- 

niid  arclilii-li'  !* 
>i.s  ]ir;irti'  !■  "■  •! 
.iiliiiiii  ri:ii:.l  '  J 
Mp|ie  iu'c|i'ii'  I 

';in,  iii'i'l'.ili  Ml' 

ll,     UvtnKll,    ill  1| 

ircluilila!  ii"'. 

mil     11    M  'ivl!!' 

.(MM)  a  >.;ii;  1  • 
.1;  thf  iii   •>  '!■ 
N.wi.  •J^-.   /I" 

111'  t'dUl  ■'■"I  '"  ■ 

lit,  im.l  .  n'l"«;  1 
'lor,  Tiii'iiiv,  ''ill 


SEES  OF  rUEBLA  AND  OAJACA. 


COl 


rioiit  priests,  glance  at  conspicuous  j)cculiarities  of 
lilr  or  opiiiion  anionj^  the  clergy,  smile  here  and  there 
at  a  so-ealled  miracle,  but  such  details  would  not  in- 
terest the  general  reader. 

The  number  of  sutlragan  sees  in  existence  at  the 
opening  of  the  nineteenth  century  was  the  same  as  at 
till"  clo.scj  of  the  seventeenth.  That  of  i*uebla  had 
the  same  number  of  iHgnitaries,  canons,  and  ])reb- 
indaries  as  the  metropolitan,  and  all  its  ail'airs  were 
oonducted  with  the  utmost  regularity.  Its  catliedivd 
is  one  of  the  most  mai>nillcent  buildings  in  ]\[i'xiro.-^ 

The  chapter  of  the  see  of  Oajaca  consisted  of  a  dean, 
liiur  dignitaries,  and  eight  canons.  The  reljuilding  of 
tln!  cathedral,  founded  in  laOo,  Was  begun  by  the 
lii'teenth  bishop,  father  Angel  ^[aldonado,  in  170'J,-^ 
mid  completed  by  Bishoj)  Santiago  y  Calderon,  who 
tnuk  charge  in  1730.  The  buikling  has  three  naves 
licsides  the  chapel,  and  is  said  to  hold  an  arm  of 
Saint  Chrysostom,  the  skull  of  Saint  J^eontius,  mar- 
tyr, antl  a  j)ortion  of  the  famous  cross  oi'  i luatulco,  to 
which  coiuitless  miracles  have  been  ascribeil.-* 

"'llotwcfii  IfiOS  and  ISO'2  it  viis  coiitvollcil  by  14  iiidatcs.  'I'lic  iiui-ifc 
I'li'iiiiiR'nt  of  tlit'iii  vort':  Aloiisc)  (It!  la  iMota  y  I'^sculiar,  wIid  pivc  tlu' catlie- 
iliiil  .':::.'i!l,0()()  ill  (iriiaiiii'iits  ami  jew  vlry;  .luaii  ui;  I'alafox,  and  Difro  ( t.surio  dis 
Ksiiiliar,  v.lio  liavo  liucu  spoken  of  <'ls('\vli('n  ;  ManiU'l  Fcrnaiidt'/.  dc,  Sanl:i 
(ill/,  a  nativo  of  Mexico,  wlio  liad  liccii  liislmp  of  1  )iii'aiiL,'ii  mid  Miilinacaii; 
•UlJiu  .\iitiii:i()  ill!  l.ardi/iilial,  who  di'i'lini'd  tlio  ai'cliliisliopiii!  of  Mi'xii'n;  ami 
I'nni'i.sL'o  Javier  Faliian  y  J'ticro,  afterward  anliliislun)  of  Valiiieia  in  Spain. 

•A  lieijiicst  of  Sl(t,('IK)\vas  lift  for  tlio  piirposi-  of  reeoiisiriietiiin.  In 
17-1  theio  was  niileli  dissension  lictweeii  liisliop  and  eliapter  alioiit  ni'i'ded  re- 
I'lii'.s,  O.I.I'.,  Asiiiild^,  in  Due.  Eclc-t.  Mcc,  MS.,  ii.  no.  '2;  !d.,  l!i  imr.  <lf  laCnt., 
ml'.,  MS.,  iv.  no.  '_'. 

•'■'  IJetween  l(!(»"i  ami  \'\)U  there  vcre  IS  lii  liops  of  this  clinre.e.  the  1,'st  I'f 
whovA  wa:)  .losi''  (l|-e;;oi'io  de  Oiiiaiia  y  Sotninayor.  ( )lher.-i  w  .iit'iy  ot  iiieiitioii 
wi'ii':  Friar  IJaltasar  do  ( 'iivairiil-ias,  .Inan  de  Ccivanti's,  I'liar  .liiaii  I'.ar- 
t'.'li)iui' Cutano  do  IJolionpies,  Alunso  de  Ciicvas  O^ivalos,  who  lireaiiie  anli- 
I'isliip  (if  Mexiei),  TS'ieohis  <lt'l  I'm  rto,  Isidro  Stirafroi.;  and  'riioinas  Muntaiio. 
All  It'  tliem  wvvii  natives  of  .Mexieo,  and  men  of  le;-iiiin;,'  and  eharaeter. 
liiM-  .\ngel  de  .Maldoiiado,  of  the  order  of  Saint  r.eniari',  who  was  in  eharu'ii 
'Miietici;  from  170-' to  17-.'^,  was  nuted  fm- his  lniiiiility  and  eharity.  Ho 
ili'ilined  the  mitres  of  .Miehoaean  and  Orihmla.  The  dioeese  of  Miclioaeaii 
l;:iil  .1  I'hapter  euiisistin;,'  of  livo  diijiiitaiies,  ten  eanoiis,  and  I"-'  ]niliemlaries. 
Ill  i,iiiy  days,  w  hen  the  ri'Vcnne  Mas  ^;nlaller,  it  had  only  nine  ]H(liemls.  T'la 
i:itli.  lual  was  liej^im  in  1(140  liy  IJishnp  I'lado,  with  aid  from  tlii'  irown  aiil 
pin,i!".  It  wa.'i  leliiiilt  in  l(>,Si>,  and  deilieated  in  ITOIi.  Thi^  linildiii'^'  is  i-f 
iiii\i  1  style,  and  of  majestie  ajip.'ara nee.  /;//< .•./(■(.■-•.  A'i^,'_'(i!l  7-,  -ii^i-'i.  i'lom 
li"l-  'ill  ISO'.*  there  were  'J'-'  hishops,  the  last  of  whom  was  Miirens  Mnriima  y 
2alii,la.     Soon  after  liia  death   J_)oetur  Manuei  Abail  y  (^hieipo,  the  \  iear- 


!-( 


;:i|l 


I'.'iJ 


C92 


THE  SECULAR  CLEnOY. 


As  late  as  1770  the  diocese  of  Guadalajara  included 
Jalisco,  Zacatccas,  Chiarnetla,  Culiacan,  Sonora,  and 
Sinaloa,  to  which  was  added  afterward  Lower  Cali- 
Ibrnia.  All  the  Spanish  settlements  and  many  of 
the  Indian  towns  were  under  curates  before  17(17, 
the  only  missions  established  being  those  of  Nayarit.  ' 
The  cathedral  is  of  plain  exterior,  but  handsonuly 
decorated  internally.  The  first  stone  was  laitl  hy 
Ayala,  the  fourth  bishop,  on  the  31st  of  July, 
1571,  and  the  building  was  completed  on  the  19th  of 
February,  1(51 8,  and  consecrated  by  Bishop  Mimbcla."' 

The  bishopric  of  Durango  was  founded  by  bull  of 
Paulus  V.  dated  October  1 1",  lG20/'2  The  first  bishop, 
Friar  Gonzalo  de  Hermosilla,  an  Augustinian,  was  in 
cliarge  of  the  see  from  October  1G21  until  his  decease 
in  January  1G;31.  At  the  time  of  the  foundation  the 
diocese  emijraced  Xueva  Vizcaya,  Sonora,  Sinaloa. 
and  New  ^Mexico.  The  cathedral  of  tliis  diocese  is  of 
the  Tuscan  order.  Its  construction  was  begun  about 
1G95  by  the  ninth  bishop,  Garcia  de  Legasj)i,  who 
labored  under  great  difficulties  tor  vrant  of  architects. 


\l 


tit 


general,  was  iiominnti'<l  for  liisliop;  l)iit  tlio  pope  never  confirmed  tlin  imiiii- 
iKition.  others  \veie;  Fiiars  I'ranci.sco  »lu  Jiivcra  ami  Miin.'os  Itaiiiiic/.  iM 
I'railo,  tlio  latter  nt  whom  sjiciit  over  .S|,(KM),0(KJ  in  alms  ami  pi  jus  imlow- 
iiieiits;  Friar  I'ayo  iMiriipiez  do  liivt'ra,  who  liet^.-inio  archbi-hup  ami  vimny; 
Jnan  ()rte;4;i  Moiit.-ifiez,  who  also  becaino  arc'idiisi)op  of  Mexi'o;  and  i  ii;ir 
Antonio  iK;  San  Mi;4iiel,  who  j^jreatly  iiefiiiiidod  the  Indian  pdrtion  <it  iiis 
lloek  diuinjf  the  famine  of  17S(i,  and  the  snlistMpunit  epidemic  of  .small  ]kix. 

^"Tho  eha])ter  of  this  see  in  tlio  middle  i)art  of  the  eiyhteenth  eentui  v  i  I'li- 
Bisted  of  the  dean,  arclwh'aeon  and  p''eeentor,  the  doetor;d  and  magistral,  anl 
two  other  eanons.  ]'ill'(-Si:iior,  'J'/xalro  Am.,  i\.  '20't.  It  seems  to  haveiunl 
ulso  sinee  very  early  days  four  raeioneros.  <!oir.id<i<  Jli'irtUi,  Tvtdro  K<I<a.,  i.  I7i'. 

'•^' J;ili siii.'i  y  i'uiir.,  'MYl.  Among  the  most  distinguished  juelates  wiru 
Alonso  tie  la  Alota,  a  native  of  Mexico,  \\  ho  was  an  ellieient  ])roteetor  if  \\m 
Indians  against  Sjjanish  usurpations,  and  J''riar  Antonio  Alcidde,  wiio  had  I"  lU 
liislmp  of  N'lieatan.  'J'he  donations  of  the  latter  fur  the  founding  of  a  >iiii\o- 
nity  and  otiiei'  eilneational  jawpost's,  Uw  hospitals,  ehurehes,  and  ei.nvents,  tdi' 
relief  of  the  ))oorin  times  of  famine  and  epidiniie,  aggregatec'  .Sl,()()(l.(l!i't;  hi-i 
clothes,  fiMxl,  and  furniture  were  of  the  irieanest;  at  his  death  'ho  furnitniv  ■  i 
his  house  was  valued  at  .S'JdT.  Juan  de  Santiago  do  JA'on  (laiavito,  au'tliu' 
liisho[),  was  so  pi)or  that  at  his  death  he  was  luuied  hy  charity.  I'lic  U>i"i 
the  nineteen  prelates  of  (luadalajara,  Juan  Cruz  Iviiiz  de  Cabanas  y  (Vc>ii", 
was  distinL,'uished  for  his  generosity,  Uinl  at  his  d'.'ath  beipieatheil  his  ow  u  jiit- 
rimony,  alioiit  !j!'J."),00»),  to  the  poor,  lie  was  in  charge  of  tlio  diocese  liuiii 
l",!Mi  to  1S-J4. 

^'•('oiici/inn  Proi'.,  l><y'Jo;}(J,S.  Cortc.'^,  JUrnio,  1 81 '2,  xii.  .'{48.  Escudciv, 
JVy<.  A'*/.  Sun.,  has  it  iu  i02U.     Frejes,  Jlint.  JJrerc,  givea  1031. 


NORTHERN  DIOCESES. 


603 


In  1099  ten  arches  of  the  crypts  antl  a  portion  of  the 
[Hirtals  had  been  built.  It  was  couiploted  durinu;'  the 
aduiinistration  of  Bishop  Zubirui  and  consecrated  in 


In  1777,^*  the  pope  issued  a  bull  for  the  erection  of 
the  sec  of  Xuevo  Leon.  In  February,  1779,  Oidor 
Bcleiia  defined  its  territory,  wliicli  was  ck'tached  ironi 
other  dioceses.^''  The  first  bishop  of  this  diocese  was 
Juan  Antonio  Sanchez  de  Alozen,  who  on  beconiinu: 
a  Francir.can  had  taken  the  name  of  Antonio  de  Jesus 
Sacedon.^'^ 

The  first  cathedral  in  Montcrev  was  bei>-un  ])y 
Bishop  Anibrosio  Llanos  y  A'aldes,  '  -who  a[)pears  to 
have  lacked  the  [(hysical  strength  needed  for  visiting 
his  vast  diocese  and  making  himself  acquainted  with 
its  condition  and  needs,  for  the  Franciscan  commissary 
of  missions,  referring  to  his  decease  in  1789,  sjieaks 
of  the  necessity  of  having  a  young  and  robust  man 
for  prelate.^^ 

In  1779  Pope  Pius  YL  ordered  Soiiora,  Sinaloa, 
and  the  two  Californias  tt)  form  a  bish(>[)ric  with  its 
latlie.ii'al  in  Arizpe.  This  was  carried  out  in  17s  I, 
under  a  royal  cedula,  and  tlie  first  prelate  was  the 


'^1 


S,      EsL'UduRi, 


^'ITcrmosilla's  successor  was  Alonso  Franco  y  Luna.  TIjc  list  of  M'liopg 
oontainH  twenty  prcliitcs  up  to  t!io  year  isl'j.  'J'he  last,  Oaljiiil  do  (.Hivarus 
y  lieiiito,  ruk'(i  fidiu  M;iy '_'!),  IT!'t>,  to  I'Vlnuary  •_'(!,  Isl'J. 


^'.V.  Mix.  ('(iJiihl<,  ^IS. 


•':  Fi-ijrs,  Jii.<f.  V.nrr,  •2r2. 


^'I'loni  that  of  (ilia  lalajara,  tlio  towns  in  Xucvo  Santaiuler,  Xncvo  Leon, 
Ciialuiila,  anil  Texas,  anil  the  villa  del  Saltilln;  from  that  of  ^lielioaean,  tlio 
towns  of  .launiave,  I'alniill.is,  J!eal  de  Ins  Infantes,  and  Tula;  from  that  of 
MexiLM),  the  town  of  Santa  liarhina.  'This  anan-enient  was  iMdclainied  in  .'iii 
iilii't  of  Septenilier 'J,  177i'.  ll'I'ii",  I'lca/'.,  i.  "JUl.  The  eruelion  was  eou - 
[ktid  in  l'b\.   ( 'or/is,  Jjlin'm,  1N|-J,  xii.  .TIS. 

"''Helena  in  Ids  certitieate  nientioiis  liim  as  the  first  liishi'p.  The  s;inii'  is 
■^ai'l  hy  GoiiKZ,  JJinria,  -',i,  ,"7,  Id  ;  JJn.-^/aiihi  iih ,  Siijih  m.,  in  '  iH'o,  'J'rt-i  (V';//o.>(, 
iii.  'J'.t.'JO.     Another  aullioi  .y  gives  liafatl  Jo.se  Jlerger  a.i  the  first.  Iijle.si(U 

'■^'  rpon  its  walls  was  erected  a  citadel,  in  184(1,  to  defend  the  city  iigainst 
tlio  .\iiierican  army.  J-il/xia-'i  1/  Cmic.,  VA'l. 

''  i'lishop  Sacedon's  successors  to  the  end  of  the  IStli  eentury  were:  Triar 
riaf.ul  .Jo.se  \'cryer,  17!So-l)0;  Doctor  Andres  Aliihrosiu  de  Llanos  y  X'aMts, 
17'.!-'  ;t.  (loiizahz,  ( 'ol.  X.  L<'uii,  {k-U107,  1--.  .')7:i-7;  <>r<l.  <l,  hi.  Cunnui,  MS.,  v. 
M;  I'initrl,  Vol.  Doc.  Mtx.,  LJIJ-J;  iUn.  Mtx.  (17'JO-li,  iv.  WW;  (1«00-1), 
.\.  l-.'L 


m 


'^1.1 


694 


THE  SECULAR  CLERGY. 


Franciscan  friar  Antonio  de  los  Reyes,'''  who  took 
j)0sse.ssi()n  in  1  78:1*' 

Tilt!  cathedral  ot'^Ierida  in  tlie  diocese  of  Yucatan 
was  iinislicd  in  1598  thoU!^;li  n<»t  consecrated  until  the 
I'Jtliof  ])ecenil)er,  17G3."  The  revenue  of  the  see 
was  small,  yet  the  cathedral  was  well  provided  with 
every  tliinL;'  leqnired  for  de<-orous  public  worship,  many 
of  the  ornaments  and  rei^alia  beini^  very  rich;  sonic  of 
its  paintings  were  also  line  wcjrks  of  art,  the  king,  the 
bishops,  and  the  canons  liljL-rallv  contributini>'  toward 
that  end.  According  to  the  IjuH  of  erection,  its  chap- 
ter was  to  be  coni[>osed  of  the  same  number  <jf  members 
as  that  of  Mexico;  but  on  account  of  the  small  rev- 
enue from  tithes,  was  afterward  diminished.*^ 


'■ : 


(■i 


=9/if/r/7rf,  Rrrop..  i.  201;  Cdr/fii,  D'-nrio,  1<<12,  xii.  34S.  Howas  the  por.rcst 
of  the;  In.slnjps,  his  iiiiinial  >tiiPtnil  lH.inj.'  Jiiiy  •iHJj'.'OU,  and  he  rucuived  lio  ^liaru 
from  titJK'.s.  K-nnh  rn,  yij.  S'in.,  40. 

'"iiis  Biu^L'c'.-'sijr  was  Jose  ( Iranados  yOalvcz,  who  was  in  cliargc  from  IT^^T 
to  IT'.n,  and  was  Iraiisliiivd  to  the  stc  of  l>r.r;in;.'o,  l)ut  died  hcfoio  taluii|,' 

IKjsscssion.  'J'hu  third  jiiulate  was  Fri;  r  iJaniian  .Martinez  do  GaliiiznL;,!,  ii 
''raniiscan,  and  tlie  louilh  an'l  last  of  ihc  iMh  ceutiny  was  also  a  I'lamij- 
tan;  he  was  named  I'raueiseo  de  .Je.sr.s  lioiisct,  and  \\ad  ujijiointed  in  IT'Jii, 
thoiiiih  not  eonseeiated  till  ITI'O.  lii.i  tk^lli  oeeuned  in  \b\A.  Jli-t.  Xuiili 
Mc.c.  Stal<:.<,  ii.  this  seiies.  Iji  .fias  >i  t'ourt:i,t(M,  yi'J,  wrongly  assorts  that  the 
time  of  the  ereetion  of  this  see  is  uhknonu,  and  givea  I'lishop  Grauados  as  its 
lii'st  ]>i'elatc,  and  llisiiop  Kouset  as  the  second. 
•"  lly  Jiishop  .Meahle.     Its  eost  wa.s  t^W'-O^X). 

■■-Instead  of  twenty-seven  menilKT.-ia.s.-it  Ijr^t,  the  elinpterin>.'lu<led(inlyt!ic 
dean,  ai'ehdeaeon,  pieeentor,  and  chanceilor,  twc)  eanons  who  aeted  as  niaL'is- 
tial  and  peniteneiaiio,  and  two  racionen.s.  CojoUcdo,  JiUt.  Yiu\,'l^~;  lijli.-in< 
■g  (oitc,  ',i2~~',H.  lietweeu  l(j04  tuil  ISCJ  there  wee  twenty-one  prelates. 
-Vmoni;  them  some  had  o|iportunities  for  di.-playing  gn.'ater  tpialitits  of  heiiit 
iiiid  mind  than  others.  Se\eral  ohtaincil  hi^iher  preferments.  DieLTo  Va;'i|iu7. 
I\lereado  heeame  arehhishop  of  Manila,  .jnan  Alonso  Oe(jn  in  l(J4.'i,  .li'.iiii 
(lomez  de  I'arada  in  1 7-S,  Tranei^o  Tal/.o  Mat.>»  Coronado  in  1711.  iiii4 
Antonio  Aleahle  in  1771,  were  trau.-.i'fcricd  respectively  to  the  .sees  of  Ciuai, 
(.iiiatemala,  Miehoaeaii,  ami  ( iuadalajara. 

I'he  foUowing  list  eoiitaiiis  .S'ine  ad<litional  antlioiities  whieh  have  hioii 
considied  l'(jr  tlie  jirepaiMticjM  of  the  matter  conneeted  with  the  several  sin 
and  their  bishops:  li'i'iizahz  Jjdri/'i,  7' "'r< /iV/  '<. ,  i.  "l-oi'l,  passim;  ii.  .'ill-l; 
FcnKditliZ,  Jli^t.  JCrliK.,  l.TMi;  Ljf'isift  r''if"lrtl,  Hijla^i/'h-tl'ii.,  1-02:  '  •- 
ciliu.<  I'ror.,  1st  and  I'd.  •JtS-;57-">;  < 'oifili  «  M<  x.,  in.  and  iv.  01!,  'JO'J;  /'V;/'" /" '. 
]'i^i<rfi(i.<,  .MS.,  7IMI();  (Inl.  <lr  la  C-.rr;,".,  MS.,  ii.  -Ji:};  iii.  .S,").  l;!4;'iv.  (il; 
V,  f),  7,  (i'J;  y.V'As  i'riliih.'',  Ms.,  i.  |(>:t:  I'n.rhL  Hfrd..,,  MS.,  l/'J-.");  Im'm 
Liiif'li',  in  J)(n\  L'rli:-i.  Mi\L\,  i.  no.  .">,  ,'J7;  l'<j*r<'iin>t  >,  in  /</.,  i.  no.  I;  /h  rilU 
J'd'li//,!,  Tu(tn>  /.VA.v.,  i.  l-.'4-."]i!,  1S_'-.".,  iTJl ;  ii.  CI;  ro.jnl/rdo,  llixt.  )'■.. 
4(i4,  4(i7,  (il7.  ().V,Mjl;  .l/r;//r,  IliM.  Com/,.  Jc,'ii'<,  ii.  08,'  13S-!»,  158-!),  Kl; 
J'liiriiicift,  lii.<l.  ('(imp.  Jcsii",  '2',V2-ti.  Cccj,  I'rai  Sijloy,  ii.  80;  I'lid-Siifi-  ij 
S  tiic/i<z,  T/u'tiiro,  i.  241-S;  Jlnnjiift,  GVoj/.  lj>«cri/i..  ii.  4l(h  /'((;;.  /'/•(n«('.H""o«, 
MS.,  i,  1st  ser.  414;  J'niu^'i/,  IHsi.  rii>i<l>",  704.  71S;  .V.  E^ih,  Unrr  /,'..«ii- 
»/((/-,  i.  124.5-0,  •J7:)-4;  JlcJina,  (hron.  .V.  Dl'-j  .,  :.'3'J-41,  i;40;  Uaz.  Jh.<:,  \>'' 


TRAIXIXG  FOIl  THE  MINISTRY. 


695 


who  took  I  It  is  not  an  easy  matter  to  arrive  even  approxi- 
iii;iU'lv  at  the  number  ot"  the  secular  ekTuy  in  New 
Spain.  Very  eaily  in  the  j)resent  century,  liowever,  it 
\\;i.s  computed  at  ahout  five  thousand."  ^lost  of  the 
Ml  s  had  s])ccial  seminaries  I'or  the  education  of  voun'>' 
null  desiring-  to  enter  tlie  ]>riestliood.  They  were 
under  the  real  patronato,  and  liad  a  nund)er  ot"  schol- 
fiishijis  in  the  juitronage  <it"  the  king's  rej)rL'sentative, 
who  made  the  choice  u})on  the  report  or  recouiinenda- 
tinii  of  their  respective  rectors.  There  were  other 
siholarships  endowed  by  private  individuals  and  open 
ti>  competition.  There  was  also  a  nundjer  of  [>rotes- 
MH, ships  whose  incumbents  were  appointed  by  the 
vice-patron." 


large  fnmi  IT'^T 
licforo  takiii,' 
le  GiilillZii'^;!,  ;i 
iilt;()  ii  l''r;iiiri^- 
iiitcd  ill  ITliii. 
4.  ]IU.  y<.r:h 
isscrts  tliut  iliL- 
nimnlus  as  itj 


«r..  ill  Dnr.  JlUt.  Jftx.,  2.1  scr.  iv.  IS-IO;  Id.,  '2d  scr..  in  A/.;  /-/.,  iv.  7.">- 
:ni.  passim;  li'ftz.  J/r.v.  (17s4-ri),  i.  imf.  .S,  j).  114;  (!7S(i  7),  ii.  -I,  l!J7; 
ilT^S-!)),  iii.  14."t-!);  (17i.'0-l),  iv.  lii.V.T.d,  piissiin;  (1704  r)),  vi.  (ll.j;  (1S(M)), 
X.  IJ  14,  7;!,  .S!l;  (l!S(»4-.-)),  Nii.   117-'3);  (''":.  J/--.f.,  M'JtH  and  17i;!l,  in  Air- 


.\"t.,  (i 


Ollljl 


'2'J-'M,    IS4;    GVc.    Voh.   J/ci-.    (INK)),   i.   SO:*;    Cfilli',   M< m.    \j 


•J,  S:i.  <j;i-l.  UK,  \11\  DarHtu  I'oiilii 


,/,  Tnif.  J/' 


M.- 


i!i:!. 


ftii.i- 


J  iiirio. 


•J(!,  -2: 


>:i.  71, 


77;    \'( Uuirvrt.  McinL,  II 


It  ,hl<- 


!;{-4!)."),  ]ia><siiii ;  ilniin- 


hi,  l.VJU'J,  jiassim;  O'ldjo,  Jjiariii,  '21N, 


ri:  C(i.'<lro.  ]:i.  14,  IS,  lii,  .".!),  4A,  47  S,  :)G-7;  ./'" 


(ilKlt.,   i. 


!!)!: 


/'ON,  (  'OitlJI. 


L's4-!!(),  •_'U7-s,  ;5.i9-ri();  .sv 


Hint.,  pt.  i.  117- J7;  Jiisfurlihis  ill'  Jraili s,  MS. 


,  Cliruii.  lliiKp.,  ii.  4S0;  Dnriln 


.")7I ;  ii.  II 


/. 


''irio  Vtiri'ixd,   ill  ])i,c.  JJi<f.  J/iu:.,  --M  sit.  iv.  SS;  vi.  ]•*    KS-li),  2(1;  On. 


iilo.-',  ill  />oi\  L'rli 


Ml 


M.~ 


•'    74;   7> 


iurii) 


XI.  •.!( 
■)47;  /', 


1»,  .j(i.");  Ciiliilario,  .MS.,  i.  -Jilit;  iii.  141);  .S'^ 


Ml 

Mr. 


.'S.-): 


viii.  ,)4( ;  lii:ixia- 


.  Hi  I. 


<l((l'l.,  Bnlllil 


:;o(i;  /,.( (' 


I  II  Id  MdIii,  .Mi  inurhil.  lUJ;  .1 , 


(/(] 


If. 


"/'■ 


\VM  t 


dr.. 


Ml 


2.S,  111  Af  rii'i)  (  11)11/ 


,  (J!»;  I': 


,  Onif.  Fi'dd'hi 


Alceilo,  JJkr.,   i.   hlS;  ii.  -.Ml!;  iii.   141;  Alr-ihli,   luloij.  Fiiinb.,  'A\-\\] 


i.  Nwiii.    l-4!l;  Scnnoit  J 


annnrico. 


\-'2',\;  Ord/io  Fiim-I).,  i.-xx.\i.\.;  >Sci 


I'l-'ilii-..  l-;!0;   I'd.  Sfiic.  till  t\nini 


L  l-i:!:  J/( 


nl.  Ml 


:r).s;  iv, 


."S;  Mula-i'ddilla.  '.'omi.  X.  <!nl.,  passim;  DiM-rijK  y  Pro."!).,  l-l.'i;  Sulishli 


E' 


Doc.  Lda-i.  Ml 


MS.,  iii.  II...  1,  .v.),  •J7(i;  Jdl.  Ml  in.  //isf.,  •_'().-)- 


l;>iii<frn,  Yitaiteco,  i.  'Jl'S-IJO;  ii.  ^X.^\  4;>;  Ca-^filln,  JJirr.  //iit.,  <)-;il4,  pa.'isiiii ; 
Viimtal.,  in  JJnc.  Edi-<.  Mi.i'.,  MS.,  i.  no.  (i,  II;  Cit.itilla,  E.'iju'jo  ile  Kniii]!.  oh., 
li:i~.^iiii;  E«'niliro,  Ks/nil.  linr.,  '2\\;  JJ-cnilini,  Xot.  Smi.,  40;  /'niiiiro,  AO/. 
.'li'fi,,  14-"_M,  "J.'i,  l.")l;  Liiidir.i,  Ctiuilro  iSinuji.,  in  iS'of.  Mcc,  (lioij.,  linlilh 


".Ma  f|i.   IV 


().•!!»  40;    .Voiilitrid,   j-:i  C 


i:-'"ilios,i\-~H,  114-17;  Aldiiiiiii,  JiU.  M< 


•I   til'  titi  ?v/<'(.-(,   passim  ;  <  'iii 


•  In 


i.  .'LSI ;   liilisiii-t  !l  (  'our 


i: 


il  ;!,  ;{1(!--J0;  .SW',  Ktiisi-o,,.  M-.,:,  SO,  <ll»,  1-J(i,  1  I.",,  ),)l,  ](iO,  17.">-7,  •2^,^\~•^, 
Ii  '-'0;  Arroiih,  iihi'i.   Mi.c,  1,")!!  .");  l.ir.nru,  Sinnoa  i'limhri',  ii.is.  (i  iili.l  7, 


i.!  Arli-aija  Jo.'-iiis  l)i 


'•/(,  //;../.  d,i  Ml 


lS-2;  Alfdi-o  II  I' 


Cat.  dii 


Viiiid,.  C)-\4;  Amniia,  liisL   }».•.,  ii.  'JOI   .'tlS,  ))assi 

'■^  Jliuhholdl,  Z,V<((t  /'(7. ,  i.  l'J7;  li'nd  Coiisidndo  di'  X.  7>7'.,  in  Sor.  Mcf. 
''";/.,  JJoliliii,  ii.  (»;  Mr.r.  Iiinrin,  vi.  !I4.  (.'all.',  Mi'ni.  >i  Xn/.,  4."),  {^ivi's  the 
iiUiiiUcr  of  cleii.'yiiii'ii  at  (l.OOO  in  1040;  lie  jimbalily  iiiuant  l.otli  suciilar  and 
li\^ular  jjiiusts,  otliorwise  his  ligures  ajipi'a.-  <'xc('ssi\f. 


'  L'xiidid,  x.wii.  !!)_'-:!;  /.//..<;»-■  i/C 


10.  -21.  147-.")-'.  I!t0-1.  2:W.  27.'). 


iOI -.■.,  :{;!4;  Fdh.dii,  Col.   d,'  J'ror;,/.,  a07-ll,  o-'2-lio0,  passi 
:'  ',  Carta  J'aslond,  l-'JOO,  pas.sim. 


Jl 


uro  ij 


r 


rt    I'll 
il 


I 


■it 


I 


Kl 


« 


COG 


THE  SECULAR  CLERGY. 


Duriuij  the  seventeenth  and  oitjhteenth  centuries  a 
number  of  rehgious  cofradias  or  Traternities  were  cstab- 
hshed  in  ^Mexico  and  other  towns  for  the  jturpo-so 
mainly  of  rendering  special  worship  to  God,  or  the 
virgin,  in  some  of  their  attril)utes,  or  to  saints  in 
v.hose  influence  and  intercession  in  heaven  they  plactd 
their  trust.  Among  them  are  many  that  deserve 
mention  for  their  exertions  in  succoring  theneedvainl 
sick,  and  in  the  spread  of  education  as  well  as  ct' 
religion.  I  am  unable  for  want  of  sjuico  to  furnish  a 
history  of  these  associations  and  their  work,  but  as 
a  mark  of  resjioct  to  their  good  intentions  will  name  a 
few  of  them.  The  colegiata  do  Xuestra  Sqiiora  i.h 
(jluadalu}>e,  of  which  much  has  l)een  said  in  other 
jKirts  of  this  work;  an  institution  of  a  similar  cliaiai- 
ter  in  Querctaro;  tiie  archicofradias  of  ]^a  (,^ru/  ainl 
the  Santi'simo  Cristo  de  San  Marcelo,  the  first  name  I 
of  the  two  being  founded  by  the  conqueror  Cortes; 
the  archicofVaditis  del  arcano-el  San  Miu'uel  and  of 
La  Inmaculada  Concepcion;  cofradias  de  San  Anton, 
Xuestra  Senora  del  Socorro,  and  Santiago;  and  that 
t>f  the  Santisinio  Sacramento  in  Vcvii  Cruz.  The 
country  teemed  with  sanctuaries,  and  to  some  of  the 
images  ke[)t  therein  were  attributed  miraculous  mani- 
festations." 

The  church  of  ]\rexico  owned  real  estate,  probaljly 
to  the  value  (jf  between  two  and  three  nuUion  pesos. 
After  the  suppression  of  the  Jesuits  few  lands  went 
into  the  possession  of  the  church.  Its  real  wealth 
consisted  of  tlie  tithes  and  vast  amounts  se-'ureil  hy 
mortgage,  d  cciuso  rcdiinible  on  the  lands  of  private 
parties. 


■•"'  The  followiiir;  .nuthoritics  treat  of  this  sul)joct:  On!.  <lc  ht  Coroiio,  M^., 
iii.  l(i'J-7tt;  J'crop.  de  hid.,  i.  'M-i,  ISO;  Xararrc/r,  Hcscri/i/oi  Jtcii/'s,  MS., 
olj-G'J;  J!<1.  J'l'injrinn,  ii.  !t.")-24S,  passini;  .^i;ii(ciizii  y  iltimjoin,  O'lori'i-i  tlit 
IjKi'i:,  r>  1.,  '2Xt,  4  1.;  Arclilcof.  dd  Airdmjd  S.  Mitiiid,  1-4S;  ('(d)nni,  L'-i'iio 
lie  Armu'-',  !I7-10(>;  Cididii,  I'Vl).  (i,  17'iS,  1--7;  Lal'tmi  ]'er((iriii(i,  iia>siiu; 
ConiiloiKja,  Coxxt'dite.,  1  SJi;  Indidiiinc'mx  P('r}ii'ti(aK,  l-'JO;  ldiir< nvdt,  O  /;/"{ 
(III  (.'ilrhir  Siudiiitrio,  l-'J.'U,  jiassini;  Estttlht,  xxvi.  3lJ(]-8;  Viliiooij  Tt.i'i"'U 
Jlist.  Mildi/roit.  Iiiiiiijcit,  piissim;  Zavala,  La  Wn.  Coiiijrnj.  S.  Itliiic  ^(-ri,  1  i- 
lo7,  passim. 


WEALTH  OF  THE  CHURCH. 


007 


The  aj]jgroGjato  value  of  the  flmirli  propoi'tv,  both 
sei'ular  and  ro«jjiihir,  in  estates  and  nioitL,^ij^c's,  must 
have  been,  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  (H'ntury, 
not  less  than  one  half  the  total  value  of  real  estate  in 
t!ie  country.  As  early  as  1G44  the  ayuntainiento  of 
Mexico  petitioned  Kin_<^  Felipe  IV.  to  check  the  in- 
crease of  convents  and  of  investments  for  religious 
])ur[)Oses.*''  The  })ossessions  of  the  chuivh  were  con- 
siderably reduced  in  17G7  by  the  ex})ulsion  of  the 
Jesuits,  whose  estates  reverted  to  the  royjd  treasury, 
tlioui^h  the  rii^^hts  of  the  benevolent  establishments 
(if  which  the  Jesuits  had  been  in  char_i;'e  were  duly 
respected.  Nevertheless,  at  the  beginning'  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  the  aggregate  must  have  been  as  aljovo 
stated,  and  represented  a  money  value  of  about  !i?44,- 
500,000.*' 

In  1801),  at  which  date  it  will  be  rcmeml)ered  war 
lu'oke  out  with  France,  the  Spanish  government  see- 
ing no  escape  from  impending  bankru[)tcy,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  over-issue  of  royal  va(es,  or  treasury 
notes,  attcm})ted  a  very  dangerous  financial  measure, 
liv  ordering  on  the  2Gth  of  December,  not  onlv  the 

"'The  greater  i^jrtion  of  the  Landed  property  1)eiiig  in  one  slijipo  or  otlw  r 
intlie  liaiids  of  the  cliureli,  it  was  feared  that  if  left  iiiieheekecl  it  \\(juld  smiii 
"V.ii  iill  tlie  land  in  the  eoiuitry.  Xo  more  eonveiits  wxvv  iieecled;  lhei-e  were 
tun  iiKiiiy  nuns  and  servants  there  alroady,  and  too  little  with  wiiiiii  to  sii])- 
P'lit  them.  The  nunilur  of  friars  and  elergymen  was  also  r([ir('scntrd  in  the 
Miiii:  memorial  as  exee.^sive,  and  so  was  that  of  liolidays,  witii  whirh  "se  aere- 
cicuta  el  eaildal  ile  la  oeiosidad,  y  dafios  (pie  eaiisa  esta. '  (Jviizidi'.Ijdriki,  J'tdtro 
y.W's.,  i.  10-17. 

'■Their  investments  hore  tlie  title  of  rajiiiiilc.t  iff  (■(ipclliniiii'i  y  o'irrix  ilt  In 
j'li'i-iliccioii  onliimria.  Tluy  were  bitiiateil  as  follo\\-s;  Arcldiishi'prie  of 
.Mexico,  )?!),0;. 0,000;  hishropie  of  I'uehla,  !?i;,riOO,000;  lii.sl:o])iie  of  XaUadolid 
iviiy  exaet),  .s|,,"",;)0,000;  Inshmpic  of  ( liiadalajara  .S'!.(100,(l()0;  liisliropie^i  of 
]'m':in,i,'o,  Xnevo  Leon,  and  Soiiora,  ^1,0011,000;  bislnrpries  of  Oaj.ira  and  Vii- 
^:itaii.V;-J,O0O,O!;O;  Ohms  j,i(i.'<,  of  the  re;,'ular  elerjry,  S_'..".00.(!1)0;  Jui^do  <l<>i'il 
'<i  i-'luu'ehes  and  of  male  and  female  reliu'ioiis  eonnniinitits.  Si  0,01)0,' '00.  Thesij 
li:,'ures  \\-erc  taken  from  a  memorial,  of  the  eitixens  of  Valladolid  in  Mie!ioa- 
LT.ii  to  Viecroy  Itnri'igaray.  on  the  'J4th  of  Oetolier,  l.sO,">.  J/nrnhn/'if,  L'.«iii 
P'll,  ii.  47.")-7.  Alaman,  JJist.  M(j.,  i.  (iO-S.  elainis  that  the  ai:;.,'ri\jate  mast 
liuve  heeu  niueh  larj.'er,  fronndinj,'  his  judiiment  loth  on  the  re;,nits  of  thcj 
a.-sc'ssmenta  ti>  colleet  the  direet  ta.\  in  later  ;  ■  •;•.,  and  on  tl.e  faet  that 
sairccly  one  isingle  estate  Mas  not  thus  eneund)ered.  Many  of  the  estate.-) 
)vcre  mortgat;cd  for  tiieir  fall  value,  and  some  for  oven  ni(jre,  thus  rendeiing 
It  iic('e.>isary  in  the  ennrse  of  time  to  re(piire  the  pi'oprietors  to  prodneeivi- 
'li'iiie  that  their  lands  v.ere  not  mortj^ayed  for  uio.e  than  two  thirds  of  their 
value. 


ll. 


M 


098 


THE  SECULAR  CLERGY. 


salo  of  the  real  estate  of  tlie  olnireli,  but  that  all  it> 
iiivi»ste<l  funds,  of  every  kind,  should  he  forwarded  tn 
Spain  and  de|)()sited  in  a  caja  dc  coiisoliddcioii  dc  r'(A\ 
inili'i^^'^  The  resistance  of  the  proj)rietors  \vas  sn 
strong,  lioweve',  that  between  May  1805  and  Jiiiir 
180G,  the  oaja  de  e(»nsolidacion  had  received  from  tlif 
sequestrated  estates  only  1,-00,000  pesos. 

xVside  from  the  income  obtained  from  real  estate  and 
investments,  the  revenues  of  the  church  were  derived 
from  various  sources,  as  the  jtrimicias  or  iirst  fruits, 
jiayable  to  the  ])arish  priests,  a  tax  claimed  to  havi 
existed  from  the  eai'liest  days;*'  fees  for  masses,  niai- 
riaj^es,  and  burials,  Mhich  yielded  largely  in  most  of 
the  dioceses;'"*  an<l  last,  though  by  no  means  least, 
the  tithes.  Tlu;  king  of  Spain  possessed  under  tlu' 
bull  (»f  l*ope  Alexander  VI.  issued  in  1501,  the  exclu- 
sive right  of  collecting  the  tithes  in  America,  suhjtrt 
to  the  sole  condition  of  i)rovidini>'  for  the  religious  in- 
struetion  of  the  natives."^ 


*^  Ilnmhohit,  Kssd'i  Pvl,  ii.  4T(>;  Soc.  JA.v.  Gcoq.,  liolc/hi,  2(la  I'p.  i.  -iHj- 
fl";  SiKifiz,  Ji'JorDic,  7;  llhino  J/<.i\,  vi.  ,'!(!()  S;  Morn,  Olira-'i  Sialton,  i.  70- 
117;  L(i''inr.(i,  J)i>ic.  J/isl.,  no.  xxxvi.  ■■)IJ.'!— 1.  Zaiiiacuis,  Jii.i/.  Jl'j.,  v.  (iL":'. 
ti'lls  lis  tli:it  tlu"  iUL'libisliopanil  chapter  of  Aloxico  luid  donated  to  tlic  innvii. 
ill  1777.  .SM>.()()0. 

^'■'  If  the  crop  of  yrain  readied  six  fancf:;nR,  the  tax  was  a  half  faiiega,  ;ni(lso  I 
in  piopiirtioii.   On  live-stock  tlie  tax  was  one  head  for  every  twelve;  ouniilk.  tlie 
quantity  ohtnincd  in  the  iiiilkinj,'  of  the  iirst  ni,L,'lit  of  i  aeli  year.   EiVu-tn,  MS., 
ii  Midi  lilt.  (/(•  I  ltd.,  no.  7,  1 --;  Me.c.  Jiejir)iieii/.,MS.,  in  JIalt  rat.  de  Ltd.,  iiu.  1, 

^'fn  September  KilO,  the  real  andiencia  required  of  tlio  arehhisliup  i  f 
Mexico  couqilianee  witli  the  royal  order  of  May  I'Jth  of  tlie  same  yr.ir,  ti 
keep  and  oiiseive  the '.siiiodo  y  arauzel  de  Scvilla' of  burial  fees.  Tlic  Y'\v 
also  issued  striuirent  tirders.  ( 'hanu'cs  were  made  from  time  to  time  in  tlic  In' 
liill  with  the  view  of  i-ediicin<i  it,  but  it  never  ceased  to  be  a  heavy  burilLii. 
Jloiili'iii'ii/cr,  AiU:f  Arord.,  7,  in  i.loiitcmdiinr,  SniKirina,  MonUi,  l-'n^i.  y^i: 
Orh..  ;i7.">-!l7.  4ir»,  4~)l:/'idiioifS(iliii(fi,  Aran-..,  1-1!);  Lun  ir.nii(i,Ariiiiz.,  1-1"; 
Jiil'iiriti.  .-iiihrr  .Irdiia  'rs,  in  .]/id/r/it.<lt  liuL,  MS.,  no.  "Jli,  1-40;  JJrx.Aranrdti 
J'arro'f.,  in  J<l.,  MS.,  no.  -.U.  1    10. 

'''Tlie  gross  amount  of  tithes  was  iirst  divided  into  four  equiil  p:iits,  twi 
of  which  went  to  the  bishop  and  eha[iter;  the  other  two  were  dividnl  iiit" 
nine  e(pial  )iarts;  two  for  the  crown,  three  for  buildini,'  churches  ami  lin- 

{I'tals,  two  for  sidarics  of  curates,  and  where  the  aiuount  was  insuliii  init  the 
wiig  allowed  them  salaries  of  $100  or  ^1"_'0  a  year  from  his  own  sliair;  the 
reiuainiuf;'  two  ]),'irts  went  to  pay  the  di,'nitaries  and  employes  of  the  ilioccse. 
L'stalla,  xxvii.  'j: '..".-.");  Mold-I'mldla,  Conq.  X.  (.'.,7.,  17S.  The  collect i^n  Jiml 
distribution  were  jirovideil  for  in  royal  orders  of  l(i27,  Iti.'!],  1777,  I7s(l.  //'■•"/'■ 
d(  liid.,  ii.  r)7S;  Jkliiia,  /.'<  (■<)/>.,  ii.  14.")-,"I;  Zniimrn,  li'di.  Laj.  I  l>.,  iii.  HI,  4'.'- 
5."!.  The  collection  of  piimicias  ;iiid  titlu's  and  the  adjudication  of  ili-pntoi 
questions  were  in  charge  of  tlio  hucaluria  ovjiizjadu  dc  dicr.uios,  consi.-;iiii.' in 


DIOCESAN  RFA'ENUE. 


C99 


The  gross  amount  of  tithes  eollooted  in  all  the  dio- 
I'.scs  was  in  the  decade  en<ling  in  1771),  i;5,'557,l  r)7 
j.sos;  in  that  ending  in  1789,  lH,;]r>;},8'Jl  pesos.'^  The 
iiital  revenue  of  tlie  nine  dioceses  lor  ISOo  was 
,i:l',),000  pesos  according  to  oflicial  records/'^  These 
ti.;ures  have  l>een  disputed,  however,  and  it  has  even 
'lull  positively  asserted  that  the  actual  ri'venuo  of 
lihtso  bishoprics  and  that  of  Chiapas  amounted  in 
]>()'}  to  twelve  or  thirteen  million  pesos,  out  of  which 
>iiiii  four  millions  full  to  the  share  of  the  archhishop.^' 

]*roperty  left  by  bishops  and  archl)ishoj)S  at  their 
(kiitli,  resulting  from  the  revenue  of  their  sees,  re- 
vritt (I  to  the  crown,  under  royal  cedula  of  March  28, 
lii^O,  and  was  known  under  the  name  of  ('spolios.'''^ 
All  the  chief  offices  of  the  church  were  lilled  by  royal 
;;]i|iointment,  and  the  incumbents  were  rc^quired  to  pay 
tlic  crown  the  nicdia  aiiata,  or  one  half  of  the  first 
vini-'s  income.  "J'lie  offices  of  minor  importance  yield- 
iiiu'  less  than  §41;J  paid  the  crown  only  one  month's 
income,  known  as  the  inesada.''^ 

Toward  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  the  in- 

the  city  of  Mexico  of  two  judges  aii<l  a  iiotaiy  or  eleik.  1'lic  vnutwhiria  or 
i.i'.iii ten's  olliee  liad  a  lirst  aucl  becuiul  uutlitor  with  a  liist  anil  si'couil  clerk. 
y.iiii'.'iiu  Ciilnkirin,  51. 

'■>-  l/iimM<//,L's/<iil  Pol.,  ii.  47.'1-S;  I>1.,  T,il,/a.<  EMmL,  MS.,  41;  his  )l;,'iirc3 
I'l'iiiL.'  taken  Iroin  iiii  ollieial  .statement  liy  Joa([iiin  Manian.  .Xafidd-s  ilr  S. 
i.'-//..  in  Soc.  Mex.  Gcci;/.,  /inhllii,  ii.  8-'_';{;  X.  K-</,.,  J!r<  rr  JU-'^nri.,  i.  ll!!),  -Jl."), 
ii.  Ill > I  "J.  Aecordinj;  to  Jistalla'.s  account,  xxvii.  !)-!(),  the  titlics  of  Mexico, 
I'iulla,  Oajaca,  Oua<lalajara,  and  ])iiran;/o  were  in  \~i'i'.)-~\),  ir'K'.'iTll.UtT:  in 
177!i  '^'.1,  .'::14,S44,!)S7;  he  omits  those  of  Michoaean;  his  ligures  ililler  sonie- 
Miuit  from  Miiniau's.  I'liib  t-ton's  Moilcni  d'co'i.,  iii.  'J.'!4. 

■  'Mexico.  !i<i:!0,0!l(»;  rueljj.i,  .'i'-t  10,(100;  Micl'ioacan,  .slOO.OOO;  Xnevaf lalicia, 
•^'tl>,i;il;l;  Durango.  Jir'.'UOOO;  Xuevo  J.eoii,  §:{0,000;  Oajaca,  .'r^ls.OUO;  ,S(,uora, 
Mi.';<M);  Yucatan,  iJ'JO.OOO.  It  was  jiainfid  to  si'c  a  (lioci.-<e  like  that  (.f  .Mexico 
l^iyin,'  curates  of  Indian  towns  (ndy  trlO!)  or  ir^l'JO  a  year.  II I'lninhll,  Ksaai 
!''■!. .  i.    l'J7-!);   Jil.,   Wr.'iiirh,  i.    l!sl;   (Jinijio,   t'ul.  Dav.,   14,  it;  Pup.   Var., 

llil.    I!0.      1. 

''Tiie  rental  of  tlio  archltishojiiic  jiropcr  was  acknowledged  at  .?"J,!)  14,070; 
r.ilil  to  the  regular  revenue  the  alms,  etc.,  of  tiie  clergy,  secular  and  regular, 
vjiicli  amount  is  concealed,  and  the  whole  w  ill  swell  to  the  sums  gi>'  n  aliovo. 
.Ao'/c.  lie  X.  Exp.,  in  Sor.  Mix.  ilcmj.,  liolithi,  ii.  8. 

•'A  law  of  Id.VJ  ]irescrilietl  tin;  mode  in  which  hishops  shoul.l  make  invcn- 
tirio  (if  the  property  thej-  owned  Ijcforc  their  aji])ointment.  llcaqi.  ile  hid.,  i. 
Ii')-i;:  h'slal/ii,  xxvii.''j;!(J;  J.'hvni,  Lioli.  Mi.i:,  i.  ];iO. 

/"•pMatln,  xxvii.  'l?>:r,  Jlonl/j,  Fast.  Xm'.  Orh.,  .1S-2;  Zmmrn,  Jiih.  Liij. 
Ult.,  jv.  '_'(iS-7'f;  Proriihiicid-i  JIkiIi.i,  MS.,  00-71;  Pvimrrn  ij  Urrul'm,  P'ol 
II'h'.' iii/ii,  iii.  bO-l^o;  Puitt^,  ]'ii:  in  Monum.  Uovi.  txji.,  MS.,  )41;  liivi ni, 
'l,  i.  -JJU. 


"1H 

iiiiii 


IIH 
"nil 


700 


THE  SECULAR  CLERGY. 


quisition  had  attained  groat  prcdoniinancc,  caiisln^r 
even  the  viceroy  and  aiuUencia  to  lotrn  much  of  tin  ir 
power  and  prestige."  In  1747  the  inquisidor  gcncnil 
had  issued  an  ordinance  in  thirty-lour  sections  intiiKkd 
to  avert  all  disputes  on  jurisdiction,  and  to  niaiiitiiiii 
intact  the  prerogatives  ol'  each  department  of  govern- 
ment. That  ordinance  was,  however,  often  disregaiilcil 
by  the  incjuisitors  of  Alexico.^^ 

Between  the  year  IGOO  and  the  end  of  the  iii;]i. 
teenth  century  occurred  many  autos  de  fe,  both  par- 
ticular and  geiicKal,  the  records  of  which  have  imt 
been  conii)letely  j)ublished.^''  In  the  latter  part  of  tlio 
cijjhteeuth  and  the  berjinninix  of  the  nineteenth  ceii- 
tury,  the  inquisition,  which  till  then  had  been  mainly 
engaged  in  persecuting  Portuguese  Jews,  sorcerers, 
witches,  aj)ostato  priests,  bigamists,  and  other  otKnd- 
crs,  found  a  new  and  fruitful  field  among  the  readers 
of  modern  philosophical  works,  most  of  which  were 

^'In  1727  tlio  king  ordered  the  viceroy  to  protect  the  royal  jurisdii-tiiin 
Jigiiiust  oinTOiK'liinL'nts  of  tlic  inquisition  under  pretext  of  jirivilege.  Atll:j 
Biinio  time  lie  wished  tlic  court  to  he  nick'd  in  every  way,  and  its  oilieeis:iii  1 
nttaelu'a  respected  in  tlieir  riglits  and  functions.  Iklciia,  Itecv}).,  i.  L'l'J-lT; 
Provid.  liviiU's,  ]\1S,,  -JOl-G. 

''"This  liodv  was  seriously  rebuked  for  it  in  1785  by  the  crown.  7iV>r,;). 
ncaks  Eclcs./Mii.,  y-l'J,  127,  113-10;  llcuks  Ccdidus,  MS.,  1208-10;  J.Uhi 
Old.,  vi.  {]:)-«. 

''"A  notable  one  was  the  case  of  William  Lanipart,  an  Irishman,  or  of  li  i-!i 
descent,  who  came  to  Jlexico  i:".  1040,  and  was  known  as  tiuillen  Lonil'iml", 
ulhiH  tiuznian,  aiiested  in  l(i42  as  an  'astri')logo  judiciario  con  mala,  aiilir;i- 
cion  do  811S  estudios,'  and  put  into  a  dungeon.  Dec.  124,  lO.'iO,  he  w'th  aiMlhi  r 
man  broke  jail,  and  sent  to  the  viceroy  several  documents,  and  scatter.  >1 
others,  against  the  nrcIibi.;hop  and  inquisitors,  accusing  the  latter  of  tifii.-nii- 
able  views,  ignorance,  and  theft.  Much  trouble  might  have  been  occ:i.<iipni'l 
had  not  Lanqiart  and  his  companion  been  recaptured,  llis  fate  remahis  r,:i- 
known,  tliougli  there  is  some  reason  to  surmise  that  ho  perished  as  a  Ik  ix'.io 
in  Xovcud)e:',  l(i,"i!).  Tonjia  iwtda,  iii.  3S0-1;  Onijo,  JJitui),  4,  Tt,  S'2,  A2  'i'<, 
10,J-0,  112U-7,  K;--'-:!,  liJO,  4-27,  4;)2,  5"J5,  TiOl;  Piih,ihlaii<:li,  La  luqwUkhn'.  M, 
mid  note.-v  ;i8;  Piuic:',  I'/c. ,  in  Moiiion.  Ihnn.  y:,'.*/*.,  M.S.,  100-1,  l.'JO;  lii'h[< 
Mi'x.,  V.  .S;>;0-t;  Jihrat,  Goh.  M<.c.,  i.  1.j9-01,  17--0,lsr>;  iS'o.<«,  Epixcop.  J/  ,-., 
90-10--';  l!vbl<s,  JJvirlo,  50-7,  SO,  08,  1214,  12312,  24-'-3,  1292,  315;  Ouz.  J/  '. 
(1784-5),  i.  ;iOS-0,  3-_'0.  Zaniacois,  Jllst.  Jl,j.,  x.  513,  alleges  that  in  tlic  'Jli 
years  the  inquisition  existed  in  Mexico,  there  were  altogether  30  autos  A<- !  ■, 
and  405  prist)ner.)  tried,  of  whom  nine  were  bunicd  alive,  1"2  burnt  after  <  \  ■ 
cution,  one,  the  patiiot  chief  Morelos,  shot,  not  for  religiotts  but  pulitir:! 
reasons,  and  GU  burnt  in  elligy.  Keports  of  cruelty  to  prisoners  in  duu-en;.^ 
he  declares  false  and  calunniious,  an<l  incited  by  party  spirit.  It  will  lie  ir 
the  reader  a  question  of  veracity  between  the  numerous  accusers  of  tiie  iii.jiii- 
eition,  and  of  the  government  sustainuig  it,  on  the  one  pai't,  and  ZaniiiciMi' 
bigotry,  and  exaggerated  'cspauolismo,'  on  the  other. 


THE  HOLY  IXQUISITIOX. 


701 


,  causiii'r 
I  of  tliLir 
•r  general 
iinteiitleil 
maintain 

»t'  gOVcl'll- 

srogardcd 

the  einii- 
both  par- 
liavo  Hnt 
lavt  ot*  the 
jouth  cell- 
en  mainly 
sorcerers, 
ler  ott'eiid- 
bo  readers 
liich  were 

•al  jurisdictinn 

its  uiru'i'isiiii  I 
i.  -Jl-'-lT; 

•own.    /'r-riri, 
08-10;  n<nh< 

an,  or  of  lii>!i 
11  Lonili:iril", 
main.  a|ilir;i- 
w'th  tiiiotlii  r 

and   Se-iittclV'l 

tcr  of  trcMM'ii- 
11  oowisidUiil 

;o  remains  iiii- 
I  as  a  lirn'.c 

qnisicinii.  >1, 
,  i:!(i;  /';"'.' 

'j/isCOl).  -'/■  .''■, 

j;  Gfiz.    .1/    ■. 

lat  ill  thr  'Jl  I 
10  autoH  <!'■ ! '. 

•lit  afti  r  (A'  ■ 

ItUt   piilitir:,! 

'H  ill  (lull-l"'.  ■* 

It  will  li.M'l' 

of  till"  iii'i"'; 

,ud  Zamac'iis' 


under  tliG  ban,  and  In  the  list  of  forbidden  publica- 
lieiis.  The  labors  of  the  inquisitors  rai)idly  increased, 
iiiid  we  are  told  that  at  one  time  they  had  upward 
of  a  thousand  cases  pending."'  jNfany  edicts  were 
i-sued,  threatening  with  excommunication  those  who 
(lart'd  to  ignore  this  prohibition  and  to  read  such 
werks.«^ 

The  progress  of  science,  the  cnliglitenment  of  the 
jieople,  and  the  d(;fence  of  popular  lights  against  king- 
md't  were  thus  hindered  by  that  tool  of  bigotry,  igno- 
rance, and  refined  des[)otisni.  It  was  even  worse;  for 
liv  recognizing  the  existence  of  sorcerers,  witches,  and 
others  supposed  to  be  possessed  with  the  evil  s[)irit  the 
inicrahh's  itxjuisidon'.s  del  santo  tribunal,  as  the  king 
ciilK'd  them,  stupidly  propagated  pernicious  errors. 
The  extinction  of  this  tribunal  was  first  decreed  by 
the  archbishop  of  Mexico,  on  September  27,  1813,  by 
(ii'der  of  the  Spanish  cortes  of  February  22d  of  the 
same  year,  but  this  became  a  dead  letter  the  next  year. 
Oil  the  10th  of  June,  1820,**"  the  king  ordered  the  en- 
i'divement  of  this  decree,  and  soon  afterward  it  was 
carried  into  execution. 


'•"Alamav,  Hist.  JUIrj.,  i.  121. 

"J)i.<j)onk.  ]'ar.,  or'ig.  vi.  2,  l.'-27,  34-GO;  Old.  ik  la  Corona,  MS.,  vi. 
117-:!l»;  Oaz.  Mix.,  v.  340,  ;i.")5-9;  viii.  182-7,  .317-22;  ix.  r).V(i2,  5o\\-H;  x. 
.'!17-2S;  xi.  407-9;  xii.  120-4;  xiii.  119-30;  xiv.  lll-l;};  Dlurio  Mix.,  v. 
o07-7S;  vi.  187-95;  i^^  271-5;  x.  330;  xi.  351-4.301-7,  373-85. 

^'^Mix.  I'rovid.  Diucenana.1,  MS.,  490-7. 


CHArTER  XXXIII. 

RELIGIOUS    ORDERS. 
1G01-1S03. 

ROTAL  CONSIDEHATIOV  FOn  FrIAUS— TlIEIU  PttlVILEORS — AflrSES— CoL- 
LISION  BKTWKEV  THE  t'lIUUCIt  AM)  IIIeOuDEUS — CAUSES — DISSENSIONS 
AMONO  THE  OkDEUS— GACnri'IN  AND  CUEOI.K  FuiAliS — TlIKIU  UnsKKMI.Y 

QiAuiiELs — Vice  ani>   Immoralitv— (Jueat  Inokease  i.v  Ni'mi.i  i;  m' 
liEtjiri.AUS — Nuxxeuies  axu   Xuns— Missions — Ciil'iu;ii   Seci-laiii/a- 
'j'lON — Routine  ok  Duties— Puoouess  oetiie  Fuanciscaxs — Ekfouts  s 
SiKuiiA  (loiiiJA — The  AiousTisiANs— Division  of  their  I'iiovimia 
Internal  Dissexsion— El  Trienio  Feliz— Disturuaxce  is  the  Cn 
vent  at  ^Iexico — Arrival  of  :\\refootei)  Auoustixians— Dominkv 
Larurs — Mixou  Orders — Oudeiw  of  Charity. 


[ 


During  the  .sixteenth  century,  when  the  spiiltnal 
conquest  of  the  country  was  as  yet  unacconi[)lislitM!, 
friars  were  so  much  needed  that  they  were  sent  t<' 
the  Indies  by  the  king  free  of  expense;  tliey  ^\t•l  ' 
conveyed  thither  by  governors,  viceroys,  and  bisli(i[is 
upon  the  same  terms,  and  assisted  and  provided  lor 
on  their  arrival  in  New  Spain  until  tlio  members  of 
different  orders  were  enabled,  by  their  sufficient  niuii- 
bers  and  increased  prf)sperity,  to  establish  themselves 
in  conmiunities.^  Nor  was  the  encourau^ement  w  liicli 
they  received  limited  to  personal  convenience  ami 
requirements;  both  king  and  ])ope  extended  ])rivilf.;v~i 
and  protection  to  them  in  order  to  facilitate  the  la!)!".- 
of  their  calling.  Yicerovs  and  prelates  were  instrurttil 
to  aid  them;  civil  authorities  were  commanded  net  to 
molest  them  or  interfere  with  their  administration;  niil 

'  Laws  prescribing  the  mode  of  rendering  nitl  to  friars,  and  repiilutioin  '.<i 
be  observed  l)y  tliein  on  going  to  tlie  Indies,  will  be  found  in  liecop.  clr  Imi, 
i.  104-0,  12S-<J. 

(702) 


ECCLKSIASTICAL  COXCHSSIONS. 


703 


-AnrsEs— Col- 

I — DlSSKNSIiiN^ 

i:iu  Unskkmi.v 

[N    Xr.MIil.li  cf 

I  SkCCI. AIM/A- 

:s — Kfi'()I;ts   s 

II  PllOVINl  lA    ■ 
K  IN   Tin;  (ii 
S— DuMINK.' 


)   Sl)irit!l;il 

)nil»lislK'i!, 
'o  sent  tn 

Jicv  ^\t■|■•' 
1(1  l)isliu|)> 
)vi(lc(l  l'(ir 
Mnboi's  (if 
lent  luuii- 
lemsc'lvis 
3iit  which 
L'lifo  ;iii(l 
)i'ivilt'L;vs 
he  lalid'.-i 
nsti'Uftt'il 
ed  not,  til 
ition;  aid 


in  foundinf;  convents  was  afTord-d  tliein.tlie  poorer  of 
.siidi  estal)lislinients  reeeivinjjf  i)resenls  from  the  kin<r 
ot"  (•lialice  and  paten,  wine  and  oil,'"*  while  the  «iek 
aiiioniL,^  them  wei-e  supplied  with  ii!<  dieines. 

I*apal  concessions  to  nienihers  of  the  i'eL,ndar  orders 
ill  X(,'W  S[)ain  were  on  a  scale  still  in(»J'e  liberal.  The 
jiccnliar  position  of  these  missionaries  recjuired  that 
they  should  he  endowed  with  prei'oijjatives  which  had 
hitherto  belonufed  solely  to  the  church.  Hence  the 
])()[)e  C(»nced(.;d  to  tlieni  rij^hts  and  j)ow'ers  which  the 
rci^ulars  in  lOurope  could  never  obtain.  The  secular 
<'''''o.y  were  too  !'./"  in  nund)er  to  perform  the  rites  of 
the  church  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the 
land,  and  bulls  were  issued  granting  to  friars  the  j)riv- 
ilcge  of  exercising,  in  the  towns  where  they  estalt- 
lishcd  themselves,  all  the  duties  of  a  ])arish  priest. 
They  could  hear  conl'essions,  and  give  absoluti(jn  and 
.'ls[»onsations;  could  administer  the  sacraments  and 
cleijrate  marriages;  could  preach,  teach,  and  con- 
firm.'' 

Such  concessi(jns  appeared  desirable  at  first,  but 
^vllen  the  church  became  more  fully  established,  and 
liishoprics  were  erected  in  widely  distant  ])rovinces,  a 
collision  was  the  inevitable  result.  To  the  humble 
isolated  convents  of  the  first  missionaries  year  ])yyear 
others  of  costly  structure  were  added,  and  custodias 
created.  These  in  turn  had  developed  extensive  pro- 
vincias,  and  broad  lands  and  much  treasure  ha<l  been 
acquired  by  the  orders.*  ^Monastic  simplicity  gave 
way  to  luxury,  assumption  of  authority,  and  abuses. 

'^  Pecop.  lie  TniL,  i.  17-21.  Moiinstefios  csUiblisliod  on  royal  cncoiniciKlas 
Weill  l)nilt  iit  i\\v  king's  expense.  /(/.,  i.  KS.  foiisult  iilso  Id.,  i.  1  It,  1-2-.'!. 
Ill  KiT-l  tiio  (jiicfii  i-';^'L'nt  onlercil  tliiit  tliu  ninouiit  to  l)o  exiK'iiilcil  for  piir- 
cli:iso  of  wiiio  ami  oil  should  not  exceed  10,0(M)  pesos  !i  year.  MonteiiKii/nr, 
Sr/jitirio^,  4.  It  vas  onlered  in  l.")lil  that  convents  should  he  at  least  six 
li-Mi^ues  apart;  nor  eoidd  tliey  be  founilcd  a\  hei'c  tliei'e  was  a  pai'isli  priest. 
This  law  was  passed  in  \')u[>,  j'cyiji.  dc Iml.,  i.  1)."),  when  a  eonsiderahle  nunilier 
Was  alreaily  estahlisiied.  In  1.">1(.")  friars  were  protected  liy  papal  l)ull  agaiu-^t 
iiiti'rfer"nce  liy  the  ordinarios,  or  judges  of  ccclcsiatieal  causes.  Movdli,  Fant. 
Xnr.  Orb.,  311'. 

="/(/.,  184-9-2,  218-22;  Hcwcml,  Ilhl.  Chyapa,  473-4. 

H'onvcnts,  in  many  of  which  an  inadequate  uunil.cr  of  friars  resided,  so 
multiplied  during   the   sixteenth  century   that  in    IGll    I'liul  \.    issued  a 


704 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


At  an  early  period  the  friars  of  Now  Spain  appear 
to  have  displayed  much  of  the  indifference  to  laws 
and  inde[)en(lenco  of  action  which  was  assumed  by  the 
colonists.  Quickly  amassing  wealth,  many  of  them 
returned  to  Spain  without  permission,  while  othci's, 
attracted  by  the  comforts  and  ease  offered  by  a,  resi- 
dence in  the  larger  cities  of  the  New  World,  took  up 
tli'-ir  abode  in  them,  and  failed  to  proceed  to  thi.ir 
destination."'  Nor  did  they  refrain  from  intrudiiii,' 
upon  the  occupations  of  classes  outside  their  own  pid- 
fession.  They  bought  and  sold  and  opened  sh()[)s; 
they  dealt  in  cattle,"  and  made  the  natives  toil  I'nr 
them  without  payment;  private  individuals  acquired 
])roperty,''  and  monastic  communities,  in  common  with 
tlic  secular  clergy,  possessed  themselves  of  estates 
bequeathed  to  them  1)y  persons  whoso  unbiassed  action 
was  interfered  with  to  the  detriment  of  their  own 
lieirs.*^  Moreover, in  their  zeal  for  self-aufi^i-andizenuMit. 
they  encroached  upon  the  prerogatives  of  the  govern- 

buU  supprpssing  all  that  were  not  occupied  hy  eight  i-esidcnt  friars.  Gii"i.. 
till,  lie  Cidiitax  Ji'ifdc;  Morclli,  Faff.  Sor.  Orh.,  .'I.'),",  AcctM'iHiig  to  To/-- 
ijtii'minlii,  iii.  ;^SI-"J,  in  IGl'J  tlic  rranci.scans  possessed  almut  I7'2  iii'ii- 
jisteiies  and  ivligioiis  houses,  divideil  into  the  live  provincias  of  Mexirn, 
Jliehoaeau,  Zaeatccas,  Xueva  tlalicia,  and  Yueatan;  the  Augustinians  liinl 
iil)OUt  ilO  UKiuasterics  in  two  provinces,  tliat  of  Mexico  and  tliat  eonip,  i-:n;,' 
Jlichoacan  and  .Jalisco;  and  the  Duniiuicaus  0!)  monasteries  in  the  proviinias 
of  Mexico  anil  Oajaca. 

^  Laws  were  jiassed  in  ir)58  and  l.")GO  prohiliiting  friars  returning  to  Spiiin 
from  l)rin,i::ing  Mitli  tlieni  more  gold  or  silver  tluni  was  suliicient  to  nie.t  thu 
expenses  of  their  (lassagc.  Coir:atcz  Duvilu,  Tcutro  Krlt^.,  i,  \\',i;  Jlnr.  li, 
Siiv.  Orli.,  'JOO.  (ireat  restrictions  were  laid  upon  tlu'ir  returning  to  Sjniiu. 
j'rcdp.  lie  /nil.,  i.  iV.i,  1(I7-S,  l'J7-S.  The  rules  on  this  matter  were  frequeiiily 
broken,  as  is  evident  from  the  repeated  repetitio.i  of  tliem. 

«/,/.,  i.  i-j:>.  \-2\). 

"In  l.">iiSf.  law  was  passed  ordering  that  the  papid  brief  forbidding  iii'li- 
vidnul  friars  to  hold  private  property  .should  be  oljserved.  /(/.,  i.  117;  J/"''"i. 
/'/.>■/.  Xor.  <irh.,  'J'JO.  The  pi-actioc  of  making  Inilians  work  witliont  pa,\iii-' 
liu'm  was  forbidden  in  1.V,I4,  J'rcop.  dr  liid.,  i.  1"2,">,  but  in  171<»  tiie  sjiiie 
lirnctiee  [irevailed,  tlie  friars  going  so  far  as  to  impress  upon  the  natives,  who 
VI irked  for  them,  that  they  were  exempt  from  paying  tho  royal  tiibute.  In 
Kovember  iif  the  above  named  year  a  cc^dula  was  issued  onlering  such  alnisi:) 
ta  cease.    G'nitl,,  C"/-  >:' ak.i  ('('d. 

^l\\  \~'v\  the  kin^  exp  ssly  forbade  any  member  of  a  religious  oiilii' 
to  interfere  in  tiie  drawiug-upof  last  willj  antl  testaments,  Castrit,  Jliftrii,  "I'l, 
and  in  l~7''  a  cedula  was  ]iassed  proliibiting  confessors  or  ♦lieir  convents  liim 
lieing  lieirs  or  legatees.  J'cak'x  Vijdlllcif,  JIS.,  i.  lUi-O.  In  171'0,  however.  :i 
decree  was  passed  .dlowing  friars  to  iiihcrit estates.  liencrijitos  Jkak^,  /v  '•  -■, 
MS.,'JS-50,  'M-lol,  17/ 


in  npp(.ar 
3  to  laws 
0(1  hy  the 

of  thoin 
lo  oth(>rs, 
by  a  resi- 
,  toolc  up 

to  thi.ir 

illtl'U(lill!L[ 

own  1)1(1- 
(1  sli()[)s: 
s  toil  inr 
acquired 
inou  witli 
f  estates 
;od  action 
licir  own 
lizcnuMit, 
)  govern- 

riai's.   G'lat.. 

ling  to   'J'l.ir- 

t  I'T'J  111.. 11. 
N  of  M(.'\i.i.. 

stiiiiiuis  liail 
coliipri^:ii^' 

o  proviin'iii.4 

n<,'  to  Spain 

t...  lUf.'t  till,' 

Iil:  to  Sjmiii. 
fruqui-iiily 


jiUlinp  ill.];- 
17;  J/..;v//;. 
Iioiit  ij;i\  ill,' 
1(5  the  Willie 
litivc's,  wlio 
Iriiiiitc     111 

^UL'li  .■lllllSl'S 

■'Kins    i.l'.lrl' 

Ijlifiri ',  .Vi, 
Iveiifs  ti'..iii 
lliiiwi'vi  r,  ii 


WITHDRAVrAL  OF  PRIVILEGES. 


705 


nicnt  by  meddling  in  secular  affairs,'^  and  were  fro- 
ijiKMitly  engaged  in  disputes  with  tlie  state  and  civil 
iiuthorities. 

But  it  was  with  the  church  that  tlic  regular  orders 
were  most  hotly  engaged,  and  tlie  struggle  between 
them  and  the  secular  clergy,  of  which  mention  has 
already  been  made,  lasted  with  more  or  less  bitter- 
ness on  both  sides  do\v/i  to  the  hime  of  the  in(le[)en(l- 
eiiee.  As  the  Catlujlio  church  in  Xew  Si)ain  extended 
lier  operations,  and  was  able  to  appoint  parish  prit?sts 
in  towns  more  and  more  i-eniote.  she  felt  herself  com- 
petent to  administer  her  holy  rites  in  those  places 
without  further  aid  of  thi^  A'iars,  and  was  unwilling 
lunger  to  divide  alike  authority  and  spoils  with  allies 
whose  usei'ulness  had  become  limited.  But  though 
.■-lie  wished  to  reassume  absolutely  her  own  [)rcroga- 
tives,  and  removed  friars  from  doctrinas,  she  met  with 
lirm  opposition  frcnn  the  orders,  wlio  were  extremel}^ 
jealous  in  maintaining  the  privileges  which  had  l)eeii 
iiinferred  upon  them.  The  regulars,  therefore,  rel'used 
>uhinission  to  the  bishops  whenever  they  considered 
their  rights  invaded,  and  disputes  with  ])arish  priests 
(X[)anded  into  a  contest  with  ecclesiastical  jurisdic- 

But   the    church 


tloli 


'as  powe 


■ful; 


We 


many    privileges 
re  annulled,  orders  were  iss'.ied  enjoining  the  obe- 


^M(dh)a,  Chron.  dc  S.  Diajo  Mex.,  189;  Hero}..  <h.Iii<l.,i.  l'_'l,  ITO. 

'"A  pi'oiiiiiient  cause  of  (lisputu  was  tlic  jurisdiction  ox'-'i'ciHCcl  by  tlio 
lisiiopa  over  the  doctrinas.  In  \C>\'.\  tlio  liisiio))  of  Yiuatan  excoiiinninicatuil 
...rtaiii  Francisca  ,  iloctrini'i'os  for  (lisolicyiiiL;  his  onkrs  relative  to  tiu!  i)ay- 
iiiii.ts  made  to  tlu.'in  by  Indians,  (.'n'jol/nlii,  J/i-^t.  y»'',,  (i(l'J-73.  In  HWA) 
ii  .|naiivl  between  Archlii-shop  Paveia  and'  the  orders  gave  rise  to  '  un  dis- 
tinliio  <iue  se  teniio  fatalidad,'  the  foriiur  having'  appointed  canonical  niinis- 
tiis  to  Kuloctrinas,  the  presentriLions to  which  wei-e  claimed  liy  the  |)r(jvincial 
't  till!  Angnstinians.  i;olik»,  J)ini-io,  ii.  fS.')  -l.  I  have  in  my  collection  the 
'ML'iiial  <.f  a  report  made  by  Fray  Antonio  Ay.tta,  the  rcpresentutive  at 
M.idiid  o'  the  proviiicia  de  Santo  ICvaiiu'clio.  'J'lie  document  licais  date  of 
^iaivh  !),  Hiss,  and  sets  forth  tli(!  dilliculties  Ayetta  iiad  encountered,  arising 
■I'.iii  tlie  'lostility  of  the  bislmp  of  (iuailalajara.  Iii/nnup,  in  Prur.  (/,- .bV.{ 
'.'.■'n»(,,  M>'.,  'J7;)-!tl.  The  sanie  father  in  a  uiemorial  to  the  king  urguea 
i.aiiist  the  claim  of  said  bishop  that  the  causes  for  cliangcs  in  niinistros  iloc- 
tiim  ros  should  t>e  laid  before  him,  the  king  having  decreed  that  this  .should 
I'lili'iie  only  to  the  viceroy  as  vice-patrono.  Ai/clta,  Jiiprtneiit.  por  ltj6  Fruit- 

Cl"((/K.,<,    15. 

EisT.  Mex.,  Vol.  lil.    13 


jjiy 
''Iff 


:ii 


^M-l 


706 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


(Hcnoo  of  tlio  roLi^iilars  to  tlic  l)i.sliops,  and  laws  passed 
aftccting  their  jinisdictioii  and  internal  adininistratioii, 
and  rej^ulating'  the  appointment  to  doctrinas  of  tliosr 
duly  qualiticd.'^  The  outcry  was  loud  and  long,  ami 
mucli  scandal  ensued,  but  the  l^ing  and  pope  conjointlv 
had  raised  up  a  great  power  in  the  land,  and  the  olijic- 
tioiis  of  the  frairs  to  roval  cedulas  and  the  conunaiKN 
of  the  bishops  were  so  persistently  urged,  and  tlnir 
own  claim  to  iirivilcfjcs  so  ablv  arijued,  that  modiliea- 
tions  of  the  restrictions  wore  obtained. 

While  the  regular  orders  were  thus  united  in  lluir 
ojiposition  to  church  and  state,  it  was  otherwise  annui,;' 
themselves.  Dissensions  between  diflcnjnt  orders  ami 
discord  amonij  the  members  of  individual  institution^ 
were  incessant.  In  tlio  internal  government  of  l!ir 
orders  the  two  prominent  causes  of  disagreenunt 
were  the  election  of  provincials  and  other  oflicvi-. 
and  the  interminable  quarrels  between  Spanisli  and 
Creole  members.^'-  Sjianish  I'riars  who  had  ttd'if'ii  the 
habit  in  Europe  disj>layci.l  an  ungenerous  rivalrv 
toward  members  of  orders  v.Iki,  thouuh  of  their  nwiii 


wou 


Id  1 


ia\'('  ox- 


race,  had  been  born  in  America,  and 

eluded   them   from   the    light  to   hold    olHce.     !S 


llcll 


idi 


views   were  maiuiiantly  opjx 


it]' 


osed  1)V  the  creoh 


who 


denied  that  they  wei'e  in  anv  way  inferior  to  thr  !• 
ropeans,  while  the  latter  refusetl   to  admit  tli 


11- 


eiii  (111  j 


terms  of  etpiality.-'''  In  order  to  adjust  dilferi'iict 
which  led  to  actual  animosity  between  the  twodassf 
the  system  of  alternation  iu  elHce  was  established  li 


"TliP  restrictions  wore  priiifip.'illy  crinfineil  to  the  ndiiiinistratidii 
sacrniiiL'iits,  Inuring  coiili'ssNiun,  iiinl  ]/r»iK'liiii,L.'.  Ri/'o/i.  c/c  Jml.,  i, 
84,  117,  l-Jl-."i,  4S7;  MiiliiKt,  Chn,,,.  ih  S.  JUtyo,  J/c.--.,  1!I4;  Monh' 
i\«('.  (hi).,  ;{S.")-4,  ;>M!-7,  .')lt4-.");  Jliviti  ii!f(i/i,)\  S'-iiictrin,  •J4-(),  ;$7-4>i;  i 
tlr  In  ('lira, Id,  MS.,  ii.  l.")7-8.  !''(  ra  imiiiliur'ji,  laws  lioariiigupoii  friars 
triiiLios  .seu /A'O/'. ''<'  Iir/..  ^  •','!,  !.",.'!-(i,  i:(S-40.  ^^'itll  ivspcct  to  irr' 
itits  prcvailiiij,'  in  tiic^  doctrinas  ami  tlie  action  of  llisliop  I'alafox  sec  ti 
\)\).  1(10-1.  A  iiriiicipal  cause  of  t;iie\ancc  was  the  ti'.m.sfcrring  ll 
trinas  from  llie  oiilcrs  to  tl'  '  secular  clcrL'v  liy  the  bisliops. 

'-These  ijuarrelsiii  the  lUmiinican  nnlei' liecanie  so  violent  tliat  in  !• 
visitai.ljr  of  the  society  ordeicil  that  no  niore  liahits  should  lie  given  to  . 
The  king  disapproved  of  such  injustice.  JJistuihio-idf  Fraiks,  i.  no.  4;  * 
rlo  Sill  IV,  i.  .'lUO. 

'•' J/:(i(((n(,   li,!</ntc.,  iu  iJuc.  Iiioh,  xxi.  47y-So. 


of  tl;e 
ijil-T,  I 

;.  /;(.'■. 
ii-.ii"i'i  I 

,  -;il.i  ■•  I 

1.  X'  I. 
ic  lii'f 

:^7t!io| 

:col. 


laws  passed 
inistratioii, 
as  of  tlioso 
1  loni^,  ainl 
i  oonjoinllv 
.1  the  o\(\vr- 
C(Jininaii(ls 
,  and  tlicir 
it  modiiica- 

,od  in  11  nil' 
A'isc  aiii()ii;4 
i  orders  iiinl 
institutii>ii< 
lent  of  till' 
sagreeiiiciit 
icr  otHcrr-. 
panisli  ;mil 
1  taken  \\u' 
)ns    rivalry 
'  their  <>\vii 
]ia\i  I'X- 
ee.     Sucii 
eoles,  who 
:o  till'  Kn- 
it  tlielii  '111 
diltei'iiK'''^ 
wo  ela-i'>. 
jlislieJ  In- 


istratiiiii  "!  t.  ■.'  : 

//(«/.,    i.  liil-T, 

Moirli':.  J'ti". 

.•57-48;  i'r\-> 

III  fri;ii':  .    'ii'  ■ 

'ct  to  ill-  -'i!.i  • 

i\  see  t :  1-  V'  I. 

;n'ing  1"'  '"'>•• 

thiitinl'l-Tt'i'.' 

ivc'll  tn  I  :i'lil'-. 

no.  4;  e  ..'</.i- 


DISCnnilNATION  AGAINST  CREOLES. 


707 


pni^al  l)uils  and  royal  decrees.  Sonic  of  the  orders  at 
iiiH  e  complied  with  this  regulation.  The  arrangement 
bad,  howover,  its  exact  counterpart  in  many  cases,  en- 
tii'o  connnunitics  being  composed  wholly  of  Creoles 
and  olhers  wholly  of  Spaniards.'* 

Although  th'""  alteination  system,  repeatedly  in- 
'iisted  upon  by  tiiC  crown,  secured  to  Creoles  the  light 
to  official  appointments,  it  was  not  faithfully  carried 
out,  and  I'requent  were  their  complaints  of  ])artiality 
til  Spaniards  and  injustice  to  themselves.-'^  Jt  utterly 
failed  to  produce  harmony.  Criminations  and  recrim- 
inations prevailed  dov.'u  to  the  nineteenth  century, 
ami  instances  are  not  wanting  of  these  teachers  of 
peace  and  humility  proceeding  to  acts  of  personal 
violence  among  themselves.^" 

In  the  zealous  assertion  of  their  privileges  the 
action  of  friars  was  not  unfrequently  marked  by  tur- 
Idilency  and  opposition  to  the  civil  authorities,'"  and 

"The  (It'crecs  sent  from  liunic  and  Spain  ordered  alternation  every  three 
or  fiiur  yeai's.  F<ir  the  reason  that  for  .some  time  no  native.s  of  ( )M  Sjiain  ap- 
]!i('l  for  admi.^sion  into  the  order  of  the  irermitafios  de  San  ,\j,'n.stin  of  Mex- 
I  II.  the  prelates  of  that  society  llnally  admitted  only  Creoles.  A  royal  cedid;i 
liatid  Xo^emller '_'S,  KiOT,  ordered  the  viceroy  to  investigate  and  K  foi-m  the 
i;rt..'ularity.  Jd.  Tlie  convent  of  tiie  Carmelites  and  the  apnstolic  eolleues 
111  Sill  ]-"ernando,  C'ru/.  de  (^tueretaro,  and  others  were  composed  entirely  i.f 
^inmiards;  the  eomnninities  of  (luadahipe  de  Zacattvas,  und  tiiose  of  San 
■'iiando  J)iosand  San  lli]iolitoof  tlie  ho.-^pitallers,  were  ereole.  Afriiiirni,  l/i.^t. 
.'/'/..  i.  I'.i,  70.  I'ope  Urhano  \'li.  dellned,  liy  brief  of  Novemher  I'J,  l()'_V>, 
die  I'liservanees  to  lie  used  liy  tlie  Franeiseaiis  in  the  disirilnition  of  otHce.s 
.'iiiiiiiiL,'  t!ie  three  dillcrent  classes  of  whii.li  their  order  was  composed,  namely, 
thf  •(  1  ioilos,' the  'hijos  dc  provincia,'  and  the  'eapnchines,' \\  ho  ai'e  tlms 
ii.-|iectively  delined.  1'he  first  wi're  those  wlio  were  liorn  in  the  country  of 
Nliani^h  ]iareiits  and  h.ad  taken  the  haliit;  the  second  were  Spaniards  who 
t'liik  tlie  haliit  in  New  Spain,  and  the  thjid  were  .Spaniards  who  I'nlereil  the 


Tl 


lluiope.    1 

L'la 


I'hiiiio  Vlll..  in  JJi.'ifiirhlD.-i  ill'  /Va/'As,  i.  Ill)  et  .-^eii. 

■    ,a  ■    • 


le  three  classes  mentioned  in  the  iireceding  note  v.erc  distmu'ni 


>hed 


I'V  ililierelit  habits.   Si 


l)hi 


ami  II,  II 


/./. 


;i47-(i;i,   A 


idval  orik  r  < 


l.aed 


'pleiiilier  11,  17()(i,  C(jnlirmin'.;  ]irev 


lolls  on 


es  issued  in  KiiH,  KIDT 


rei  ted  the  adinissuui  o 


iflnd 


lans  into  the  leliL.'lous 


I'oriiii  iiriii 


^  n.  lib 


ill  .l/'.i'.  OnHiKliiias  (li-  isia  X.  ('.,  MS. 


s-s-j 


u; 


A  ncjtabic  case  occurred  in  the  lity  of  Mexico  on  the  iltli  of  July  ITSO 
when  a  serious  riot  occurred  in  tlieconxent  of  San  Fiviv.''iseo,  occasioned  by 


thij 
[Mrlii 


;i/.in 


e  of  the  'guardian   I'^ay   Mateo  .limeiiez,  a  ;.,iiehupi 


The  two 
came  to  blows,  'i,')  friars  (led,  and  it  reciuired  the  employment  of  ii 


ilit.iiy  force  to  ellect  the  release  of  .Jimenez,  Ids  captors  liavint,'  twice  re 
lu-i'd  to  obey  the  snnunons  sent  by  the  viceroy  to  surrender  him.   (ionitz, 
b'lihln,  in  JJnr.  Uht.  Mvx.,  -Jda  siHic.  vii.  ,S!1,  Ul-'J. 

''A  tumult  was  occasioueil  in  I(i(i4  by  the  rescue  of  a  negress  m  ho  was 
Wiiig  led  to  executiun  for  the  attempted  murder  of  her  mistress.     'Jlie  friara. 


I  i 


M 


n 


KELIGIOL'3  ORDERS. 


' 


orders  were  repeatedly  issued  from  the  throne  tliat 
such  characters  as  well  as  vagal)oiid  friars  who  liail 
been  unfrocked  or  expelled  from  their  convents  should 
be  sent  to  Spain/"* 

With  regard  to  the  private  life  of  the  friars  it  can- 
not truthfully  be  said  that  it  was  in  keeping  with  the 
simplicity  and  abstinence  which  their  vows  requii'ed. 
The  contrast  between  them  and  the  earlier  mission- 
aries is  striking.  Many  indulged  not  only  in  the  ])k'a.s- 
ures  and  luxuries  of  the  laity,  but  also  in  their  vitvs, 
Instead  of  abstemiousness,  feasting  and  carousal  pre- 
vailed among  them,  as  among  the  secular  clergy;  in- 
stead of  humble  garb  and  bearing,  ponipous  disphiyin 
embroidered  doublets  and  silken  hose  of  bright  color; 
instead  of  study  and  devotional  exercises,  dice-throw- 
ing and  cardyplaying,  over  which  the  pious  gamblers 
cursed  and  swore  and  drank. '^  Immorality  too  ol'tcn 
usurped  the  place  of  celiijacy/'  and  murder  that  (if 
martyrdom."^    It  nmst    not,   however,   be  conchukd 

who  attended  her  raised  the  cry  of 'To  the  church,' wheieiipi in  ;i  c  owilci 
negi'in's,  imihittoes,  iind  others,  in  spite  of  the  resistance  of  the  guard  cai liul 
lier  into  the  ciitiiedral.  Attempts  of  tlie  authorities  to  release  her  i.iiliil, 
Slie  w,is  afterward  conveyed  to  the  convent  of  La  Com.-A,*iK'ion  and  e»anKii 
punishnitnt.  O'li'Jo,  /Jiarin,  ii.'A. 

^''  Ordi'iicx  (Ic  liL  Corona,  iv,  84-5;  vii.  11,  Si-."!. 

'•'(iago,  i.  S'2,  tella  a  stoi y  of  a  prii  >t  wUo,  liaving  won  a  large  smn,  lull 
open  oiiir  of  the  .sleevesof  his  hidiit  ami  .swept  hLs  gains  iiitoitwith  thi-  dtlur, 
jociiiarly  explaining  that  lie  liatl  takiii  a  vow  neither  to  touch  nor  kiip 
money,  hut  that  his  sleeve  had  perniianion  to  do  so.  Di-Utjt  riv,  x.  I'JS-L'Os, 
307. 

^"Tlie  inquisition  in  1712  instituted  proceedings  against  Fray  L.'izaro  Jiino- 
iici!  del  <iuunte,  a  Franciscan  (jf  (Jueretaro.  for  i-oliciting  women— smiio  it 
whom  denouuceil  hin\  -and  other  immoral  practice.s.  lleing  found  fruiity  lie 
M'as  deprived  for  lite  of  the  ri-ht  of  lieariiig  confessions  and  otherwi>r  p\Mi- 
ished.   Xinii/if.,  I'niij  lOzuro,  IiKpiisiilij,- j'^'-n!  rotitrrt.  MS.,  fol.  pp.  'J^1. 

-'  In  171^1'Fray  Jacinto  Miranda,  of  the  order  of  la  Meieed,  stalilKil  ami 
killeil  the  comendador  ]'adroCirei.'orio< 'orte.  Miramlahud  hx-n  place.l  iiiukr 
severe  discipline  hy  the  comendador;  he  was  trietl  ljefor<,  *lio  arch!ii^li"|i  l^r 
his  crime.  'Ihe  order  made  strenuous  eirort-sto  save  him  i-wn  eajntal  inuiisli- 
mout,  and  he  v  as  prohably  sent  to  Spain.  Mirait'!'i,  Catisa  <lc  J/onii'  i'li".  i" 
JJiK/iirlilox  (Ic  I'rai/c'i,  MS.,  ii.  no.  i.  pp.  ;{7-l-"i;  wi.  H,  pp.  ;5ol— 10;  !>•  r;id 'j 
Maki-]\'a!iio,  liidakcio,  Ahijuto,  1-S(i.  The  kings  of  Sjiain  were  unv.  illina' 
that  the  excesses  eor.imitted  liy  friars  should  lK;conic.  jiuhlic  if  it  cnulil  In) 
avoided,  and  left  their  punishment,  as  f  iras|»os.<iMe,  !.o  tlio  jiirisdictinn  if  tlio 
several  orders.  Hut  it  being  disc-ivered  that  such  license  led  to  abu-  ■<,  in- 
struitions  were  issued  to  tiie  archliisliop  and  hisliops,  enjoining  them,  m  cu.-c 
merited  punishment  was  nor  nietecl  out  to  delinijaeuts  l.y  the  s\i])erior>  I't  tin' 
orders,  to  assume  tiie  jurisdiction  with  whiclt  they  were  iuvested  by  the  cLiuiuil 
of  Trent.  LWoji.  dc  Ind.,  i.  \l'i. 


that  th 
The  rec 
lent  anc 
intent,  , 
hacks]  ic 
few,  aiu 
wliicli  t 
Uf.ss  int 
So    Yi 
civase,'^^ 
idle  and 
npportur 
pleasure, 
with  the 
no  porso 
orders  ii 
actual  n 
vious  to 
inform  at 
in  1787,^ 
i'e,2;ulars, 
tweiity-t' 
capital,  tl 
were  pii 
mates  tli 
including 
and  8,o6( 


Wliil 


e 


■•-'  A  mode 

sivinteiuth 

ii"^i'  sin  cud): 

>.  Francisco 

laii'.i',  relajai 

tra-c  y  los  a 

Lis  rcii<;liones 

■^  Accordi 

ci'iitiirv  then 

kill  if  1(111  ( 

W'li.s  ci instant 

liillilaud  l(i!); 

'Jnh  ,11 .1  da  Id 

"' '  (Intro, 

"'  fi'nzifiiM, 

"''  IJmuI  I' 


ironc  tliat 
5  who  had 
nts  should 

ars  it  can- 
r  witli  the 
i  required. 
■r  missinii- 

tho  pk'as- 
heir  vices. 
'ousal  pro- 
clergy;  In- 

display  in 
ight  color; 
icc-thr<i\v- 
s  ganihlers 
:  too  oi'teii 
cr  that  of 

conchided 

|)iin  a  c  nwil  cf 
guaril  L'Miiicil 
ISC  her  i.iiliil. 

iliul    t'.-:Oill)(.'ll 


^'c  Sinn,  lii'l'i 
iili  llu!  iiiliu', 
K-h  iKir  knp 
[',  X.  U^.-'.'US, 

Liizaro  .nnio- 

ll.'ll  — snllll'  I't 

11(1  fjuiity  lio 
ivrwJM'  iu:ii- 
l,p.  -JM. 

t;(l)lK'il  iliul 

[ilacoil  iiiiiKr 

(.■lilii^^li"[i  i'V 

jiital  iniiiisli- 

llomhi'li'i.  ill 

0;  Ji'i-:ialil 
re  uiiv.iHiiig 

it  fiiiiM  liii 

lieti I'tlw 

)  abii--s  ill- 

tlieiii.  Ill  oaso 

leridi"^  I 'I  tli« 

ly  the  i.uuiKil 


KUMBER  OF  FRIARS. 


709 


that  there  were  no  righteous  men  among  the  friars. 
Tlio  records  of  the  chroniclers  show  that  many  excel- 
lent and  worthy  members,  of  high  principle  and  noble 
intent,  labored  in  New  Spain  during  this  })oriod  of 
haeksliding.  But  their  nund)ers  were  comparatively 
few,  and  they  were  unable,  by  the  exemj)lary  lives 
which  they  led,  to  leaven  the  heavy  mass  of  ungodli- 
ness into  which  they  had  been  cast." 

So  rapidly  did  the  nuniber  of  the  regulars  in- 
crease,'^^  and  so  tempting  were  the  inducements  to  the 
idle  and  vicious  to  join  societies  which  offered  to  them 
(i|)portunities  of  indulgence  in  indolence,  lust,  and 
jileasure,  that  the  king  in  1754  decreed,  in  accord 
with  the  holy  see,  that  for  the  ten  succeeding  years 
no  person  should  be  admitted  into  any  of  the  religious 
orders  in  New  Spain  under  any  pretext.-^  Of  the 
actual  number  of  friars  resident  in  the  country  ])re- 
vious  to  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century,  little 
information  can  be  obtained.  Accordini;  to  Alzate,'" 
iu  1787,  there  were  in  the  city  of  ^Mexico  al  )ne  1,0;5:) 
regulars,  and  Humboldt  states  that  in  1803  in  ihe 
twenty-three  convents  of  friars  then  existin<j:  in  tJio 
capital,  there  were  about  1,200  mendjers,  580  of  whom 
Were  priests  and  chori.sters.  The  same  author  esti- 
mates the  mnnber  of  friars  throughout  the  country, 
iiieluding  lay  brothers  and  servants,  at  between  7,<)(J0 
and  8,000.'" 

While  convents  and  friars  thus  multiplied,  religious 

■- A  iHDilern  author  tlins  iK'Soi-ihes  tlie  fiioral  cnndition  of  friars  ihiriii;,' tlio 
stvciitecnth  eeiitiiry:  '  ( U'lierahueiite  vixiaii  ciitre;_'ailii.s  ;'i  los  virios,  h;iil,iii- 
linM'  >\M  eliil)ari,'o  iimehos  sacei-'liites  (liLTlios  en  las  eoiii,'reu'ai'i(mes  ile  S.  I'dlio, 
>.  IVaiiciseii  .Javier  y  S.  Felipe  Xeri;  jiero  la  niayoi'  jiarte  del  elero  era  ijiio- 
VMU-,  relajado  en  sus  eostmiil)re.s  y  se  eiiidahii  imeo  de  la  ennveiiieiieia  '  ii  1 1 
tui^e  y  los  aliinentos,  iiot;indoso  desde  t  iitoiires  |irii|ieiisioiie.s  eii  esa  elaM'  ;i 
!as  icli(;lioi)es  y  nidtiiie.-s.'  Hinru,  Huh.  df  M-.r..  i.  "Jl!!). 

■^  Aeeoidiiij.'  to  (.'alle,  .l/'W.  //  .Xi't.,  4.'i,  in  the  middle  of  the  seventei  nth 
century  there  were  more  than  400  ecnvi^nts  of  all  lO'deis  in  New  Spain.  'I'iio 
1)11 11 1  f  Uil  1  ordering;  that  eaeh  convent  should  ha\e  at  least  ■  ^lit  inmates, 
ivus  eonstaiitlj-  di?^re;,'arded.  Thi'  pojie  issm<l  hrii  fs  to  the  same  ell'ei  t  in 
liJlKiand  l(i!)iS,  and  in  ITO-'Ulie  kiugeunniiaudcd  vieeroys  to  enforce  the  order. 
Ordi  III  .1  (le  la  <'iiroiia,  vii.  8-10. 

•' '  nxtro,  iJiitrio,  ryli-ii. 

'•'  ii'tz<f(i.i.  i.  lit. 

■'' i:^mi  PuL,  i.  r-'T,  1-20. 


U„ 


i 

1 ,11 


710 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


sisterhoods  increased  in  a  corresponding  dejjfrec.  The 
several  orders  established  durinu^  the  sixteenth  cin- 
tury  founded  additional  nunneries  in  various  pai-ts, 
and  the  number  of  such  institutions  was  furllicr 
swelled  by  the  arrival  at  intervals  of  sisters  of  other 
orders.  In  1G15  a  convent  of  the  barefooted  Car- 
melite nuns  was  founded  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  and 
in  U;GG  that  of  the  Capuchinas."''  During  the  peiiod 
between  1588  and  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  clii- 
tury  the  number  of  such  religious  houses  increased 
from  seven  to  twenty,  of  different  d(3nominations.'^' 

Nunneries  were  also  founded  in  Puebla,  Queretam, 
Guanajuato,  Miclioacan,  and  Jalisco,  the  most  notal)lij 
of  which  were  those  of  La  Merced  and  the  Capuchiiias 
in  Miclioacan,  the  first  being  established  at  the  bi'^iii- 
ning  :>f  the  seventeenth  century,  and  the  second  in 

1  -T.i-  2!) 
il  Ol  . 

It  would  be  supposed  that  these  religious  cstali- 
lishments,  designed  as  peaceful  retreats  for  females, 
would  be  I'ree  I'rom  strife;  but  truth  compels  mo  to 
say  that  the  nuns  were  as  contentious  as  the  fiiars. 
All  the  orders,  in  fact,  incessj'ntly  endeavored  to  sliak'j 
off  the  control  exercisi;d  over  them  by  the  ])rovin(ial 
])relates,  and  free  tJiemselves  from  their  supervision;' 
Conspicuous  among  these  restive  female  communities 
was  the  minnerv  of  Santa  Clara.  The  uovernin„' 
members  of  that  organization  claimed  exemption  Irnm 

^'  Siijiiciiza  y  O'liii'jru-fi,  Pnrni/.io  Occ'kL,  .^0-47.  In  1G7S  ;i  (l(inL;litcr  i>f  t'.i^ 
nloiiMu  (li;  curtf,  Siiuiiz  ^lo^t■ll(),  only  fivo  years  of  age,  I'litori'il  tlio  oi-.Ki  • ; 
the  ('ii|>uc!iiu  luin.s.  lluldis,  Diario,  ii.  'J7-.  i'oliite  1\'.  t;uvo  juTniissitiii  iii' 
the  t'ouniliiii,'  of  this  muiiii'iy  in  Kiti-l.   Moi/lcmai/nr,  Srmarios,  lu. 

'^'S'lii  I'imilr,  Kx'icta  l>(svn]i.,  '1~;  llltt.  J/(X\,  ii.  7I>7,  this  scries.  l:i 
17X7  thno  wore  l.O.'i'i  nuns  in  the  city  of  Mexico.  Ahalf,  OiiZ't(t.-<,  i.  .'!!. 
lliinilioldt  gives  K'J.S  as  tlie  inuiiher  in  I7!>0,  wliih;  in  ISOIi  tlicrc  were  iu  (!;■• 
].')  nniniciies  then  existing  in  tlie  cajiital  about  :3, 100,  of  whom  1)00  were  [av- 
fusseil  nuns.  L's-i  li  /'(//.,  i.  10."). 

*» /;//- vjrt.s  /,',/.,  -JIW,  241-2;  Roimro,  N<4.  Mich.,  27,  45.  In  I7.">1  the 
convent  of  hi  runsinia  Concepcion  was  fouuileil  in  Gruanajuato.  6'o/;;(i('', 
Ex<  iii]i.  I'lli'j.,  1 1 -IS. 

■"'  Viceroy  ^lanceia  informs  the  king  that  the  nuns  caused  constant  ti niililo 
to  the  government  in  such  attempts.  His  .Majesty  instructeil  him  uni  t') 
allow  himself  or  the  civil  authorities  to  intervene  in  cases  of  tlie  kind.  Hi's 
nlievinl  the  government  of  much  aunoyauce.  Inxliuc,  iii  Uoc.  had.,  .\>.i. 
470  5,".. 


tllO     JI 

Finnj 
had 
ti)\vai| 
Wl 
contel 
their 
taminl 
of  wol 
relentl 
i\nou 

Ult'S    i 

pi  aye 
even 
in  hea 


groc.  The 
cuiich  ouii- 
ioiis  pai'ts, 
as  further 
•s  of  otluT 
jotcd  Car- 
Eexico,  and 
the  period 
;eentli  eeii- 
3  increased 
atloiis.^'* 
Queretaro, 
ost  iiotahle 
!I^apiK*liiiias 
/  the  bei;iii- 
!  second  in 

ions  cstal/- 

or  females. 

pels  nie  tu 
the  friars. 
(1  to  sliak'j 
jtrovineial 

[)ervisi()ii.''' 

mniunities 

{•'overnin^'' 

ption  irniii 

iuiglitcr  of  t!i'' 

(I    tllO   Ol'ilrl'  'I 

]  ioniiis.su 'II  1"!' 

h). 

[Iiis  scries.     Li 

Ui'iZ'tti'i.  i.  .'il. 

Iro  wurn  ill  th'' 

•JOO  \wiv  i-r.'- 

In   17:>i  the 

|iato.     0'u/inti''i, 
Iinstilllt  tl'iiulili; 

L'd  him  lint  to 
|ic!  Uiiiil.     Tills 

31'.   //(((/.,  .\xi. 


FEMALE  COMMUN'ITIES. 


711 


the  payment  of  tithes;-''^  they  quarrelled  with  tho 
Franciscan  vicc-comisavio  so  that  the  civil  authorities''^ 
had  to  interfere,  and  they  hore  themselves  haughtily 
til  ward  |)ridatos  and  authorities. 

Whihi  i'emal(3  superiors  and  their  chapters  thus 
contended  for  jurisdiction,  the  nuns  and  novices  under 
their  charij^e  were  rigidly  |)rotected  against  tho  con- 
tamination of  the  world,  encouraged  in  the  su])])ression 
dt"  worldly  inclinations  hy  unc(Mnj)romisinLjf  codes,  and 
n  lentlessly  punished  in  case  of  trans^rc^ssion.  ]  lavin;^ 
renounced  tlie  devil  and  all  his  works,  and  the  ])leas- 
ures  and  innocent  ])astinies  of  life,*'  tl"^^}'  iasted,  and 
jiiayed,  and  worked,  havin<^  all  thin^ifs  in  connnon, 
evrii  to  their  clothiuijf,  and  laborin*^  for  their  reward 
in  heaven. 

Althou;jfh  the  friars  as  a  body  were  not  men  of 
su(di  sanctity  as  their  calling'  required,  it  was  l)y 
thi'ir  labors  that  the  jjjospei  was  carried  into  I'emote 
and  ever  more  remote  rcLjions,  Wh(.'nevei'  it  was  re- 
(jTiired  to  brin_i>"  a  savaj^'c  ti'ibe  into  tlu;  fold,  it  was  the 
reij;'ular  and  not  the  secular  orders  that  braved  the 
dani»'ers,  endured  the  hardships,  and  ])erf()rmed  the 
jtrc  liminary  work.  The  missions  undertaken  by  them 
extended  to  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  far- 
distant  California;  and  from  the  banks  of  the  ]Missis- 
sijipi  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. ^'  J)ut  before  they  I'eaclu'd 
those  renions  the  s])iritual  con(]uest  of  a  vast  territory 
had  to  l)e  undertaken,  and  during-  the  seventeenth 
century  numerous  missions  wei'e  establkshed  in  various 
outlvinu'  h)cahties.     The  imi)ortance  of  these  Ibrerun- 

^'  Urihiica  de  la  Coroiiri,  MS.,  iv.  1"). 

"■■i  2>rori'l<ii(:i((.i  h'(ii/<.<,  MS.,  l,'U—r_'.  Tlii^!  opcurreil  in  1717.  Tlio  kinp, 
liv  niyal  cOdiila  nf  Nnvomlier  li,  17--,  <leciikil  ailvcrsrly  to  tlu'  nuns,  ^trdiins 
'/■  hi  Corona,  MS.,  iv.  140-."). 

"^It  was  onloivil  by  riiyal  t'l'ilula  tliat  nuiUK'i'ios  win:  not  to  lie  distnrliod 
I'V  visits  or  (iniuscnicnt.s.  /'ca/is  Crihi/a.i,  M.S.,  i.  ^S.'i,  111.  J'lvm  the  m  ivcs  of 
ii:i  inlicr.s  of  tliij  anilit'iuia  were  proliiliitcd  from  cntoring  >^ik']i  ostalilisliincnts. 
I'lni-Ulci'ciufi  Jicalm,  MS.,  o'l-'A;  Voiivcnto  tie  >S.  Lun  it:.o,  lli'i.  y  (.'uiis(i/iir.,  1- 

iti;. 

^'  An  account  of  tlie  cstablislimcnt  of  missions  in  these  states  ■«  ill  Ix;  found 
in  //^^^   Xorl/i  Mcc,  i.,  this  scries;   Wist.   Cat.;  and  II inf.  Xcw  Mcx.  uitd 

Ai'r.oiia, 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


tl 
I* 


ncrs  of  the  church  was  fully  recognized  by  the  crown, 
and  in  1709  a  royal  cedula  was  issued  enjoining  vice- 
roys, governors,  bishops,  and  prelates  of  the  r(igul;ir 
orders  zealously  to  aid  in  increasing  the  number  of 
missions.""  The  impulse  tlius  given  was  not  without 
effect,  many  missions  being  established  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific  by  different  orders. 

Though  few  in  number  in  proportion  to  their  zo.il, 
the  Jesuits  had  previously  to  their  expulsion  already 
penetrated  into  Sonora  and  C  alifornia,  and  during  the 
two  decades  from  1723  to  1742  they  established  iid 
less  than  eight  missions  in  the  wild  district  of  Navii- 
rit.""  The  Franciscans,  however,  may  lay  claim  to 
having  founded  more  institutions  of  this  kind  than 
any  other  order.  In  1789  they  occupied  no  less  than 
one  hundred  and  fii'ty-eight  missions  snatt'^^ed  over 
the  territory  lying  to  the  north  of  ^Mexico,  Vtliilc 
others  in  great  number  had  been  secularized  by  the 
church."' 

The  system  of  church  secularization  of  missions, 
however  successful  and  profitable  when  applied  to  the 
more  civilized  pueblos  of  New  Spain,  was  attended 
with  failure  when  extended  to  the  remoter  reijions. 
But  the  Catholic  hierarchy  was  blinded  by  the  desire 

'^  Ordenrx  de  la  Corona,  vii.  14. 

^®  Villii-Scfior  narrates  that  in  1718  aNayarit  chief  visited  the  city  of  ^^  x- 
ico  and  tendered  his  submission  to  his  Catliolic  Majesty,  requesting,'  that  mis- 
sionaries accompanied  by  a  sullicient  force  might  be  sent  with  him  on  liis 
return.  Tliis  was  done;  but  preparations  were  hardly  conuneiiced  for  fuiui.l- 
ing  tlie  mission  under  tlie  superintendence  of  Jesuit  fatliers,  wlien  the  woithy 
chief  and  liis  people  abandoned  tlieir  new  friends,  carrying  oll'witli  them  iiM>t 
of  the  Spaniards'  l)a,L'j^afi;c.  The  soldiers  ])iirsui'd  them  into  the  moiint;iiii>, 
vherc  they  found  that  human  sacriliees  h;id  been  recentlj'  ollered.  Here,  t"ii, 
they  discovei'ed  seated  on  a  throne  tlu;  sheleton  of  an  ancestor  of  the  exist  in,' 
chief,  'el  (pial  estaba  ricanieiite  adornada  de  pedrer...con  taliali,  bra/:ili- 
tes,  collares,  y  apretiulores  dejilata,' with  a  crown  of  many-colored  featheis  :iiA 
nil  the  insignia  of  royalty.  Having  captured  some  of  the  Indians  the.\  n.- 
turned  to  the  capital,  where  tlic  prisoners  were  tried  for  sacrilege.  In  IT'.V! 
they  were  '  pcniteuciados'  at  an  auto  de  fe,  and  on  the  following  day  Uir 
skeleton,  an  object  of  their  former  worship,  was  burnt  in  the  plaziiela  de  S.m 
Diego.  A  presidio  comjiany  was  then  formed,  antl  missions  established  1  y 
the  Jesuits.  Tiatro  Amir.,  ii.  "JliS-Tl.  On  the  expulsion  of  the  .lesuits  thrir 
missions  were  placed  under  the  charge  of  the  Franciscans  in  .lalisco.  ltd  .u.t- 
ill-  M'iKioiH-x,  1708  A  17S!),  in  Soc.  Mtx.  d'eorj.,  '2da  ep.,  i.  572.  The  autlior  I't 
the  liazon  mentions  only  seveu  missions. 

»■/(/.,  570-3. 


ofag<] 
ofsuf 
and 
about 
not  nl 
tion  \| 
real  sj 
well- 
undei 
ahan( 
rehiDS 
Ye 
succes' 
ingly 
duties 
establ 
iiionet 
where 
myste 
tiveyc 
rudini' 
vancec 
of  the 


MISSION  ROUTINE. 


713 


the  crown, 
)iiiing  vicf- 
,he  rc^giiljir 
number  <i[' 
lot  without 
>iii  the  xVt- 

tlicir  ze;il, 
on  already 
durinjj^  tlit; 
L»h shell  III) 
t  of  Xa};i- 
T  claim    to 

hind  than 

0  less  than 
t'^ed  over 
:ieo,  Vt'liili; 
sed  by  the 

missions, 
lied  to  tilt.' 

1  attended 
T  resj^ioiis. 
the  desire 


le  city  of  Vn- 

itill!,'  tllilt  lllis- 

1  liini  on  U'li 

ced  for  fdiiii.l- 

eii  the  Wditliy 

itli  tliciii  iii'.>t 

iiioiintjiiiis, 

Here,  t..ii, 

f  tlie  exist  ill',' 

liali,  l)i-a/,i!.- 

t'eiiilier.s  :,if\ 

inns  tliev  iL- 

,l;o.      In  'ITJ:! 

ving  (lay  Uh' 

iziiela  (le  S.iii 

staMisheil  ly 

•lesuits  till  ir 

iliseo.   /.'«'. I. .(. 

'he  autliui  ui 


of  aggrandizement,  and  whenever  a  nn'ssion  was  deemed 
of  sufticient  inn»ortancc  thither  was  sent  a  secular  ]>riest, 
and  the  friars  were  relieved  of  their  charge  and  sent 
ahout  their  business.  Their  successors,  however,  were 
not  men  of  like  spirit  with  themselves.  Their  devo- 
tion was  generally  lukewarm,  and  they  showed  little 
real  solicitude  in  watching  over  the  moral  and  material 
w  fll-bcing  of  the  Indians.  Thus  many  missions,  which 
under  the  conduct  of  the  friars  had  thrived,  were  soon 
ahandoned,  the  buildings  fell  to  ruins,  and  the  natives 
relapsed  into  idolatry.** 

Yet  the  stipends  allowed  by  the  crown  to  even 
successful  friars  was  a  mere  i)ittance,  and  paid  grudg- 
ingly or  not  at  all.^°  Nevertheless  the  routine  (tf 
duties  was  punctually  performed  at  the  [)ermanently 
established  missions.  Daily  at  sunrise  the  bells  sum- 
moned the  Indians  both  male  and  female  to  church, 
where  the  padre,  after  prayer,  explained  the  chief 
mysteries  of  the  faith.  Then  the  little  children  IVom 
live  years  old  and  upwards  were  instructed  in  the  fust 
rudiments,  while  the  catechumens  and  those  more  atl- 
vanced  listened  morning  j  nd  afternoon  to  ex])lanations 
of  the  grace  whereby  they  should  be  saved. 


40 


■^*  Viceroy  Eevilla  Cigedo,  in  a  full  report  to  the  court  of  Spain  in  170.1  on 
the  sulijectof  missions,  (lisapjmjved  of  the  seeuluriy.atiim  of  uiissinns.  'No 
(stoy  iiiuy  confornic  eon  las  niisionts  (|Ui;  se  lian  sieiilavi/.ado  ni  toniaie  esta 
liiovidencia  sin  que  jjreeedan  sej^uriilades  visihles  Jm  su  Imen  I'xito,  ponpie  los 
ciuas  elen;4os  no  pued(  n  haeer  mas  (pie  los  religiosos.'  lie  thus  deserilies  the 
condition  of  ccrtiiin  missions  that  had  heeu  seetilarized:  '  JOs  uuiy  histinioso 
(1  istado  do  las  (juc  so  pusierou  a  cargo  de  sacerdotes  ehrigos,  pues  las  mas  so 
liiillan  sin  miiustros,  y  los  existcntes  en  calidad  de  intrrinos,  sirveii  contra 
tinla  su  voluntad,  liacicndo  repetiilas  renuncias.'  Ctirtu  diihi'ulud  lacortc,  \\\ 
liir.  Univ.,  V.  4.S!»,  4()'.l. 

^"The  stipend  allowed  each  misionero  woa  ."00  7i(Sos  a  year.  Viiieiinn, 
I.tJ-.f.  In  1703  the  allowance  for  the  missions  of  the  Jesuits  not  having  hct  n 
liiiid  for  three  years,  a  council  was  held  hy  them  at  which  it  was  detcrnjined 
til  aliandou  their  missions  and  surrender  them  to  tiic  secular  clergy.  A/ajri', 
lli<>.  C'uinp.  JiKiis,  iii.  14!-"J.  lievilla  lligedo  urged  the  necessity  of  not  re- 
{.'iu'iling  too  closely  the  ex]iense  of  stijiends  for  missions,  not  merely  fur  tho 
siikeof  justice  but  also  of  safety.  Carta,  hi  Dice.  Unic,  v.  470;  Mayi-r  MtsS., 
no.  xi. 

^"  On  feast  days  care  was  taken  that  all  should  attend  mass,  tho  Indians 
litiiig  called  up  one  by  one  to  kiss  the  padre's  hand  so  that  the  absent  onea 
ciiuld  be  noted.  The  more  intelligent  were  exhorted  to  frecjuent  connnunidn. 
Pi'l'ii,  ]'i(lii,  '2'}-G.  These  iegulati(jns  were  observed  in  the  mis  ions  of  Ceno 
Gurd'j,  Querdtaro,  and  Zaeatccas. 


ii'll 


714 


RELIGIOUS  Or.DERS. 


Tlio  progress  matlo  l)y  the  FranciHcans  had  ens  ircd 
to  them  at  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century  an  in- 
lliiential  |)o  ition  vliich  was  i'nrther  tlev('h)i)e(l  in  tin; 
i'ollowing  years.  From  their  first  entry  into  New- 
Spain  their  aim  had  been  the  extension  of  their  order 
throuulioiit  the  ei'tire  country:  and  not  conliniii-i 
thenisehes  to  any  special  district,  their  convents  weit' 
found  in  almost  every  town  or  i)Uehlo  of  importance, 
though  naturally  those  in  tJie  caj)ital  and  neighbor- 
hood were  mowt  j)rominent."  At  the  beginning  of 
the  seventeenth  century  the  extension  of  tin;  order 
had  assumed  such  dimensions  that,  in  1(504,  the  pio- 
vincia  de  San  Francisco  do  los  Zacatecas  was  estab- 
lished, and  in  1G07  that  of  Santiauo  of  Jalisco.*-  Ttj 
illustrate  how  vast  was  the  influence  of  the  Francis- 
can })rovincials  at  Mexico,  I  may  mention  that  nu 
several  occasions  the  king  requested  them  to  support 
viceroys  in  their  administration."  Indeed,  such  was 
the  appre'ciation  of  the  order  by  the  crown,  that  the 
authorities  in  New  Spain  were  instructed  not  to  in- 
terfere in  the  least  with  its  internal  government." 

While  the  Franciscans  were  thus  steadily  gaining 
ground  in  Mexico  and  its  environs,  their  progress  en- 
countered more  serious  obstacles  in  the  missionary 
lield  of  the  central  and  northern  reiiions.     Etfeetivo 

•         •  •  •  «  .  ^  -  . 

aid  m  tins  direction  was  obtained  from  the  Franciscan 
college  I'or  missiiHiaries  of  Qucretaro,  established  in 
1G8.'5,  under  the  name  of  Cohyto  de  'propafjaiida  Jkh', 
by  Fi'ay  Antonio  Linaz  de  Jesus  Maria.'' 


45 


*'  III  IGOl,  ill  tlio  province  of  Santo  Evangdio  alone,  tliey  had  S.l  eonvi  nts 
and  iiioiiastLiiois.  TruxiUo,  lieluciun,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  sc'iiu  ii.  toiii.  i.  !)  10. 
"W'taiicurt,  ('liruii.,  oil,  says  8(j.  For  (los^oription  antl  uaiiius  ace  Id.,  3U  ct  s(  i|., 
and  ISicrrii,  in  J)i.-<tiirliios  de  FmiU.-i,  ]MS. ,  i.  'A.'iU. 

"i\>v  details  about  that  rej.'ioii  see  .1  rh'iju},  Chrdn.  Zar.,  .393—138. 

"('(•dulas  in  Onlcnci  de  la  Coroiiii,  MS.',  iv.  V.i',  Kid,  l!lt)-I. 

*_'Ccdulaof  Fehniary  10,  1714.   CeihiUirio,  [MS.,  iii.  (i;?-4. 

*"Iie  had  been  .sent  to  Spain  to  attend  a  eliapter  of  the  order,  and  tl;i  re 
obtained  on  April  IS,  KiSi,  the  king's  lieeii.se  ior  the  estalilislmient,  the  (in- 
vent of  Santa  C.'riiz  at  (Jueretaro  being  granted  him  for  that  )»ur])ose.  In  the 
following  inoiith  the  poj)e  issued  a  eonliriiiutory  bull,  and  in  ltit)3  Lina/.  Ii  ft 
V  ith  '22  eonipanioiis  for  New  Spain,  taking  iio.sses.sioii  of  the  convent  as^ijiuil 
him  on  the  l.'ith  of  August  U)S3.  L'gjiiiioid,  <  'run.  Apuat.,  38-50.  I'or  rules  to 
which  the  ineinbeis  were  subject,  see  Jd.,  u'J— t. 


ad  oils  lied 
tiiry  an  i li- 
mped ill  llu; 

into  X<\v 
tlicii'  order 
:  conliniiiL,' 
vents  Avciu 
inportaiicc, 
,  nc'iglibor- 
ginnini;'  of 

tho  order 
4,  the  pro- 
was  cstid)- 

'  A'f  TV 

ISC'O.*-       Jo 

10  Francis- 
Ill  that  oil 
to  support 
I,  such  was 
n,  that  the 
not  to  iu- 
niont." 
ily  gaining 
•ogress  cii- 
niissionarv 
]":frecti\e 
ranciscaii 
Jished  in 
aada  Julv, 


u\  S3  convfiita 
toiii.  i.  !)  10. 

Id.,  yoot  SI  4.) 

3-138. 


Icr,  nntl  tl  1 10 

llL'llt,    tllC    IMll- 

|)()sc.     Ill  ilie 

1183  Linn/  li  ft 

ivcnt  (is^ijiiLil 

For  ruks  to 


EXTENSION  OF  FRANCISCANS. 


T15 


The  object  of  this  institution  was  the  preaching  of 
tlie  gospel  to  the  natives,  especially  in  the  district  of 
Sierra  Gorda,  hut  during  the  first  years  of  its  exist- 
t  iici',  the  nieinbers  conlined  their  labors  to  the  more 
civilized  regions  extending  from  Queretaro  to  Oajaea 
and  Yucatan.  In  later  years  they  also  established 
houses  in  the  city  of  !^[exico,  under  the  name  of  Sail 
IV'rnando,  the  lI()sj)icio  de  Nuestra  Senora  del  JJes- 
tieiro  at  Puebla,  and  at  Zacatecas,  the  college  of 
Xuestra  Senora  de  Guadalupe.''" 

From  these  establishments  and  the  regular  con- 
vents of  the  order  issued  the  Franciscan  missionaries, 
who  unceasingly  devoted  their  energies  to  the  conver- 
sion  of  the  savages  in  the  northern  districts.  Mis- 
sions in  the  district  of  liio  Verde  were  lounded  in 
1G12  and  succeeding  years,  and  an  independent  cus- 
todia,  under  the  name  of  Santa  Catarina  Miirtir  de  llio 
A'erde,  was  teni[)orarily  established,"  but  more  elfe't- 
ive  labors  were  delayed  till  lG8(i.  From  tliat  tii.ie 
the  gospel  was  also  preached  with  alternating  suc- 
cess in  the  more  remote  parts  of  Taniau]i[)as,  Sail 
Ijuis  Potosi,  and  Nuevo  Leon,  the  result  being  fre- 
(jeiitly  jeopardized  by  the  extortions  of  the  Spaniards, 
vlio  ever  followed  the  steps  of  the  advancing  I'riars.*'* 

It  was  not  until  the  middle  of  the  eighteeiitli  cen- 
tury, after  the  conquest  of  the  Sierra  Gorda  by  Fs- 
candon,  that  christianit}'  became  more  widely  spread 
aiul  more  firmly  established  there,  tlie  missionaries, 
niter  that  time,  being  only  exposed  to  such  cause  of 
iaihire  as  emanated  from  the  generally  [)oor  condi- 
tion of  the  Indians.  These  were  ol'ten  unaltle  to  furnish 
tile  means  requisite  f^r  the  maintenance  of  the  friars, 
and  occasionally  it  was  even  necessary  to  su[)i)ly  some 

^•"'Tliis  liospicio  was  closed  in  1772  for  \\  ant  of  funds.  Arriavltu,  C'rOii. 
.9.  A'/".,  431-7. 

*'  Erected  ns  such  in  1021,  bnt  later  reunited  with  the  iirovinceof  Miclioa- 
caii,  owing  to  iiisullicicncy  of  means.  Aria->,  in  I'iiiart,  Cvl.  Doc.  Me.c,  M.S., 
311)-2a.  Ivcvilia  <_ligedo  in  Iiis  report  on  missions  says  the  founding  of  llio 
\'i  rde  took  place  in  1007,  but  this  indicates  probably  the  liist  date  when  niis- 
BioiiMiy  labors  began  in  thatregi(jn. 

<^See  iV.  Mexico,  C<:dukit<,  MS.,  190-9;  also  Jkfilla  Ghjc.do,  in  Dkc  Univ., 
V.  lis. 


710 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


of  tlicmissions  established  after  1744*"  witli  provisions 
and  tools  to  prevent  the  Indians  from  descrtinj^  llif 
settlements.  Notwithstanding^  the  great  interest  dis- 
played in  such  cases  botli  by  j >rivate  persons  and  triars,  " 
ni  several  instances  the  padres  either  abandoned  (Ik; 
missions  or  delivered  them  to  the  st^cular  clergy.  ]^ut 
the  secularization  system  was  also  applied,  and  eit;li- 
teen  establishments  of  the  Tampico  jurisdiction,  merely 
because  of  their  advanced  condition,  were  transferred 
to  the  ecclesiastics  of  the  church.'"  That  such  channfs 
^verc  not  always  advantageous  is  certain,  for  in  several 
instances  missions  were  subsequently  restored  to  tin; 
orders,  and  at  the  close  of  the  century  only  a  portion 
of  those  secularized  were  in  charge  of  the  secular 
clergy,  the  lemainder  being  intrusted  to  the  friars. 

In  Yucatan  the  Franciscans  were  almost  the  only 
order  ic[)r<!8ented,  i'or  though  the  Jesuits  attcm[)te(l 
to  establish  colleges  in  that  province,  their  intlueiict' 
Mas  only  temporary  and  never  important.  With  1  lie 
field  of  labor  to  themselves  the  Franciscan  friars 
ijfained  almost  absolute  direction. ^'^  Their  missionary 
zeal  led  them  on  several  occasions  to  undertake  tliu 
conversion  of  the  wild  tribes  in  the  centre  of  tlio 
Peninsula,  but  their  labors  were  only  partially  suc- 
cessful, and  several  of  them  gained  only  the  crown 
of  martyrdom. 

Less  j)rominent  than  the  followers  of  StFranci^^  of 
Assisi  were  the  barefooted  friars  of  the  same  naniu 

^"Friiirs  of  the  college  of  Siiii  Ferrmiulo  at  Mexico  liad  established  tlm 
missi(i;i!)  of  Xalpa,  I'misiiua  Conccpcioii,  San  Miguel,  San  Francisco,  .hhI 
Kuestra  Sifioni  dc  hi  Luz,  but  they  declined  owing  to  the  death  of  .scvn.il 
friars  and  the  return  of  (jthers  to  thecDege.  In  IT'iO,  liowever,  others  wav. 
Bent,  among  tlieni  the  famous  Calil'orniaini-jsionaries  Juniiicro  Serraand  Fl^ii- 
eisco  I'alou,  who  resumeil  the  work  with  (.cood  success.  I'alou,  Vida, '21-'.), 
34-."i.     See  also  Ari(i.-<,  in  I'hicuf,  Cut.  JJuc.  Me.r.,  MS.,  ;?29-;iO. 

''"Tiie  settlement  of  JJivina  I'astora  in  the  jurisdiction  of  IJio  Verde  uas 
made  at  the  exjiense  of  the  count  de  Santa  ^la.  ia  Guadalupe  del  I'efiasco  ^;iul 
maintained  by  liini  for  about  'JO  years.  Jlichoacaii,  Iiij'orme,  in  Id.,  )l>ii-7; 
Ari(i<,  in  III.,  .""J;!. 

'■'See  P'niiirt,  I  'ol.  Doc.  J\fcx:,  MS.,4.">7.  The  vofcil  number  of  missions  la 
Tamaulipaa  in  17S7  was4S,  partly  belonging  to  thecustodiaofTainpieo,  partly 
to  that  of  Now  Mexico.  Yl.arbc,  in  Id.,  ;{4i')-00. 

''-In  1(>S7  a  mission  of  ^0  friais  was  sent  to  Yucatan,  and  the  king  granted 
them  the  usual  alms  of  oil  and  wine.  Onleiiei  de  la  Corona,  MS.,  ii.  58. 


l.el 


on 


over 


^^•' 


rovisKiiis 
•tin<|f  the 
ercst  dis- 
ci t'riius,  " 
oned  lliij 
^y.  But 
Liid  cii^li- 
11,  merely 
insforifd 

cliailL;(S 
II  several 
d  to  tlicj 

I  i)orti()ii 
;  secular 
friars, 
the  only 
itempted 
InHuencL' 
Vithiho 

II  friars 
ssioiiary 
;ako  tlio 

of  tho 

lly  suc- 

e  crown 

ancis  of 

le  nan  10 

blislieil  tin; 

liciscii,  :iliil 
of  sevcial 
tlic'i'S  M(H! 

I  and  Fi.iii- 

Vkltt,  L'l-'.), 

Vcrdu  u:i3 
ffiasoo  ::inl 

Id.,  I.'>(;-7; 

missions  in 
liuo,  iJ^ii  tly 

ng  granted 
u8. 


AUfJUSTIXIAX  PROORKSS.  717 

liL'lonjnrin«r  to  tlic  proviiu'o  of  San  Dioi:jo.  They  also 
spread  toward  the  north,  foundini^  establishments  in 
(^)ueretaro,  Zacatecas,  and  Guanajuato.  They  moro- 
(iver  directed  their  attention  to  the  Sierra  (iordti 
iCLicion/'^  hut  with  less  success,  and  conse(|uently  pros- 
ecuted their  labors  more  j^^enerally  in  the  province  of 
^Mexico,  where  they  possessed  the  coll(f;^e  of  Pacliuca'* 
and  the  house  of  Recollects  at  San  Cosmo. 

IJy  the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  Auufus- 
tinians  had  founded  so  many  convents  in  localities 
.scattered  over  so  wide  a  ranjjje  of  eountrv,  that  it  was 
I'liund  necessar}'  to  divide  the  provincia  into  two  se[)a- 
late  jurisdictions.  Accordingly,  permission  having 
been  obtained  fi-om  the  general  of  the  order,  together 
with  the  king's  sanction,  in  1G02  the  division  was 
ell'ected,  the  new  ])r()vincia  comprising  the  territories 
dl"  Michoacan  and  Jalisco,  under  the  name  of  the 
jirovincia  do  San  Nicolas  Tolentino/'  while  that  of 
^Mexico  retained  the  former  title  of  Santisimo  Xom- 
Iji'e  de  Jesus.  On  the  22d  of  June,  1002,  the  fir-st 
chapter  was  held  at  Uquareo  attended  by  twenty 
jirior's,  presided  over  by  Padre  Pedro  do  Vera,  who 
had   been  elected  provincial.''' 

It  is  umiecessary  to  pursue  in  detail  the  history  of 
tlie  provincia  of  San  Nicolas.  The  conditions  and 
mode  of  progress  were  similar  to  those  of  other  or-ders; 
the  friars  founded  new  convents  and  missit)ns,  strug- 
gled against  the  authoi-ity  of  viceroys  and  audiencias, 
opposed  ecclesiastical  encroachments,  and  were  inter- 
nally agitated   by  the  vexed   question  of  c(|uality  of 


f^l 


)aniarus  ana  Creoles 


k 


"In  .ibout  17.'J7  tlic  onler  wislicd  to  rosign  its  settlements  in  that  district, 
but  was  refused  liceijsc  to  do  so.  Sori'iiio,  i'rolmio,  MS.,  5. 

^' Koundeil  liy  virtue  of  a  IjuU  of  ro])c  Ijenedict  Xill.  of  April.'},  1727, 
and  confirmed  in  July  17.13  l)y  Clement  XII.  tSurinno  Prd/'nin,  ^IS.,  4. 

^•'  Torque ni'ula,  iii.  3;W;  Urijuhia,  Citron.  ilcS.  Aii;/iisiin,  ■JI7-IS;  Siihj}ipro, 
Villa,  l'2.  Tlie  kin.L(  of  Spain  gave  his  perminNiou  in  KJOl ;  tlie  aet  i>y  wliicli 
the  division  was  ui;idc  was  issued  by  the  '  padru  maestro'  in  Me.\ico  on  the 
ITth  of  March,  KiOl'. 

'■"'''  Pro V.  Jlich.  A'ji'xt.,  111-1.3.  The  author  of  tliis  work  states  tliat  the  vice- 
roy iiad  previously  objected  to  the  division. 

^'  For  'JO  years  the  society  of  San  Nicolds  was  ruled  by  the  former,  and 


713 


TvELIGIOUS  ORDEIIS. 


The  years  between  1G23  ami  1G2G  were  marked  l)y 
prosperity  and  peace  both  internal  and  external.  This 
period  was  accordinLi'ly  sii^nalized  by  tlie  appellalinii 
of  'el  feliz.'  The  debt  with  wliich  the  provincia  liad 
been  encumbered  was  paid  ofF,  and  money  accniim- 
lated  in  the  coffers  of  tlie  convents;  twenty-live  tlioii- 
sand  pesos  were  ex])ended  on  a  chapel  and  sacristy 
for  the  convent  at  Valladolid;  work  on  nine  ditfcicut 
churches  was  vigorously  carried  on,  and  the  new  jiii- 
ories  of  Guadiana  and  Ytuquaro  established.  Aliiuit 
the  year  1G2G  the  pros})erity  of  tlie  provincia  of  »S;iii 
Nicolas  appears  to  liave  reached  its  culmination. "'"* 

In  the  annals  of  the  provincia  of  Santisimo  Nomi)ic 
do  Jesus  the  year  IGaO  is  memorable  on  account  of  an 
extraordinary  disturbance  occasioned  by  disputes  a- 
to  the  successor  of  the  provincial  Fray  Diego  Pacli('<(i 
wlio  died  during  his  term  of  office.  On  his  demise 
tlie  friars  Francisco  do  Mendoza  and  Diego  <le  l^s 
Hios  provincial  ad  interim,  together  with  the  dciiiii- 
dores,  elected  Fray  xVndrc's  de  Onateof  the  provin*  ia 

li.'iliits  of  the  order  wore  jn'oliiliitcd  from  Iteinn;  granted  to  the  latter  i'l,i>s, 
Prtivinr'id,  in  J>'istiirliUi>i  dc  FrdiU.i,  MS.,  i.  no.  iv.  I(i7.  Aljout  the  year  ICil  K 
liowovor,  tlie  ( 'apULhines  were  compelled  to  yield  to  the  pressure  hnmgl.t  to 
liear  upon  thi'ni,  and  the  alternative  system  came  into  force.  Mirlt.,  J'rcr.  S. 
iV/'.,  1S!M)1).  In  Hi'J!)  a  viiilcnt  di-sension  occurred  owinu;  to  the  a|ipoinuiic' it 
of  Juan  dr  Leivanaasproviuvial,  witliou*'-,ny  attention  Ijeing  jiaid  totiie  ':dii  i- 
imliva.'  Kk'ven  Miters  iMimedij.te'y  ]irocee(led  to  Mexico,  and  liy  order  nf  h:j 
viceroy  f'irmed  themselves  into  a  eiiapter,  adnutted  the  alternative  systr!;i, 
and  elected  I'adro  X'erL'ara  provincial.  Veri,'ara  I'etui'iied  to  MiciinuiMii 
acriiinpanicil  l>y  an  oiilnr.  Fray  .'^jcivana  opposed  his  taking  pf)ssessi(in  of  ili.' 
otiiee,  and  attempted  to  place  Vergara  in  conlinement,  vliereupnn  a  ehtiptu' 
Was  held  at  Valladolid.  :uiil  Leivana  was  sentenced  t(j  h  lianislKii  '~<>  Cliiii  i. 
Ho  was  afterward  .sent  to  Acapulco,  Init  the  ships  h;  I  sailed  before  I 
anival.  tSu/'jiicro,  Viitu,  S7-0;  I'niv.  Mhh.,  Aijuxt.,  lO'J-  I.  \'eraga  died  v.'. 
the  iirst  year  of  tiia  oUice,  and  was  succeeded  liy  1'.  I'edn  (h;  Santa  Mana,  in- 
the  <'0neludiMg  two  years.  In  UJIi'i  the  majority  electi  '  1'.  Dauiian  Xumi,: 
provincial.  /(/.,  H)4-G.  Xufie/ was  .  '"-r  ,L  and  appet  'S  to  have  been  tlio 
Iirst  of  that  class  who  occupied  the  )IIice. 

'^''Tlu:  increase  of  rental  was  osti  natcd  at  .^00,(X)0  pesos.  The  ineonieit 
the  provincial  treasUi'V  iluring  these  three  ycais  was  o-t,.']?^  pesos,  of  wlii'  ii 
21,-'M  ]ieso3  weie  expended  on  flu'  rejiair  of  ehurehes  and  the  erection  <if  ihf 
Valladolid  chapel;  of  the  ninainder,  ;i,0(Mt  [n'sos  were  allowed  the  jirovim  i;il 
f(jr  I'Xpenscs;  'J,  ]'M  jiesos  were  .spent  in  sujijilying  assistance  to  sick  and  m  eily 
friar.s;  delits  amounting  to  .'{.li'JIJ  iiesos  brought  forward  from  the  precediii,' 
triennial  were  liiptidated,  ami  ]  ,'MO  pesos  were  transmitt'il  to  the  general  "f 
the  order,  making  the  outcome  anujunt  to  ;>7,<>"i">  r*'^"**'  "'"^  leaving  a  1m1- 
mice  in  favor  of  the  treasury  of  17, U-.   iiesos.  Halijucru,    Vida,  I'J-'Jl. 


REFnACTORY  FRIARS. 


■19 


marked  I)V 
rnal.  Tiiis 
ippellatioii 
vincia  liad 
y  accuinu- 
-fivc  tiKi:;- 
id  sacristy 
c  diii'c'ixiit 

O    now   |il!- 

J.  Aliout 
cia  of  .Sail 
itioii."''* 

,0  Nombrc 
;omit  <>l'an 
lisputos  as 
o  Pai'liccd 
his  deniiso 
:go  de  los 
the  drliiii- 
)  proviiK.ia 

10  latter  ohiss. 
the  year  IC:;.!, 

lire'  lnHiuuLt  til 

)//,■//.,  /V-w,  .\ 

c  a|ii)<iiiUiiii';it 

1  to  the  'altii-- 

>y  oriler  of  lliu 

native  ^ystl■!;l, 
to    MiriiiiarHL 

isscs.sioli  I  if  lli  ' 
|ioli  a  eli:i]i'ji- 
lud  to(;i)ii;i. 
ed  ln'tore  i,. 
era^a  <1iiil  in 
iita  Mai  la.  ia' 
)aiiiiaii  \\i!i(.; 
avo  lieeii  tlio 

The  ilieoliir  it 
lesos.  (if  w  lli  ii 
ci'cetiou  of  i!.'- 
the  Jirovini  i.:l 
t'likaiul  111  riy 
the  preei-diii^' 
tlie  f:eiiel'al  if 
leaving,'  a  h.il- 
'J--2\. 


(if  rUiatoniala  as  viear-pnnincial.  Thorcnpou  Fray 
Juan  GueiToro  preseiitud  a  memorial  to  the  viceroy 
setting  fortli  that  he  was  in  [)osscssiou  of  lettei's  cre- 
dential from  (:he  general  of  the  order  apjjointing  him 
successor  in  case  of  the  death  of  the  j)rovincial;  that 
lie  liad  lutlierto  withheld  liiem,  as  there  had  heen  i\o 
necessity  to  prodnce  them,  hut  tliat  Onate  being  hlind 
and  incapacitated  for  service,  ho  now  claimed  liis 
right  to  the  oliice.  This  memorial  v/as  sent  by  the 
viceroy  to  tlie  defniitorio,  and  caused  l?adre  i\ios  and 
three  definidores  to  recognize  Guerrero  as  provincial 
and  formally  declare  him  as  such.  This  ga^■e  oll'ence 
to  Padre  Mendoza,  who  hastened  to  attach  to  his 
party  the  archbishop,  inquisitors,  and  nobility.  He 
moreover  innnediately  comnumieated  with  Onate  ten- 
dering his  obedience  to  him  as  itrovincial.  Onate 
at  once  proceeded  to  ]Mexico,  ])erforming  various 
duties  pertaining  to  his  office  during  his  journey.  On 
his  arrival,  however,  the  letters  of  the  Augustinian 
L;(?neral  which  had  been  in  the  keeping  of  liios  were 
jivoduced,  and  Guerrero's  party  refused  to  recognize 
()iiate.  jSlendoza  now  represented  to  the  viceroy  the 
true  state  of  the  case,  maintaining  that  Guerrero 
ought  to  have  produced  Ins  credentials  earlier,  and 
thus  have  avoided  all  cause  for  dissension.  This  view 
was  adojited  by  the  viceroy,  v.ho  despat<died  an  ordei- 
hy  the  officers  of  the  criminal  court,  .supported  by  the 
jitdace  guard,  connnanding  the  recognition  of  Onate. 
A  great  commotion  ensued.  Jiios  and  the  three  defini- 
dores refused  to  obey  tlie  order  or  open  the  doors  of 
the  convent.  At  nine  o'clock  at  night  the  alcakk's 
and  o'uard  again  brought  the  connnauds  of  the  viceroy 
to  the  refractory  friars,  but  witliout  any  Ijctter  result;' 
iior  did  they  yield  until  a  notification  of  banishment 
to  the  port  of  Acapulco  was  served  upon  them.  Ohatti 
was  then  instated  in  his  office,  and  nieetmg  with  fur- 
ther op[)osilion  he  banished  the  contentious  mend)ers 

^' •f'(in  (|ne  so  fucron  los  alcalile!"  y  guarilia,  y  (iuedij  el  coiivento  en  un 
iiilioruu  de  distuibiua.'  iluijo,  Li'tunu,  143. 


m 


720 


RELIGIOUS  ORDEnS. 


to  the  pueblo  of  Oquituco,  within  a  week  of  his  in- 
stallation. Some  degree  of  peace  was  thus  restored 
in  the  convent.*"^ 

In  IGOG  the  order  of  barefooted  Au«:justinians  was 
first  represented  in  New  Si)ain  b\'  the  arrival  of 
twelve  members  of  that  society  with  Padre  Juan  do 
San  Geronimo  at  their  head/''  They  tirst  establishul 
their  hospital  at  Tlatilulco  and  afterwards  removed  to 
the  capital,  occupyini^  a  house  which  had  been  left 
to  them  l)y  the  })resbyter  Bartolonie  Lopez/^ 

The  Dominican  friars,  as  the  reader  is  aware,  i»l)- 
tained  almost  undisputed  possession  of  Oajaca,  tlicir 
establishment  in  that  reijfion  havinsjf  been  formed  into 
a  separate  province  under  the  name  of  San  Hipolito. 
Thev  were  now  bent  on  extendimjf  their  influence  in 
a  northerly  direction  from  the  capital,  and  with  sucli  a 
view  estal  )lished  as  early  as  1 G04  a  convent  at  Zaca- 
tecas,  and  another  in  IGIO  at  Guadalajara.  Subse- 
quently they  ben^an  to  work  as  missionaries  in  the 
region  of  Sierra  Gorda,  the  ])resent  Queretaro,  where 
the  Franciscans  had  so  far  been  unable  to  establish 
themselves  to  any  extent.  The  Dominicans  com- 
menced the  conversion  of  the  Chichin)ecs  blancos  in 
1G8G,  and  about  fifteen  years  later  thev  had  at  least 
so  far  succeeded  as  to  found  six  missions  to  which  was 
gathered  the  greater  part  of  the  population.  Uidur- 
tunately  a  revolt  of  the  Indians  at  the  beginning  ul' 

•"• '  Qticilo  el  convpiito  algo  soscgado  y  sua  parcialca  con  algmios  tcmorcs. "/'/., 
14.").  l)uriii,L,' tlie  yciirs  Kio'J  to  lO.')-!  the  Augiistiiiiana  were  engiigcd  in  (lis- 
p-.iteis  with  the  bishops  owing  to  their  reniovnl  IVoiu  (ioctriiias.  Ivoyal  intor- 
iLrenee  was  iiecesxaiy  and  eonunands  on  the  matter  were  issued.  Fnii'is 
J>or/riii.,  in  Di.^hirhnM  tie  J'rallrs,  MS.,  ii.  no.  ii.  l'J'J-88.  lii  HITO  tlio  Angus- 
tiniau  ehureh  in  the  eajiital  was  burnt  (h)wn.  Mueh  popuhir  siiperstilioii 
jnevaih'd  I'ehitive  to  this  disaster  and  its  signilicance.  Si'jinir.d  y  Guininni, 
<  'itfia  III  AIniiraiiti,,  ^IS.,  1.").  A  royal  cedula  \\a.s  issued  in  1741  ordering  ilio 
jirovineial  delinitorio  to  lie  held  every  two  years.  No  appeal  from  this  decreo 
wouhl  lie  admitted.    Itialm,  f,VV/(^/(i,'*, -MS.,  KiO-'J. 

'-'  Nine  of  these  friars  were  ordained  priests,  the  remaining  three  being  );iy 
lirotliors.    VttdiHVi-t,  Ti<it.  dr  J/(j,'.,  ,"S-ll;  MnVnin,  L'hron.  ili'  S.  Dieijn,  II. 

''-'The  pope  granted  extensive  privileges  to  this  order  in  1704:  'Ut  lUc- 
tores  Trovineiaies  Disealeeatorum  Ordinis  S.  Augustiui  Congregationis  , 
^'audeant  I'isdein  jirivih'giis  <iiiil)iis  I'rovinciales  ab.soluti.'  Monlli,  Fast.  A"''. 
<>/•//.,  .")1 1.  In  1744  the  mission  of  Taenia  was  transferred  from  the  Augustiii- 
iaua  to  the  ))arefooted  order.  Soriano,  Proloijo,  '3. 


DOMIXICAX  LABORS. 


7'21 


[)f  his  in- 
,  restored 

lians  Avas 
irrival  of 
Juan  (,le 
itablisluj 
rnoved  to 
been  k't't 

02 

Avarc,  ol> 

aca,  tliL'ir 

rmcd  into 

Hi  poll  to. 

flucnoe  ill 

itli  such  ii 

;  at  Zaca- 

Sul).se- 

es  in  the 

|,ro,  will  re 

establish 

aus   coiii- 

ancos  in 

at  Ifiist 

liicli  was 

Uiit'ur- 

finning  ol' 

tomorcs. '/'/., 

ILTMLTcd   ill  ili>- 

Ivoyal  inl«'i'- 

?ued.    I'l-iii'ii 

',(i  the  Au.::;us- 

superstition 
;({  II  Giiii',l"i'"< 

oi'ik'viii^'  il"! 
Ill  this  di/crto 

iree  bciiic;  lay 
Dieijo,  1 1. 
04:  'Ut  JUc- 
rcgationi-i  . 
Hi,  Fast.  yn>: 
thcAugii.>tiu- 


the  oiqlitcontli  centurv  drove  them  back  from  the 
fhstrift  which  they  liad  n'aiiied  witli  so  mucli  labor, 
liiit  in  17  10  iVesh  ellbrts  w(.'re  made  in  unison  with 
other  orders,"^  to  reestablisli  the  missions.  Th(^  at- 
tciiipt  Avas  so  successful,  tiiat  in  l75Gthe  mission  of 
Pui;'ni,'4'uia  was  in  a  condition  to  be  delivered  to  tlie 
^ocular  clergy,  a  chatige  apjiarently  injurious  to  the 
settlement,  wliich  decreased  in  number  of  inhabitants 
coiisiderabiv  durinu' tin-  followiii""  years.'"''  '^Khis  course 
WiXH  nevertheless  persisted  in,  and,  in  I7.S7,  of  all  the 
Dominican  missions  in  the  Sierra  (Joivhi  district, 
(iiily  that  of  San  ]Miguel  de  las  l^ahnas  remained 
uiuk'r  tlie  control  of  the  order.*^^  Strange  as  it  may 
appear,  tliis  transfer  of  juris(Hction  seen  s  not  to  have 
t'licountered  op})osition  on  the  })art  of  the  friars, 
though  as  a  ruhj  the  regnlars  were  loath  to  release 
thih'  lioi  I  \.';en  once  they  had  ac([uii'ed  control  in  a 
new  r(\gi(.o. 

Of  the  minor  orders,  such  as  tlie  Carmelites  and 
friars  of  Our  Lady  of  Mercy,  there  is  little  to  be  said 
After  Ibimding  their  con\ents  in  tlie  ca])ital,  they 
sjiread  over  portions  of  the  counti'V,  but  in  no  special 
ilii'ection  nor  to  any  considerable  extent.  They  ]ios- 
si'ssed  estabhsliments  in  the  larger  towns,  as  Pnebla, 
Vera  Cruz,  A'alladolid,  Colima,  Oajaca,  ( Juadahijara, 
San  ]juis  Potosf,  Zacatecas,'^''  and  otiier  places,  l)ut 
tluir  iin[)ortance  and  intlueiice  always  remained  inl'e- 
rior  to  those  oi'  the  Fi'anciscans  or  Jesuits."' 

'^^Friui's  of  San  Fcniaiidn  frmii  Mcxiin  ami  (jtlirr.s  IVniii  ]'a"lnica.  Oro'.cry 
I'liirrn,  Curtu  /.'Iikp/.,  \ltW. 

'''Ot  l'OO  lamiiicsw  hie'h  coiiipo.si.'il  tlii'  si.ttli'ini'iit  in  IT'iH  "uly  t'.aii'  rcniaiiKMl 
ill  17(17. 

'Tlie  iiieorporatioii  of  a  inissidu  iiito  the  jmisdietiini  nf  the  sceulur  elci;;y 
ns  ^iciierally  ellecled  when  a  eertaiii  deyreeiit'  piilitii.-al  and  ivligiims  iuluUi- 
f'lii  I  liiid  hei'ii  ae(|iiired  hy  the  Inilians;  Imt  en  aeeiiunt  ef  it.s  isolated  sitiia- 
ii jii  (If  tea-  MDiiii'  (itiier  reasen  —  iiriliaps  the  iiisi-iiilieant  peri|ui-ites  to  l)0 
'j'ltaiiied— San  .Mii;ilel  was  not  ehimn  d  \<\  the  liisliop.  J'innii,  'Jul.  Jhtr.  ,1/..,;., 

Ms.,  ■J7i-:i,  ■t.".7  (;;». 

^"'I'lie  .Meieeiiarios  founded  in  Kl'iS  or  llJ'J'J  a  eonvi'iit  at  ( iuailal.ijara,  .and 
111  tile  lirst  year.s  of  tlie  ei'ihteenth  eentiiiy  anotiur  at  Zaeateeas.  In  I(il7 
tiny  lorined  the  ))roviiicia  c|e  la  N'isitaeioii  de  la  Xtieva  I'lspana. 

'"  Nevertiitdess  the  .M<  leinaiios  were  aide  to  ]iay  in  l7>>->  slOO.ddl)  into  thu 
royal  treasury  in  he  iisecl  hy  the  ;,'oveniiui'nt  in  S|iaiii  hir  ransoniin,_'  .aptivu 
liui^^iiaiis.     To  ohtaiii  alms  for  that  [uir^iose  was  an  ohjeet  of  tlair  uider. 
lliHi-.  Miix.,  Vol.  UI.    4(i 


s 

I 


722  RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 

Tlio  cliaritaljlo  order  of  San  Juan  clc  Dios  was 
ostablisliod  in  ^Icxico  in  1004  by  Cristobal  Miiiutz, 
Avlio  toij^cther  with  four  «jtlier  iriars  luul  been  sint 
from  Spain  for  that  purpose.*^  The  buildinj^  originallv 
intended  for  them  liaviuL,' l)een  <,Mven  to  the  lIi[)6litos, 
after  some  negotiations  thev  obtained  tlie  foundlill^•- 
liospital  of  Xuestra  Sehora  de  lo.s  Desamparados,  aiul 
there  they  estabhslied  their  hospital  on  the  25t]i  of 
Felu'uary.  The  laudable  objeet  of  tlie  order — th(.'  as- 
sistance and  care  of  the  sick — and  the  zeal  displayed 
by  the  members  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties,  somi 
gained  the  sym})athy  of  the  population,  and  in  KiOG 
one  of  the  brothers  was  sent  back  to  Spain  to  obtain 
from  the  kiuijf  licenses  to  ibund  new  establishments, 
Almost  sinuiltaneouslv 


'I' 


lol 


rs 


m 


tide  and  acct'ded  to  by  the  prior.     Henceforth  tin.' 
number  of  hos[)itals  increased  rapidi\',esp(3ciariy  toward 
the  north,  and  before  many  years  had  ela])sed  the  su- 
ciety  possessed  houses  in  most  of  the  [)rinci[)al  towns,  " 
All    the  diifei'ent   hospitals  wei"e  united  as  the  |iii)- 
vincia  del    ICspiritu  Santo,  under  the  jurisdiction  I'l'ii 
conunissary-general,  appointed  in  Spain.    In  IGoii  iiu 
attem])t  was  made  to   establish   a   government  iiidc 
pendent  of  the  order  in  the  mother  country,  but  th 
eflbrt  failed,  and  ever  afterward  the  society  in  Xcv 
Spain  remained  subji'ct  to  its  c<jntrol, 

'■■'•^rodina,   Chrnii.  .'^.  Die'jn,  l\.   foU-nvcl  ).y  Vttaiicurt,    Traf.  M(.,:,r, 
gives  (Icriiiiiiiii)  (le  Scu'iu'ia  as  the  toiinilL-r,  ami  .-iays  tliat  tlio  oiiginal  iiuiiiln 


was  hi,  l)iit 


liat  only  tour  arrival  m  Ah-xico. 


In  l(iUo  tlu'y  (jutiiinl  Colii;ia,  w  lure  tlie  hospital  ilc  la  Concopoioii  w;is ; 
I  tliilii;  three  yeai's  later  tliey  Lfaiiieil  a  linn  lo<jtinj^  in  Zaeatt  r.is  iiiA  : 
n^o.     IJnrini;  the  years  from  Kill  to  llii!:{  tiiev  louinUil  estalilishiiuii 


J>nran; 

at  San  Luis  i'otosi,  (Inanajuato.  Leon.  Uiiailulajar; 


.1  ( 


elava,  Wlillr  tlnil' 


mtroduetion  into  rue 


l.hi 


a  V 


neatan  was  <lelave<l  till  aiioe.t  Uilid, 


Oajaea  till  I TH'J.  lidiilo.t,  ('lir<>i>i>li>ijiii,  v.  44tj-'.»L  i)n  the  .same  and  ioilowi 
jiayis  aio  also  sumo  details  altout  the  establi-:linient  of  hosijitals  in  otii 
plaees. 


Among  the  special  monk-ehronielert  of  the  sixteenth  century  ft  pro'uiiu'nt 
place  must  lie  given  to  that  of  the  l''ranei-;can  province  of  Sail  Diego  de  Mrx- 
ico.  (.'/iniiifd  i/e  In.Sc.iila  J'riiriinin  '/•■  Suit  Di'-'jo  ile  Mixlrn  tlr  ItiliijioiiM  ik^- 
cah.oK  ilc  X.  S.  I'.  S.  Fniiici^r'ui,  i'l-'ni  ]}nlih'i-<<ni-  <lc  .Mcl'nin.  Mexico,  HisJ. 
fuliu.    la  cunnnuu  with  \\ntiu;,'suf  thia  cluaa  it  i-?  iiiuiuly  devoted  to  recurjiuijj 


DIos  was 
il  Muildz, 
been  sent 
originally 
lli[)6lit(is, 
foundliiiu- 
mdos,  and 
lo  25tli  (if 
T — the  as- 
displayed 
uties,  sonii 
id  in  KJOG 
1  to  ol)taiu 
>]i.slin]ents. 
IViars  Avcre 
;eiorth  the 
ailytowiiid 
sed  the  sd- 
)al  towns." 
:S  the  ino- 
iietion  hI'  a 
II  lGo('i  .'ill 
iient  indi- 
•y,  l)ut  the 
:v  in  Xi'W 


raf.  .lA ..■,.;;:, 

riLriual  luiiiiliii' 

iilipcpoiiin  Uiis 

I'stalilishiiun:- 

i,a,  wliilr  tii';i' 

l(i;>i),  aii'l  1.1. ' 

ami  lullnuii.: 

titals  ill  iitinr 


ry  <i  prii'niai'iit 
DicLTO  .1..:  M.  \- 

Hi  lill'ni>'i<  /'"■ 

Moxioo.  lib-. 
d  lo  rci'iiul'.ij' 


MEDINA  AND  PADILLA, 


V23 


tho  saiutly  livrs  mid  virtues  of  proniiiimt  friars,  l>ut  in  coniicotioii  tliorowith, 
mid  in  separate  cliaptorf,  a  vast  aniotint  of  political  and  clnurli  liistdrv  is 
i;iv('ii;  in  part  compiled  from  existing  authorities,  and  in  part  from  oii^inal 
il  iiiunents.  Compared  with  most  of  the  religious  ehronieles,  however,  it  i3 
.-ui)i'rior  in  stylo  and  treatment,  being  more  emieise,  and  giving  dati  «  fur 
iifarly  all  events  mentioned.  On  page  230  is  found  a  einious  map  representing 
;i  tiipograpliical  view  of  New  Spain,  with  the  various  Francisean  eonveiits. 
Siiiiie  space  is  devoted  to  a  general  deseripti(jn  of  the  cities  and  towns  \\  here- 
in were  situated  convents  of  the  order.  A  list  of  works  used  liy  the  author 
is  given,  and  also  a  list  of  writers  of  the  province  who  had  lloiirish^'u  (hiring 
the  preceding  century.  Medina,  who  was  a  iiativi'  of  Mexico,  occujiied  a 
pniminent  position  in  the  Francisean  order.  He  was  lecturer  on  theology  and 
[iliilosophy  for  fifteen  year.s,  successively  held  the  olliees  of  definiilor  and 
Ij'iiaidiaii  of  various  convents,  and  in  ItjTO  was  appoiiite<l  visitadorof  his  ordi  r 
in  the  l'liilip[)ine  Islands.  Returning  to  Mexico,  ho  devoted  the  remainder 
of  his  life  to  literary  pursuits  and  died  in  1007.  Besides  tlie  work  alii  nly 
cited,  which  was  tiie  most  important,  lie  wrote  several  others,  all  of  a  reliijioua 
ciiaiacter,  the  most  complete  list  of  them  being  given  by  IJeristain. 

.\s  early  as  1550  the  history  of  the  Dominican  province  of  Mexico  was 
li('[;un,  and  continued  by  successive  writers,  being  first  written  in  Spanish, 
ami  subsequently  translated  into  Latin,  but  it  was  not  until  forty  yeers  later 
tliiit  it  assumed  its  present  form  and  was  published  under  the  title  of  lltMnini 
lie  hi  Friiilavioii  y  7)i.<<cvrtio  ile  la  Prorindn,  ilc  Sui  limjo  de  Mfxici,  de  It  (ird<  ri 
ilr  I'l-cd'icwlons  I'orlax  indan  de  sh.^j  wo'ohc.'*  iit'<ii;iics  ij  cuson  \otrdilc<  dc  \iii  mi 
K'iji'ii'Kx,  ]>or  (d  Muentro  Fray  Avijrdhi  Ihirilla  I'addla.  Madrid,  l.V.Hi,  I'nlio. 
This  author,  born  in  Mexico  City  in  \oi\'l,  his  parents,  Pedro  Davila  and 
ImIjcI  de  I'adilla,  being  among  the  fii'st  families  of  comiuistadores,  was.  as  a 
.hiM,  remarkable  for  his  precocity.  At  four  years  (tf  age  he  astoiiishe<l  all  by 
iiis  intelligence;  at  twelve  he  had  not  only  studied  grammar  but  rhetoric; 
at  thirteen  he  was  a  philosopiar ;  and  at  sixteen  had  taken  his  degi'eis  as 
Juctur  in  the  university  of  Mexico.  'J'he  walls  of  his  apartment  falling  in 
on  one  occasion,  he  was  saved  from  being  crushecl  to  deatii  by  taking  refuge 
ia  a  window;  and  attriljucing  this  miraculous  eseajie  to  Our  Ladj-  of  the 
l^l^a^y,  who  was  the  obje.";  of  his  special  devotion,  he  resolvcil  to  ilevote  his 
ii!c  to  the  service  of  Cod.  Kntiiiiig  tlie  Doiuinicaii  cuder  in  b")iill,  he  \\a~  ap- 
puiiitcd  professor  of  philo..^.ii)iiy,  and  ilistingiiished  him>elf  in  tlie  jiilpit. 
Suhscipiently  he  held  the  otlice  nf  (^lualitier  nf  the  Inipiisition.  Alciilo.  Ildi. 
.l/».,  MS.,  i.  IV21.  Ill  l,")Srt,  by  order  of  the  Dominican  i  hapter-gem  i.il  of 
Mexico,  he  began  the  Ilistorid  dc  lii  Finidinioii.  The  history  thus  far  written 
M:is  in  Latin.  After  its  translation  into  Spanish  it  was  found  so  ineoinii.eto 
lis  t'l  reipiire  much  rcsc.irch.  Acconling  to  Bitj.sseiir  de  litHirboiiig,  /Idi.  .l/r.c. 
'JiKit.,  r>'A,  Davila-radilla  is  said  to  liave  drawn  sonu'  ir  liis  material  from  the 
tlicii  manuscript  work  of  Dnraii,  pul>li>lied  in  ls(;7  by  Itinniie/.  The  work  was 
::ii:  hed  in  b")',l'_\  The  lack  of  jwpi-r,  Imwi'Vir,  pri'vented  its  ]iiiblicatinii  in 
Ml  \iio,  and  it  was  taken  to  >^.iiin  in  1.">IC).  whence  Da'ila-l'adilla  proeii  lUd 
us  [inicurat(jrgeneral,  and  p.blished  the  following  year.  A  second  edition 
with  tiie  same  title  was  is.s((c«l  at  Bnjs.st;l>  in  l(V_V>,  buih  of  which  havr  bi' miie 
ix.Kilingly  ran',  and  still  a  thi:>A  edition,  in   UmH,  at  X'alhulolid,  wiiii  the 


i»l(( 


II*' 


'■  I 

ilM 


'■ft 


7'J4 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS 


title  dinngciT  to  Vcina  TTIMor'n  ih:  la  Xnorn  E-'pnun  y  Fhtrhln,  which  are  cited 
l>y  N'icohls  Antonio,  Bill.  ]lUt.  Xoci,  iii.  ITTi. 

A.j  shown  ill  tliu  title  tlio  work  c()n:sists  (jf  a  series  fif  biographies  nf  tho 
more  pioiuiiient  I'oiniiiitau  fiiai-sw  liu  lluiui.slieil  in  Mexico  between  1.j40  ;iii4 
l.)!>fl,  ill  coinicetion  with  whose  lives,  which  toiisist  largely  of  tedious  ami 
prolix  descriptions  of  saintly  virtues  and  niii'acles,  occa^:;ioIlal  historical  tacts 
are  {.'ivtn,  but  often  without  dates.  'J'ho  style,  which  was  not  inicomiiKpU 
aniong  the  religious  writers  of  that  period,  is  rather  tiiat  of  ,1  sermon  than  (f 
a  historical  narrative.  'While  in  Spain  Felipe  HI.  api)ointeil  iiini  gencial 
chronicler  of  tiie  Indies  and  ro^al  chaplain,  and  he  was  also  named  geiu  lul 
ciironii'ler  of  his  order.  In  l.'iOO  he  was  made  archbishop  of  Santo  DomiiiL'o, 
where,  he  ilied  in  ! 004.  According  to  Alcedo,  IJili.  A  m.,\.  oil ,  ho  received  tlio 
appointment  of  bishop  of  Santo  Domingo,  but  Nicolas  Antonio,  Bih.  Jl(<]i. 
Aor'(,  lii.,  whose  statements  are  to  bo  preferred,  says  of  him,  'fcrvidus  atijiio 
facundus  ecclesiastes,  int'ihe  Sancti  Doniiuici  tandem  creatus  archiepi.soopus.' 
A  manuscript  work  entiiiled  HUtorhi,  tic,  lus  Ant'ij'ut'ilcuh'n  dv  Um  ImJiiM  is  ako 
attribut(  il  to  Davila-l'adina  by  Alcedo. 

Ci/ri(i''i  JlonlU,  Fasti  Sovi  Orhi-s  ct  OrdiiuitiouiimAjiogloVicdrum  ad  Iu'Vum 
■pi'j'hidii'iuia  hrcvinriiim  cum  AdnotittioHa'ma  Venctiis,  1770,  4to,  pp.  viii.  M'2, 
is  Die  p.scudonyme  of  a  Spanish  Jesuit  named  Douiingo  ^Muriel,  ^vho  wasa 
priifcssiir  of  his  (O'llcr  at  'rucunian.  He  pi-epared  his  Mork  in  Italy,  aftci'  ilii; 
expnlsiiMi  lit  hisoi'derfrom  tlie  ."^panish  dominions.  He  died  atFaenza  in  ]7'X\ 
nnil  the  boik  nas  iiid)!ishecl  by  A.  Zatta.  The  (irst  part  of  the  volume  is  a  biief 
compi'iidiumin  chrnuologicalordia'  of  the  chief  events  connected  witii  tlic  liii- 
tory  (jf  ilie  Spanish  American  colonies  from  the  discovery  of  America  until  1 771. 
Tliis  is  v;i!iud)le  chie'ly  because  of  the;  autiior's  correction  of  erroi's  mail.  liV 
oliier  writer.!,  Tlion  fullow  in  curonological  or('er  the  papal  ordiiiaucis  iii 
(piestii'us  (if  ecclesiastical  governuient  and  tlu;  like,  arising  between  those 
dates.  Most  of  tlii-sc  ordinances  a])ply  to  .America  in  general,  wliil(>  a  feu  iirc 
entirely  local.  Many  of  them  are  accnmpanied  by  valuable  notes  in  viiidi 
till  aut'.jur  has  brought  together  all  papal  decrees  and  royal  ordinances  bcaiiiij' 
upon  tlie  .subject  under  consideration.  He  also  (juotcs  fretpiently  and  exten- 
sively from  a  vast  array  of  autliors  who  (dutain  mattci's  gennan  to  tliuse 
discussed. 

VittdHiiii'i  di'  Frailrf!,  fob,  2  vols,  the  first  witli  'M  //tt.aos,  nnd  the  sccmiil 
with  4(;.-)  pages,  is  the  title  given  to  a  collection  <if  dociiiuents,  piiiitod  in.l  in 
manuscript,  mostly  of  the  latter,  relating  to  the  leligious  i(i*tY/)y  of  Aiiic'icii, 
chielly  New  Spain,  and  embracing  the  period  between  J. /il  mid  ISii.  A 
large  portion  of  the  collection  refers  to  the  consfdiit  bickering.'*  bi't«-(fii 
fria'  born  in  Spain  ami  friars  born  in  America  abiiii*  the  dL-tributiou  '1 
oilices  in  their  respective  orders,  ami  the  nn  asures  ni>h<  Id  liy  sonn  ;iui 
olijicted  to  Viy  others  to  settle  the  (juestion  and  secure  peace  and  liariiiiur.. 
Anotlu'r  largo  portion  treats  of  the  difl'erence.s  between  the  irgular  and  s'  cu- 
lar  clergy  on  tlie  subject  of  curacies  of  parishes,  with  a  long  list  of  conijiiaint'' 
by  Inilians  of  I'liebla  against  the  bishop  niid  liis  eh  rgy.  Among  the  iij".-i 
important  documents  ans  tlio.si!  relating  to  tiials  of  religions  by  the  .si  ■  ii..!' 
judiciary,  and  claims  of  the  ecclesiastiiiil  jurisdiction  in  favor  of  the  acci  .-til; 
one  of  the  cases  being  tiiat  of  n,  friar  who  murdered  his  prelate  in  1781),  unJ 


FRANCISCAN  RECORDS. 


723 


rhich  are  cited  ■  ji,^,  other  of  throe  Augustii 


ian  friars  for  political  offences  in  ISll.     General 


jvaphics  of  thu 
Aveun  lo4()  iiud 
of  teilious  mA 
historical  'i-.icU 
not  unconiiiinu 
sermon  than  (f 
'd  him  general 
named  gem  i'»l 
vnito  Duniiirio, 
he  rcccivetl  the 
nio,  Bih.  y/'■-J^ 
'fcfvidus  atcjuo 
archicpiseopus.' 
OS  IiiOioK  is  also 

•drum  (id  Iii'!'ii» 
:o,  pp.  viii.  lUJ, 
lliel,  who  wa.-i  a 
1  Italy,  after  tin; 
;Facuzainl7'.'.'i, 
volume  is  a  111  iff 
ted  with  tlie  hid- 
lerica  until  1771. 
'  errors  mail.liv 
vl  onlinanecs  eii 
lu'tweeu  those 
while  a  few  an' 
notes  in  wliitli 
linanecs  hearing 
I'ntls  und  exleii- 
ernuin  to  tlmse 

and  the  siroiMl 
I,  jirinted  ni.'l  in 
iif  AliU'-icii, 
m1  isil  A 
.(iiii>i.'«  lii'twuii 
(li-trihuti  ^i  "i 
1  liv  ^'onll  ali'l 
■  and  harniiiii;-. 
L'ular  and  -'  lU- 
-t  of  eomphii:'-- 
Liiiniiii  the  ia".-t 
l.y  the  s.  1  uiur 
lot  the  acei.M.'d; 
itc  in  ITS'.i.  and 


irinution 


Hiven  on 


the  Fninei.scau  province  of  the  Sant(j  ICvangelio  in 


171': 


,1 


_',  and  on  two  parish  ehnrches  in  17M*.  The  state  ot  society  in  MexK'<j  id 
,l(..-evihed  in  letters  answering  a  pastoral  letter  of  tlie  arehhishop  in  180.'}. 

J'lijiihit  FraiicUcimijx,  .M.S.,  fol.,  in  two  vohinies,  the  fast  with  "»('.!>  pp., 
.'iiid  the  second  with  .'$4-,  is  the  general  title  given  to  a  eolleetion  of  letteis, 
(iih  rs,  and  other  documents  coimected  with  the  ehureh  in  general,  and  the 
I'laiieisean  order  in  particular,  nearly  all  heing  original,  and  furnishing  not 
Miily  most  important  data  upon  ecclesiastical  history  and  all'airs  from  the 
iaiiie>t  days  of  the  religious  orders  iu  Mexico  and  Central  America  down  to  the 
liirly  part  of  the  nineteenth  eentniy,  hut  also  complete  lists  of  tlie  prelates 
t!iat  ruled  tlio  Franciscans. 

I'lur/dciiriiis  Jfloc<:n'iiiiiHdc  J[( xii'o  >/ Otrii-i  Si'pri'lorrfi,  M.S.,  4to,  iVJl  jip.,  is 
a  collection  of  copies  and  memorandums  of  decrees  issued  hy  the  !irehhisln)i>of 
Mexico  to  the  clergy  of  his  archdiocese,  including  other  doetinients,  among 
tlieni  some  royal  and  viceregal  orders,  for  the  eighteenth  century,  the  lii'st 
;.  \v  years  of  the  nineteenth,  and  a,  h^w  pajieis  dating  hack  to  the  seventeenth 
1  lit  my.  Much  of  the  material  is  important,  thnAving  light  not  only  u[iou 
ici.'Ksiastical  hut  also  on  si'cular  all'airs  of  New  Spain. 

Aijrln^  l)tfi  una  dc  la  I'crdad  rDiindijrudii  li  ii  Inz  dc  la  Jiisii<-ia  (almut 
hS.'i.,  fol.  IJO'J  1.  The  king  hy  eiMulas  (jf  l(i7S  and  lOS'J  having  emiHiweied 
til"  hishop  to  enforce  a  sui'rendcr  of  certain  curacies  t<.)  the  clergy,  the  hian- 
ns  of  the  .laliscM  jirovineia  hccamo  alarmeil  and  indignant.  Their  reiimn- 
rrances  took  the  form  of  a  jioudemus  printed  tome  of  argniriiut  n]iin]  iho 
"■'■-[leetive  rights  of  liisln^ps  and  friars,  the  jmgcs  of  which  are  laden  witii 
IiaiU'd  extracts  from  civil  and  eech  siastieal  law,  and  tin;  margins  jji-isiling 


witii  luitin  citations. 


'J'l 


lutliiir 


]•• 


■i.V 


rancisco  <e 


,1  of  the  ordi 


er. 


d 


Aveta,  was  pr( 
M 


■jirvi'iitacii'ii  //((/• 


iiorial  1! 
I  privileges  v 
111' ve  his  ev  Ur  from  the  opprt 


it  the  .same  tiine  ad<lressed  ti>  his 


/n,<  /: 


i  fr 


iars,  at  the  conclusion  ot  whii 


fol.   1.-)  h 
h  h 


on 


d. 


ijesty  a 
the  suhjeet  of  the 


le  nujuores  (he 


lie. 


to  ri'- 


UHl 


to  whicli  it  was  suiiiected,  orurant  that 


ueNttoii  niiitht 


iie<l  to  Rome.    L 


tun, 


■J' 

Mnrlin  ill .  M'- 


li'  ;■,/>■(  di'  (id >ll'ni]>tnir  /".<  Sall/n"   Sih  , -11)1)1  lilaf  it  Inl  Iiidh 


M. 


(/  I  in  (•' .  // 
11140.  .-111. 


.\  rare  huok,  wliK-ii  as  it 


s  mime  implies  eoiitiu 


'u'ulat 


)f  udl 


udiiiinisterijig  the  sacramrnts  to  the  ]iiiliau>.   Hihtidi 


ij:i'/iiin  ( 


li'.  Maitu-il  ( 


01 11/ II 


,n,,d,.'  /!. 


'.!'< 


I'litr 


iiiilr 


oils  as 


II  lira, 
.Mad- 


."m,  4tii,  11.  '11,  pp.  i'),'!!.      \   prolix   woi'U   on   church   [lalroK.i.  «■   i>f  the 


Hi,  desi^'wd  for  the  assistai 


in  1  of  goveriKirs  am 


1  ml 


(  !•      HI 
f    th 


the  I 


nclle? 


It 


>Miti!ns,  iimreovcr,  some  Kntormiition  on  the  working  of  the  religmus  orders 
IViiri Ml  pupal  liulls  are  citj-«t..i;i)pius  of  wliieh  i^ia  Latin,  with  Spanish  transh. 


ire  supplied  at  the  «-4iil  irf  the  \ciiiiiiu'.    Jii  rmi! 


Ah 


intii  j>. 


iifad. 


It    I'll    I'     unit    I. 


/.'  j: 


'I  j: 


is  ii  a  treatise  in  < 


lefe 


ce  ot 


clesiastieul  inivili 


,   irf(//o  /iidii 
Sr  A  r-o'-;.-, .' 


lie  occasion  V  liicn 


f.i'.e  ri.>rr  to  its  produetioii  was  liie  iiiiircU  r  1 


li  tl 


ic  iiiini'iHuiilc 


M( 


hv  I 


ray 


Jj 


ito  M 


iraiioa. 


Tl 


■  r  <if  the  M. 
t   h 


d 


IC   nianiise!  l]it    liaMIlg   laiteii 


lUtii    I 


1:.  IMI. 


iie  hands  of  A.  V.  y  Moya,  he  had  il  piinled  and  puhlisheil  in  Oajaca 


I: 


■JII, 


rnii,  I'r  I'i'un'-''}  Aiif]  ile  la  Jioau,     Ijio  rro  lieii[  Mino/Ojicu  y  cruiio- 


il 


I  ill 


n 


h'l 


720 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 


liiijiro  dc  tdilnn  ha  Rdhjioms  qitr.  .  .ha  hihllo  fii  cMa  !>fa  Prnrn  del  S'lnty 
L'r(iii;ir/!i\  :MS.  (fopy),  ]7(i4,  ful.  .".'5  p;i^'fH,  in  Pup",  rranc"','^  I.,  1st  scr.  l;!-,',!, 
iiH.  1,  (jimtaiiiH  a  groat  dual  cif  iiifoniiati(;ii  on  tliu  fouiulalioii  ami  woi'kini,'s  i.f 
the  FraiK'iscan.s  in  the  varimis  provincus  of  Mexico,  Miclnjacaii,  Jalisco,  Zaca- 
tcTas,  Yucatan,  (Inatcniala,  Florida,  anil  tliu  I'liiliiipinc  I.-lands  down  t'l  the 
J  car  lie  wrote.  It  was  evidently  a  nnicli  longer  work,  giving  the  names  of  ;il! 
the  friars  who  .served  in  said  pi'ovinces,  and  particulars  respecting  tlieni— ;iH 
this  is  missing.  JJcdiimoiif,  Friar  Pablo  dc  Id  Pitri.iiiiia  CoiiajiJoii.  CroKua 
di  hi  J'rovtiicid  dc  Ion  SaiitoH  Ajioftolci  San  Pudro  //  San  Pablo  dc  ^^tchoacnlt . . . 
Mex.  lS7^-4,  ll2nio,  5  vols.  (p[).  582,  544,  5(J7,  (JIJO,  (i.12,  respectively);  loL, 
Ms.,  I  vol.,  pp.  11S,'{,  and  S  sheets  of  Indian  paintings. 

The  author  had  liecn  educated  in  Paris  as  a  physician,  and  afterward  liccuiie 
tiri  d  of  the  world  and  joined  the  Franciscan  order.  Having  come  to  Mixi  ■) 
he  was  assigned  io  Michoacan,  where  he  served;  but  his  uncertain  lualili  int 
allowing  of  liis  devoting  himself  to  the  more  active  duties  of  a  niissioimp-, 
he  undertook  tlie  work  of  rec(jrding  the  chronicles  of  his  province,  lie  lia  1 
intended  to  bring  tlitm  down  to  1()40,  and  had  piepared  a  vast  plan,  that  he  Ma, 
not  permitteil  to  accom[)lisli,  sickness  and  death  putting  an  end  to  his  l.ilin's 
V  hin  lie  had  recorded  events  only  to  15(i5-(i,  though  in  some  parts  of  his  wmti- 
tive  are  mentioned  those  of  a  Liter  date.  The  work  was  probably  writuu  in 
the  latter  part  oi  the  IStli  century — tlie  last  dates  spoken  of  tlierein  In  \\vs\'\ 
1777 — and  lueaks  oil'  with  only  a  few  pages  in  tlie  third  book.  He  was  ii"t 
salislied  with  merely  fulfilling  the  pious  duty  (of  itstdf  a  laborious  oiu  )  d 
chronicling  the  missionary  life  and  services  of  the  Franciseaii  and  other  nil.- 
ions  orders,  as  well  as  of  the  church  in  general,  \\ithin  the  region  eompiisrha 
the  Franciscan  'custodia'  (as  !irst  constituted),  and  'piovincia'  (as  it  1>l- 
came  in  15(i0),  of  Michoacan  and  .Jalisco,  but  taking  up  histoiy  from  t!;o 
eai'liest  time  of  the  western  contimnit,  gave  an  introductii.iu,  called  liy  iiim 
.ijidi-fdo,  containing  a  narrative  of  events  from  the  discovery  of  America  u 
the  capture  of  the  Aztec  capital  l»y  Cortes. 

For  tlie  purpose  of  his  work  lie  gatiiered,  as  he  tells  us,  a  largo  qunutiry 
of  MSS.  and  authentic  documents,  from  which  and  from  pertinent  pi;;:ii-J 
material  (some  .'iO  standard  writers,  with  whom  he  at  times  disagrees)  he  i1:<-H' 
his  int'ormatioii,  iorining  a  collection  of  historical  facts  relating  to  the  iii;ir:r 
provinces,  as  far  as  Xew  ^lexico,  and  even  to  general  history.      Of  many 
the  ilocumcnts  he  gives  full  copies,     Tlie  last  part  gives  general  reinaili.i'U 
Michoacan,   physically   and  politically  considered,    from   lo'27)   to  l.Kiii,  ii 
(juite  full  information  on  agriculture,  food  of  the  natives,  etc.     The  s'.}ii-' 
the  work,   like  that  of  most  writings  of  churchmen  of  that  period,  is  to 
prolix,  and  confused  at  times;  the  writer's  judgment  is  often  ojien  to  ilmi 
and  his  Spanish  somewhat  ilefective,  which  Beaumont  himself  attrilmtus  to 
his  education  in  Paris;  but  such  drawbacks  must  be  overlooked,  and  the  iiii 
portance  of  the  material  cliiellj'  considered.    The  Indian  paintings  at  the  oil 
Cif  the  .M8.  copy  give    nciilents  of  the  first  visits  of  the  Spaniards  to  ^liclica 
c.iii,  their  reception  by  the  Tarascaus,  labors  of  Franciscan  priests,  estalili.-li 
ment  of  tlie  episcopal  see,  litigation  anent  tlic  capital  of  the  province,  and  thai 
last  sheet  gives  ci^lored  drawing:!  of  coats-of-aniis  of  the  principal  cities  i 
Michoacan.     My  manuscript  copy  was  taken  from  the  ^lexican  archives. 


rnV^  (Id  S'liiii) 
,  1st  ser.  1;>-.'j1, 
ml  workings  >■{ 
I,  Jalisco,  Ziica- 
(Is  ilowii  t'l  the 
lio  uauu'H  I  if  :i 
;tiiig  tliL'iii— iiii 
'j^toii.  i'rihik'i, 
e  Michoacuii 
pectively);  I'ol, 

torwavil  Ih'i'.i'.i!!' 
(.•OHIO  to  r^'iixi' u 
rtaiii  liealtli  lu't 
f  a  inissioiKiiy, 
viiieo.  He  li:i ! 
ilaii,  tliat  licuiis 
ml  to  his  liliuis 
irts  of  liisi!:iria- 
jably  wiitLiii  ill 
tlicruiu  1)1  iiig  "i 
k.  llo  was  mt 
iliorioiis  Hill )  1.1 
ami  otliLT  ix.i-- 
lull  foiiiinisi'ilia 
iueia'  (as  it  1h' 
istory  I'ruui  tl:c 
1,  callfd  I'V  liiiii 
y  of  Aim.'iii."i  tJ 

V  largo  qiKiutity 
•rtiiiciit  1  i  ;;:"i'  I 
agwfs)  lie  ila'«' 
to  the  iii'iiri't 
.     Of  iiuuiv 
Mill  i-iiuaiiv^ 
!.")  to  ir>iii'i,  ;i 
The  a.)  iL- 
period,   i^  I  "-i 
i>peu  to  (I'll 
jclt  attrihiili-'Stoj 
icd,  uikI  ill.'  iiii-j 
iugs  at  tlii.  ui 
aids  to  Mieliiii 
■iests,  fstiilili'!: 
•oviiioe,  aiid  tL)| 
iiR-ipal  citii-'S 
111  archiv  1  ■■ 


ciiuncii  ciir.oNiCLEns.  727 

Of  thr  Apnmto  ahovc  alluded  to,  l^)iistainante  (C.  M.)  puhlishrd  an  edition, 
IIi<lorla  (lit  /)r.-ciil)ruiiii:iilo  tie  la  .hn'rica  Scjiti  iilriunut  por  (^'riafo'iul  Culoii, 
I'irita  por  It.  J'.  Fr.  'Manud  dc  la  Vojn,  of  the  Franciscan  province  of  tlio 
Santo  Kvanyclio  de  Mrxiuo,  ^lex.,  IS'Jd,  Ito,  an  iiicoinphtc,  untrue,  ami  use- 
k^i  edition.  Vej;a,  placed  as  the  autlior,  was  Ijilt  tlie  ouiier  of  tiie  MS.  wliicii 
Bii\ ed  Bustamanto  as  original.  Beiiataiu  does  not  know  (jf  the  '  'njiiirii,  Imt 
nt'ers  to  the  autlior  as  a  (hietor  and  man  of  tlie  worlil  before  lie  took  the  habit. 

The  authorities  I  have  consulted  on  ehurcli  allairs,  utili/iiig  facts  perti- 
mat  to  the  subject,  have  been:  Goiizalcr.  DacUa,  Tcniro  Edtsldal'vn,  and  Tor- 
qur.iiafu,  Monnrchia  IiKllaiiti,  on  the  history  of  the  older  dioceses  and  the 
loli;,'ious  orders;  I'oiicHiu.i  I'ruriiiriiilfs,  l^y'J',  and  ( 'uiiri/'o-i  Mi  yicaiio-',  iii. 
iv.,  for  the  general  rules  adopted  by  tlii;  several  episcoiial  councils  of  Mex- 
ii'o  for  the  government  of  the  church,  iind  for  biographies  of  bi.siiops;  Wliin- 
cur,  Tratndo  de.  la  Ciadwl  dn  Mixica,  and  \'i  I'lnnirt,  M(  iniloijiu;  (irijidim, 
Vhri'ttirii  di'  tSnii  Aijiis'tii;  Jf'diiifi,  ('hruiiica  ili-  San  J>ii'jo;  Mirhmifitii,  I'm- 
rinr'ii  dr.  Sail  Xkolds,  JJa.inli  lujiic,  Jl/slnriii  de  San.  Xicii/u.'<;  F/omn-iii,  IJ'ttf- 
h,r<a  di-  la  Cuiujiai'iia  dc  Jc.sii-i,  and  Alnjri',  llUioria  de  la  Ciunpui'na  dr.  Ji.'Hik; 
fur  the  chronicles  of  the  religious  or<lers  to  whieli  the  authors  respectively  lie- 
luiiged.  Humboldt,  L'ii.sul  I'ulitiipii',  has  furnished  much  valuable  matter  on 
^iiieral  history  and  statistics.  Another  contributor,  \ahied  for  his  well  con- 
sidered opinions  upon  religious  policy  and  history,  is  l.ih-ii.t  Alumiiii,  lll-i- 
i.ri'i.  de  2[iJiro,  and  DUrrtachjitcs.  Other  writers  of  more  modern  dat  •,  and 
iiititled  to  more  or  less  credit  for  arriving  at  the  view  taken  by  thcin  (jf  eccle- 
siastical policy  and  conduct  from  both  the  .Spanish  and  Mexican  .staiidjioint, 
have  been  duly  considered.  Among  these  the  cliief  one  is  Fraiiri-^roSofU,  Kjii.i- 
I qiiido  Jlccicaito,  who  gives  biographies  of  the  archbishops  of  Mexico  from 
the  earliest  colonial  time  to  the  latest  days;  out  of  this  work  I  have  obtained 
a  great  deal  of  informatiou  on  the  rule  of  each  archbishop,  and  eonscipieiitly 
on  the  relations  of  church  and  state,  thus  at  the  .same  time  furnishing  much 
iiitiiesting  matter  of  a  secular  ni'-ture.  As  the  reader  will  perceive,  a  very 
1-11^  list  of  w  ritcrs  has  been  carefully  read,  ami  some  important  item  culled 
I'lit  of  t'acli.  lUit  among  the  soiwces  lliatlia\e  ali'onled  me  useful  and  ineou- 
ti'dVirtilile  data,  and  to  which  1  mu.st  gi\e  a  iiromiiient  placi.',  have  been  the 
several  t'ollectioiis  of  papal  brii'fs  or  bulls,  and  royal  cedillas  for  the  govern- 
iiuut  of  the  church,  that  I  possess;  some  of  them  Ijeing  in  print,  such  as  Mori  III, 
I'n-'^ii  Noci  Urhl,  liccopductoii  de  Jiidias,  JJdiua,  liecopdar.ion,  MoiiU  /uni/or, 
^nnaiuos,  and  Zumoru,  Libliolcca  dr  LrijUlue'ioa  Ullruinarinu,  and  a  laigi; 
iimiiber  in  manuscript;  the  reports  of  several  viceroys  to  their  nimcdiate 
:-airissors,  and  edicts  of  the  court  of  the  iiiipiisition  issued  with  the  \iuw 
I'f  ehccking  immoral  practices  of  the  elergy,  aiul  generally  for  the  luomo- 
ti.iu  of  public  morals.     Sonu;  of  tlie  original  manuscripts  throw  light  upon 


e  mode  (J 


f  procedure  of  that  dread  ti 


Other  imporiant  souri'es  have 


ii-cu  a 


Iso  the  O'aei/as  dr  Mexico,  froiii  1 7S4  to  LsOo,  and  several  preccdi 


d 


siueueilinj'  numbers 


Til 


\Fi'jiiiroa,  VliuHeias  de  la  Verdud,  I'rovidr 


nnscripts  alluded  to  are:   I'ajiilis  Fn 


iliiri--riiiiii.-'. 


JJioces 


d  Jji 


iiiroiii.'i  lie. 


I'ni'ile.^,  which  are  idled  with  c^'clesiastical  matte.',  partici 
CTfes;  Ordr  III  Kill  la  Corona,  He- 


aw  s  jitiil  (le 


l:"i!,.'i<Vdulus,P. 


'I0.1  Heah.s  I) 


/.■ipo.-^iriulli:. 


I'll  rill':,  ( ',  drliirio, 


roridi  iiriox 


I.'iidi.-^.  I 


iirnr-i 


iiu/iirii.iii  s  ill  lii.-i  L 


iijr.i,  am 


I  otli 


f'Ui  etions,  the  names  of  all  of  w  liich  imlieale  tliiir  contents. 


m 


!!!! 


728  RELIGIOUS  ORDERS. 

For  lii-nador  references  the  reader  iniiy  ('imsiilt  the  followiiif;;  OrdciiKil' 
III  ('unuKi,  MS.,  i.  :;!  <tsei|.;  ii.,  ]);is..iiii;  ill.  SI,  l.'!4,  liiil  7^!;  iv.  iM  et  mi|.; 
V.  1-7,  :tl  S.-i,  101),  10(1  !t,  l-Jl  7;  vi.  (1.".,  117  ."SO,  14:i-(l;  vii.  11,  passim;  J/.,. 
ri/n,  ('oiilniiiticiiiii,  MS.,  I'.l.'i  et  Ne(|. ;  I'li/m  lon,  Viiidirid-i,  MS.,  l-SO,  114-'.''i, 
1-J!)  ns,  IIS;  J)l^lii,hii'.i  <!(■  Fraih.f,  .MS.,  i.,  jias-siiii;  ii.  1-.".,  ;17,  I-J!I-'JJ:, 
21--.'(,  ."."I  Id;  Piipihs  Friiiiri^ntiio^,  MS.,  i.  i:!,  (ij,  SO,  •Jl'_'-Ki,  ;;7'>,  :!7\ 
414,  47.'t.  .Vit;  ii.  (i7-7'-',  l.")4,  17s  •_'(»( ),  •_'.":; -(;7,  .'il-J-l.'!;  Avnr.ii^Yiit'inir.,  .Ms., 
O.VKi;!;  I'mriili  iii'ifi!<  AVaA.s-,  MS. ,,"■_'  et  simj.;  .Sicrril,  /lir/dnicii,  MS.,  I!.']!- 
.noi;  AVa/rv  CmIiiI„.<,  MS.,  i.  27- :!.■),  7;i-s;!,  !«)-•-',  I!»J  (),  •_'()(»  i;i;  ii.  .":;  1, 
no  IS,  124  .")S,  2:!i)-4l;  I'roriiiriu  ,fr  S.  I)h'<io,  ]MS.,  I1S(17;  J'ui'iIk'I.- 
./c.^nii'iis,  .M.S.,  1  ;5I;  I'iiKiri,  Cnl.  Jtor.  Ml-h:m<,  pa.s.sim  ;  Id.,  I ><it\  Smi.,  .MS., 
i.  ((14;  /./.,  Due.  Chill.,  MS.,  i.  (i  7;  Viilin.  l.unKjr,  CikiI ro  limiiji iii ■<,  .MS., 
jiassini:  /'rnci-xD  .tiiliri'  J'l  /!;ilosiii,  MS.,  jiassiin;  J;'iiri'/iii'-:,  I'mrc.^o  ij  ('iini<\, 
l.'i'/iiiiiiiil,  .MS.,  jiassiin;  Mi.r.,  I'lDrhlfiniiix  Jiwri.'idiin.-',  M.S.,  jias.siiii;  Ih'r., 
Jiiic.  ///.</.,  Ms.,  Til  !l;  Xinii'iK-:,  IininUhinr  il.<cul  vaiilrd,  MS.,  i)a.s>iiii; 
I'lniil.  I'fiif.  Hiiiil'iiiijo,  Ms.,  7;  Siijiicii:.n  y  (lOiiiiunt,  Ciir/n  (d  Alniiraiih , 
^iS.,  1U~  I.");  Id.,  lliorian  di>.  (Jiirr.,  11-.S7;  /'/.,  I'anii/KO  Orriil,,  Ii!!,  iias-iin; 
Aiiera  I.i.i/icu'id,  Jlnrc  7.V.S.,  MS.,  i.  141;  Jt'c-irri/ilufi  J'la/ci  J-.'ilrs.,  MS., 
8,  iia.-sim;  Ikiiud  i/  Mido,  ])ijiiisa  Proi:  Mtrccd.,  MS.,  passim;  Murji. 
CuL  JJiir.,  .M.S.,  2l)"Ii.'!;  Trtiiidi/o,  Al  Itajciile  I'mmi,  MS.,  jj.issim;  Liilio,  ll'ln- 
chill,  MS.,  I;  Moiiiiiiicidii'i  J)(iiiiiii.  J'^'<ji.,  MS.,  l!)etse(|.;  (lidvi~,  Jiij'iinni'  'lil 
VUit(uh:i\  .^iS.,  (j4-M;  ii'raiidiild,  Ti  "iiidim,  MS.,  1;  ('olin/ulo  ciifir  Sii/i/inuii") 
y  L<i)iihli<,  Ms.,  pastoiu;  ('o)icilio  I'lur.,  MS.,  iv.  20(1;  Vin  ijih  di'  Mi\i\,  lu- 
utrifc,  .MS.,  .'{,  12:  Urmp.  dr  liidldn,  i.,  p:issiiii;  Ccd iddr'id,  ^l.S.,  i.  4IJ-77:  iii. 
O;!,  pai-sini;  /'()■•.  K'-li.-i.  Mij\,  MS  ,  i.  1,  T),  S;  ii.  J-o;  iii.  l-;>;  iv.  2  .">:  \. 
l-:{;  Hiidi^  OrdciK--,  i.  447-0;  v.  107-72,  244-,")'.);  vi.  O.VS;  Jlidini/oiic,  In- 
.■'trnr.,  MS.,  41  0;  Cnl.  Doc.  Iiiid.,  xxi.  4(;0-S."),  .")I2-1S;  <,\>iiii~,  JJidr'c, 
20.  passim;  lluhli",  D'lurhi,  i.-ii.,  pas>im;  Itircrd,  iJuinn,  11  itse(|.;  I'n'-. 
JlUl.  Mi.c,  serie  ii.  toiii.  i.  7-IO(l;  iv.,  ))assim;  Colmi,  Jir.'jiidun  MdiliirK, 
i.  224-41!;  J  >it:.iiios  di-  liiiVid>',  nns.  iv.  vi.  x.-xiv. ;  <  'oiiy/difinii  Fid  y  L'l- 
trill,  j^assim;  Jiiriv  A iiuttoHi'c,  ]iassim;  Fdhiini,  Col.  I'mriihinhi-',  passim; 
Zdndild,  Ciirld,  passim;  liirillit  Oii/cdo,  Iiislriir.,  MS.,  i.,  ]iassiiii;  /i'.. 
Jkiwlnx,  2,  4-14,  i")4,  00,  Sl-2;  Ani'dln,  Arfdn  Ayiiid.  diiut.,  12s  I);  J/..,,. 
tiiiidijor,  SniidriiiK,  H-oO;  Ccdidario  2\'ii('ro,  i.  3!l();  JViuru  Mix.,  Cidii'ii', 
!M.S.,  ;iO!-2;  Ciiijo,  J)iario,  i.  4,  [lassim;  JJiijiiwii'iviie.-i  lV(C(«.f,  i.  7S;  iii.  I.".', 
V.  l.'i,  ii'.t'.t;  vi.,  passim;  Lijiix,  I'tirid.i  A  iKildcioiic,  4,  ]>assim:  d'udf.,  '•/. 
Crdidd.-:  L'vd'i^,  passim;  0;}-2U2;  Inln'.d,  Jti'aijt.,  i.  212-17,  2i)l,  If.'jO  40:  ii. 
3S7-S;  Fiir/ieru  and  Ciirdnid",  Col.  J)ih-.,  vi.  ;{24;  xvii.  2110-1;  (Innrjdiz  l'l 
rild,  TIkii'i-o  K'ii'^.,  i.,  passim;  ii.  I,")-1(),  ;5li-4;!,  04;  Arli-ijiii,  J'ror.  Zm-., 
40,  ))assim;  Fitijd,  Ccdiddiio,  27,  7'S,  112,  210;  Cid/i-,  Mini,  y  Ai'l.,  4'),  \a>- 
f^hn;  Vilaiii'rd,  Cliron.  Sto.  Ecdiiii.,  24-11!,');  /(/.,  Miiinlnijio,  11,  pa.s.-iiii; 
/'/.,  Ti-iif.  Ciidliid  M(.);.,  2(i-.");{;  Alc'jrf,  Hl-^t.  Conip.,  i.  2(il-;i;  ii.  15,  pii>- 
sim;  iii.  S,  passuii;  Sidiinirn,  Vidii,  passim;  Midiiut,  Clirmi.  S.  JJiiijo,  11, 
passim;  Id.,  i'ida  Rudriijui",  ]iassim;  Cdstro,  JJiitrio,  G  et  se(|.;  Esj.iii't^i', 
Chroii.  Ajiii-^f.,  12,  ]iassim;  Moivlli,  Ftis/.  2\'or.  Orh.,  l.")l,  passim;  Jmii- 
von,  Cu'il..  i.  'MA,  ;iOO;  /</.,  Cniii/midin,  2SS-!IS,  :;22-(),  :{.")il;  Sdiiio.%  chr- 
iioUiijid  lliisjiituhtrid,  4;{."i-'JS;  Jfnla  Padilld,  Coiii/.  jN'.  G'dhcid,  \~S,  1S4,  :i-tii, 
500;  Vaiiiiiiiiivi-ri',  Hint.  Coiiij.  Ilzti,  \f^()-l;  L'linisdl,  IH.-^t.  C/iyd,.d,  :502  I", 
47.'i-4,  OO:!-!),  7(H-S;  Tm-i/iii iinidd,  i.  :5:!7;  iii.  ;i:)7-82;  ydld'-Sn'ior  y  Su,,- 
chi-z,  Tlhiih-ii,  i.  2S-.");'),  24I-.'mS;  ii.  'JS,  20.'),  passim;  Mi'iididn,  Jlisf.'Fr'i'<., 
540;  I,'iililv-<,  I'itlii  CiirriiK.  122-.')4,  .')04-."!:  (Idiji-'s  I'oi/dije,  ii.  (i7-r)0;  Iijl(,<iii^'j 
Coiirriild.t  lie  J/c.c,  0.')-S,  24.')-0l,  ;Hl(i-20;  Ljh-shi  Cdtcdrid,  Jicjliis  y  <Jpl'- 
iiini:.ii,-i,  [.assiiii ;  Jij'unidti  Siiii  Miijinl,  /'(hiciaii  Scncilla,  passim;  CnhZidi'..  A, 
Liiuii,  l.'i,  !IS-I(i7,  122,  1,')2,  ;!7:>-7;  Tiiiiiid/o.-<  de  .Vu:,  Mfi.,  2  7;  Finid.ulr., 
lli-f.  Frli<..  i:)4-0;  Fii-iiiiiido  VII.,  Dcn-i'io",  8(j-!)0;  Curo,  Ta-^  SiifUi^,  u. 
1  12  l:i;  iii.  i  ."),  20-:U);  iv.  17.")-!);  Ahrdo,  Din:,  i.  lOS,  4!);i;  ii.  24.')  (i;  iii.  141: 
Arriririld,  Cruii.  S('riiji''d,  ])assim;  Ctdinvd,  F-ii'udo  Aniids,  '.(7-l('(>,  170-1: 
I'lUiii'iilln,  Xiii'ro  >'is!iiiid,  4;!-.")l;  Ziiiiiijd  y  O.,  Culi  i.ddrio,  ;!4-7!l;  Lmlo':, 
di  (liii'i-iird,  M(niijii''<>o,  14,  ])assim;  yiirdni'lf.  Triit.  Hist.,  "J'.l.'i-O;  /'/,, 
A'''.  i'(  11  ijiiiiii,  ii.   14,  pa-ssim;  iii.  o,  passim;  I'roc.  Midi.,   lll-JK");  B".iir 


ADDITIONAL  R F.FKREXCES. 


75» 


g ;  Or(lene->  (h 
iv.  'Jl  ft  si'i].; 
,  [lassiiu  ;  Ji'i- 

l-so,  111  'j:., 
a:,  i--'!)--jj:, 

1-4(1,  ;i7'>,  "'7^, 
}■//,>;'/•/(('.,  MS., 

r»,  MS.,  :!:.!- 

,l-i;!;  ii.  .'ill-t, 
17;  yV//(/(<  -'•■ 
'>(»■.  Sail.,  MS., 

'iii'iiji  in-^,  Ms., 

]i;issiiii;  /'/'/"., 

MS.,    i>ii.-^im; 

nl  Ahiiii-iiiilr, 

/.,  30,   iias.-ini; 

.>•    /;.7r.-.'.,     MS., 

[Missim;  Mi'i'j'. 
iiii;  7.o/<o,  y/'/"- 
'•(•~,  Jii/i/rinr  'III 
'iifri'  Scplii'iiiiii'i 
'I'x  ill'  Mi'.i'.,  li'- 
S.,  i.  4IJ-77;  iii. 
-;!;  iv.  :!-">;  v. 

llrdiK  i/orU',  III- 
doiiiiz,  H'liinn, 
II  I't  s-('(i.;  I''ii\ 
•JildoS  Militiu-rs 
rhm  Fid  y  I-''i- 
\h:llii(ls,  ^ms.-iiu; 
.,  ]i:issiin;  -/''., 
l-2.S-!t;  Mi'ii- 
Mr.C,  Ciilll'tl', 
i.  7S;  iii.  I"'-, 
i;  (;>'(il.,  I'll. 
ll,  ;i:>l>  4l>;  ii. 
dmi-jtli:   l>ii- 

;.  yvoc.  /'('., 

Xiil.,  4.-),  i«iv 
o,    il,   lias.Hir. 

:?;  ii.  1.'),  I'a^- 
S.   Jjii'jo,   II, 

.■i|.;    J-jKliiii"^". 

ji:i.-<.sini ;  •/'"''• 
S((iilO'i,  ('III'"- 
17S,  1S4.  :!4», 

iii^f.'j-y'< 

.")();  Jijlis'.ii*:! 
/.'( ;//"•-■  ?/  "'•'''; 
I ;   U'liiZ'tli  '■■  ^1 

7;  I-'irii'i.ii<l''\ 
V'cc.v  Si'i-'o^,  ii' 
•Jt.")  I!:  iii.  Ill; 
'.)7-lt)(i,  ITii-l: 
;U  7'.';  /.'"''•"' 
.,  -iil.Vd;  /''.. 
lll-Jiri;  J!iM- 


I,    <' 


I't 


Will 

jixiin,  •_';;•_'-;(;  hurilu 


Mirli.,   SOC,    Jill;    /./.,   MS.,   S'.'O;   Ilurrncki,    /fit'.    Coin},,    ilx 


Jl,- 


lli^t.,    I!t-|,s_>,   ■Jl>S-!»;    (lai 


'J0-."0,   iv.    I -'27;    I'dloii,  Vnlii,  -l^-W,);    JSnnjoa,   I'aliMra  li'ol.,   7S--J 
(/.r,;/.  JJisrr!/:  OiiJ.,  i.  7,  ((•J-l!fJ;  ii.  1    1S,"-JI()-'J7,  'JSi;-:!!;!).  410;  '•(-;/( 


///'./.   /.'.'/i.,   iii. 
:  III. 

Jlrilo 


iiist.  y 


1 


(11-4;  111.,  IS 


liOil,  iias-^ini;    Curln-,    /)iiiri",   1S1.\  xii.   IllS;   ..1//;).    (  iil<  m/'irii. 


'.."Ml;  yi/.,  7;,v,i,  ll-i;!;  (/ 


(/r  J/( 


(•«/(),  ('oiii/iiiiil.,  .'!(),  ]ia.s.xiiii;  Ahiiie,  Unci  Inn.  i.  ;{4;  ii.  4."iU  7;  iii.  ''''I 


iv.   1-(1;    IhiiiihiiliU,   Essni   PvL,   10.'),    l'J7-N,   11).">  <1;   li.  47;f-S;  /'/.,    TiiUni 


Ksind.,  M.S.,  41;   Ziirnbi,  Ihi:  JIiu:.,  IM-Kl.  ;{;!  4,  (1(1;  /f*  a 


Ml 


1."  !),  -J.- 


4.'.7-'.i.s,  ."Ofi-l.'h  Zi 


Ar.i'  y  I'lirli  rin,  Inf. 


'M:>\   y/znrlii,  Int'i 


l:'ih.   Liij.  rU.,  V.  4:{-(il;  vi.   »1.'.  O; 


Ml 


:)(17-!til;    I'itliii  iidn.-i,  K-i/ni/ti  ilr  In.  Mi. 


,'i4.V.")l ;    I  ill!  do,  Inl'i 
14;  Mitrlim-.,  L'.<li(,ti 


,'>.'i7;  J/'(.-( /vv,  /:'/iii7iir,  i;ol-"24;  (liirriii,  liij'nnnf,  Mi-finiii 
Jl'dlidi),  Fiixiirilii,  liij'iirini,  ;i'.)7— 107;  .Xiiynril,  lu/uniu'. 
Jii/iinin;  1-4;  X"riirri>,  Ml^ioiiiii  di-  .\'f(//(ov7,  Klli-.S'J;  Ar 
41!;  Mii/i.,   (Jhi.-'jii-i   dr.   Iiij'oritii'  J//'.-/ci/((  .<  I'io  I'l  rdi ,    \0l 


<  lUij  (iiinidi-,  4!); 

(il-S7;  Jlijnrnii", 

ln.<,  Injur iiir,   .'{jil- 

51 ;    Ji'mi^i-'in  y  i'r- 


rii'in,  U'dl  Ikii.,  iii.  Ml- i;i."(;  v.  -70-S;  vi.  .SO,'!-'JU;  Alviin:.,  E.-<tiidiv<,  iii. 
.•;>.'i  4-_''-';  Mi,i-n,  Itiv.  Mi.c.,  i.  -Jliil;  iii.  •J(i7-7-',  .VkS;  iv.  ."..S;  Id.,  iihrn.i 
,V»(  (7(w,  i.  1,  ttM'i|.;  Arriiinjoiz,  Mix.,  iii.  74;  Lnil,  Aiinr.  I>i  ^rri/i.,  •J,"i:i-(1!(; 
Alaiiiaii.  J/i.-/.  Mij\,  i.  l';{,  0,S  84,  I'Jl;  ii.  !)(i;  iii.  :!s|;  Id.,  I>i.^.,i.,  ii. 
'JL'I  -J;  iii.  :{()■_' -:!{1;  Arroiii-:,  Iliaij.  Mi-C,  1.")!'-.'.,  •_'.'!•_'.">;  Id.,  Ili-t.  n  Crij,i., 
S.".-S;  Hill  III,  <!i,h.  M'X.,  |-JO-'_'L',  l.'iO-."),  l.V.)  (11,  17'-*  '.••_',  •_'0(Mi:f;  (Jriijniilil 
Sniilinirin  ill-  Siiii  Jitnii,  jias.siui ;  Cucaduinjii,  ( 'ini.'-liliiiiiiiK  .*,  \tus^\\\\ ;  l,ii<  <  'n.in, 
1\ n-ijriua  mini;  ]iiissiiii ;  i'oiivi iitn.-i ih-  ItiCii  dnd,  pa.s.sim  ;  J>ij\ii.'indi-  In  17  rdnd, 
1(1;  Id.,Jiii-idiiii,  jia.ssiiii ;  IiiiijO,  Finn  ml  (irnlihid,  jiassini ;  Iii'/iii.-<idiiri  ■•'  rmi- 
trii  Id  hivitii-d,  pasfiiii;  Jlrniiforl,  Hint.  I'li/jit",  v.  li'JO  ;i0;  lUiihun,  Flinjio, 
MS.,  2)assii)i ;  Fi/iiidi-d  y  F'jiin  n,  Vida  di'  Ari-Hnno  ij  .S^wso.  |)a.s.siin  ;  (/dnd  irn, 
I'idii  lie  l.ir.riuio,  l-l.SO;  Lndroii  de  Gin  cam,  Mnnilli.'ilii,  jiaft.-^iiii;  Urijnhin, 
Cliivn.  di'  linn  ^Inijii.ttin,  'J17  IS;  Ld.tcnni),]'idn  P.  Oriedo,  [la.ssini ;  (i.iinnn, 
I'lrii/iiidrinn,  jias.^im;  (Jiiinnjd,  L'oin/n nd.,  |)iis.siiii;  Mnrtimz,  Si'mnni  I'mn- 
ijiriro,  jiMssiiii;  (Jrozrn,  I'nrtn  Etnoyrnjla,  11(10  SO;  Lion,  Mniitml  liri-n  ,  p.-i.s.jin; 
i>.<rir!o,  Ami  ririiDO  Si  rdjiliicn,  j>a.s.siin;  I'nnzi-  dc  Li-on,  La  Aznci-nd,  jm.-i.sim; 
Sidi,s,  El  li'nrcrdo/c  In.ilrnidu,  ]ia>:.siin;  .'^nnc/nz,  In/nrinr,  jiassim;  /,'inni  rn, 
Xol.  Mirh.,  iKissiiii;  Cnrni-dij,  E.-lndii.n  //('.s/.,  (17- 7.'!,' 1 14  17,  I-J1--';  S!i idini'n 
Yin:,  ii.  lo;!  4;  Aiimiin,  Jlixt.  Yiic,  ii.  L'00-(17,  .'{-J I -.V_',  :isO  0(1,  4.">(I,  .".(1l'-4; 
l.di-unzn,  I)i.<rnrfiiM,  hds.  x.\.\v.-vi. ;  Lirdo  de  Tijndn,  A/ninl.  //l.-<l.,  -'.>!- S, 
;)i:i;  irmm,  lli.<t.  J<dn,in,  i.  02-.3,  ll'J,  IIS;  Su^n,  EyiKiniK  M'.r.,  .V)  1('-J, 
llill,  14.'),  J.")l,  1(10,  "JU;  Znmncoii<,  I/i^t.  Mi.r.,  v.  '277  0,  .SOO.  .S;i.">,  iiassiiu; 
vi.  '_'!,  :)0,  :;o,  4.S,  lOl,  (lO.S;  vii.  .'i.S,  104;  viii.  "27  S-  x.  ")i:i;  Pnlnjij.r,  lida 
(III  ]'i-ii.,  •J7-110;  (,'(7,  Fnnd.  <)hrn  Pin,  j)iisn\n\;  J i/li .linx  di:  hm:,  l-s.'i; 
(njintz.  Villa  Mndri'  Antonin,  passim;  ]'iln.<ru  y  'I'ljndn,  Ifiit.  Imntjin,  ))as- 
siiii ;  I'lld.iro,  El  I'ri  ti-ndii  n/i',  jiassiiii;  Vdllijo,  \  ida  dil  Si  nor  Jo<i,  pas.-iii); 
IV/m.sto,  Mnnijli nil),  jiassiiii;  Vn'ona,  Pnrniinilo;;in,  S-10;  Znriiln,  Viinrnhln 
Vinnjriij.,  llas^il^;  ('oii.-^liliirione"  dc.Snn  I/i/oly'o,  jiassiiii;  Jji'iviln,  Vidii  dn 
I'lnzdr-  linn  in,  '1\;  ('onrinlo  di  Snn  Lon  nzo  l'iijln.i<.  1-14(1,  Hn'i-nfiiii.  Vidn 
Ciiilo.i  III.,  W.  W-i'i'l,  ,S,S-0;  III  null  y  Mnin,  hidnlirio,  Jiassiiii;  ('irlilirnrimi 
ill  ln.<  Mii-ri-dii.'i,  :MS.,  l';{-:):{,  84-00; '^l/'/(A/r,  Elo<jiij.t  Fnni-hi-i .i,  1-40;'  .l/v7u- 
oii'rndin  dvl  An-iuniii  ( 'on.-'titncioni-^,  passim;  Floniicid,  di'  I, ton,  IH-.I.  Vidri 
M-ilinu,  i.assini;  I'dMillo,  J  lire.  II  i--!..  0,  .')-_'-8,  l-27-."i4,  17S,  ls;{.  -JOd  .'iU; 
IWmliro,  Xof.  Son.,  40;  Id.,  Xol.  I'hih.,  3-_';  Id.,  Xol.  Jhir.,  •_•:!;  .Mi-lio- 
vi-iiii,  Prii\  S  Xir.,  "J,  passim;  Mi-xim,  Arnm-il  J'tirroi/iiiid,  1  1(1;  .\/id- 
irolnniii'iilo  di  Indion,  jiassim;  Ayi'll.n,  Infornw^,  '27.'{-0;i;  Soriniio,  Prd/oiio, 
Ms.,  4-"i.'>;  Vildylana,  I'ida  PorlcntiMn,  i>a.  siui ;  Tixidn,  J'l/irr-.iintnriiin, 
I'lis-im;  Siiinln,  JJi.KCiir.-io.  jiassini ;  Torin-I  Mrndiril,  Aimrii-ion,  ii.  1S,'{-'.I7; 
T'irriiliid,  E.i'anicn  Cunoniro.  jias.sim;  Cn.flro,  E.i(dtni-ion  Mniinijim,  passim; 
III..  Dii'i'ilorio.  pa.ssim ;  I/irnnndi z,  E.s'nd.  Mi.c.,  '2,")7-S;  Sor.  Jli.r,  (I'lnij., 
h'.iilin,  ii.  (i,  8,  l(l--j:i,  4-J-4;  iii.  'IW;  viii.  17.J-7,  40;{-4,  .■i47-0.  (128  Id;  ix. 
411.  140,  l.')l,  1(17;  /'/., '.M.n'p.  i.  •2.S(i,  48(1  0.'.,  .")(l.')-7:{,  (140,  8:<0-4l,  OiM -•_'.'>; 
iii.  '-M;  iv.  1.'.:!  (10,  (IMO  -10:  Id.,  Wm  (.p.  i.  •_V)7,  (i.')()-l;  AUnnn  Mix.,  i.  l.s:',-4, 
-lil,  ."iOS,  ;j.')2,   too,  4l.''_',  4.")."),  ,')S4-8;  y7(f.  Univ.,  i.-  x..  passim;  Mo.^niro,  Mix., 


W- 


rm^ 


m 


m 


n  K 


kW 


I 


-f. 


780 


RELIGIOUS  ORDERS, 


ii.  nS.VO'J;  iii.  0,  21-4;  iv.  10,  Sfifl;  vi.  101-2;  vii.  228:  .Vn»eo  .V<r.,  i.  R.  50, 
y,V.\,  :W7,  passim  ;  ii.  .V.0-7,  4(>!»-ll;  iii.  H(t--_',  lOl-.'.;  iv.  <):{-4,  •_'<}(»,  4»>-4;  /.V.,;.*. 
<;o,  Yiira/iro,  i.  l.'>8-!),  'J2S-:«);  ii.  SI-KIH,  .Ttl-J.'J;  J'ii/>.  I'ur.,  i.  (i;  v.  14-:f:.; 
i.\.  !)-.'{7;  xli.  32-3;  cxxi.  4.Vr)(i;  cxlix.  14-20;  clxiv.  ]ia(u<iiii;  i-lxxxiii.,  iMiKsiin; 
JJiirjier'n  Alwj.,  xlix.  17!>-S0;  Aik:i'  A'"/.,  xxiii.  l.Vi;  U'liril's  Mix.,  i.  .'{31  '>; 
Mui/<r\t  M<:<-.  Azuc,  i.  202;  /</.,  J/s'.v'.,  1-4,  oo  M;  KsUilUi,  xxvi.  2til  S.i, 
3-.'(i-S;  xxvii.  9-10,  47-8,  110-11,  hH-5,  233-71;  l><-  Smefa  \V,:<t,rn  Mis^lon.i, 
240-2;  D'Avity,  JJpsrrip.  O'rii.  Am.,  ii.  2;{-4,  80-1;  Dotniiinh,  lli^t.  M<.,:, 
i.  2(iy-N2;  J)o;}Ii''m  IIK  Pioii.t  Fnml,  7,  S;  yIArf;i«M/fj-.,  :{;{-44;  AUmt'.^  M<.,., 
!IS-1(K);  Aim'rim,  I'irt.  JliM.,  12"»  .H;  Strkktrx  liiUwthik,  4'.»-.".0;  Tvnr.,,, 
J/ist.  OU-ii.  Aw.,  iv.  348-r)2;  vii.  00^72,  22!»,  21»2-3.S«);  viii.  240  fi'l;  Anirrim, 
J/fsrri/,.,  MS.,  I1()-1,S;  (hjilhifn  Am<r.,  22l!,  24."»-fi;  Piid-  r/i.„\t  M,,<l.  f.V,,,,., 
iii.  ir).S;  I'inite  ifc  l.ron,  Alxja  Mich.,  1-147;  Ln  i'niz,  iii.  303,  |'iiM.xiiii;  iv. 
l.Sl-7;  V.  400,  Vhu-dU;  vi.  137-8;  vii.  (iSit-722;  liiiHi(iiii<iut,,V(,z,lfl„J',itni, 
V.  0-2."(,  7''J-MI;  /(/.,  Kloijio  lllal.,  jiiis.«im;  Mixim,  JiisturhinK,  M.'<.,  i.  l-|.'i; 
jyiario  MiX.,  i.  4S,  200-72;  ii.  142,  piis^iin;  vi.  04,  l.s7  !>.">,  3(i(i  S;  vii.  23:t  t; 
viii.  27  <'t  «»>(!.;  ix.  II."),  177,  271-.">;  x.  3:«»,  r)7l-2;  xi.  »;7-.S,  2it7!l,  3.*.l-7s, 
50.");  I'njfn,  Jlisl.  Jlirre  Coin/.,  102,272;  Jliriitil  J>itiz,  Hixf.  Virilwl.,  l<i(i-7; 
<,""■'/"',  i'ul.  ill'  ]foi\,  1-(m;  Jtiliit.s,  /li.il.  ilf  I'l.^  'J'l-iiiiii/iliiM,  4A~-.'i\;  (  liiri'ji  in, 
Sluria  ili'lld  Cfil.,  ii.  100-70;  Mf.ri'n,  Jh/iii-^ii  Jitrhlira,  ))as.>iKi ;  Yt(a,  h'm 
rixi'ii-i)  i'n>/iio,  piissiiii  ;  fjltirn  dr  lat  <  luisliliiriiiin.''  ilf  {'.  Orih  ii,  Jias.silii ;  Moii- 
tuiid,  El  (,'orazonde  lud  Jtoiiu«,  i)U88iin;  Sanchez,  I'illu  Putb.  tSwjrud.,  loO-l. 


McT.,  \.  R.  r.o, 
»,  430-4;  IfciU- 

i.  (i;  V.  14- .•{.".; 
xxxiii.,  iMiKsiiii; 
M<x.,  i.  'XW  :.; 

XXV  i.  21)1  S.i, 
■■'l<rii  MiKnioim^ 
h,  /list.  Ml.,:, 
;  Alihol'.i  Mix., 
!l-.")0;  'J'oiii-ut,, 
)-(i!t;  Aiinrini, 
I'n  Mnil.  ili-ut],, 
(!.■{,  I'a.ssiiii;  IV. 

C  //f  /l»  J'lllli  I, 

MS.,    i.    1-1.-,; 

C.  S;  vii.  'j;!:!   I; 

1»(»7  !•,  :t.*>i-7s, 
inlwl.,  I'iii-T; 
:-:,\;  (  htrliji,:,, 
>iiii;  Ytla,  I  I'm 
I,  ji.is.siiii ;  Mi'u- 
\ijrud.,  150-1. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 


SOCIETY. 

loOO-lSOO. 

EVOLCTION  OF  A  RaCE— TYPICAL  CUARACTEIHSTICS — STATISTICS  OF   PoPrLA- 

TioN — I'uoror.TioN  Asu  DisTKinrrioN  ok  IIaces— Caises  forKecueask 
OF  AiHiiiicixKs— Creole  verscs  .Spamaku -Jealocsies  and  Impoli- 
tic Measures — Immi(!Uaiion  and  Charaiter  of  Arkivals— Status 
OF  FoRKKi.NEKS— Indian  I'ulk'Y  and  its  Eitect— Race  Stigma — 
Nixiuo  Slavery— Condition  of  the  Mixed  Ureeds — Beocahs  and 
XoRLEs— Nature  and  Extent  of  Dlseases— Matlazauuatl,  Small- 
pox, VoMiTo  Prieto,  and  Famine.s — Doctors  and  Treatment — 
Hospitals  and  Asylums — Moirxind  and  Cemeteries — Meat  and 
Drink— SuMiTUARY  Laws— National  Dress— Love  of  Display — 
False  (Jlo.ss — Wo.men,  Mor.m.s,  and  Marriaue — The  IIo.me — Holi- 
day Ci:leiiration— Ct)Aciii:s  and  Uidi.rs — Daruaric  Si*ort — Gam- 
bling— The  Drama-Social  1Jeunion,><. 


Spanish  Aincricans  present  the  distinct  features  of 
what  may  bo  essentially  elasscd  as  a  new  race,  si)rung 
IVoin  the  union  of  the  proudest  of  European  pco})les, 
and  the  most  advanced  of  Americans;  the  i'ormer  it- 
self an  anomalous  mixture,  \vhereiii  lav  blended  the 
physical  and  mental  characteristics  of  half  a  tlozeii 
nations,  i'rom  sturdy  VjoWx  to  lithe  and  fiery  Arab;^ 
tlie  other  possibly  autochthonic,  and  evolved  amidst 
the  rise  ami  fall  of  mighty  empires,  whose  records  are 
entombed  in  the  most  imposing  monuments  of  the 
continent.'^  While  the  latter  may  be  divided  into  two 
L,M'eat  branches,  the  ^layr.  and  Nahua,  originally 
cradled   ])erhaps  within   the  region  drained   by   the 

'Sec  introduction  to  lliM.  Vint.  Am.,  i.  tliia  sfiie.'*,  fur  tlic  ovolution  ami 
cliariictoristics  of  Sjmiiianls. 

'^litiiiil)(ililt,  wiio  favors  an  Asiatic  orij;in  for  tlie  Aincrioniis,  sees  in  tliis 
iiicctin^'  witli  the  Spaniard  a  ri'iiniim  of  two  liraiu'lici  tliat  oiico  p.-irud  on  tliu 
jilains  of  Asia  in  oijpohito  diin'tions.  K.i.tai  l\iL,  i.  IIU-.').  'i'lie  iliilcrcnt 
tlu'orii'.i  on  origin  uru  tliscussud  in  Aulhr  J)'((riii,  v.  diaptor  i.  tliis  Hcrics. 

( vai ) 


782 


SOCIETY. 


T'suiiuiciiita,  yet  they  consist  of  a  lari^o  imtiilier  f>f 
nations,  distiiu-t  in  lan;.jua!^(\  and  (lillVring  grratly  in 
culture,  such  as  tiic  Otoniis,  Za[iotccs,  Tarascos,  and  tlii; 
representative  Aztecs,  ^ornlin^'  a  ,L;"reater  variety  even 
than  that  which  could  ho  distinguished  on  the;  Jheriaii 
peninsula  at  tho  openini(  of  tho  conquest.  'J'heie  was, 
tlierefore,  no  hon»o;jfeneity  of  race  which  mii^dit  [m- 
vent  intern)in.L,dinLj,  while  tho  <^eogra|»hic  fealui'es  u[' 
till'  countiT  with  its  |H(»loun<l  inlhience  (;n  race  devel- 
o[)iuent  [(resented  similarities  to  tho  now-coinejs  that 
brought  involuntarily  to  their  lips  the  name  Xcw 
S[)ain,  by  which  term  it  was  thereafter  lor  a  tliiic 
kn<nvn.  Although  tho  nanio  was  first  }>i-<(nounce<| 
u[)on  tho  seab(»ard,  these  resemblances  existed  nioi.; 
])articularly  on  the  high  tal)le  lan<l  where  a  tempej-ati! 
clime  had  lured  to  settlement  and  cultuio  most  of  tlic 
nations  referred  to.  llert^  llourishod  tho  c(.'reals  aiil 
limits  of  S[)ain,  wheat  and  barley  by  tho  sid(!  of  mai/D 
and  maguey,  while  tho  slojies  of  lofty  ranges,  undt  r 
siiow-crowiied  peaks,  stood   clad  in  ru<jf<jfed   lirs.     In 

1  '  or? 

the  sheltered  valley  grew  the  sugar-cano  and  indigo, 
and  on  either  side  of  tho  plateau  a  fringe  of  hcatiil 
coast  lino  revell»;d  in  all  the  luxuriance  of  tro[iic  natuic. 
]hit  this  line  was  eomjtarativi-ly  narrow,  and  so  scantily 
occU[iied  as  to  have  little  inlhience  on  ^[exican  devel- 
o]iment.  A  strange  ct)nnningliiig  ti-uly  of  pe()j)les  ami 
ol"  climates  to  form  a  nt'W  race,  with  characteristics 
n<(W  nKtditii'd,  now  intensiiieil,  tho  uiheritor  of  [»ast 
glories,  tht!  guai'dian  of  a  transplanted  culture.  3'^veii 
two  of  the  earth's  great  divisions  did  not  sulHco  in 
create  it,  for  <luring  early  stages  already  a  third  ele- 
ment was  iid'used  by  negroes  from  tho  dark  continent, 
with  a  slight  spriid^ling  from  tho  fourth  j)ai't  of  tlh; 
woild  by  Chinese  and  Malays.  Tho  latter  have  nov(  r 
bee  II  counted  as  an  element  however,  and  the  recog- 
nized mixi'd  bri'edsaro  most izos,n)ulattoes, and  zambo-, 
or  Indian  zambos/' with  their  degrees  of  admixture. 

■''riit!  ti nil  for  tho  oftsjiriiiij  '>f  nogroos  ami  Iiiiliaiis  vari<'s  in  diirci'tiit 
cuiiiitiic"^,  ami  L'Vcu  lliu  Ifxicoyia^jlicia  luc  at  a  loss.     Tlioy  Imvc  ijciu  callnl 


lllge 


mml>or  of 
|i>rt';itly  ill 
OS,  and  tlio 
irict  V  oven 
\w  J  Ijciiau 
riiciL"  \va>, 
niL,^lit  pr»- 
V'atui'cs  (if 
I'acL'  (K'Vcl- 
)mcrs  that 
amc  Xow 
for  u  tiiiK! 

iroiKHllKVtl 
istcd     IIIOIM 

t('in|u'rat(! 

il(),st  ot'  llic 

■c'l'i'als  aiil 

lo  (tt*  iiiai/i! 

;_;os,  uiiili  f 

'l   tirs.     Ill 

11(1   indi^ii, 

of  licatt'il 

•ic  iiaturr. 

;()  scantily 

•an  (k'Vi'l- 

.'opK's  and 

aotnistics 

»>•  of  past 

•c.    Even 

adlico  to 

t'aird  clt- 

•ontint'iit, 

lit    of    till! 

av(j  ncv«  1" 
lu;  ivcoij^^- 
d  /anibos 
li.vtine. 

s  ill   (lillt'i'tiit 


ixpiANs  Axn  :mestiz:os. 


7.13 


Of  tlio  tliroe  oriL,diial  races  tiu'  Indian,  wliicli  may 
!)('  ici^ai'dod  as  the  mother,  presonts  a  less  favorahK; 
ii|)pfaran<'e  hythe  side  of  the  symmetrieal  and  hri^ht- 
(Ved  Spaniard  and  the  tall  and  muscular  n<\^ro. 
While  dilfercnt  provinces  exhibit  markecl  variations 
ill  stature,  build,  and  comeliness,  the  «i^eneral  vei'dict 
must  bf  that  the  aborii^ine  is  jieither  handsome  n(»r 
L;rac('ful;  nor  has  he  the  sti'eninth  and  adr[)tal>ility  of 
(hf  others.  Tlu!  loni;  black  hair  is  thick  and  i-'h'^^v. 
hilt  the  beard  is  so  s<'ant  as  to  render  more  marked 
the  uniformity  of  tyi)e  in  the  black  elon<^ated  eyes  set 
widely  apart,  the  oval  face,  with  its  narrow  forehead, 
the  prominent  cheek-bones,  and  the  large  lips.  The 
ciiuntlexion  varies  from  olive  ta  brown  and  copper 
color,  in  certain  districts  with  a  yellowish  or  bluish 
tiiiL;<',  and  inclining  to  black  in  the  torrid  region.*  Tin; 
iiiesti/(»  throws  off  many  of  tlies(>  attributes,  and  may 
he  classe<l  as  more  intelligent  and  handsome,  with  line 
eves  and  hair,  but  he  is  geiu'rally  small  of  stature,  in- 
clined to  corpulency,  and  lacks  i-nergy  and  strength.'"' 
The  mulattoes  inherit  the  vivacity  of  their  dark  sires, 
iind  unite  with  it  jxreater  industrv.  The  zanibos  i> 'e 
ugly,  liery,  and  turbulent.  Indeed,  geiitleiu'ss  and 
hcauty  increase  with  the  [)roin)rtion  of  white  admix- 
ture.'"'' 

Whatever  may  be  the  ease  with  nndatto  castes  the 
iiit(.'rmarriaixe  of  mestizos  certainly  does  not  tend 
toward  sterility.  Under  favorable  skies  like  those  of 
California  their  fecundity  has  been  suiprising,"  and  in 

7ihi1k>s  in  (locrees  witliin  Now  Spain,  nnd  especially  Caracast  yot  nt  Mexico, 
1!  iliiina.  aii<l  i.iina.  i^iiinii  was  a  ronnii'iii  ap)>i.'llatiiiii.an<l  in  tlic  latt<'r  ]>lai'>'alsi) 
'  liiiit-cliiilo.  Zanilxi  liV  itself  nmre  ;:en()ally  iliimtes  tiift-e  fKurtJisdl  Mack  ail- 
li :i\tiiie,  anil  zamlio  jiiiitd  seven  eiLilitlis.  A  ilce|ieninj:  "if  color  is  teinieil 
■  r//.)  iitr'iM,  'liack-lea|i.' anil  a  lieii^'liteiiin:.'  liy  i,'iiaier  niin;,'lin;,'  with  wiiite, 
''  ,.'<•  ('//  il  ,iiri\  'liolilin?,'  oneV  Beit  in  t  lie  air."  The  Vsiatie  mix  tine  was  liiiiiiL;lit 
li\   llie  l'liili|il)ine  ileets. 

''I'lie  Imiian  type  is  fnlly  consiilereil  in  yntiir  A'kiv.v,  i.-ii.,  ami  tlio 
Sli.uiisli  in  /lilt,  i'viil.  Am.,  i.  introil.,  this  sei-ies. 

■'The  jianils  ami  fei't  are  \isnally  jiraiseil  ami  the  teeth  comlennieil. 

•"•'riie  oilor  of  the  ililleient  races  can  lie  ilistinj.'nisheil  also  in  the  eastes; 
aiiil  for  tiu-  ilillerent  etllnvia  the  I'eniviann  have  distiuct  names.  Iliiinliolill, 
i«fi'  I'nI.,  i.  i;{(i. 

'Navarro  applies  tliia  in  genunil  tu  liulf-eastes :  '  lu  fccuuiUilutl  nuloriu  ilu 


m 


SOCIETY, 


hi 


otluT  jKirts  tlie  birth  nito  vaiios  accoidliijnr  to  oliniafo 
and  soil.  Dofbriuity  is  very  raie,  ])articularly  aiu(»iiL,' 
IiRliaus."  Ajjo  falls  lightly  upon  the  latter,  with  fvw 
instances  of  grey  hair,  an<l  quite  a  number  of  centena- 
rians are  claimed,  although  the  proportion  of  persons 
over  fifty  years  of  age  appears  larger  among  the  whiti; 
race,  with  their  later  puberty  and  better  mode  of  liv- 
ing." 

Orders  were  repeatedly  issued  from  Spain  to  form 
statistics  of  population  and  resources,  and  viceroys 
and  civil  and  ecclesiastic  officials  rcsjionded  with  more 
or  less  elaborate  reports,*"  but  the  iirst  worthy  to  ]n: 
called  a  census  was  that  taken  in  1793-4  l)y  order 
of  Viceroy  Rev  ilia  Gigcdo.  Incomplete  as  even  this 
proved,  one  sixth  of  the  population  being  merely 
estimated,  it  has  nevertheless  been  accepted  in  njo.-t 
respects  as  a  base.  The  total  here  ])rcscnted  is  4,48:'),- 
000,"  including  the  Californias,  New  Mexico,  and 
Texas;  but  the  pertinent  objection  has  been  raisid 
that  this  figure  was  considerably  below  the  actual 
nundjci*,  owing  to  the  general  effort  of  the  })eo}>lo  to 
avoid  registration,  from  economic  and  superstitious 
ideas.'-    Ilumboldt  accordingly  added  ten  [)er  cent  to 

liis  castas.'  Mem.,  m  Snc.  Mex.  Oco(j.,  IMefiii,  ii.  8.1.  Instances  of  fccmulity 
nro  to  \>u  fouiiil  in  d'antii  Mix.,  i.  .'{.-> etc. 

''('(.■rtain  iitlliotions  like  jioitrc  do  not  nfTeet  Imlinns  niul  rarely  mepti/"s. 
(~!i:ints  iiiul  dwarf.s  arc  unconiiiion  altliougli  kucIi  giants  as  Salnieron  ami 
iiKire  than  one  dwarf  have  come  from  tliis  i^ountry.  In  l>iiirio,  M<x.,  \i. 
1"JS,  a  Jiij^'iny  i.s  spokvn  of  as  less  than  three  fonith.s  of  a  vara  in  heijxht. 

*  Yet  the  exeiiiiition  Irom  wrinkles  oUserved  liy  Jiiimholdt  does  not  appc.ir 
to  l)e  su8t;iined.  In.stjince.sof  lon^'evitv  are^iven  in  Pfiiicx,  \'ir(i/r.i,  MS.,  l,",ip; 
dnrrla  Mix.,  i.  '2!M,  ;}:!»  .SO.  .S!)?,  4();j-4,  x.  etc.;  /Hario,  Mei:,'u\.  TJ.S,  l.V.i, 
vi.  ll-l"Jctc.;  liiiijiro  Univ.,  .x.wi.  ;U.'{.  One  \voikinL;-man  of  lli'i  left  4;  0 
desiciidants;  anotlier  had  sons  varyinj,'  from  8  to  I'JO  years  of  age.  Tiie  av<  i- 
uge  claimeil  for  tiie  centenarians  is  I  Hi-  Til). 

"Micsides  a  niindier  <if  staUnients  on  Hi)ccial  departments  or  sulijects  .i 
rt'Cord  exists  t)f  I!)  formal  repoi-ts  made  liy  older  of  the  government  lietwet  u 
l.")S.")  and  1787;  for  a  conipiKnl  list  thereof,  with  names  of  the  fi-aiini's,  secA'  -. 
J/(.('.  (li'Kij.,  Iloliiiii,  i.  10.  A  s|H'ciiiuMi  of  the  onlers  to  this  etl'ect  ani!  a 
disti'ict  report  may  he  seen  in  Tanniron,   I'uita  /hir.,  MS.,  i.  et  secj. 

"  nitl'erent  copies  vary  slightly. 

'^In  evidence  of  this  it  was  pointed  ont  that  while  Mexico  City  in  17''.1 
received  ll'i,!l'2tl  inhai)it;iiits,  this  tigiire  ro.se  to  I(1S,S4(»  in  ISI  I.  alJioiigh  it 
fell  greatly  during  the  following  twoyears.  Tliis  variation  nuist  he  attril)iiti  1 
greatly  to  tlu^  war,  which  at  times  drove  fugitives  in  large  numhers  to  the 
ea]iital.  A  Itetter  test  for  the  ileticiency  was  the  liirth-rate,  which  raised  tliu 
ciiliuKitc  fur  the  city  tu  niuix-  than  1^0,000,  iuatcad  ol  ll'J,U2(). 


to  ellmafi? 
•ly  amoii'^ 

with  I'vW 
f  ocntctia- 
)f  persons 

tho  whito 
jJe  of  liv- 

iu  to  form 

I  viceroys 

with  nioro 

I'tliy  to  hi- 

))y  onlrr 

oven  this 

ilX    luen-lv 

h\  in  most 

[1  is  4,48.:. - 

L'xieo,   ami 

ecu  raist  (I 

}\ii  actual 

poojilo  to 

pcrstitious 

)or  cent  ti) 

C8  of  fecundity 

an'ly  mcf<ti/iis. 
Salliienm  uml 

hoi^'lit. 
MS  licit  appi'iir 
//ex,  MS.,  ll'.ii; 
"iii.   1-JS,   l.V.t, 

f  i;r.  kit  4;  0 

ic     The  av>  r- 
(ir  siilijects  .1 

llll'llt  lll'tAVt  Til 

mill's,  see.^'  - . 
i.s  I'tUct  ami  iv 

•t  HM[. 

()  City  in  17'.':? 
I,  uKliougii  it 
1 1)0  attribiit.l 
iiiiiilicrH  ti)  t!i>' 
iiieh  raised  I  lie 


E.STIM.\TES  OF  rOPULATIOX. 


735 


cover  iliis  deficiency,  while  expressinjr  a  hclief  that 
the  addition  of  a  sixth  or  seventh  would  not  he  wroni,', 
Xavano,  followed  hy  several  others,  a<Ids  a  fifth.  'J'ho 
former  author  took  s|)ecial  |)ains  to  ohtain  statistics, 
in  order  to  arrivv  at  an  estimate  for  ISO.'l.  This  was 
no  easy  task  in  a  country  suhjeet  to  such  extienies  of 
climate  fr<»m  the  hot  malarious  coast  to  tho  temperate 
jijateau  and  the  cold  mountain  retjjion  occu|>ie(l  hy  so 
many  dilferent  races  with  varying  modes  of  life,  lie 
came  to  tho  conclusion,  however,  that  the  birth-rate 
could  he  jilaced  at  one  in  seventeen,  and  the  death- 
rate  at  one  in  thirty,  and  that  the  popuhition  would 
(louhle  in  idtout  thirty-eight  years.  The  average  pro- 
p(»rtion  of  hirths  to  <leaths  ap|)earing  as  183  to  100, 
lie  accepted  this,  within  a  small  fraction,  as  a  rate  for 
calculating  the  increase  during  tho  decade  following 
the  census  of  171)3,  and  thus  arrived  at  a  total  popu- 
lation for  1803  of  5,837,100." 

Since  this  time  a  number  of  calculation.s  have  been 
made  which  take  the  census  of  171)3  for  a  base,  but 
reduce  the  increase  to  about  one  and  a  half  ])er  cent 
yeaily  for  the  two  following  decades.  During  the 
ivvolutionary  jteriod  this  rate  nuist  bo  lowered  still 
more,  and  even  afterward  tho  unsettled  condition  of 
alliiirs  operated  again.^^t  la-go  recuperation.  Tho 
mo.st  valuable  estimates  appear  to  bo  those  made  for 
]>^\0  by  the  auditor-general  of  ways  and  means  for 
New  Spain,  Fernando  Navairo  y  Xoiiega,  wluiso 
soui'ces  could  not  have  been  well  surpassed  hy  any 
tontemi)orary.  ]']ven  his  calculations,  however,  ha<l 
f'r  scNeral  |irovinces  to  rest  on  comparative  estimates, 
tint  for  others  ho  was  able  to  present  more  reliable 

"This  was  tho  corrcited  c.iloiil.itinn  of  a  lator  date.  ITu  luiiius  in  a  iiimi- 
li'i'  lit'  i;iiiii|iaiis(iiis  witii  tho  ratos  in  iMiiKiioaii  oimntiios,  and  iiiids  tii;it  tlmso 
inliiii,'  ill  l'nissi;i  a|i|ii'ii\iniate  nmro  olnsolv.  Tiio  in'oportion  then?  <if  iiirth.s 
to  diaths  .stood  a.s  ISO  to  KH).  while  in  tlui  Unitod  St.itos  it  ro.se  to  'JOl  :  KHi, 
aij.l  ill  I'ranoo  it  I'ell  to  1 10 :  ItXt.  Althon^jh  the  hirtlis  of  nialos  in  Now  >;|iMiii 
iv.icdi.d  tlio.se  of  fonialos— HiinilMildt  has  it  1(H)  :!•.">,  othor-s,  more  ciiiti  otly. 
l"il :  !IS.(i  -yot  it  appoarod  that  nialos  pn']>oiidoratod  animm  liidiiins  iiiid 
i.isti's.  Tlio  studios  <'f  tho  <ioriiian  savant  aiv  vory  oxhaiistivo  and  iiitorost- 
ill-.'.  aUhoiurh  in  several  res|x>ets  loss  exact  than  could  have  been  desired, 
o\>  ing  chietly  to  unreliable  data.  L/rnai  I'oL,  i.  54  et  set^. 


I 


736 


SOCIETY. 


figures  than  those  of  Uovilla  Cipfodo.  Wlurc  tliis 
was  not  possihlo  ho  added  twenty  per  rent  to  the 
returns  of  1793  for  deHeiency,  and  twenty-live  more 
for  tho  increase  chirinj,'  the  seventeen  yoars,  <)I>tainin;^' 
a  total  of  (5, 122,354.'*  Tlie  proportion  of  races  j^ivcs 
tho  Indians  sixty  lmn(h*edtlis,  the  castes  twenty-two, 
and  the  wliites  ei^dltecn."  Of  the  last  he  assumes 
only  fifteen  thousand  to  have  been  European  Span- 
iards/" while  raisino;  the  pioportion  »»f  castes  with 
negro  blood  to  nearly  half  a  million.  Large  as  this 
number  appears,  it  is  certain  that  both  econemic  mo- 
tives among  slave-holders,  and  natural  predilection 
among  aboriginal  women  favored  the  diifusion  of  Afri- 
can blood.  Xavarro  ajjrees  with  Ihunboldt  that  the 
slaves  could  not  exceed  ten  thousand,  tho  pure  blacks 
formiu''  two  thirds  of  this  nund)er.*' 

Even  without  the  imjiulse  given  by  republican  prin- 
ci[>les  in  modern  times  for  the  amalgamation  of  races,  it 
is  evident  that  the  castes  strictly  s[)eMking  must  gain 
in  numl)er  by  encrf)aching  on  the  other  classes,  even  it' 
these  were  to  show  a  constant  increasi* — an  increase 
which  becomes  somewhat  lictitious  when  wo  consider 

"  Wliilo  several  points  in  tlio  tal)le  on  paj^e  7.'^7  in'c  sulijcct  to  ci-iticiam,  tlio 
area  fur  instance  being  in  sonic  caises  ohviously  ine.'.act,  31't  these  defects  afl'ei  t 
t!ie  value  of  tlic  pa;  er  so  little  aa  not  to  render  elian;,'e.s  and  attempts  at  Itetti  i' 
t'stimafes  advisable  at  tins  stau'c  of  the  history.  Inde.-d,  tlio  li,i;iii'es  tend  in 
this  form  to  better  represent  tlie  ollicial  views  at  tlio  close  of  the  colonial 
jierioil.  In  a  later  volumo  the  populutiun  tojiie  will  demand  and  necessarily 
receive  a  more  critical  treatment. 

'-■  Humboldt  raised  the  \viiit<'s  slightly  to  one  fifth  and  lowci'cd  the  Indiana 
to  about  two  fifths,  leaving  a  large  remainder  to  castes.  X;ivarro  has  tlic 
trilmte  lists  to  )>rove  the  greater  eorrectiiesa  of  hia  Indian  ligures,  those  of 
ISliT  showing  2, !(-.">,  171'  aborigines. 

'*  llunilwddt  estimated  their  number  in  1803  at  about  70,<W>0,  but  this 
appears  to  have  been  based  on  their  proportion  at  the  capital,  wiiere  tiny 
veie  gathered  in  large  force  as  the  leading  holders  of  dtiiccs  and  comineiei;iI 
)>ositiiiiis.  Navarro's  ligure  certainly  is  very  low,  but  lie  had  access  t'j 
niigration  statistics,  ami  such  a  careful  stndent  us  Alainan  corrects  his  ii\mi 
larger  estimates  by  this.  Tai  government  gave  no  special  encou/agemeut  to 
emigration. 

'' 'J'he  negroes  and  negrj  niixiu'-es  rest  on  rather  vagne  estimates,  for  tln'sc 
recogni/ed  as  of  this  class  were  included  aiiiong  Indiiins  as  tril>utai'ies,  and 
those  not  so  recognized  merged  into  other  classes.  The  estiniato  for  wlii:c 
jH'ople  is  also  Boniewliat  misleading,  since  amid  the  general  ellort  toapproa'  li 
the  superior  race  a  nur.iber  of  persons  witii  impereeptible  Indian  or  negro  ad- 
nii.\ture  declared  themselves  white,  many  indeed  obtaining  legal  permissiuu 
to  du  su. 


•tl 

1 

1 

in 

u. 

»- ' 

h' 

w 

•-  1 

h  1'    " 

<! 

1        'to. 

h: 

W    - 

1 

"pmii 

1 

c 

•-•  - 

f- 

'h'liii 

■  . 

•  >  Vtia 

c 
c 


CKXSI'S. 


737 


UTO  tilis 
it  to  tli«; 
ivc  inni(.' 
)l>tainiii;^' 
CCS  gives 
•ntv-t\v<), 

an  Spaii- 
stos  with 
re  as  this 
KMule  mo- 
(><lil»'('ti<)ii 
III  ol"  AlVi- 
that  tho 
lie  blacks 

lican  \mu- 
i»t'  races,  it 
must  gain 
ps,  even  it" 
increase 
consiikr 

'liticisin,  tlio 
ilcfcrts  iifTtrt 
niitsiit  l»'tt(  !• 
swvrn  teii<l  ill 
tlic  I'oloiii.il 
A  necessarily 

1  tli(>  Tii'liniis 

Ml'O    luiS    till! 

iiiivs,  thus".'  I'l 

(MH»,  Imt  tliU 
1,  V  iHfc  til'  y 
il  ci)imiit'v<-i:il 
iu<l  atUL'ss  t'l 
iTcct.  -  Ilia  >i^^" 
)ir.-;igfiiR'Ut  t'l 

atcs,  for  t!ii'>e 
ilmtiirifs,  mil 
iiatc  for  whi'.o 
rttoiipproM'  li 
II  rir  iu";4r<>  ;i'l- 
'ill  penaissiiiu 


I      "nnSiMi  njtinti'       '*r?*l5*^?*  — it5 


i|.iii.i  .11 1|  KiniiiiiiiMini 


1^' 


•«o|jTi|ncIci,|  |ii|ip.|,      -jjj-;, 


-  •"'  ■  'i  ',  '■i' 


il  *  ■-.  ± 


,il«i!,>  P..XIK 


:  ^  •! t-  -I  I-  -^ 


Tl  F-  |i*    ' 


•^  I  •  1  -  t  - 


IZ^' 


'inii'{|iii| 


-  S  "  V  K '/  U 


/;  /.  ;  'I 


'  -  •;  - 1- ...  V»  i 


■V|IJ1l|UII(tri 


■Hiiiiv; 


(J 

I- 


•(UI!|J,I 


•Xaa.iu 


■ti.i!J.)iiiin>; 


I 


■sou.i|Hmi<i|{ 


•iwaiii!!!  >i-"'IS 
If)     ""["""iS  .i|i  niii.iiiiriu;.! 


**.  •:  ~.  •'.  '■k 
X  i-ii.e;  f  i  51  4if« 


A  Ti  V  ri  I  •  ^  y  r 


fiS 


i^*:!    i,?5r^?i    :    I 


I-  A  -r     :  ;i  I.-  J-.  »*  *  -J 


Z    . 

c 


■iii>i|jun]i 


■Rnpii<)!.iii]i 


y.  ■ '.  r.  F-  :;  71  "r  i-  •*  "T 


-r  z  /.  -  r:  7?  •-  —  T*  A  53 
7 1 1  -  I  •  w  ti  aC  -^  F-  :  I  r  f^ 
X  ;:  ^      I.-J      ^  -3  «  FN  FN 


<  I       ' 

J   ,  >oan|||  V  ao  'io|q.m,i 

;l 

D 
L 
C    

U    1  >ini!KS|n; 


•i-ll  WIV[_  Jl)  '►Hill  Y 


••■•>!l|.t 


/.  -  T  I  -'.;/.■:  I  c  ^.  "/.  * 
7i:i*-— l•-|■.i  =  -r?t-" 
•il  r:  I- —  .1  rv       r^  Il 


i*  I-  F«t  O  51  *.*'»•  ft  ^1  51 


51 1.*:  5t  51  ^  r;  ei  ^  r^  ^ 


■K'.i|.IIUII,  I 


•■■|.)!Jl<!(IJii'i-<i|ii|4it,| 

■K.lllSlMI 

ojuuLk  u|  ujjv 


^  -.  ~  I- '/  •-  ''i  r-  '•>  —  :i 


1-1-  r.  :? 


',:;j 


•3 

^1 



T 

'.* 

"'?, 

^r 

■ 

?i  :i 

/a 

■  %■ 

"* 

,  •    ■ 

p« 

1- 

:t 

V.A 


Qii 


i  fi       .i- 


u 


N    :« 


:^;^ 


■5 

1 

'^ 

i 

u 

h 

a 

Tr 


sii 


tl    till  ^    F- 


;  I  —  r.  —  I  -  "  •-  •?■  •  j  '  i     '■  ■:  I  i*.  i  -r  i  -  -'■  V 


.  H'T  <*.  -r      cz  *i  :i 


12 

c  — 


i  i  i  i?    J     : 

:    I    !    :  3      J    .    : 


Mi  it   '<  il  ; 

c  ..J  ^    ■  tc  " 


.-    r   3    « 


r.  .-—--?:;•.;;.»■•>:  s  H    s^    z.  ^.  - 1-    s.    ^  <  .c, 
HlHT,  M£X.,  Vol,.  111.    47 


Z/'i 


738 


SOCIKTY. 


the  hujxc  nnniltcr  orrastcs  tliat  l>v  infrrmnrrincjo  scoia 
to  ictuin  ^liKlually  1«>  tlir  iii<itli(  i"  racf.  W<'  find  ii<i 
Midi  witliri'iiii^  iMlliieiicc  on  tlu'  altori^inal  |M»j»iilati<'ii 
as  in  tlu'  north,  and  tills  must  l»e  dik-  |)aitly  to  tli-- 
similarity  lu'twccn  them  and  the  invadcis  in  their 
scttk'd  conthtion,  wJiich  dcmandi'd  no  radical  chaiii;!' 
ti>r  adaptation.  While  makinif  tew  efl'oi'ts  to  inci"ea>i' 
tli(>  |)o|»Mlation  with  emii^rants,  the  <;ovei:mneiit  <-er- 
tainlvdid  all  to  foster  a  natuial  Ljrowth  l»v  iironiotinj; 
eaily  marriages,  l)y  introdtieini^  seeds  and  live-stoek, 
and  hy  other  measures.  Follow  Injif  in  the  wakt;  of 
LasCasas  earlv  for«'iij-n  writers  have  induh-cd  in  l.uii- 
eiitations  over  tlu;  havo<;  intlieted  l»y  the  eoiKjUerors 
and  lati'r  hy  eneoni(Muleros,  notahlv  in  \v<»rkin<'"  tin' 
natives  to  death  in  the  mines.  The  distnrhanees  ever 
aecomi»anyin'L;'  war  could  not  ha\e  failed  in  ellect,  a> 
shown  at  the  fall  of  ^Texico,  and  th(^  mints  entoinli(  J 
vast  munheis,  less,  howevti',  l>y  overtaxin;^  strength 
than  hy  the  efl'ect  of  climatic  clianL;'es  on  persons  su  1- 
denly  tran.sferred  from  a  warm  district  to  cold  and 
ru'-m-d  mountain  rcLiions.  '^I'o  this  was  added  tin) 
<*hanL;e  from  (juiet  plantation  life  to  rou;j;h  miniiiL,'  toil. 
Xevertheless  the  losses  l)y  these  means  wer<'  conipara- 
tively  small,  and  the  j^i'eat  rava,L,^'s  that  took  |)laci.' 
nuist  1)1!  ascrihed  almost  wholly  to  tiie  diseases  follMU- 
inj.;'  the  new  civilization,  such  as  small-[)ox,  measles, 
and  prohahly  syphilis.'^ 

]*]ndemics  and  famines  also  ruled  periodically,  ami 
different  <listricts  liad  their  special  atllietions.  'I'Ik- 
former,  however,  had  less  ellect,  since  the  peojtle  eitln  r 
hecame  iiuu'ed  to  or  avoidi'd  the  jiestiferous  re^ion-^. 
There  remains  no  <louht  that  their  total  lias  f'alleii 
IL^i'eatly  from  what  it  was  in  the  time  of  ^ronte/uma, 
when  Tezcuco,  ( 'holula,  and  a  number  of  other  cities 

'"Las  Casas'  PxaixqifM'atcil  nttaoka  on  lii.s  coiuifryincn  for  cruelty  liavc 
nlrcady  l>t'ti>  cxiitisi  d,  ami  I  lia\e  also  alliiiluil  tu  \K'  I'aiiw'.^  \  i(  w.s  in  l.i-> 
I't  t/ii  relic.  Ilayual  Iunmts  tlio  cstiiiiatc  of  lo.ssc.s  siillcn'd  liy  the  Imliaiis,  I'Ut 
|)la(.is  too  iiuuli  i.tii'ss  on  the  cHet't  of  niiiics.  Zainatni.s  in  sickiiiL;  to  jiinvi- 
tli;it  tliiy  iiK  riascil  iinili  r  Sjianisli  rnle  liiids  no  diliiculty  iji  dialini,'  \m  li 
li  inn's  and  icailily  aiirpts  tlie  vague  statements  of  early  elilouielers  conceiii- 
jiig  tlie  lavuyes  of  eijiilenucs. 


\i\\fo  seem 
^e  Hint  111" 
i(>|iul:iti<>M 
ly  to  til.' 
;  ill  tlu-ir 
!»1  cliani^;"' 
>  iiuTtjast' 

IIM'Ilt    <'(-'l- 

(roiiiotini; 
lV('-.slt»cl\, 
Wilkin  <'t" 
mI  in  laiii- 
nlKjlurtil- 

rkiiiL;;  tln' 
im'i's  I'Vi  r 

elU'ct,  as 
cntoiiilK  J 
;  strength 
rsons  su  1- 

cnjil  an  I 
.<l<lr;l    til- 

iuliiLj  toil. 

coiupara- 

ook  |>la<>-' 

OS  loUitW- 

,  inea.sk-, 


callv,  ami 
)ns.  Tlif 
Htlo  citlK  !■ 

s  iTiiiolis. 
has  t'allt'i 

•  Iltc/UIIKI, 

licr  cilii  s 

cimlty  liave 

'.-  \  i(  \V8  ill  ll' 

Imliiuis,  tilt 
•kiiiL;  to  [ii<ivr 
(liMliiiu'  vvi  li 

cUtS  CUIRLIU- 


DlSTiniUTIOX  OF  sr.TTI.KMKXTS. 


Tnn 


now  (Icoaycd  figured  as  |to|»iil(iiis  r*  ntit>,  f«>r  wliii  li 
flu- Spaniards  civctcd  Itiit  .>|)ar»c  (•<|nivaltiit-..  Mixico 
;i|i|)i-ars  iVoin  nioiinnaMital  and  docnnii  ntarv  tviiN  n<'i> 
to  Iiave  lu'cn  more  cxtciisiNc  and  jM.j>iil<ms,  and  in 
Tlascala  a  etiisus  was  taken  l)y  Cortes  >vlii«li  sliowrd 
that  there  were  several  times  more  oreu|»ants  than 
toward  the  close  of  the  colonial  period."*  Francixaii 
missionaries  alone  claimed  to  have  l<aptiz<-«l  <»,()(»0. (>'/() 
nativi  s  het ween  l^HJand  I.VM),  an<l  J)oniinican><  a;:d 
Ani^ustinians  worked  liaid  to  swill  the  iiuml>er.  yet 
immense  fields  remained  untrodden.  The>e  claims 
(.innoi  of  conrs(>  he  relied  upon,  nor  the  c>tiniates  of 
deaths  from  small-[)ox  and  other  ravages.  In  \'uC\ 
jihoiit  11,000, 000  are  said  to  have  heeii  swept  away 
in  the  central  j>rovinces  alone,  and  at  otJier  times 
whole  districts  to  have  heeii  almost  dejM»jiulate«l.-' 

We  liml  the  poj)ulation  distrihuted  in  a  >oniewhat 
•  liilei-eiit  manner  i'rom  tliatof  S«»uth  Anirriea  and  the 
I'nited  States,  not  along  the  coa.-^ts,  whieh  are  heie 
1  >w-lvinu"  and  malarious,  hut  mainlv  on  the  interi  r 
jiateau,  whei'e  culture  and  wealth  had  ever  centred, 
iiotahlv  aloiiLT  a  narrow  strip  emhraciiiir  l*uclila  and 
Mexico,  and  two  other  towns  of  IVoni  :;.'),0ou  to 
1:^0,000  inhabitants,  and  only  one  or  two  day>"  journey 
npart,  while  elsewhere^  great  stn-tches  of  tine  ciuntry 
lii'  almost  uninhahited.  With  the  inllux  of  negroes 
the  coast  line  received  in  time  an  increase  of  occu- 
pants, on  whom  the  fevers  had  little  «flect,  and  with 
lh(  ir  aid  thrivino-  plantations  of  sULiar-cane  and  other 
produce  drew  riches  from  a  hitherto  neglected  soil. 
The  Indians  maintained  their  jireponderance  at  the 
late  of  three  fourths   to   seven  «ighths    in    Puelil.i, 

'•As  iiiilieatcd  in  IlUi.  Mi\r.,  i.,  this  SL-rii'S.     It  is  tnie  that  many  Tlasail- 

'  •-!  Wen:  si'iit  .•iwiiy  ti>  i.'(ih)iii/.i'  otlicr  |ir(i\  iiiuc^i,  Imt  tliis  <'>iil'l  xnA  have 
a!|ict<Ml  the  total  very  seriously.  An  I'.stiinate  for  17:il>  iv<lm-crs  the  Inoiaiis 
t:n.itly.   !>(}<•.  UUI.  Mcx..  si'rii;  ii.  toiii.  iv.  114  I --•_'. 

-'' As  ii'ftiTcil  to  ill  tills  anil  the  piccodiiitc  voliiinr.  Chivigero  iinliiljis  in 
'I'itc  !i  ili.s.soi'tatioii  on  this  to|iii',  cliiilly  as  a  reply  to  W-  I'aiiw.  Siofi  i,  .Writ., 
y  .  '_'71-S7.  It  is  wicli  ly  claiiMcd  that  cxci  ptiii;,'  the  i-iva.rt-s  ."uffen-'l  Iroin 
<■;■ 'h-niiis,  the  almriL^iiial  lai'o  lias  increased  in  iiniiilxi-  iliiriii;;  t!.«-  "•.iliiii;il 
I  i'.  and  this  assi'ctioii  cannot  well  he  disproved  toruant  of  rtlJiiWe  data  con- 
1.1  riling  eiilier  the  pests  or  the  original  population. 


74f) 


.SOriHTY. 


Tl.isc.'tla,  Vi'iji  Cruz,  Vu(a(;m,  Oajaca,  and  Alta  C.ili 
i'liiiia,  particulaily  in  IIm'  last  two.  In  Mtx'ut)  iuti  n 
ill  ncia  tlicy  ioj-nud  two  thirds  ttf  tin-  |»o|iulatii  n. 
I'lif  rastrs  wlil'  most  nuniritdis  in  Giiadalajaia,  l*ii- 
t  Ilia,  till!  nortli-cast  provinces,  and  the  niininLj  iv;;ioii-. 
and  till"  wliiti'.s  mustcivd  in  lorcf  aloiiLf  tliu  same 
|iaiallcls,  wlu'i'o  niiniiiLf  and  stork-raisini^  jui'scnti  d 
o],|i(trtnnily  lor  ('nrirjinant,  and  jucdoininati'd  in 
Xufvo  Jjcon  and  Sonoia.  Jnd»'rd  tlic  sparsely  stt- 
tlcd  nortli  was  occupii-d  cliiclly  l)y  Spaniards  and  hall- 
Itrtcds,  altlionjL^'li  tlu'y  assist»<l  to  .swtll  Uio  tH-nlra! 
j^roup  of  (inanajuato,  I'luhla,  and  ^Mexico,  wiiit  li 
j^ircatly  ixciodL-d  the  rest  in  poj)uIution.'*'' 

Class  distlin'tions  liave  tvii' Iki'Ii  ji'alously  |;uard<  d 
in  Spain,  and,  proud  of  liis  race  an<l  country,  the  Span- 
iard in  t-arly  days  especially  looked  upon  the  i'orei;;-!!!  r 
with  pily  and  contempt.  These  ideaA  coidd  not  l.iil 
to  become  intensilieil  in  the  New  World  wlu-re  Ik 
trod  the  soil  as  c-oncpieror  and  master  »Aer  a  dusky 
and  hall-naked  race  to  whom  the  po.ssession  of  a  soul 
was  at  tij'st  denied,  lender  such  con<litions  it  is  not 
stranti^e  that  cmmi  in  frainiuL;  the  most  heuevolent  ol" 
laws  the  j)reemin(;nce  of  the  superior  jn-ople  was  sus- 
tained to  the  disadva  tat.;'e  of  the  otheis.  Indei d, 
the  education,  wealth,  and  honors  of  the  country  ceii- 
tre<l  almost  exclusively  in  tiie  whites.  They  held  thr 
ci\il,  militarv.  and  hinhest  ecclesiastic  oHici-s;  tin  v 
tilled  the  pi'oiessions;  they  controlled  all  the  hading- 
hranches  of  trade  and  maimfacture,  and  owned  the 

'^' The  t'Xi'iiss  of  fcniiilcs  in  tlie  liiruu  towiiM,  ax  noticed  l.y  niiiiil)i>lclt,  is 
iitti  ilnitiilik'  til  llic  iiilliix  nt  liiiiiH  >tii'  s(  r Villi '.s  ;iiiil  tlif  (■x^iilusni  iiic'ii  f(ir  mil.'  > 
uml  tratlic.  'J'lu'  fviilciit  can'  with  wliiili  Navario  prfpaivil  liis  taliii'oii  ]:i.|>- 
ulatinii  indicatrs  an  aniimnt  of  itsuanli  that  wduM  havi'  givfn  vahic  t"  ii'i;i- 
ini'iit.H  and  sjiti'idationx  on  its  dilU'i't'Mt  items,  Imt  his  rtinaiks  arc  conlincd  in 
n  lew  criticisms  on  liundioldt  and  to  indicating  tlic  (*omccs  tor  the  lij;ni(-. 
The  treatise  was  jui  pareil  in  Isll  tor  the  liodyot  national  rc|iresentalivesaii.i 
j'nlilisjicd  at  ,Mc\ico  in  IN-O  u«  Mi  iiKiria  nnln'i-  In  I'olihirion  dil  Hi'uiii  ili 
Si'irii  J-'yjiai'Ki,  I'Jmo,  •_'.'{  pp.  with  a  tahU-.  It  has  In'en  reprinted  in  .V-  c.  Mi  r. 
(liiiij.,  Jliilifiii,  u.  7'i-S.S.  The  facts  therein  are  j.'reatly  eonlirnied  by  llio 
eahidations  made  t«(i  years  liefore  liy  Cancelada  in  \\\i<  /''liii'i  ilr  la  \ii' 'i 
l-^i;iin)(i,  ("adi/,  ISll.  I'Jnio,  SI  pp.  Ihit  in  this  the  estimate  for  towns  mi. I 
niining  eainpH  lias  fallen  too  low,  heing  phiced  merely  at  iV)and  '.17  re.si.ectiM'ly. 


Jta  Cali 
ii-o  inti'ii 
>|iulati<  II. 
jai'a,  I'li- 
<•  rc'Liioii-. 

|irt'S('Uti  'I 
iiatfd  ill 
I'sc'ly  stt- 
aiul  half- 
10  ei'iitr;il 


CASTi:  I)ISTI>.TTI()NS. 


741 


<). 


wlii 


ell 


^•;j^iiar»1t  ,1 
tlir  S|iaii- 
'  r(»ivi;^'iiii' 
M  not  fail 

wllfJ'C   lie 

•  a  dusky 

of  a  si>ul 

s  it  is  imt 

ollMlt    t'l 

.'  was  su— 
Inilc'i  (I, 
iitiv  (•«ii- 
hJld  thr 
•fs;  liny 
V  Kadiii^' 
viic'd  tlie 

IHuiiiIxiIiU,  li 

|i:eii  ti)r  mil. I  > 

tjililcoii  ji'i'- 

Ivilhu'  to  rnlM- 

Iri'  (.■onliiK'il  1) 
Ir  the  tii.'iiii  <. 

l<'Ilt!ltivi'S;il;il 

hill  /.'.;»«'  ■'• 
hiii.S'.  c.  .!/■  ■. 
Jniit'd  by  llio 

|ir  tiiw  ii-i  ini'l 


I.irj^c  plantations  and  rich  mints.    ]Jt  twitii  tlit  in  and 
tlic  fastcs  lay  an  ininunsf  ;.,'ull'.     T<»  1k'  td'tlif  roiimr 


tt)  Ik!  <»r  th 


>1>1. 


v.as  It)  no  <»i  mc  nt»i)lt'  laco;  tt»  Ito  Dl'tlio  lattor  was  tt) 
l>f  brantlotl;  and  oa^^'t-r  Ik  "an:"  tlio  strit'o  anioiiL^  the 
jii'D^ony  t)!'  oastu  adinixtiu'< .  tt)  onittjl  tlifnisthos  as 
whites,  the  cDurts  hoint^  ln-'tju  ntly  jHtitittnt'd  h«»  tt» 
(Ict.laro  them."'-  Such  stiit'o  naturally  Itil  to  many  a 
.^cvfio  discriminatittn  against  alliances  tliat  mi;nhfc 
iinpcril  thtj  color  line,  and  tho  re^aitl  lor  this  was 
>«i;i,nii(icantly  illustrated  l»y  the  tpiestion  which  iVe- 
iiiUMitlv  coultl  he  hearti  tluiinLT  altercatit»ns:  "J)o  \■^)\\ 
tonsider  your.sclf  whiter  than  1?" 

Ant)ther  }j^nh\  less  witle  yet  mt»ro  «langt>rf)U."  '  tho 
iiMtit)n,  was  i'ormod  hv  tho  yfovernniont  in  <;rantinjj: 
the  hi''her  .  T'.     s  in  state,  arinv,  a-id  church  aim  'st 

»~  '  ft/   ' 

exclusively  to  Spaniartls  horn  in  Spain,  a  policy  duo 
|i,irtly  Lo  lonjjf  estahlishetl  system,  partly  to  the  hotter 
(i|>pt)rtunity  t»t'  claimants  near  tho  throne  for  ohtain- 
iiii,'  a  hearin*^,  hut  chielly  to  jealtjusy  of  tho  more  tli.s- 
tant  .suhjoots  wln).se  t)ccasit>nal  comjtlaints  supj»t)rted 
liv  wealtii  antl  <jrowini;  nuinhers  oCten  savt)retl  of  liis- 
lovaltv,  antl  whose  very  rij^ht  to  tho  country  with  its 

t  «       '  ft'  c^  « 

(llioes,  actjuiretl  hy  their  oHorts  as  ct»nt|Uert)r.s  anil 
(.■i»lt>nists,  made  them  appear  tlanjjforttu.s.'^^ 

Tho  natural  result  t)t'  such  injustico  was  a  hitter- 
iicss  t>f  foelinijf  which  manire.stetl  itsolt'as  eaily  as  tho 
tirst  tlocade  t)t' the  ct>nt[Uest,  when  Ct)rtt;s'st)ltliors  saw 
the  host  officers  antl  the  choicest  jj^rants  ho.stt)\votl  t)U 
men  wht)  had  th)no  nothinij^  towanl  actjuirinjjf  tho  lich 
domains,  and  who  .showod  themselves  unworthy  antl 

'-' Tliia  Irgiil  wliitoivnsliiiij;  Mas  ODiivcyiil  in  the  ratlicr  iiiiil)ii;uoiis  ti  iin, 
'i)iic-  se  t<'ii>;aii  \»)r  MaiK'u.s.'    Tlu'V  may  r<';.'iinl  tlicnisflvL's  a.s  wliitc 

-■' l'"ri'(|iK'iit  roinoiiHtraiH'Cs  \mic  i!iail»',  imtalily  in  ^lic  ii'iirrsi'iitntioii  liy 
till'  lity  c'imiii'il  of  Mi'xicD  in  17!*-.  >n  liiili  fliiittd  lit'cri'u.s  favinalilu  to  tlir  iic- 
I'lrs,  Itiit  tlu'se  were  fitln-r  (lisie;.';iiilccl  or  (ivcrrultMl  l>y  tlio  coiiiisel  of  |iitjii- 
ilircd  .Spanish  (lit.'nitari<'s.  like  .'\ivlil>isiic>|)  llaro,  wlio  augj;*-  "il  tliat  Ann  ricaii- 
linin  Hulijri't.s  sluinlil  lie  k('|it  at  u  iILstanco.  in  liunililcr  iiohitinns.  ami  nut  iim- 
tiled  in  .'irni^'anco  with  lofty  a.spirations.  Thi'  lilicration  of  IJii'  L'nittd  .states 
iv.is  jointed  to  as  a  warning.  Aeeonlinf,'  to  Vctaiicvrt,  Jhncho,  40,  less  iliaii 
t'lir  per  cent  of  the  liiwhopiies  in  America  had  i)een  filled  l»y  Creoles  diiiini; 
tl.c  fir.st  eentiiry  ot  Sjianish  Dile;  hy  the  end  of  the  eiyhteentli  century  tlicr 
|ii'(ij!ortion  hud  iucrcaseil  to  liftecn  per  cent,  hut  chiefly  of  inferior  seeb. 


7JJ 


soriKTV 


(li>li()iit'>^t.  l'^v<jU(Mit  \V('i-(>  ilu-  (|nnrr(>ls  flint  rosiiltcd, 
loading'  ol'lcii  to  hloddslicd,  mid  lostci'iiii^a  ('citaiii  di- 
lovaltv  wliicli  iK'cniiu'  iiiaiiirt'st  diiriiiL;  such  rpisodi  >; 
as  the  ('•trti's-Ax  ila  ('(»iis]»ii'acy,  ilu'  ovfi'tlirow  i<\' 
(Jrlvcs,  and  tlic  ItiiniiiiL;"  t>f  tlio  }»alaco  in  \G[)'2.  Tlir 
whites  indeed  early  divide'd  themselves  into  two  na- 
tional ])aities,  tlu!  <-r<'()/i's,  or  native-hoiMi,"'  and  <'/i(i- 
j)ctiiii(s  or  tjaclnqjiiics,''^  nieknanies  nin>lied  to  lho^t• 
from  Spain. 

Many  \  iceroys  took  sj)eeial  care  to  smooth  the 
riitlled  I'eelini^s,-"  hut  this  availed  littli;  against  the 
insolenei>  ol"  the  faNorcul  l>arty  and  the  measures  of  .1 
di>hustinj4-  irovei-nnieiit,  at  tinu's  Minded,  at  times 
elearly  revt'alin'j^  a  dis[»osition  to  sow  discord  so  as  tu 
streii;^ilien  itself  at  tin-  expensi'  of  I'aetions.  This  i(  - 
tined  jxilit-y  was  hrou^ht  into  l»lay  also  amon<jf  Indians, 
and  to  keepapaj't  the  danti'eroMs  negroes.-'  The  party 
sitiiit  laii'ed  with  actual  hittei-iu'ss  even  amonir  the 
I'elij^ious  orders,  some  [)ri»vineias  exclndinij  ereolcs, 
others  iMn'opcjins,  from  higher  positions,  and  still 
others  altej-nating  or  (juafrelling  when  it  eanic  to  the 
I'leetioii  of  pri'latijs. 

While  the  nickname  for  I'^uropcan  Spaniards  couM 


''  I'rom  rr'iollo,  inir.-n'l,  lir(>n;rlif  (ip   tliat  is,  on  the  new  soil. 

'•'•' Arninliim  t(i  the  Ifiii'iiiMl  in-ul'i'ssorCliiiiuiliiopofatl  <iiiliciii,  tliis  wonl  is 
(It'livcil  iVciiii  cdiili,  A/.lt'i:  fur  .^Ikic,  iiiiil  I'.n/iiiiitt,  U>  jiriik;  iis  sliowii  in  .1/  ■• 
/inn,  ]'iiriilirl'iriiK  In  cdinliiniii^'  \\r)rilH  tlu;  Aztecs  Wdiild  drop  nr  niixlily  tli'' 
liiHt  Kyll;il)li's,  loiivinj,' <y(('/;(i/;i/(,  liu  \\\u,  pricks  with  the  bIioc,  in  allusiun  ti 
the  ^Jlln•.  (I'di-lni/iiii  or  '  ''dlui/iiii  \\oulil  ho  :i  natural  corruption  hy  S[iani,iiil-. 
'J'his  is  tho  general  version  Kiiii])ortci'  hy  AIuiikiii,  //in/.  Mij.,  i.  7,  (linfrn. 
Jli.it.  Jt'ir.,  i.  14"_',  etc.,  and  others;  bnt  Kaniirez,  /ii.sl.  J)iir.,  IS-'.),  is  rutin  r 
inclintd  to  attriliute  the  wmd  ti>  some  corrupted  term  inlrodnccd  hy  l^ic 
ercoh's,  (iiii'rra  traces  chn)iitnii  from  rhn/ii,  a  ]laitiuii  woi'd  sii^nifyiui;  a  mm 
from  fill- oil'  hinds,  Imt  it  is  also  liUely  to  have  hecii  taken  from  the  last  lu.i 
syil.dilcs  of  f^achtipiii,  with  audition  of  the  common  ending' '"».  <Ii'i-'e,  I'l'/r. 
i.  -01,  states  that  it  was  npphed  only  to  the  iiexv-eoniei's,  who  soon  fell  nml  r 
tlie  mole  general  head  of  j^'achiipin.  Wiiile  the  names  are  of  early  dale,  ,h 
shown  in  //irnrn,  dco.  v.,  lil).  iv.,  caj).  xii.  etc.,  ati<l  (iiirri/(i.si>  ili'  la  \'i  in, 
(  '  oil'  III.  Hi  nil  n,  \.,  cap.  .'{(J,  yet  Indians  in  many  parts  called  Spaniards  foi  ;i 
loiii;  tinie  (  inistians,  till  instrnelcd  not  to  ''l>ply  u  tei'm  indicating  a  religini. ; 
disliiirtinii.    I'lliK!',  \'ir(l/i'<,  MS.,  SI. 

'-"Mancera  connnendeil  a  similar  course  to  his  sucucsBors.  Iiixfnir.  Viini'^, 

■-' This  is  revealed  in  the  tenor  of  restrictive  laws;  and  (Lige,  uhi  sup., 
allnde.;  to  the  eliect ;  lint  Itohertiruii,  //(>s^  Am  ,  ii.  SOS,  is  ruliier  carried  aw.iv 
1>V  eNa'.'gerated  duduetiull». 


ct:i:oiJ':  chah A('Ti:msTi( -s. 


71.1 


t    IVsllltcd. 

I'l'tuiii  <il' 

I  r[iis<)«ltN 
•<lll'(>W  of 
•>1>L'.  Thr 
(>  two  M;i- 
'  Jliul  rli<i- 
tu  those 

lOotll      till' 

;aiMst  the 
si  lies  of  a 

at  (iiiics 
(1  so  as  ti! 
This  i-.- 
Ljf  Tiuliaiis, 
The  j)arly 
inoiij^'  till' 
'j^    civoh's, 

and  s<l!l 
inc  to  llie 

Ills  could 


tills  wonl  H 
iDWii  ill  .1/ ■ 

iiuiiiity  till' 

U  illlll^^illll    t  < 

ly  Spiiiii.ii il  . 

i.  7,  dill  I'l'i. 
S~'l,  is  luthir 
liiccd  liy  Ir.v 
lifviii,:;  a  111  III 

tlio  ia.st  tM'i 

Ca.'.'c,  I'..//  . 
mil  tVII  mill  r 

iirly  ilalc,  .n 
(/«'  la  I  I  /", 
laniards  tm  .i 
a  ivli-iMi, 

■.//VU".  I'l/'i  '(■  •, 

;,'(',  lllii  sii|i,, 
can  Ii.mI  au  iV 


lianlly  Ik*  ofl'i'iisivc  owiiiLj  to  their  siipcriof  position, 
tht!  tcriii  creoIc!  tVul  a('(|iiin!  a  tiiiLjo  of  icproach  from 
their  itidoleiit,  liahits,  and  lack  of  siistaine(|  (;iier;^fy, 
wllicll  ini|»eded  them  ill  conijietillL^  with  the  eiiter- 
jirisin^'  inimii^r.iiils  in  trade  oi-  industries.  Th(;  latter 
were  inor<'  |ireeocious,  hut  fell  short  in  rellection  and 
jud,i,niient ;  ea^er  to  do,  they  failed  to  execute.  ( 'liinate 
liad  intieh  to<lo  with  this,  hut  the  cans*.'  must  |>aitially 
he  aserihed  to  their  tiainiiiLf  as  tin;  cliilthen  of  rieh  or 
well-to-do  men,'"''  with  a  su[)erliclal  education  which 
laised  their  |tretensioiis  ahove  those  of  tli(!  toiler  for 
fortune.  Tliey  were  s|»oiled  hy  home  induli^cnce.  'I'Ikj 
fiu_nalily  of  the  father  disa|»|ieared  ;  font  hoUL;iit,  and 
prudence  Were  thrown  to  tlx!  winds;  frivolity  tainted 
e\en  serious  to[»ics,  and  dissipation  ;.;rew  so  fast  that 
the  sayin,L,S  "tin;  father  a,  trader,  the  son  a  gentleman, 
tlu!  jLirandson  a  hcL^'^ar,"  IxM'aine  j^eiieral  in  application. 
Associated  with  such  characteristics  ihe  term  creole 
was  not  courted;  and  latterly  those  to  whom  itaj)plied 
het^an  to  ail'ect  th(!  desi^niat  ion  of  Americans,  ujihold- 
iiiLi^  it  with  i^reat  prid<;  after  a  succession  of  reverses 
had  lowered  Spanish  presli^c!  in  JCuro|ie.  'I'he  educa- 
tion of  the  daucfhters  saved  th'in  from  mod.  of  thi; 
\  ices  which  cIuul;'  to  tin;  sons;  they  hecame  admirahle 
wives  and  kind  mothers,  though  want  in.;-  in  parental 
strictness,  and  tiny  were  generally  rated  sup(ii(»r  to 
the  men, 

I'liose  who  in  early  days  under  (Nutes  and  suh- 
scfjueiit  leaders  assisted  in  suhduin^  the  country,  and 
thereu|»on  retired  to  enjoy  the  n^ward  (d"  their  toil  on 
some  encomieiida,  may  Ik;  re_L;arded  as  tli(!  founders  of 
the  leadiii"''  creole  aristocracy — inilitai\-  adwnturcis 

^^  Iloliirtsoii  attliliiitcH  tin-  caiisi-  uliully  (ociiiTvatiiiL'  iliiiiatc  ami  >.'i)Vi'rii- 
1 1 II 'lit  ]Milirv,  «  liirli  liiii|<i'  till'  \  i;L'i'r  of  mi  ml  ami  l<'il  to  lux  in  inns  iiii|iii:^fii<i', 
-ulH'istiliciii  and  ill'rmiiiacy;  luit  Mi\iiaii  w  i  ili  rs  \\  ill  not  ailmit  iliiii.u  ii' in 
lliiciH'c.  Alaiiian  dwells  on  liaci  tiainiii.;,  //m'.  A/ij.,  i.  10  it  mi)  .  and  Moiii 
iidds  till;  nstriilivr  laws  on  advaiHcmi  lit  and  rdinalion.  Vet  I'lijoo  w  mtr 
.111  a]>olo'4y  to  )irov('  tiiat  incniaturr  dcrii  pitiidr  was  not  Mciii-ial  amoir.; 
Amcriians.  I'lloa,  I'o//.  i.,  'J7,  etc.,  Iiiiils  at  uidcr  cuims.  Sic  also  ( 'tmiii 
inilo,  Mini.,  ill  ('lira,  Tn n  Sijlvx,  in.  .'{(i.'i;  I'muli -i  I'raiici'iiuuD.t,  .M.S.,  Hciic  i. 
toiii.  i.  111.  i.  ;U  etc 


744 


SOCIETY. 


tlioiFjjli  tlioy  were,  and  that  of  all  Lfrados,  from  hidalcfo 
t;.'  artisan,  sailor,  and  wvw  criminal,  and  drawn  cliii'ily 
from  (Aistilo,  Estrcniadura,  and  .\ndalusia.  In  later 
timed  tlio  in-wandercrs  came  i)rin(i|>ally  from  Vizoaya, 
Catalonia,  CJalicia,  and  tlio  Santandcr  mountains;  thoy 
wor(!  young,  of  |)oor  families,  fru'^al  and  industrious, 
superior  in  character  oven  to  the  a\erago  Spaniard, 
and  vastly  surpassing  in  energy  and  sti'adiness  the 
spoiled  Creoles.  Business  men  recognized  their  value 
and  employed  them;  they  were  prudiMit  also,  watched 
for  oj)]iortunity,  and  soon  embarked  in  enterpi'ises 
on  their  own  account,  often  n)arrying  daughters  of 
their  princi[)als.  Tluy  became  owners  of  plantations 
and  mines,  and  the  holdi-rs  of  nninicipal  otlices,  form- 
ing a  sort  of  confederacy  with  the  other  S{)aniards,  the 
higher  officials  and  ju<lges,  who  nund)ei-e(l  a  projior- 
tion  of  men  both  educated  and  of  good  families.  Al- 
though the  mass  of  otBcials  and  traders  were  inferior 
to  the  prosperous  Creoles  in  requirements  and  man- 
ners, and  therefore  objects  of  contempt,  yet  a  ready 
adaptability  soon  enabled  them  to  make  amends;  and 
since  they  were  as  a  rule  sure  to  a<U-ance  in  wealth 
and  position,  the  women  of  the  soil  looki'd  up(Mi  them 
with  favor,  thus  adding  jeahmsy  to  the  many  enmities 
entertained  l)y  Creoles  auainst  the  new-comers.  Awai'e 
of  their  su[)erior  advantages,  the  latter  returned  the 
feeling  in  the  I'orm  of  contempt,  which  cut  deeper  than 
overt  acts.  Tlie  h)[)aniard  soon  became  himself  a  creolc, 
however,  for  he  begat  children  against  whom  the  ex- 
asperated father  might  exclaim,  "You  are  a  Creole 
and  that  accounts  for  it!"^ 

The  intlux  of  enei-getic  men  from  the  mother  coun- 
try could  not  under  such  circumstances  have  been 
otherwise  than  desirable,  except  in  the  case  of  otlicials, 
whose  })ositions  ought  to  have  bt>en  shared  more  lib- 
erally witb  the  childriMi  of  the  soil,  as  a  matter  of 
justice.    Yet  the  government  gave  no  im})ulse  to  euii- 

■■""  Krcs  criollo  y  l)ast;i.'  Alnnwii,  Hi.it.  M<J.,  i.  10  tt  scq, ;  Jlumboltlt, 
L'ami  J'vl.,  i.  114,  I'M,  itc. 


I  hi(lalt]fo 

n  chit'ily 

Im  later 

X'izcaya, 

ns;  they 

ustrious, 

Spaniard, 

I  less  tlio 

■ir  valuo 

watched 

tei'pri.ses 

liters  of 

mtatioiis 

.'s,  i'oi'in- 

ards,  the 

|tn)[)()r- 

ies.    Al- 

!  interior 

lul  iiiaii- 

a  ready 

ids;  and 

I  wealtli 

n  tlieni 

nniities 

Aware 

ned  the 

•er  than 

I  Creole, 
the  o\- 

II  Creole 

l-r  coun- 
'c  heen 
i)tlicials, 
i>i-o  lib- 
tter  of 
|to  euii- 

fhiinhohl!, 


rOLIZOXES  AND  OTIIKR  IXTlTvLOrKRS. 


745 


^ration,  hut  riither  liain])ered  it\vi(h  restrictions.    At 
(Mie  time  none  inij^ht  '^a  to  the  Indies  without  specinl 
permit  I'rom   the   kinuf  (tr  the   ca«a  de  contiatacion. 
This  rcdaxed   for  a  whih'    and  UK^re   reuistratioii  of 
name  was  demanded,  so  that  a  numbcjr  of  j)ersons  with 
Jewish,   Moorish,  Gypsy,  and   lu;retic   blood  slipped 
out.    Such  leav(-n  would  not  answer  in  America,  then! 
to  threaten  eru[)tion  among  half-converted  natives  and 
I'cckless  col(»nists;  and  so  sworn  declarations  were  (K;- 
iiianded  from  proj-.osed  adventui'ers;  but  it  was  soou 
found  that  (lie  allurements  of  the  new  country  I're- 
(|uently  outweighed  the  fear  of  perjuiy,  and  hencefoi'th 
the  ap}>licaiit  lor  passage  must  bring  certiticates  from 
his  native  district  to  vouch  for  his  social  and  reliuious 
>tanding.'"    The  audioncias  kept  a  record  of  the  im- 
migrants.     Nevertheless    a   number   of  unregistered 
persons  managed  to  enter,  and  severe  laws  wi-re  en- 
acted against  them,  involving  confiscation  and  eight 
ycai's'  service  as  soldiers,  or  transportation  to  the  AVest 
Indies  or  Florida,  if  married.'*^    Such  interlopei's  were 
called  jxiltzoncs,  a  name  ajiplied  as  scurrilous  to  any 
l'ni'ei«»ner.    Juiropean  was  a  term  synonymous  in  Xew 
Spain  with  Spaniard,  for  the  restrictions  against  for- 
eigners allowed  but  a  small  number  to  gain  entrance. 
They  had  either  to  be  naturalized  by  a  twenty  years' 
residence   in  S})ain,  or  live  under  surveillance  with 
license  till  naturalized.^'^ 

Special  licenses  were  issued  for  traders  to  deal  for  a 
time  at  a  i)ort,  and  through  their  agency  many  not 
luthorized  managed  to  slij)  into  the  country,  so  that 
Iccrees  came  every  uow  and  then  for  their  exjiulsioii,'''* 

•''' /iVoy;.  (/('  IinL,  i.  .3G5  etc.;  Solnrzniw,  i.  ^97  etc.;  Antuncz,  Mem.  Com., 
I  ai7--_>.->. 

"Vagrants  were  sent  to  the  I'liilipiiiiics.   liilcna,  I?erop.,  i.  IS'2,  '2S4. 

'-  For  10  out  if  the  'JO  years  tlicy  iiuist  own  real  es-:t:ite  to  tlie  value  of  4,000 

iluoats,  and  lie  iiianied  to  a  Spani.sli  horn  f^iilijeet.     Their  eliildrcn  \vi  re  Span- 

liiii'il.s.     Tiny  must  j.;ive  an  inventory  of  tl:eir  )ir(>perty,  and  inlrinj^iinent  of 

llii'  law  sent  tliem   to  tlii'   I'liilippines.   /(/.,  H)((.      l'"orui.><  of  appl'ration   for 

liiii^'intiou  and  p;i>s])ort  may  lie  I'onnd  in  rn/ifhn  Frunciscuiio.'f,  M.S.,  serie  i. 

Itiiiii.  i.  •JCil,  and  drilciii'^  il<'  ''oniiKi.  .MS.,  ii.  loK. 

■''i';v//,./'/7",  7'/^////.'//().v,  M.S.,  1 ;  llvctiji.ilf  lniL,\.  100;  Miititiin(iiior,!<rmitn(iii, 
I  \'.Vi  \).     i'urtugue.iu  were  aniony  those  regarded  as  foreigners,  and  at  one  linio 


746 


SOCinTY. 


particularly  in  war  times.  Those  who  were  inariied 
generally  received  permission  to  remain.  They  ilid 
not  as  a  rule  enjoy  great  favor,  to  judge  hy  decrees  to 
j^rotect  them  from  abuse,*"  and  it  was  only  in  laUr 
times,  with  the  spread  of  French  and  English  liteia- 
turi',  that  the  better  classes  began  to  form  com[)ari8oiis 
in  favor  of  hitherto  despised  Europeans. 

If  torn  by  discord  the  white  [)eople  in  New  Spain 
at  the  opening  of  the  present  century  were  nevertln - 
less  united  in  oppressing  the  lower  orders,  through 
Avhom  thcv  <d)tained  wealth,  and  to  a  certain  extent 
j)()sition,  the  Europeans  being  ini[telleri  to  greater 
recklessness  by  want  of  s^'mpathy  for  a  people  and 
countrv  strauiic  to  them,  and  rei^arded  oidv  as  a  means 
to  i'ortune.  Indians,  as  the  most  remote  in  kinshi|), 
Mere  op[)ressed  more  than  others.  We  have  seen 
liow  at  tirst  nearly  all  were  distributed  as  serfs  to 
labor  on  [>lantations,  in  mines,  on  roads,  and  in  towns; 
^low  they  were  often  torn  from  home  and  family,  and 
(IraiTijed  to  a  bitter  death;  how  their  eom])laints  wcio 
carried  by  kind-hearted  friars  to  the  throne  to  evoke 
reforms — in(dfective  though  they  proved  in  oidy  too 
many  cases — and  how  they  were  gradually  liberatul 
i'rom  the  contrt)l  of  encomenderos  and  placed  undir 
crown  agents,  free  to  sell  their  labor  to  whom  they 
pleasi'd.  ^Taltrcatment  now  became  comparativily 
rare,  l)ut  o[)[)ression  hardly-  less  cruel  was  practised 
by  greedy  idlicials,  who  used  their  position  to  ext(Mt 
])roducts  and  lal)or  in  return  for  useless  articlt  s. 
Dui'ing  their  term  of  five  years,  some  of  these  cor- 
regidores  and  alcaldes  mayores  managed  to  rob  tin  ir 

ii.'itivcs  of  otiier  Spanish  provinces  than  those  of  Ciistilo,  Loon,  Aiagon,  Xn- 
hiitia,  Ciitaliiiia,  ami  Xavairo,  were  lu'lil  as  .siicli  r<o  far  as  ('(nircriicil  tin' 
liulies.  iSie  nmiliitiipiis  in  Liiiaije,  Noric,  i.  'J;fS  ctu.  One  reason  turoliiial 
oi*jeelicin.s  to  for<  igners  lay  in  tlie  impulse  they  ga\-e  t"  freemasonry,  to  wliirli 
consiili  ration  is  given  in  Juirol,  ;{I4-2.S,  and  other  works. 

<"  iididii  Me.'-.,  i,s(AS',  xviii.  it')'.  In  remote  <listriets  many  eouM  noc  gi.isp 
the  faet  that  nations  existed  beyond  tile  sea  who  weie  not  Spani.-h.  and  v  1h  iv 
tliey  did  understand  it  sneh  i)eople8  were  elassed  as  very  \i<\\\  on  tin  grminil 
that  only  low  strutii  in  New  Spain  did  not  know  Spanish,  as  iiundjoldt  -'b- 
Serves. 


PUPIL AOE  OF  INDIANS. 


747 


)  married 
Tlay  dia 
di'c-i'oos  to 
y  in  later 
isli  litoia- 
inparisoiis 


row  S|)niii 
nuvertlir- 
i,  throiiuli 
x'm  uxteiit 
;o   LCreatri" 
leople  and 
IS  a  lucaiiH 
II  kiu.shi|i, 
liavo   8CT11 
IS  si?rfs  to 
in  towns; 
iiniily,  and 
lints  \\v\v 
to  evoke 
only  too 
liberatiiil 
'vd  uiulir 
loni  tiny 
)arativtly 
piactiscd 
to  extort 
ai'ticlos. 
Jiese  cor- 
roU  tin  ir 

Aiiiijon,  \n- 
•iiiiccriK-'il  till' 
son  tor  olli'  i;il 
iiiiry,  to  wliirli 

nild  HOC  jji.isp 

sll.   Mild  \\  111  IV 

II  tli(  ^'ri'iMi'l 
Humbiildl   lb- 


two  liundreil  tli 


(1 


nrotc'L^es  of  as  much  as  two  jiuinireii 
With  the  creation  of  inteiidentes  and  subdclcnatcs  the 
infliction  <lecrease(l,  so  that  in  o-eiieral  the  Indian  eii- 
j(»yed  oreater  protection  under  royal  than  under  re- 
jiuldican  rule,  when  the  peonage  system  reduced  lai'ge 
nund)ers  to  })ractical  serfdom.  During  the  last  poiiod 
of  colonial  sway  this  enslavement  was  counteracted 
liv  the  law,  which  amiulled  any  indebtedness  exceed- 
iiig  five  pesos,  and  regulated  the  conduct  of  the  em- 
ploy t-r.'''' 

While  freed  from  bondage  they  were  kept  in  pu})il- 
age.  They  were  exempt  from  tithes  and  most  other 
iinpcr;ts  exacted  from  the  whites,  but  subject  to  trib- 
ute. Fast  days  were  reduced  in  their  favor,  and  mar- 
riage made  nn)re  easy — so  that  they  nnglit  yield  nn)ro 
toilcis;  the  church  nuist  lower  its  rates  to  them,  and 
the  inquisition  withlndd  its  dreaded  fangs.^"  And  all 
because  they  were  held  to  possess  less  ca[)acity  than 
those  with  other  blood  infusion.  The  imputation 
must  have  been  galling  in  the  extreme  to  every  manly 
spirit  among  them.  Tliey  nuist  not  idle,  howc-ver,"''' 
and  under  cover  of  this  order  the  officials,  aided  by 
native  alcaldes,  managed  ever  to  exercise  a  despotic 
oontrcd  for  personal  advantage.  Thus  the  laws  for 
tlieir  protection  were  often  used  as  weapons  against 
them.  They  were  gathered  under  conqiulsion  into 
^illage  connnunities,  and  ke})t  apart  from  the  other 
races,  an  isolation  which  could  serve  only  to  retard 
advancement.  Here  tln-y  '"orked  land  held  in  com- 
mon and  ,  iited  to  them  for  life  only,"^"*  pennanent 
o\vnerslii[>  of  land  l)eiiig  I'are  among  them,  thus  caus- 
ing a  lack  of  the  chief  inducement  for  economy.    Th'.-y 

'5  WlicMiir  in  free  l;il)or.  or  wlion  sent  ti>  fiicnl  I.ilior  fnr  crinio  (ir  dcltt. 
('i(hil(irin.  Ms.,  iii.  4.">  !•;  I'ralm  ('iiliihin,  MS.,  i.  |s;i.  ]n  ohritijix,  or  Irccd 
Inlioi',  lour  niiiiitlis'  ndvaiRc  was  iilliiuiil.  JIi/ii'ki,  /,'i;-iip.,  i.  jit.  ii.  77.  Xf- 
frriicH  mid  c.isti's  could  contract  fur  any  advance,  aud  otliurwisu  not  freely  ii.s 
'aliitos  y  capaccs.' 

"''  .\s  sliown  in  the  chnptcr  on  tlio  cliurcli. 

^'  J!('),'id:itioiis  to  this  I'll'cct  arc  to  lie  found  in  Rirnp.  ilr  fiid.,  ii.  •2S.",  etc., 
and  a  synopsis  of  ])rivilci.'cs  is  to  lie  tound  in  t'oiicilioH  I'rur.,  looo-iiCi,  'Ml, 

^''Seu  the  elmpter  on  ngriculture. 


74S 


SOCIETY. 


wore  ordered  to  bo  at  liomo,  out  of  tlio  street,  l)y  I'i^lit 
o'tloek  in  winter  and  nine  in  stnnnier,  and  attendant; 
at  cliureh  was  eonipul.sory  under  penalty  of  the  la.sli 
and  the  prison.*^ 

The  seeularization  of  missions  served  not  to  pm- 
niote  their  welfare,  for  it  jj^ave  a  rather  nominal  fVee- 
<loni  under  a  ne<di<xent  curate,  in  li(>u  (»f  the  ixuanhau 
rare  of  a  comparatively  <lisinterested  and  unselfish  fii.ir 
who  took  a  paternal  delight  in  watehin;^  over  his  Hock. 
Minintj^  labor  still  fell  ehielly  to  their  share,  even  aftir 
they  became  free  to  dispo.se  of  themselves;  and  alhu'cd 
by  jjfain  they  freely  sulimitted  to  the  destructive  metli- 
ods  in  voj^ue.  The  lack  of  beasts  of  burden,  which 
tluy  were  as  a  rule  too  poor  to  j)urchase,  forced  them 
to  toil  as  such.  The  i)ro]iibition  a<jjainst  ridinu:  id.so 
restricted  the  acquisition  of  horses.  They  were  mon- 
<»ver  forbidden  to  carry  arms  or  to  dress  like  Sj)aniards. 
Tliese  degrading  and  ri'jjressive  measures  were  added 
to  official  tyranny  to  ki'ep  them  poor,  i_u;'norant,  and 
hundde;  a  })olicy  tlietatcil  partly  by  fear  of  tluir  num- 
ber, partly  by  caste  jealousy;  and  so  they  remained 
the  I'eet  of  the  social  body. 

Centuries  of  serldoin  and  humiliation  had  not  failed 
to  leave  its  stamji  on  the  Indian's  character,  already 
moulded  under  the  des|>otic  rule  of  native  emperois. 
Accustomed  to  servitude,  ho  yields  with  hy])ocritic;d 
servility  and  deceitful  timidity,  and  '\r  naturally  sus- 
picious, yet  without  harboiing  any  deep  malice  or 
cruel  vindictiveness.  The  bloody  I'eatures  of  his  aii- 
cesti'al  relin'ion  are  bv  no  means  an  index  to  a  cruel 
disposition.  It  indicates  rather  a  stolid  indiil'erencc 
to  sullerinuf  and  occurrences;  and  although  the  out- 
ward apathy  is  sonu'what  exaggerated,  it  veils  no 
very  sensitive  feelings.      This  is  shown  by  his  taei- 


^"Oauc  reliitcR  some  niiootloti's  onnccriiing  tlio  nu'tliofl  of  Indijin  ofliciiils  in 
liniituig  lip  iu';4li;,'ciit  worsliiiipcrs.  lo;!.,  ii.  (i7--")0;  Moii/i  niiii/iir,  SvDiriri"^, 
l.V  1(1.  Of  ooiirso  till'  iT.ltsfii'  ]ii(li;iii  iciiiiliict  wiTc  (iroiisiiniiiUy  rcliixtil  i  r 
disixv'nnlcd,  iis  in  flit'  case  of  dtliir  raci's,  yot  less  friMiiiciitly,  siiRc  no  iiuiiiy 
jii'isoiis  existed,  fit  nil  al  .li'.u  and  I'lirate  to  suljdflcgatu  uiul  iutciidciitc,  vlij 
soiiLrlit  to  bo  uliiciuus. 


AnoinniNAL  traits. 


749 


tcMldillKi! 

the  lush 

;  if)  prn- 
iial  IVcc- 
i:;nar(li;m 
Itisli  iViur 
his  llocl;. 
veil  afti'i" 
(I  allured 
ve  iiic'tli- 
m,  wliicli 

L'cd  tlu'lll 
linj^  also 
n'c  inoiH- 
paniards. 
TO  added 
rant,  and 
eir  nuni- 
reniained 

lot  failed 
,  already 
niperors. 
)(>eritie;il 
ally  sus- 
lalice  er 


his  aii- 
i»  a  cru( ! 


lI'eroiK'c 
It  ho  out- 
Ivi'ils   no 
taei- 


Ins 


(lUicials 
,  Svinar'i' 

Il'lilXt'll  - 


lice  so  Diiiiiv 


|H 


k'lltc,  \\\\'> 


fiirnitv,  his  cold  n'asonin<'"  divoid  of  niohility  and 
imagination.  His  look  is  L^loorny,  and  a  e;eneral  air 
of  nielaiieholv  hanii's  ovei'  him;  Ins  vei'y  danee  and 
nmsie  lackijavetv:  his  .soiijj'  is  luiiuhrious  :  yet  the 
more  vivacious  woman  ean  evoke  a  smile  wiiich  for 
sweetiies.s  lu-lies  the  customary  trait,  and  reveals  a 
ileep  Vein  of  i^eiitleni'ss  that  I'avois  llu;  attrihiite  of 
j.atience  nndei-  adversity,  of  fidelity  and  constancy. 
While  ralhei'  <-hasteand  frueal,  he  has  not  heen  trained 
ill  provident  hahits,  and  \ields  readily  to  the  cup, 
tlion^h  not  more  so  than  could  be  expected  from  per- 
^;ons  in  his  condition.  Ife  shares  in  the  •(eneral  indo- 
lence ol'  his  suii"()undinL,'s;  and  ke[)t  in  ii^noiance,  he 
yields  readily  to  supeistitioii,  and  incorporates  puerile 
;iiid  ridiculous  fancies  and  jiractices  in  his  worship,  im- 
jiri'ssinn'  the  heholder  with  the  idea  that  he  is  le.ss 
intelligent  than  is  really  the  case.  Indeed,  he  is  docile, 
and  <'rasi).s  anv  lessons  easilv  enou<di,  thouu'h  not  im- 
j'ulsively  ;  hut  he  lacks  creative  power;  his  speech  and 
V,  liting  are  rather  haic,  and  his  art  servile  imitation. 
These'  defects  aiv  due  in  |)ait  to  the  lack  of  oj)poi'tu- 
tunity  for  development,  and  vary  somewhat  in  diiler- 
( lit  parts  of  tJie  country,  where  envii'onment  and 
•  Iiani^'e  of  condition  have  e\olved  characteristics  that 
may  still  he  classed  as  distinctively  tiihal.*" 

( )n  tile  whi>le  the  Indian  mind  has  not  the  hreadth, 
s'renn'th,  or  suhtilty  of  the  ]']uroj)ean;  and  tliis  was 
earlv  intimated  hv  the  Sitaniards  in  withholdinu'  from 

^"M.Miiy  writers,  \\it4i  tlic  li('^%','\rly  iillcrM  nf  tlio  ('!ii>itiil  rvcr  hiforc  tliciii, 

illiiiL;  liiiii   LHiiiiiiii^',   false,   ami 


Kill     licl     til     I'Nil 


rat. 


■tcct.- 


ili.t 


ivc,  or 


iiisi.iainnioiis  aix 


1  ati 


MaiK't  ra  writes  in  l)iiv.  Iiinl. 


\\\.  IV."),  wliile  s_\  III]  allii/iii),'  liiiiis  e\t(il  iiinrilii 


itelv 


lis  virtue; 


1. 


IS  ( 'asas 


ihvell 


s  on   Ins  iiiLTemiity 


^:   ■/. 


iiicleed   liy   stcliility   of    iiatiil'e;    Motililiia 
tity  for  ;ieiiuiriii;,'  aiiytli 


iiiiianaua  on  ii 
.1 


is  eliastitv,   favored 


(' 


lis  jiruileiiee  and   wnle  eaiia- 


iviirero  airrees 


I.V  .1. 


fully 


as  al>le  as  a  S[ianiar< 


I.      Ill 


(It 


"  itli  u  rcai 


ly  l" 


L'jitn 


.M 


ora  iiiaK( 


sts  iiiiii  with  a  iialiiial  loi;i( 
1  t. 


s  liiiii  I'ersevennu;  ami   teiiiiierale 


I 


Alaiiijiii,  ruriill.i,  aiicl  otiiers  evliiliit  a  mm-eoiiiiiiitlal  ilc  seriiilimi  of  traits, 
M.iiiy  of  tlie  eoiitrailietory  attriluites  may  lie  ex|ilaiiieil  liy  tlie  elaiiii  that  lu- 


ll ellUclreii  jire  more  lileeoeioll 


than  whites,  Imt  the  jattir  ei'ilain'v  attain 


liiv'lier   (lei'iee   of  m.itiirity.     'J'he  Tiasi'alters  hehl  liieiiiseh  es  rathei-  lii''li 


the  strciiirtli  of  the  siieeial 


ivile''es  jK'con 


hil  tiieni  siiieo  the  eomnicst;  :i, 


\-.\v  for  liti,L.aticiii  ani/nientc  <1  their  ])overty.     Tlie  ail  joining  CholiiUcos,  with 
lin  elaini.s  to  noliility,  wei'e  nioie.sohir  ami  iirosperuus. 


750 


SOCIETY. 


thoni  filono  tho  ti^riii  (joite  dc  rfcon,  rational  ponplf, 
as  unlit,  to  liol<l  offici;  or  to  o'oviTn  thenisclvcs.  With 
tlio  ijfi'owth  of  education  ninonLT  tho  hett(n'  class  tluv 
attained  to  tlic  suporior  dosiu^nation  of  luilinns*^  and 
laws  opened  tho  portal  to  civil  and  ecclesiastic  ofrM'e<, 
and  to  tlu^  orders;  yet  none  l»ut  persons  of  great  inllu- 
enco  such  as  nobles  managed  to  enter  even  the  latter 
pr(>cincts.  Certain  few  of  the  cacique  class  obtained 
militai y  raidc,  hut  most  of  them  had  to  rest  content 
witli  petty  municipal  [»ositions  in  the  villages,  of  whieli 
tlu'V  made  the  most  hy  claiming  exemptions,  or  ev(  u 
tribute,  and  joining  tlie  officials  in  oppressing  the  rest. 
A  largo  portion  obtained  ouly  a  nominal  recognitidu 
of  their  rank  as  nobles,  ajid  merged  otherwise  in  tin; 
mass  with  little  or  no  distinction  in  dress,  modo  <if 
life,  or  attainments,  affecting  j)overty  even  wlien  ii<ii. 
]Moro  conscious  than  the  jdebeians  of  tho  huniilily 
heaped  upf)n  them,  rather  than  be  bufleted  by  tin' 
ai'rogant  whites  they  preferred  to  hide  among  their 
own  race,  nursin<jf  there  toi^ether  with  tho  remeiii- 
brance  of  ancestral  glories  a  slumbering  hatrecl  m- 
tenacious  aversion  for  the  invaders  and  their  insti- 
tutions which  contributed  to  chock  advancement. ■*'■ 

The  impression  left  by  most  writers  on  the  Indiiiii 
question  is  that  of  a  race  ground  into  the  dust  by  o]i- 
jiression,  but  their  material  condition  was  after  all 
much  better  than  that  of  tho  lowest  classes  in  Imitojic, 
favoriul  as  they  were  by  a  beneficent  nature  whirli 
called  for  little  of  the  exhaustive  toil  falling  to  the 
lot  of  tho  lal)orer  in  civili/ed  Germany  or  Englaml. 
In  later  colonial  times  the  despotism  of  official  or  eni- 
jiloyer  was  rarely  severe  enough  to  evoke  despair  nr 
lamentation,  and  indignation  nmst  be  confined  ratliii' 
to  the  measures  which  restrained  the  liberty  and  ml- 

*'  Anciently  njipliud  in  Spain  to  a  person  who  know  a  foreign  tongue,  mul 
now  j,'iveii  to  a  native  wlio  aciiuiied  Spiiiiisii. 

^'^AiTiingoi/,  llial.  Mi'.r.,  ill.  a])]).  7"',  shows  that  this  feeling  exists  evu 
to-(l;iy,  ami  thiit  many  an  Indian  is  liy  his  village  jjeople  slianieil  out  of  ;iiiy 
attempt  to  nilopt  tlie  liabits  of  tlie  .superior  race.  Tiio  learned  .Sigiienai  e'lii- 
iiients  <m  this  feeling  in  Kiill-'J.  Carta  al  Almiraitte,  M.S.,  40-4.  Sec  also 
Jlc.c,  Maii'ificMo  al  Itfij,  'I'l,  etc. 


ill  people, 
OS.  With 
^lass  tlicy 
jio.v,"  ill  id 
tic  offict's, 
ivat  iiiilu- 
Hu>  latter 
i  <tl»l;iiii(d 
st  couti'iit 
,  of  wliirli 
s,  or  <'V(;i 
1^  the  rest. 
'C<)j4'nitii'u 

isc  ill  lilt! 
,  luodo  nf 
vlioii  lidi. 

liuiniliiv 
^(1  by  tl;.' 
loiiiif  tliL'ir 
0  tvnicHi- 
liativd  ni- 

ifir  iiisti- 

1    4'> 

10  Iiuliiiii 

st  1)V  o]i- 

aCtor   all 

11  Euro]!!', 

iro  whicli 

lijf  to  the 

Engliiml. 

iiil  or  oiu- 

cspair  'ir 

led  rati  11 1' 

and  iv\- 

n  tongue,  iiinl 
ig  exists  CM.  II 

I'd   out  of   iiliV 

i^'iieii/.;i  cf  in- 
)-4.     JSec  iilai) 


NEGROES  AND  SLAVERY. 


701 


vanccniont  of  a  race;  and  stanipcxl  it  with  i;j;iioiiiiMy.*'' 
Xovertliclfss  I'iu-i'  stigma  Wiis  not  nriiily  so  scvoro 
iis  in  tI)o  T'nitt'd  St;iti's,"  or  even  in  lliitish  India,  its 
shown  l»y  tlic  constiint  intoi'iiuirriago  of  tlu.'  pcojjics, 
which  formed  a  hond  between  tlunn  of  ever-growing 
strength.  A  pi'(»of  of  the  grejiter  lil)er;dity  in  the 
south  is  furnished  by  the  condition  of  the  negroes. 
Originally  im[iorted  as  slaves,  [))-ovision  w;is  ma(h'  for 
their  libiijition  by  seH'-pureh;ise,  iit  ii  r;ite  tixed  by 
the  courts,  ;ind  without  niueh  consideriition  for  the 
jirico  paid  by  the  owner,  or  their  value  to  him.  ]*os- 
sossed  both  of  streiiglh  and  energy,  they  readily 
aviiili'd  themselves  of  the  privilege;  so  that  iit  the 
heginning  of  this  century  thosi;  in  bondjige  could  not 
have  exceeded  ten  thousand,*'"'  congregated  <hieily  in 
the  neighborhood  ofVeriiCruz  and  .Vcaj)Ulco.  The 
introduction  w;is  liiuited  in  New  Spain,*"  }»artly  for 
jioliticiil  reiisons,  owing  to  their  turbulent  disjiosi- 
tion.*'  The  ti'iide  lay  in  the  hands  of  cert;iin  licensed 
firms.*''  The  privilege  of  purchasing  theii"  fricdoni 
indicates  consideniblo  liberty  of  action,  so  iis  to  iic- 
f|uire  the  necessary  means.  A  nuinl)cr  of  laws  were 
issued   for  their  protection,  giving  orders  tluit  tlu-y 

*■'  It  is  the  feelinj^  we  would  entertain  for  a  slave,  happier  thou,t;li  he  iiii,i,'ht 
111'  in  !si  Tvitiulu  than  as  a  free  man.  Only  too  many  wriieis  nu  llit!  topiit  ha\  c 
ciiii*ine<l  their  studies  to  woi'ks  liki.'  Solnrzinin,  Ito  Iml.  Irr<',  of  the  scven- 
ti-cnth  century,  without  considerini^  the  improvements  sinee  eti'evtcd  aniouj» 
Indians;  hut  there  are  also  more  eomprehensive  invisti^'atoi's;  and  ainniig 
tiii'in  I  notice  with  ])leasurc  .TosiS  Antonio  Saeo,  who  in  Hfrix/d  dc  Cnhn,  i\ 
iii'ist  att'aetive  and  well  edited  review  of  llalmna,  <'(iiifril«Mtes  a  .scries  of 
iii'ticlcs  on  the  cnconiit  nda  system,  which  indicate  much  resi'arch  jind  pi'om- 
isc  to  be  (jtute  I'xhaiistive. 

*'lt  must  he  adudtted,  however,  that  tile  Inilians  of  northern  latitudes 
li'id  not  attained  to  tlie  same  hiuh  level  of  euitine  as  in  MeNico,  .so  tliat  inter- 
ciiMrso  till  re  could  not  he  so  readily  entertained. 

^'S(jmc  cstiui.ites  reduci)  tlieui  to  (i,(l(H),  including  inulattoes  and  zamhos. 

^''Humboldt  estimates  it  at  less  than  '/i^  of  the  expoit  from  Africa.  L'.-^^ai 
P<1,  i.  i:!0. 

''As  .shown  in  J/ist.  M(.v.,  ii.  .')S4-.j,  this  scries,  and  at  the  hei^iuniug  of 
this  vohime. 

^^IVtwceii  1(104  and  l(t7.")  two  Genoese  had  the  sole  contract  and  intro- 
ihiced  only  four  cargoes.  Mdiircrtt,  Jit.tlmr.,  in  Co/.  J)iji'.  IiniL.  x\i.  4fM-7. 
Ill  l(!!»0  t!ie  ('iiMipaiiia  Keal  do  (luiiiea  del  Jleino  de  I'ortugal  had  aii  ;igi'iit 
ill  Xcw  Spain  for  their  trade,  /'cilii  ('iilidn.-',  MS.,  i.  Id."!.  Shoi-lly  after 
I'Vi'iiehmeii  olitaiued  the  exclusive  right  to  import  slaves  and  estahlished  a, 
fai  lory  at  Vira  Cvn/.  in  170'J;  ten  years  !;itir  Knglishiiien  tri(  cl  the  liu..ines;*, 
and  so  the  privilege  changed  haiuls.    In  17'J4  a  tax  uf  G^„  was  placed  on  money 


7.->2  SOCIETY. 

sliould  hv  lioiist'd,  fed,  and  clotlicd  just  as  well  as  fr- 1- 
lahoi'cis,  and  iiistructt'd  in  ifli;;inii;  tiislcs  could  ixit 
bo  ini[)()SL'd  wlion  under  seventeen  <>r  oxer  the  seven- 
tieth year,  ami  the  agecl  and  sick  had  t<>  l)c  cared  lor. 
]>fan(hni^  was  st()i)|)ed  in  1784.**  The  inll  <»|'  iVee  in  - 
^r,"(>es  was  swelled  hy  means  of  a  law  of  \7^)0  whi(  li 
conl'erred  liherty  on  all  slaves  who  esenped  IVom  the 
]  )ut(h  and  Kii^lish  eohtnies,  and  atlopted  tlu>  lioiiiiin 
Catholic  religion;  hut  tlu-'y  as  wi-ll  as  the  iVeo  nej^m 
admixtures  were  subject  to  tribute  like  the  'irjational' 
Indians. 


The  disadvantaLfes  under  which  Indians  and  neijro,.: 
labored,  appliixl  also  in  a  measure  to  mixed  bree(b, 
thouu'h  less  so  (.0  the  mestizos.  AllhouLih  the  latti  r 
Were  it'cognized  as  citizens  and  gcnte  de  razon  in  imt 
beiuL,'  subject  to  the  danming  tril)ute,  to  restriction  in 
ordinary  dress  or  of  movement,  or  to  exemjition  iroiii 
tithes,  regular  church  fees,  or  the  in(|uisitioii,  yet  th>  y 
■were  almost  wholly  excluded  from  civil,  mihtary,  an  1 
ecclesiastical  oflices,  subject  to  forced  labt)r  in  cases  of 
crime,"'  and  to  other  disabilities,  IVom  which  tiny 
could  become  free  only  by  intermaniage  with  a  suju- 
rior  race.  In  early  days  there  was  no  hesitation  about 
a  union  with  the  coloi'cd  classes,  owing  to  the  inl'iT- 
mality  of  the  llrst  ties  and  to  the  almost  entire  la<  k 
of  white  women;  and  since  the  Indian  maidens  weiv 
only  too  eager  to  wed  ct)nquerors,  the  latter  couM 
choose  frc.m  among  the  most  select.  Comparatively 
few  S[ianish  women  came  over;°^  and  so  the  mingling 

and  giMids  exporU'il  for  the  purdinsc  of  iicgvocs.  Onli ins  de  Corona,  MS.,  \i. 
'M.  iSalus  of  «liivc'H  iiff  frccjui'iitly  icconleil  in  dncttn  Mr.r.,  i.-x.,  and  Dhn-'vi 
Mex.,  i.  ft  st'(i.  Ik'twoun  ISOT  and  1810  wo  tiisd  good  wrvant  ;.'iil.s  of  ali'Vi' 
'JO  ycais  sold  as  low  as  100  and  130  pesos.  Sou  also  G'lKini,  liid.  J,'ir.,  i. 
l.-.l  ■-.-). 

'^/liloln,  Jiirop.,  i.  Jit.  iii.  74.  20."),  etc.  For  those  in  non-produc'ire 
(lonK'stio  Moivice,  a  tax  of  !?'J  a  year  liad  to  be  jiaid.  Ci  (lularin,  MS.,  iii.  !W-  In}. 
Furtlui'  r(';rnlations  ai-e  given  in  Rrcop.  ilr  I  ml.,  ii.  .'{(iO-4,  ;").■)!•,  etc. 

^"^i]^•mia^ds  .enjoyed  certain  exemjition  wlii'rover  the  dignity  of  the  wl.ite 
race  nii;.ht  he  iniiieiillcth  OnliniK  dv  I'uronu,  MS.,  i.  'X,\,  ele. 

•'''  llinnholdt  sliows  that  U'sa  than  ten  per  cent  of  tlie  Kuropean  Spanisli 
IMilMi'ation  at  Mexico  in  KSO."{  were  feniules,  In  the  provinces  the  proport.di 
inu.it  have  been  Btill  smaller. 


('11  as  fr«  f 
collltl  imt 
Ik;  sc'Vrli- 
rari'd  lor. 
if  IVce  iii- 
50  wliidi 
rroii)  till' 
i(>  lioinaii 
V(jo  lie;.; In 
iij-atiuiKir 


1(1  iiogriii< 
•d  l)nn'(U, 
tlu"  lattrr 
:()ii  in  imt 
Irictitiii  ill 
)ti»)M  i'roiii 
,  yet  till  y 
itary,  nwl 
II  (;asc's  (if 
licli    tli'V 

'l    a    Sllpr- 

oii  alxi'.it 
the  iiil'iT- 
tirc  lark 
cii.s  Were 
rr  eoiiM 
iralivciy 
miii'diii'' 

oiiri,  MS.,  vi. 
1111(1  Ili'ii'hi 
11  l.s  of  ul)'>ve 
I/i-t.  L'cr.,  i. 

m-jiroiliK-'iri:' 
iii.  [)S-M. 

vi  the  white 

lean  Spauiali 
iu  lU'opint.uu 


RE.STi;iCTIONS  AGAINST  COLOnHD  RACFA 


7o3 


f'ontiimed,  though  nioro  and  more  with  inestizos,  par- 
ticularly with  those  who  had  L,'rowii  whit<\  While  tho 
intermarriage  with  darker  me.'^tizos  came  to  he  m<»re 
and  more  di.scountenance»l  hy  the  higher  cla.»<.ses,  alli- 
ances with  negro  admixtures  actually  receive<l  a  check 
from  the  law  itself.'"'  This  ojten  stigma  <'ast  upon  a 
race  nund)ering  nearly  half  a  million,  and  that  as  late 
as  1805,  was  hardly  a  judicious  measure.  The  negro 
classes  for  that  matter  had  ever  heen  suhjcct  to  limita- 
tions as  degrading  as  those  ap|)lying  to  Indians.  Even 
the  sacred  i)rofession  was  v.hollv  close<l  to  them;  thev 
must  reside  with  recognized  em|)loyei-s  under  penalty 
of  heini'  consigned  to  mines  or  c(»ntractors;  and  the 
women  could  not  wear  silks,  gold,  and  similar  articles 
unless  allied  to  whites.  Yet  this  po[)ulation  ranked 
among  the  most  useful  in  the  country  for  its  strength 
ami  energy.  Aware  of  their  superiority,  they  looke<l 
down  on  the  Indians,  and  were  not  a  little  encouraged 
in  this  respect  hy  the  evident  preference  accorded 
them  hy  female  ahorigines,  who  were  allured  also  hy 
their  greater  vivacity.  '*  Slaveholders  no  douht  favored 
an  inclination  that  increased  their  chattels  with  such 
vigorous  sjHicimens,  superior  also  in  certain  moral 
traits,  for  the  latter  possessed  greater  holdness,  or 
lather  audacity,  zambos  being  more  vicious  than  mu- 
lattoes. 

The  Creoles  in  particular  wcrean.xious  to  keep  back 
intruders  from  the  lower  rajiks,  ami  to  maintain  the 
restrictions  even  against  fairer  mestizos,  on  the  j'round 
that  their  vindictiveness  and  arrogance  might  imperil 
the  safety  of  Spaniards  and  the  authority  of  the 
crown;  not  considering  that  as  much  or  more  peril  lay 
ill  fostering  the  ignorance,  misery,  and  hatred  of  an 
able  and  powerful  class,  ever  growing  .stronger.  The 
•iovornment  nevertheless  found  it  necessiirv  to  make 
certain  concessions  to  the  latter;  vet  these  were  not 

^' Cedulario,  MS.,  i.  92. 

'■'■'  It  is  even  said  that  they  preferred  them  to  Europeans.  Humboldt, 
£■«(«»  Pol.,  i.  })4. 

HiBX.  Mes.,  Vol.  III.    48 


".')4 


SCXTF'.TY. 


suflic'u'iit  t'veii  to  roimt(  ract  tlio  irritutiun  cTcatctl  l»v 
Cfitaiii  other  lestnctive  laws. 


Olio  result  (»f  tlic  cHorts  for  tnaintniniii<<f  caste  (lis- 
tiiM'tioii,  t<)^i'tlM  r  w  itii  the  jncvali'iice  of  iiidolciit  aixl 
iiii|»rovi(l«'iit  lial)its,  wjis  tlic  rtunparative  alisr-nco  of 
a  iiii<l(llc  class,  so  «ss('iitial  to  the  advaiu'ciiicnt  of  a 
<'<»ijii(ry;  an«l  society  could  well  l>o  divided  into  rich 
and  poor,  nolilc  and  hasc,  liaU-cultured  and  illiterate. 
'I'liis  is  readily  undtistood  from  the  concentration 
anionj^^  the  people  of  the  W(  alth  and  retineinent,  and  a 
mere  iilance  at  Mexico  woidd  confiiin  it  >vith  the  ex- 
treme  presented  of  nudity  and  ;.,ditter,  ji^rossness  and 
relint'inent,  profusion  and  squalor.  This  was  here  the 
nioi'e  strikiniLC  owinL,^  to  the  con^rejjfation  of  vai^rants, 
ht'(^^r;iis,  and  indii^'ent  si<k,  allured  from  all  ((uart(  is 
1»V  the  fame  of  the  capital  for  wealth,  gorgeous  di.s- 
plavs,  and  liherality. 

At  the  heginning  of  the  century  about  one  fifth  of 
its  inhal)itants  consisted  of  these  classes  known  as  za- 
rtKjiiti's,  (/iKic/iiiKiiifjos,  and  Z(iroiiiu//(>s,  the  last  heing 
also  termed  /cjh'I'os  and  coi-responding  to  tlu;  lazzar(Mii 
of  Naples;  i-cjually  lazy  and  careless,  hut  less  vicious. 
Most  of  them  depended  for  a  livelihood  on  labor,  hut 
this  vas  limited  to  a  «lay  or  two  in  the  week,  suliieient 
t<»  j»rocure  them  a  little  food  and  liquor.  The  sky 
Avas  their  roof,  an<l  the  hed  their  square  mantle  or 
blanket,  which  served  also  for  almost  solo  raiment. 
])r(^ss  jjfave  them  indeed  lii'lt;  concern,  for  as  thev  lav 
baskin<r  n  the  sun  the  dav  long  the  covering  was 
generally  ?ast  aside  regardless  of  decency.  Laws  ex- 
isted agj  1st  such  classes,  and  a  special  society  had 
been  fori  m1,  as  we  have  seen,  to  discourage  men- 
dicancy a   J  almsgiving,  and  provide  for  the  deser\- 


mg. 


54 


'■'This  society  was  given  control  of  the  nsyhun  for  the  poor,  with  power  to 
(leal  suniniiirily  witli  nil  impostors  ami  idlers,  lidefia,  lit'voji.,  i.  pt.  iii.  '2()."i. 
]  >illi  rent  lU'crees  against  vagaliomls  are  also  given  in  Zamora,  liih.  Lcij.  I'/f., 
vi.  I7.'!-S;  y.V»'o;>.  (le  Intl.,  ii.  3."»8-t!0.  Males  were  to  be  sent  to  mines  ami 
l)lantutions,  fenmles  into  families,  children  tu  uaylunis. 


atod  l»v 


astu  «lis- 
l(Mit  and 

cut  of  a 
iito  rich 
llitcratc. 
•ntiatioii 
lit,  and  a 
\  tlic  c\- 
tuiss  and 
here  tlic 
,a<4iants, 
([uartcis 
coUH  difi- 

t«  fifth  c.f 

,vn  as  z>i- 

1st  Inin^' 

hiz/ar(»ni 

;  vicious. 

ibor,  hut 

uliiciciit 

'ho  sky 

nitlo  or 

aiujent. 

licv  lav 

injjf  was 

aws  c\- 

icty  had 

ro  nicn- 

deseiv- 


th  power  to 

l)t.  iii.  •-'"■■!. 

Lcij.  Uli., 

iiiiucs  niul 


BEfiOAKS  AND  NOBLES. 


7S5 


The  otlu'i"  oxti'cinc  was  presented  hy  t1)c  no'»ilUy 
of  htcal  origin;  for  that  of  Spain  found  no  in<hiccnicnb 
to  abandon  the  sunshine  of  the  couit  for  a  haiharous 
colony,  save  on  temporary  otKcial  duty.  Coitcs  was 
till'  first  of  this  titled  n(»hility,  and  'tlu;  njar<]uis'  lonjr 
rcniaiiied  u  distinctive  attribute  of  him  alone.  I  ii  1  inie, 
with  the  f^rowinj,'  need  of  funds  by  the  kini",  th-'  re- 
ward bestowed  for  distinj^uished  military  und  diplo- 
matic services  was  extended  to  those  who  chose  to 
)»romote  such  service  by  the  ;;iit  of  money.  At  lirst 
this  was  somewhat  cautiously  bestowed,  and  limited 
to  a  cross  of  Snutiajjfo  or  Calatiava;'"*  but  in  the  eii^h- 
teenth  century  almost  any  rich  mimr  or  trader  mi;L;ht 
secure  the  title  of  marquis  or  count,  or  a  military 
title.'"'*  The  ii,Miorance,  vulgarity,  and  want  of  merit 
in  the  holder,  subjected  the  title  to  ridicule,  \\hi<  h, 
however,  decreased  as  it  j^rew  older.  The  creation 
usually  brought  about  an  entail  for  its  mainteMaiice, 
a  i-eservation  of  estate  frerpuMit  (.'iiouufh  amoii^-  tho 
old  Creole  families."  The  testamentary  bond  was  n(»t 
iimeii  respected,  however,  for  the  audiencias  liad  powi-r 
to  interfere  with  the  j)roperty  and  oven  to  autlioiizo 
its  sale,°^  and  only  too  frequently  the  heirs  s(|uandered 
their  fortune  within  two  generations. 

Tho  two  great  causes  aflecting  population,  tliseaso 
iind  famine,  obtained  iu  Xew  Spain  with  perio(he  IVe- 
<|Uency  and  great  virulence,  owing  to  pecuhai-  cHmatic 
eonditions  and  nati(jnal  improviilenco.    The  miasmatic 

''Viceroy  Meiidoza  n-vivi'd  the  native  oi'iler  of  tcciilitli,  iint  Idiiu'  ,iftcr  llie 
niiiijuest,  in  order  to  bind  tli'-  liidiiin  imlilcs.  ('(ir/n,  in  I'm  In  in  u\u[  I'aril'- 
/"/<,  ii.  "JOl-'J.     Tlie  order  of  (.YwIds  III.  \\;i.s  ratlitr  limited  in  di.-ti  ilmtliin. 

•'''  A  list  of  these  from  the  eomiiiest  down  to  I  V!t-  is  j;i\  en  in  /•'(uisirn.  Hint. 
Jlnr.,i\'.  •J4i»-.");i.  In  (Jonziilez  Davila,  7'. -fO-c /;,■/,>..  j.  14,  I(i7<t,'.;  .]/or>i, 
y<ililiZ't,  Ml  etc.;  Vir'i/iK,  Jnstriir.,  seiic  i.  j>ts.  .Vti,  1S~'J!)  etc.,  ni:i\  !"■  fdiiml 
iidilitional  names,  and  in  a  later  volume  will  ligiirt' a  nnndx  r  ol'  tinin.  'I'lio 
iTU.su.s  of  1790  mentions  44  persons  at  Me.xico  with  nubility  titli.s  and  ;!.S\\ith 
Kiiiijlitiiood.   0'(tz.  Mi.c,  V.  <S. 

"Several  of  these  niayorazgos  existed  with  a  rental  of  fioni  in,()0<)  to 
I'll), 00(1  pesos,  chielly  held  by  the  deseeiidiiiits  of  traihrs  and  miiiiis.  but  also 
I'V  those  of  eonnuerors  antl  ollieials.  ('on<lede  l!e;4la  t'oiinded  several;  two 
U]ititle<l  sons  were  consoled  with  .s7(M>,(K!0  each.  Mmnaii,  UW.  M'j.,  i.  17. 

^'' J'rocnhHekin  Jiattis,  MS.,  •J5-(J,  lo-2-3;  Cul.  <k  Diurios,  MS.,  4-J4. 


7dO 


SOCIETY. 


coast  lines  fiirined  an  actual  fever  belt  which  could 
not  fail  to  have  a  certain  effect  even  beyond  its  limits. 
Still,  the  plateau,  which  contained  the  mass  of  tlu; 
people,  enjoyed  as  fine  a  climate  as  could  be  desinul; 
and  as  the  Indians  with  their  frui^al  and  more  natural 
habits  were  a  rather  healthy  race,  ordinary  maladies 
and  sligiiter  ills  did  not  greatly  affect  them,  such  as 
indigestion  and  accompanying  troubles.  Colds,  acute 
ievcrs,  pleurisy,  catarrh,  diarrha'a,  and  consumption 
did  of  course  have  their  victims,  [)articularly  with  tlic 
increase  of  artificial  habits  amonn;  the  wealtliier  classes. 
Spasms  and  intermittent  fevers  were  frequent  on  tlie 
coast,bilious  fevers  on  the  western  slopes,^''and  measles, 
introduced  shortly  after  the  conquest,  committed  at 
times  extensive  ravages.""  Leprosy,  known  as  San 
Liizaro's  evil,  existed,  and  h,»d  its  special  hospitals, 
the  use  of  pork  and  chile  being  reckoned  among  in- 
fluencing causes,  and  also  uncleanliness  and  venereal 
diseases,  although  the  latter  were  not  very  severe.''^ 

The  great  scc^irges  were  inatlazahuatl,  small-pox. 
yellow-fever,  and  famine,  of  which  the  first  two  made 
seemingly  periodic  visitations  with  desolating  effects, 
and  alnio.st  exclusively  among  Indians,  especially  the 
inatlazahuatl.  Of  this  little  is  known  save  that  it  bore 
a  resemblance  to  yellow  fever  in  its  vomit  symptoms, 
and  raged  with  equal  vehemence  on  the  highland, 
both  before  and  after  the  advent  of  the  Spaniards. 
The  most  severe  years  were  1545  and  1570,  when  from 
800,000  to  2,000,000  persons  ])erished,  according  in 
Torquemada.  The  years  173G-7  and  17G1-2  w<'ie 
long   remembered    for  their  inflictions.*''^     Small-po\ 

^* Degenerating  into  adynamic  fonn.  ITumholdt,  Essai  Pol.,  ii.  757.  di- 
tain  niar.slR's  near  ^^(^iipulco  gavi;  rise  to  cliolcra  nioi'lms.  A  coninion  atliicti "ii 
vaa  a  sort  of  frenzy  l'oIl(Aveil  by  alternate  cold  and  lieat,  with  i'lta  of  lau;.' li- 
ter, wecjiing,  and  ctinvulsions.  St  Anthony's  tire  was  not  nnconinion.  mimI 
apojik'.'tio  attacks,  called  iiiKultos,  Entalbi,  \\\\.  '2!l!)-30O.  At  one  time  iip- 
iH'arcd  a  disease  called  Itula,  wliich  infected  tlirough  the  breath;  and  nui  i- 
bercd  among  its  victims  the  great  philanthropist,  Conde  dc  Valenciana. 

"''As  Alegre  relates,  liisl,  Comp.  Jesus,  iii.  233-4,  and  Gnijo,  JJiario,  i. 
428-'». 

'"  'QnizA  per  la  benignidad  delclinia.'  Estalfa,  xxvi.  288,  209.  Concerning 
its  origin  see  Xaliff  Jiinrs,  ii.  diH. 

*■-'  As  referred  to  in  this  and  the  preceding  volume. 


ch  could 
ts  limits. 

iS   of    tlu! 

I  desircHl ; 
c  natural 

iiialadii-s 
,,  such  as 
Ids,  acute 
sumption 

with  tlu' 
or  classes. 
nt  on  the 
.1  measles, 
mitted  at 
n  as  San 
hospitals, 
unong  in- 
1  venereal 
icvere." 

luall-pox. 
two  made 

ig  cft'ects, 

icially  tlie 

at  it  bore 
mptonis. 
lighland, 
:)aniards. 
iienfroiii 

)rding  ti» 
2    wre 

5mall-i  ON. 

ii.  757.  <'  1- 
inou  iitUicti  11 
fits  of  lauuli; 
■.oniiuon.  iiii'i 
one  time  iip- 
th;  and  luim- 
nciuiia. 
ijo,  D'lar'w.  i. 

Conccrniiii:' 


V6MIT0  PniETO  AND  OTHER  SCOURGES. 


::.: 


was  introduced  in  1520  by  one  of  Xarvaez'  vessels, 
and  connnitted  such  havoc  that  many  districts  became 
almost  depopulated.  Its  recurrence  may  be  placed  at 
about  every  eighteenth  year;  and  although  later  at- 
tacks did  not  equal  the  first,  yet  they  connnitted  great 
havoc.  Inoculation  was  introduced  during  the  latter 
half  of  the  eighteenth  century,"^  but  not  properly 
made  known,  nor  much  appreciated;  vaccination  on 
the  other  hand  received  iiiunediate  acceptance.  Vice- 
roy Iturrigaray  brought  it  with  him  in  1803,  as  Me 
have  seen,  and  in  the  following  year  the  special  com- 
mission from   Spain  secured  its  general  application. 

Voaiito  prieto,  the  name  in  New  Spain  for  yellow- 
fever,  had  at  least  this  difference  from  the  matlazahuatl, 
that  it  was  confined  to  the  low-lying  coast,  and  seldom 
attacked  those  born  in  such  regions;  it  gathered 
victims  chiefly  among  visitors  from  cooler  clinuites, 
sometimes  every  vear  durinij:  the  hot  term,  somctin»es 
w  ith  an  intermission  of  several  years,  yet  ever  nifusmg 
terror  among  the  fleets,  so  that  both  vessels  and  cara- 
vans sought  to  avoid  its  dreaded  hot-bed,  the  region 
of  Vera  Cruz,  the  west  coast  so  far  being  free  I'rom 
it."*  Arguments  have  been  adduced  to  show  that  it 
was  not  known  till  the  beiiinninii;  of  the  eighteenth 
century,"'  but  the  records  arc  probably  at  fault.  Its 
development  depending  on  certain  condition,  as  shown 
sufliciently  in  the  preceding  brief  remarks,  the  growth 
from  an  eser  present  germ  was  gradual,  the  full  efl'eet 
a[)pearing  only  in  later  times.  Who  can  gainsay  that 
the  sudden  and  extensive  mortality  recorded  among 
arrivals  at  V-ra  Cruz  even  during  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury was  not  due  to  a  form  of  this  disease? 

Famine  cannot  be  classed  as  less"  destructive  than 

•^^  Alzate  insists  on  attributing  tiiia  to  Doctor  ^Forell,  in  1770,  Gacetas  LiL, 
i.  S'l."),  liut  it  uppctirs  to  have  l)i'en  used  lif-re  I'livlicr. 

"'The  tleatliH  did  not  txcfod'J.OUO  to  :!,(iOOuyciir.  From  17(i(ito  1774  it  «lid 
notiippear.  Ilinnhn/ilf,  Esniii  I'o/.,  i.  (JO,  ii.  7-")0i.t  seq.  The  people  at  Vera  ( 'ru/. 
lii-'lieved  in  a /a.so/ifc  lunchuou  witli  jtiumlants  to  kfcp  it  oil'.  Edalla,  xxvii. 
;t()0. 

'•' '  Mon  era  ivi  conosciat.a  avanti  I'ainio  17-r>,'  says  that  the  learned  Clavi- 
t'cro,  Storia  Mess.,  i.  117,  iii  wliich  sUiteuient  he  is  widely  followed. 


i 


758 


SOCIETY. 


opidcinics;  for  while  it  may  not  kill  so  rapidly,  tlio 
astliuuic  oftbct  on  population  is  oven  more  injurious. 
In  New  Spain  the  causes  for  it  existed  in  a  line  sky 
and  fertile  soil,  which  fostered  hoth  indolence  and 
improvidence;  in  a  more  tiian  usual  lack  of  means  for 
communication  by  which  to  open  markets  for  sur- 
])lus  jn'oduce;  and  in  the  simple  tastes  of  the  masses, 
willi  little  or  no  inducement  to  extend  the  range  of 
agriculture.  It  nee<l  not  excite  astonishment,  there- 
i'ore,  when  we  learn  that  in  1784  alone  three  hundred 
thousand  persons  are  su[)posed  to  have  perished  from 
hunger  and  its  attendant  train. 

The  practice  of  medicine  was  neither  extensive  nor 
well  advanced,  and  the  empiric  and  superstitious 
method  of  'wise  peo})le'  and  quacks  had  free  sway; 
notabl}'  the  Indian  medicine-men,  whose  art  was  not 
disdained  even  by  the  superior  class,  despite  the  efforts 
of  Spanish  physicians  to  restrict  it.**  A  protomedico 
was  eaily  sent  over  from  Spain  with  power  to  super- 
vise"' other  members  of  the  profession,  and  ajxjtlu - 
cai'ics  to  test  their  drugs,  and  to  conn  lunicate  discov- 
eiies  to  and  from  the  mother  country,  and  later  to 
examine  candidates  and  grant  certificates  to  practise. 
In  1()21  a  chair  of  surgery  and  anatomy  was  estab- 
lished at  the  university  of  Mexico,  and  twenty-live 
yeai's  later  the  protomedico  office  was  combined  with 
the  professorshij),  ft)rniing  the  head  of  a  metlical 
board  with  wide  jurisdiction,  including  later  the  func- 
tions of  a  board  of  health.  A  [>rotomedico-gener;il 
came  over  at  times  to  cany  out  reforms,  such  as  to 
exact  a  more  tht)rough  hospital  cour.se  for  surgeons, 
and    a   more    thorough    training    for    apothecaries.'" 

""The  iittiiininenta  of  the  native  doctors  will  be  found  described  in  Katin 
P(ire'<,  ii.  MH  I't  .si'ij.,  til  is  si'lio.s, 

''■  Seo  ///.</.  Ml. I-.,  ii.  I*.")!,  this  scries. 

M  Pi-ot(Hiutlicato,  Vhidicacioii,  1-18.  Four  courses  were  required  afti  r 
17>i4.  Jli/cihi,  /I'lfop.,  i.  j)t.  iii.  I'JO.  Kurlier  rrgulations  foi  the  profes.sinii 
niiiy  be  found  in  li'cco/i.  ilc  IikL;  Montimiiiinr,  Srniiirios.  1U7-S;  and  other  enl- 
lietidus.  'I'iie  Cesarean  ojieratiim  was  well  understood.  Ceiliiliirli),  },IX.,  iii. 
1)4  .').     In  17'JO  tliere  were  in  Mexico  iJl  doctors,  and  "-''Jl  suryeous  and  barbcis. 


■ 


THE  PRx\CTICK  OF  MEDICINE. 


759 


dly,  tlio 
ijurious. 
Hne  sky 
nee  aii<l 
icans  for 
for  sui- 
m asses, 
:"ans:^o  of 
t,  tlieiv- 
liuiulred 
led  from 


isive  nor 
srstitious 
ee  sway; 
was  not 
10  olforts 
toniedirn 
;o  supcr- 
a])otlu- 
diseov- 
latur  to 
practise. 
IS  estal)- 
nty-iivc 
ed  with 
niedit'al 
le  lunc- 
)-o;cncr;il 
id  I  as  to 
urn'oons, 
ecaries."* 

ctl  in  Katirt 


Hiirrd   aftiT 
profL'ssiiin 

1(1  otlll'V  11 'I- 

MS.,  ill. 


Treatment  varied  with  the  influence  exercised  by  the 
different  medical  schools  and  sects,  the  asthenic  sys- 
tem being  long  in  vogue,  coupled  with  prophylactic 
measures. 

The  abu.se  of  bleeding,  purging,  and  the  like  grew 
altogether  excessive,  with  inordinate  application  even 
to  healthy  persons.  Adynamic  forms  were  treated 
as  inllannnatory;  and  in  pr(-)stration  the  crisis  was  ])as- 
sively  awaited.  With  the  propagation  of  the  Bru- 
nonian  theory  toward  the  end  of  the  last  century,  the 
profession  awoke  to  the  faults  of  the  prevailing  sys- 
tem which  had  cost  so  many  lives;  and  now  a  head- 
long reaction  set  in  which  had  at  least  the  effect  of 
directing  to  more  independent  study,  and  to  diminish 
somewhat  the  reliance  (jn  unaided  prayers,  appeals 
for  saintly  interference,''''  and  superstitious  munnnery. 
The  aboriginal  vapor  bath  ever  remained  a  favorite 
I'cmedy,'"  the  health-giving  qualities  of  mineral  and 
hot  springs  were  recognized,  and  also  the  beneficial 
cfft'cts  of  chanjiv  of  climate.'^ 

Hos[)itals  were  foundetl  at  ^Fexico  by  Cortes, 
and  the  early  friars  ami  royalty  took  an  interest 
in  their  extension,  a  law  of  ir)4l  ordering  them  to 
he  established  in  all  Si)anisli  and  Indian  towns,'- 
which  was  in  a  measure  carried  out.  By  decree  of 
1540,  an  institution  existing  at  ^lexico  was  trans- 
formed into  the  i'amous  Boyal  Hospital,  with  an 
cncomienda  for   its   suj)i»ort.'^     This   grant   received 

ddi-fln  ^frr.,  V.  8.  The  last  two  olliops  wove  often  combined  at  this  period. 
Ill  other  pMi't.;  medical  men  were  scarce,  and  Yucatan  does  not  appear  to  have 
had  one  till  ahout  1710. 

'"In  dii'iji),  J'idrio,  i.  428-fl,  and  .'iimilar  chronicles,  are  jiiven  instance-^ 
iif  tlni  common  recourse  to  the  saints  and  to  leligious  rites.  In  tluxiou,  (lie 
women  nse<l  to  tie  a  handkeichicf  to  the  hair  on  one  side  of  tlu'  hi'ad,  and  in 
1  crtain  eases  round  the  forehead,  the  cohjr  of  the  bandage  being  duly  con- 
bidered.   JJ.s/n/la,  xxvi.  ;{()l2. 

'"As  described  in  Xalhr  IJiirr.<>,  ii.  "lO.")-!!. 

"As  J lerrera  already  indicated,  dec.  iii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  ix. 

''^  Jill  op.  ill'  Inil.,  i.  ^l'^.  As  recommended  Ijy  the  royal  council  in  \7)Xi. 
I'nrhci'o  and  Caril('iia.i,  Col.  J>or..  xii.  13."). 

'^Copies  of  decrees  in  Ji'uiiiinz,  Dor.,  MS,,  10-221.  The  foluiding  has 
Icen  a  mooted  (|uestion,  sonu^  like  I-'onseea  plaeinj,'  it  nnuh  later.  This 
C.ibrei'a,  K^niilo,  .'!!•(),  etc.,  seeks  to  disprove  in  an  eluburate  urgumunt,  al- 
though h'j  liiwibclf  merely  hovers  round  the  true  fact. 


700 


SOCIETY. 


additions  at  different  times,  notably  from  the  tax  of 
lialf  a  real  on  every  Indian  tributary,  for  whom  tluj 
institution  was  intended.'*  Furthermore,  several  spe- 
cial and  general  hospitals  were  erected  in  the  capital, 
Cabrera  describing  nine  in  the  middle  of  the  last 
centur}',  without  counting  jirivatc  establishments;' 
three  were  added  by  the  beginning  of  the  present 
cycle.  Of  these,  three  were  cared  for  by  the  three 
charity  (jrders  of  San  Juan  de  Dies,  San  Hipolito,  and 
the  Bethlehemites,  whoso  labors  extended  over  the 
whole  country,  wherever  the  need  for  their  special  aid 
called  them,  and  their  means  permitted  the  founding 
of  hospitals.''*  Mexico  preponderated  greatly,  how- 
ever, in  the  number  both  of  hospitals  and  other 
benevolent  institutions;  to  them  the  indigent  sick  and 
needy  congregated  from  afar,  and  also  the  rich,  who 
here  found  the  best  doctors  and  care.'^ 

Three  of  the  hospitals  were  for  the  insane,  a  ]Mag- 
dalen  asylum  existed  since  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
orphan  asylums  may  be  said  to  date  from  the  time  when 
Cortes  opened  his  })alac(i  to  a  number  of  noble  maidens 
and  the  early  missionaries  began  to  care  for  neglected 
children.  Kegular  establishments  to  this  end  soon 
became  numerous  under  royal,  religious,  and  private 
patronage,  with  special  attention  to  foundlings 
consideration  ibr  these  castaway  waifs  was  singulai 


The 


"The  history  of  tins  tax  ia  given  in  Foiixcca,  Hint.  Ilac,  vi.  100  ct  fn'c|., 
toi,'etlier  with  rules  for  the  hosi)itals.  The  income  of  the  Royal  Hospital  in 
1808  reached  40,(M)()  pesos.  Zamora,  Blh.  Lnj.  Ull.,  iii.  iViO-UO. 

'■■One  attended  more  particularly  to  ecclesiastics;  another  to  venereal  dis- 
eases, a  third  to  leprosy,  a  fourth  to  St.  Anthony's  lire,  and  so  forth.  I  '(dm  /■'. 
KKnalo,  8'i,  '•VMi  et  8e(j.  The  viceroys  gave  them  sjiecial  attention  and  mi,'- 
^'ested  reforms  as  instanced  in  the  Kdacion  of  Menclo/a,  in  I'achcco  and  <  '"/•• 
(l(  iKiK,  Cvl.  Doe.,  vi.  407,  and  the  1  iixtrticcion  of  Itevilla  Oigedo,  MS.,  i.  ',\',\  7. 
and  AzauTM,  AUS.,  07-0;  the  ehronielcrs  Motolinia,  xMendiet^i,  Toniuemada, 
Vetanoirt,  Beaumont,  Villa-Sefior,  and  others  speak  freely  of  tlieiii,  the  laltii 
i's])ecially  alluding  to  them  in  every  town;  and  in  the  series  of  Guceta  <k 
Mij-.,  and  Dkirio  de  iVex.,  are  constant  reports  of  their  operations. 

'•''  l''or  the  history  of  these  orders  1  refer  the  reader  to  the  epoch  when  tin  y 
were  founded  or  introduced.  The  Ik-thlehemite  hospital  at  Mexico  wa.s  u^t 
convalescents;  the  Hipolito  for  lunatics. 

"This  feature,  together  with  the  nundwr  of  ecclesiastics  and  idle  people 
without  family  tics,  explains  the  snuiU  number  of  births  as  comparetl  witli 
deaths,  bo  misleading  to  the  curulciis  student. 


c  tax  of 
'hoiu  tluj 
roral  spo- 
c  capital, 
the  last 
limouts;" 
)  present 
:be  throo 
olito,  and 
over  the 
pecial  aid 
l'oundinL>" 
,tly,  how- 
nd    other 
b  sick  and 
rich,  who 

c,  a  Majj;- 

ntury,and 

;ime  when 

c  maidens 

neu'lected 

end  soon 

d  private 

gs.     The 

inijularlv 


lfl9ctsiM|., 
il  Hosintal  i" 

venereal  dis- 
til. Cahni-'i. 

ticiu  and  mi-'- 
(((•()  ami  '  '"''■ 
MS.,  i.  X',  7, 
T()rt|Ueiiiiiila, 
•111,  tliu  latlfi 
of  Vucetu  'k 

oiis. 

)cli  whcntliiy 

ioxico  was  !"i' 

I  idle  iieiii'lo 
jmpurcd  vitli 


BEXEVOLEXT  IXSTITUTIOXS, 


rci 


marked.  The  king  issued  decrees  declarnig  that  tlu'y 
should  all  be  held  legitimate  before  the  law,  and  more- 
over enjoy  the  same  exeni|)tion  from  shameful  }>unish- 
ments  as  those  of  gentle  birth  on  the  ground  that  they 
might  be  of  noble  blood,"  a  measure  no  doubt  credita- 
ble to  the  heart  of  the  ])rincc,  but  questionable  in  its 
bearing  on  morality.  Prominent  among  the  l)enevo- 
lent  institutions  of  the  capital  was  the  as\']um  for  the 
poor  opened  in  1774,  a  huge  establishment  with  a  train- 
ing school  for  the  useful  arts,  with  public  and  private 
reformatory,  refuge,  and  lying-in  departments;''  also 
the  Monte  de  Piedad,  or  public  pawnsho]),  founded  in 
1775  by  Conde  de  llegla  with  a  gift  of  three  hundred 
thousand  jiesos.'*'' 

It  would  be  difficult  to  find  another  city  so  richly 
endowed  by  benevolence  as  Mexico.  To  this  con- 
tributed no  doubt  the  conijreiifation  there  of  wealthy 
people,  some  the  possessors  of  seemingly  inexhaustible 
mines,  and  with  comparatively  few  means  for  invest- 
ment; but  the  explanation  lies  mainly  in  the  indolence, 
improvidence,  and  impulsiveness  of  the  people,  traits 
closely  allied  to  generosity  and  sympathy;  yet  it  does 
not  re(]uire  these  evidences  to  indicate  that  the  Mex- 
icans are  kind-hearted.  The  lioman  Catholic  religion 
also  fosters  a  less  selfish  sentiment  than  the  colder 
reasoning  creeds  of  Protestantism.^^ 

Reverence  for  the  dead  was  also  more  marked 
among  this  warm-hearted  though  volatile  [)eople,  and 

'■^('iihilnrio,  MS.,  i.  TM-f);  Mix.,  Pror.  Dioc.^.,  MS.,  IS!)  00.  The  ic;.'u- 
latii)ii.s  for  tlio  loyal  asylmii,  wliiili  in  IS().'{  ('ontainiMl  "JKt  rliililnii,  nrc  gi\t'ii 
in  Xuiifiy  Const  il.  de  In,  Ural  ('(i.sa,  (Id  <S'M(ciy  <!>'.  Jo,sij/li,  Mi.x,  (i77''j,  Svo,  00 
liage.s;  A/cijir,  J/i.tl.  Comii.  ./c.sv/.v,  iii.  L'ltO. 

'"Jt-sdillerent  features  are  fully  e.Nplained  h\  Dnhhin.  Loj.  Mix.,  i.  ;W7  Kt; 
l>irir' >  Mcx.,  iii.  -'(il  -8;  iv.  4o-7;  vi.  •_"J4-(!.  It  uaa  founded  liy  a  eliuieh  dig- 
nitary with  ruyal  aid. 

"''I'nder  royal  (latronagc ;  a  charge  of  three  jicr  cent  was  made  on  loans. 
Bilciiu,  III roj).,  i.  j)t.  iii.  11.>.V(J. 

'■'Among  the  nhilunthroiiists  of  New  Sjiain  are  the  eondcs  of  lias.soco, 
Valenciana,  and  Ivegla,  tlie  nianjnises  of  San  Francisco  and  Siin  ('rist(')l>al, 
and  worki'rs  like  Andii'a  de  (.'arhajal,  wlio  gave  to  tlie  poor  more  tliau 
.■l^'J.iMlO.OliO  during  his  life,  licsidts  founding  colleges  and  other  institution.s. 
J  )uriiig  epidemics  the  wealthy  vied  with  a  benevolcut  clergy  in  distributing 


702 


SOCIETY. 


funerals  wore  pomp-yiis;  the  inourniiig  was  deep  and 
of  l()n<jf  duration.  Indeed,  the  kin<if  found  it  necessary 
to  interfere  in  more  than  one  decree  with  the  reckless 
extravagance  in  this  respect  that  must  provo  a  seri»)us 
hurden  to  man}'.  The  draping  of  the  church  and 
liouse  was  limited  to  the  coffin  vault  and  the  widow's 
rece[)tion  room;  candles  or  torches  were  reduced  to 
about  a  dozen,  coaches  forbidden  for  the  funeral  pro- 
cession, and  the  funeral  dress  was  prescribed  to  nar- 
row forms.  ]\Iourning  should  be  worn  for  not  more 
than  six  months,  and  only  for  nearer  relatives,  not 
by  servants  of  the  family.""  The  fees  of  the  clergy 
for  the  necessary  masses,  tolling  of  bells,  and  other 
ceremonies,  also  suffi.'red  a  reduction.*"^  These  like 
other  regulations  were  either  overrided  or  fell  into 
disuse,  and  had  to  be  repeated  with  different  moditi- 
cations,""^  and  with  indifferent  result.  A  peculiar  feat- 
ure was  the  rejoicing  which  attendctl  the  funeral  of  a 
child,  with  singing,  drinking,  and  dancing,  in  token  of 
gladness  over  its  incorpcH'ation  among  the  angels  wliile 
yet  uncorrupted.  Cemeteries  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
towns  were  rare  before  the  time  of  llevilla  Gigedo, 
mIio  urged  their  formation  on  ..<anitary  grounds,  but 
it  required  special  royal  and  ecclesiastic  orders  to  en- 
force the  measure."* 


It  did  not  require  much  effort  to  sustain  life  in  so 
sunny  a  clime,  where  the  masses  were  content  to  sub- 
food  and  medicino.  An  association  called  the  Junta  do  Caridad  was  latterly 
active  in  ivlii'viiii,'  tin;  jioor  by  a  judicious  Bystcni  which  hud  for  its  aim  to 
discoui'.igc  indiscriminate  charity,  and  the  consequent  disniissul  of  the  pest 
of  lK';,'j,'ais  infesting  the  caiiital.  JJictrio,  Mix.,  iv.  ,3HS-74.  A  royal  decree 
songht  to  ngulatc  bequests  by  recoinmemling  that  preference  slionld  be  {.'iven 
tn  the  ]ienjilc  or  cliinvh  of  the  district  where  the  testator  had  lived  and  ac- 
(juiri'd  his  means.   /!<coj>.  dc  Iml.,  i.  l.w. 

'^-  Even  for  royalty  the  servants  in  a  family  were  not  to  wear  the  mourning 
expected  from  the  master.  Vrdcnvs  dc  la  ( 'uroiin,  MS.,  iii.  C5-7;  Bdciia,  liiicop., 
i.  pt.  iii.  'J'_M-'J;  iloiizalcz Ddi'da,  TtutroErUn.,  i.  1,'U. 

•■^  And  here  jiapal  ordinances  camo  to  support  the  decree,  Mordli,  Fcuiti 
^'orl  OW(M,  ;{4S-{». 

*'  ('vdiihirio,  MS.,  iii.  lSS-9"2.  For  a  description  of  a  pompous  funeral  1 
refer  the  reader  to  the  opening  cliapter  of  this  volume. 

•■'As  early  as  l,">."i4  l)urying-grounds  distant  from  eliurches  were  ordered  to 
be  set  apart  for  the  poor,  to  whom  removal  to  the  teiuplc  might  prove  too 


MKALS  AND  DISHES. 


703 


as  deep  and 
it  necessary 
the  reckless 
)ve  a  serious 
church   and 
the  widow's 
)  reduced  to 
funeral  pro- 
•ibed  to  nar- 
for  not  more 
•datives,  not 
)('  the  clergy 
Is,  and  other 
These  like 
I  or  fell  into 
I'erent  nioditi- 
pcculiar  feat- 
c  funeral  of  a 
<v,  in  token  of 
u  angels  w-hile 
c  limits  of  the 
ivilUi  Gigedo, 
grounds,  but 
orders  to  en- 


Itain  life  in  so 
»ntent  to  sub- 

laridiul  was  latterly 
hiul  for  its  aim  to 
jsuiissal  of  the  iioi-t 
1-4.  A  royal  ilccrto 
Vcshoiir.n)0},'ivtii 
had  lived  and  uc- 

I  wear  the  mounuiig 
h_7;  BcMui.Rccop., 

L-ec.  MortlU,  Fitxt\ 

I  pompons  funeral  I 

lies  were  ordered  to 
lie  might  prove  too 


sist  on  stewed  frijoles  or  brown  beans,  and  tortilla, 
the  ]»lain  hot  maize  cakes,  seasoned  with  a  jtepper 
sauce  of  chile,  varying  occasionally  with  a  n)aizi!  por- 
ridge called  atolli,  similarly  seasoned.  These  Indian 
dishes*"  appeared  also  on  the  tables  of  the  higher 
classes,  as  adjuncts,  for  with  them  both  meals  and 
dishes  were  numerous.  They  began  the  day  with 
ehucolate,  thin,  foaming,  and  flavored  with  vanilla  or 
other  ingredients,  and  taken  with  cake  and  fiuit,  a 
refreshment  indulged  in  by  the  women  at  frecpient 
intervals.  ^"^ 

The  regular  breakfast  with  meats  and  other  sub- 
stantial dishes  came  a  little  later.  In  some  parts  a  los 
once,  wine  in-  liquor  with  cake,  or  other  light  food,  was 
taken  before  the  heavy  noon  meal,  with  its  soup,  .soy>«, 
cooked  rice  or  roasted  bread  with  melted  fat,  puchcro, 
e(iuivalent  to  the  Spanish  olla  'poth'ida,  a  mixture  of 
ditferent  meats  and  vegetables,^"*  supi)orted  by  })lainer 
dishes,  including  the  frijoles  with  fresh  cheese,  and 
followed  by  the  excessively  sweet  preserves  and  con- 
i'ectioner}'.  Hot  tortillas  were  served  throughout  the 
meal  instead  of  bread,  although  this  lay  on  the  table. 
Wine  or  water  was  seldom  taken  till  after  eating. 
The  siesta  lasted  till  four  o'clock.  Toward  dusk  was 
laid  a  liohter  meal,  and  chocolate  with  sweets  and 
other  drinks,  or  even  tamales,  meat  pies,  served  for 
supper 


89 


costly.  liicop.  (h  Ind.,\.  155-8.  The  first  remote  cemetery  opened  at  Revi'la 
tijgi'do's  instance  was  at  Vera  Cruz  in  17'JO.  I'uehhv  followid  tlie  cxiiiiii  lo 
ill  the  following  year,  but  Mexico  delayed  lonj^er.  Utvilld  (Jiiji'dn,  I iisti-iu-., 
AS-'t'l.  Distinguished  persons  were  not  supposed  to  ho  consigned  In  ycnid  thu 
church  jn-ecincts,  but  ilecrees  of  1813-14  abolished  this  exeuiplinu.  Mtx., 
J'roi:  JJiores.,  MS.,  4(K)-1. 

'"■'Descrilx;d  in  Xalice  7i'«om,  ii.  354  et  seq.,  this  series. 

*"(!age  relates  that  they  used  even  to  take  it  during  mass  .at  clinrch, 
I'leading  tiie  need  of  sustenance.  In  Chiapas  a  iiishop  attcinptcil  to  stop  tlio 
I  iistom,  but  <inly  evoked  hostility  wJiidi  resulted  in  Ids  deatli  by  poisoning. 
'1  licncel'orth  it  became  u  saying:  IJeware  of  the  Chiapas  chocolate.  I'oy.,  ii. 
hi.')- 70. 

'^Most  European  vegetables  were  used,  but  veal  and  butter  rarely. 

"■"EstaUa,  xxvi.  SOl-'i,  rightly  attributes  nuicli  decrepitude  to  this  exxes- 
sivc  indulgence,  and  declares  that  this  togetiier  with  thecliinatt!  muiK?  women 
111  3(1  appear  as  old  as  those  of  50  in  Spain.  Sec  also  I'ike,  Kx/ilor.,  373-4. 
Humboldt  gives  a  list  of  the  staple  food  of  Mexico,  and  shows  that  this  city 


704 


SOCIETY. 


This  excess,  in  a  climate  (leinanclinfr  comparatively 
little  sustenance,  could  hardly  be  said  to  extend  to 
drinking,  although  a  good  deal  of  liquor  was  con- 
sumed, and  although  the  frequent  laws  against  intoxi- 
cation might  lead  to  this  belief.  The  Indians  Mere 
certainly  addicted  to  the  fermented  liquors  prepared 
from  the  maguey  and  the  sugar-cane,  but  drunkards 
were  net  numerous.^'"  In  its  ])ure  state  the  favorite 
pulque,  which  had  to  be  drunk  the  day  after  its  l)r(;w- 
ing,  was  less  intoxicating  than  grape  wine;  but  the 
desire  to  preserve  it,  and  the  longing  for  something 
stronger,  caused  it  to  be  adulterated  with  dilferent 
preparations,'''^  and  against  this  abuse  the  laws  were 
more  especially  directed.'"''^  The  higher  classes,  deem- 
ing these  drinks  unfashionable,  patronized  grape  wine 
from  Spain,  the  introduction  of  which  increased  as 
the  Brunoniau  medical  theory  came  in  vogue. 


Gigec 
the 


Dress  in  New  Spain  at  the  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  served  to  mark  the  classes,  not  alone 
by  its  abundance  and  quality,  but  by  its  distinctive 
features  for  different  professions  and  ranks.  Thus  the 
official,  the  judge,  the  doctor,  the  barber,  could  bo 
recognized  by  their  hats,  cai)es,  collars,  cuft's,  sword, 
and  the  like;  and  so  witli  the  humble  classes  and 
Indians,  the  latter  being  restricted  to  their  peculiar 
covering,"^  which  nmst  not  be  adopted  by  even  tlio 
lower  mixed  breeds.     Nevertheless  the  simple  iiuixf/l, 


consumecT  more  meat  per  liead  than  Paris,  nltlionjrh  the  large  Indian  popnlti- 
tiou  hardly  ever  touched  this  article;  the  In-ead  consumption  was  slightly  Ic?h 
ti;an  in  Paris.  His  estimates  show  that  ^72  was  expended  on  the  food  and 
clothini;  of  a  laborer's  family  iu  the  hot  regions,  and  §120  less  on  the  platciii. 
Olio  third  of  the  colored  classes  expi'iided  i^'.iOO  a  year.  L'xiiii  I'ol.,  i.  Ilti, 
1!I1S,  etc.  The  last  observation  may  explain  the  peculiarity  iu  the  iireceding 
tigurcs. 

"'Three  days  in  the  street-cleaning  gang  was  one  of  the  punishments. 

"'  See  Native  L'acen,  ii.  S.")!),  this  series. 

"-The  wine-shops  were  reduced  in  nuiiiber,  their  liours  limited,  a  special 
body  was  formed  to  supervise  the  enforcement  of  liipior  l.iws — Aziiiiji, 
JiiKfriic,  MS.,  .TJ-4,  dwells  on  this  measure  —and  other  steps  were  taken  at 
ditt'crent  times,  often  dictated  by  excessive  prudence,  and  of  little  value,  ex- 
cept as  regards  the  adulteration. 

"''  For  which  I  refer  the  reader  to  the  Xutice  Jiaces,  ii.  3G3  et  seq. 


DRESS  OF  DIFFERENT  CLASSES. 


rc5 


rati  vol  y 
:tciul  to 
:as  con- 
t  intuxi- 
iiis  ^vt'l•e 
^repart'd 
•uiikanls 

favorite 
ts  l)re\v- 

but  the 
•incthiiiu" 
ditlereiit 
iws  were 
!S,  deeiu- 
ape  wine 
•eased  as 


the  ninc- 
lot  alone 
istinctive 
Thus  the 
could  be 
s.  sword, 
isses  and 
peculiar 
even  tlu^ 
e  riiajctli, 

(liaii  popnl:i- 
sliphtly  k^H 

the  fi)("l  ami 

tli(!  pliitcaii. 
J'nI.,  i.  110, 

lie  inecciliiig 

slinients. 

:vd,  a  8pi'ci;!l 
,\vs — A-.iiir.ii, 
vere  taken  at 
tie  value,  e>.- 


or  short  cotton  drawers,  with  the  straw  hat,  and 
scjuare  mantle,  were  widely  encroached  upon,  with  a 
disrej^ard  tor  decency  that  was  particularly  strikinj^ 
and  objectionable  in  the  large  towns,  and  evoked  sev- 
eral decrees  with  the  usual  ineilectiveness.  Ilevilla 
Gigedo  took  a  more  energetic  course  in  com|)elling 
the  numerous  workmen  in  i)ublic  factories  and  tlepart- 
ments  to  adopt  a  better  dress,  consisting  of  shirt,  vest, 
and  chupa,  a  linen  coat  similar  in  form  to  our  dress 
coat;  also  trousers,  shoes,  and  socks.  None  might  join 
in  public  meetings  or  processions  covered  in  mantle 
or  scrape."* 

Those  with  means,  whether  white  or  of  mixed 
blood,  were  naturally  impelled  by  the  common  class 
vanity  to  distinguish  themselves  from  the  poor  by  an 
extravagant  display  which  again  provoked  freouent 
repressive  edicts,  as  instanced  already  in  the  time  of 
the  first  audiencias."^  Whatever  effect  these  may 
have  had  for  the  time,  the  pent-up  love  for  fmery 
burst  forth  with  strength  renewed  by  its  momen- 
tary check,  and  Gage  describes  how  those  stand- 
ing examples  of  humility,  the  religious  and  curates, 
sallied  forth  in  state  to  reprove  sinners.  He  saw  a 
"Frier  of  the  Cloister  riding  with  his  lac-key-boy  by 
Ids  side,  upon  a  good  gelding,  with  his  long  habit 
tucked  up  to  his  girdle,  making  shew  of  a  fine  silk 
Orange-colour  Stockin  upon  his  legs,  and  a  neat  Cor- 
dovan shoe  upon  his  foot,  with  a  fine  Holland  pair  of 
Drawers,  with  a  lace  three  inches  broad  at  knee." 
He  speaks  of  other  friars  "under  whose  broad  sleeves 
we  could  perceive  their  Doublets  quilted  with  silk, 
and  at  their  wrists  the  Laces  of  their  Holland  shirts."  " 

The  characteristic  dress  of  the  peo])lecan  be  recog- 
nized in  that  of  the  different  provinces  of  Spain,  as 

"  Even  Indians  could  adopt  this  new  regulation,  issued  in  1700,  althouu'li 
it  was  not  eonipulsory  with  tlieni.  J)inrlo,  Mtx.,  vi.  'HVl-''l;  Zumoni,  li(l>. 
].'•;/.  fit.,  iii.  Xi  4;  nevllla  Ghjedo,  Ins'nic.,  58;  MaUriit.  de  Imliox,  MS., 
pt.  xviii.  14;  Jk/cnu,  Jifco/).,  i.  pt.  iii.  Ill,  etc. 

*'And  as  spoken  of  by  early  olKciaLs  in  Florida,  Col.  Doc,  120-1;  Tir- 
iinii.r-Comjiaiiii,  I'oi/.,  8i5rie  ii.  toni.  v.  i23;J-4;  Herrcra,  dec.  vi.  lib.  vii.  cap.  vi. 

*^Xiti:  Surnij,  57. 


*im 


SOCIETY. 


descri!)C(l  in  the  introdnctifm  to  my  ITififonj  of  Central 
A)nf'n'ca°'  t\\o  sliioltlinjjf  ca/xt  and  nvtntilhi,  for  the  iv- 
.si)et'tivo  sexes,  being  also  liere  the  strikinj^  Tcatun'. 
Among  men  prevailed  the  broad-brimmed  hat  with 
low  crown,  shirt  with  wide  collar  loosely  bound  by  a 
biiglit  necktie,  gaudy  vest,  and  short  jacket,  knee- 
l)recohes  with  leggings,  or  long  trousers  open  on  the 
outer  side  l)elow  the  knee,  and  provided  with  rows 
oC  metal  buttons  and  displavinuf  the  white  drawers. 
Reaching  only  to  the  hips,  the  trousers,  often  with 
flaps  thrown  back,  allowed  a  glimpse  of  the  many- 
colored  sash  which  bound  the  drawers  and  hung  in  a 
knot  behind  from  under  the  jacket.     Each  of  these 
vestments,   from    hat  to  leggings,  was   braided  and 
cmbroided  with  silk,  according  to  the  wealth  of  the 
wearer  and  the  skill  and  devotion  of  the  wife  or  mis- 
tress.    It  was  only  too  connnon  to  invest  all  surplus 
means  on  these  decorations,  and  to  combine  them  with 
superior  fabrics.     When  travelling  a  scrape  or  mcoHja 
was  used,  consisting  of  an  oblong  or  square  blanket 
with  a  slit  in  the  center  through  which  the  head  was 
[>asse(l.     The  dress  of  women  appeared  less  complex, 
and    included  a  chemise,  with  woollen   or    starched 
muslin  skirt,  and  the  small  rehozo  shawl  which  hung 
from  the  head  over  the  shoulder,  with  one  end  flung 
across  the  bosom  to  the  opposite  shoulder,  and  high 
enough  to  cover  the  lower  half  of  the  face.     Bodices 
and  jackets  more  or  less  gaudy  were  added  according 
to  the  occasion;  then  there  were  glittering  glass  beads 
for  the  neck,  and  satin  shoes  for  the  bare  feet.     Silk 
and  velvet  were  widely  used,  and  rich  embroidery  and 
braidinuf  like  those  of  the  men,  a  favorite  t;ala-covering 
being  a  shawl  called  hatas,  so  stiff  with  this  embroi- 
dery as  to  stand  erect.    Variegated  sashes  could  be 
seen  everywdiere,  and  bright  colors  prevailed  among 
the  upper  classes;  except  in  the  more  substantial  arti- 


'•  i.  ."JO,  ct  seq.,  and  as  given  in  MenonrUlc,  Voy.,  i.  105,  etc.;  Gfifje,  I'^o;/.,  i. 
20'2-u;  Edalla,  xxvi.  300;  Pikt'it  ExiAor,,  37-;  Walton,  ii.  301;  JkalesOnkne-', 
iv.  407. 


FINEUY  AND  fJLO.SS. 


767 


Central 
the  rv- 
fL-aturo. 
at  with 
ntl  1)}'  a 
t,  knoc- 
i  on  the 
til  row?? 
IraWL'is. 
en  with 
3  many- 
mg  ill  a 
;)f  these 
Jed   and 
1  of  the 
3  or  m'\fi- 
[  suri)his 
icm  with 
»r  manga 
bhmket 
icad  was 
oniplex, 
starched 
eh  hung 
nd  ilang 
[\\n\  high 
Bodiees 
ccording 
,ss  beads 
t.     Silk 
ery  and 
covering 
cnibroi- 
Icould  be 
.1  among 
tial  arti- 


itr/e.  To//.,  i. 
hiles  Onkue>, 


elos  of  dress,  wliich  weiv  generally  bla<*k,  the  Indians 
adhered  to  the  (juieter  blue.  Latterly  tli«'  Kurojieaii 
I'ashions  received  more  attentifui  amonj/  the  wealthv, 
but  ever  combined  with  an  excessive  |»ara<le  (»f  jewelry 
and  a  frecjuent  change  of  attire.  Kveii  tin*  men  affected 
jewelry,  and  often  sprinkled  their  a|»{»arel  and  belong- 
ings with  diamonds.  Particular  |»iidi-  was  taken  in  the 
abundant  black  hair,  which  the  women  wore  exceed- 
ingly long,  even  to  the  feet,  often  loose,  l>ut  generally 
in  broad  plaits,  with  floral  and  other  more  elaborate 
adornments  that  formed  as  a  rule  its  sole  covering 
even  when  they  went  abroad.  Indian  males  allowed 
their  hair  to  reach  the  shoulder,  and  r«'garde<l  its  cur- 
tailment as  a  disgrace. 

While  the  bath  was  general  cnouirh/'^  the  women 
cannot  bo  accused  of  excessive  tidiness;  a  slovenly 
appearance  too  often  prevaile<l  among  the  l)etter 
classes  during  the  morning  hours,  and  among  the  rest 
during  the  week  days,  manifesting  itself  especially  in 
uncombed  hair  and  stale  oilv  cosmetics,  but  covered 
as  well  as  fostered  by  the  all-shieMing  mantilla  or 
shawl.  Another  not  exactly  attractive  feature  was 
the  prevalence  of  smoking  among  the  fair  sex,  even 
in  public  assemblies;  and  yet  they  sought  to  dissimu- 
late on  this  point,  especially  before  parents,  in  the 
]>resence  of  whom  it  was  considered  disres[)ectful  to 
display  the  cigarette. 

Gloss  seemed  to  cover  almost  cvervthing.  A  legal 
whitening  covered  the  abori<j:inal  athnixture  in  the 
veins;  a  title  the  horny  hand  or  stigma  of  tradesman; 
a  showy  dross  or  shielding  mantle  the  negligence 
beneath;  a  few  shallow  acquirements  the  lack  of  edu- 
cation; a  self-deceptive  (\gotism  the  absence  of  pro- 
funditv;  a  li<i^hts(j»ne  smile  and  svmpathi-tie  tone  the 
lurking  love  for  such  barbaric  s[»orts  as  bull  and  cock 

'"La  scquedad  (lol  clima  los  liacc  tambion  proeisos  con  mnclin  frecucncia. ' 
RrriHd  G'tijrdo,  Inslrnc,  58.  Owing  to  a  lack  <>i  (.luinge  of  miiicrelutliing,  or 
I'f  drawers  anil  sliirt,  it  was  connnoii  for  tin;  family  to  re*' irt  to  the  river  or 
l;ike  at  intervals,  and  while  the  wife  \\  ashed  for  the  hn.sU'ind  and  children 
tliey  awaited  the  operation  wrapped  in  their  niaiitlcii. 


li* 


703 


SOCIKTY. 


f];,'htin,t;f;  oppressive  social  oerenionios  the  want  of 
more  elevatiiiLf  means  for  intercourse.  After  all,  there 
\vas  nothini,^  harmful  heneath  this  simulation,  nothiu!^ 
nxiri!  than  that  covered  hy  tlie  politeness  of  society 
which  hides  the  disaiL^reeahle  in  ordi.'r  to  pronK)te  the 
hap|)iness  of  all  concernetl.  In  this  case  tiie  oloss 
covered  crudities  whicii  u  really  kind  disposition 
served  ufreatlv  to  excuse.  KeluxinLT  somewhat  I'rom 
the  proud  dijj^nity  of  the  Spanish  ancestor,  the  creole 
intensilied  his  proverhial  courtesy  and  decorum  till 
tlu'V  hecame  tiresome.  In  spri^htliiu'ss  of  spirit,  vohi- 
hilitv,  and  neatness  of  manner  hoth  he  and  tlie  mestizo 
rescmhled  the  French,  whom  they  hegan  to  copy, 
witliout  possessin;^  their  ahility  or  imuite  taste. 

While  not  to  be  classed  as  beautiful  the  women  of 
New  Spain  possessed  a  contidin<^  and  affectionattj 
disposition  which  was  njost  allurinijf;  add  to  this  a 
bright  eye,  a  pretty  arm,  and  a  small  foot  indicative 
of  a  hne  figure,  and  they  need  not  eoniplain  of  nature's 
gifts.  Those  of  Puebla  and  Sonora  were  even  famed 
for  beauty.  The  lack  of  education  cxtemled  amo'ig 
all  classes,  and  even  the  smatteriiig  of  music,  drawing, 
and  cognate  arts  was  denied  domestic  life  until  ol 
late.  The  cultivation  of  the  passions  was  paramount; 
and  thus  taught  they  abandoned  themselves  to  frivoli- 
ties, to  dress  and  blandishments;  but,  while  guarded 
by  formalities  similar  to  those  which  protected  their 
sisters  in  Spain,  tliesc  forms,  like  the  laws  in  general, 
were  less  strictly  nn  forced.  Social  and  legal  class  antl 
caste  restrictions  in  New  Spain,  as  well  as  certain 
habits,  tended  ial>her  to  foster  a  lax  feeling  and  con- 
duct,  and  where  the  curate,  vowed  to  celibacy  and 
chastity,  openly  recognized  his  progeny,  the  flock  could 
hardly  be  blamed  for  following  the  examjJe."'' 

The  young  people  knew  little  or  nothing  of  the 

"•I  have  already  commentetl  on  the  loose  ideas  in  tliis  respect  prevalent  in 
Spain.  llUl,  Cent.  Am.,  i.  54,  etc.,  tliia  series,  llejjulationa  existed  for  re ■ 
striuting  illicit  love,  for  the  coinpulsory  reunion  of  absent  liiisbands  with  their 
wives,  and  similar  measures.  7/'Coy*.  </(.'  1ml.,  ii.  So."),  380,  etc.  IJut  wlmt 
av.  iled  these  aguiust  tucit  perinissiou  auU  fostering  causes?   Mora,  Hist.  Ikv., 


FA.Mll-V  i.iii:. 


:i;!» 


^vant  of 
ill,  tlioro 

f  society 
note  the 
liu  oloss 
spositioii 
Kit  iVoni 
lie  croolo 
)ruin  till 
irit,  volu- 
u  mestizo 

to    COJ)}', 

ste. 

vomcii  of 
['ectionatc 
to  tliis  a 
indicative 
if  nature's 

en  fainetl 
;cl  anio'i^" 
jdrawii;.;, 
until  ol 

raniount; 

to  frivoli- 
le  guarded 

;ted  their 

n  general, 
class  and 

,s  certain 
and  con- 

bacy  and 
ock  could 

09 

\cf  of  the 

bt  prevalent  in 
L'xiatcil  for  re 
Tiula%vith  their 
tc.     But  Willi t 
Iva,  Jlist.  lli:c  , 


l)liss  connected  wltli  courtsliip,  for  the  o]>|)ortunity 
^V!ls  withheM,  or  spoiled  l»y  tiie  congealing  prest-nce 
of  a  (luena;  hut  then  manijige  took  j»lace  so  nnicli 
earlier.  According  to  Navano  the  nundu'i"  of  })ersoiis 
joined  in  matrimony  hefoie  the  age  of  sixteen  wa.^ 
\{\.'27  in  1000, a  proportion  due  cliielly  to  the  diniaff, 
hut  also  to  food,  and  to  intei'ested  encouragement 
from  i'cch'siastic  and  civil  ofHcers.*""  The  courtesy  of 
the  men  and  the  affectionate  disposition  of  tlie  women 
tended  toward  a  happy  family  relation,  which  was 
increased  hy  the  ever  respectful  obedience  of  the 
children,  manifested  by  such  acts  as  abst.dning  fi'om 
smoking  in  the  {)arental  i)resence,  and  by  the  I'eijuire- 
ment  of  the  parents'  consent  to  the  marriage  of  a  son 
even  when  past  the  age  of  twenty-Hve.'"^ 

This  happy  intercourse  depended  wholly  on  ch.ir- 
acter;  for  no  systematic  or  strict  training  was  brought 
to  bi'ar  upon  the  youthl'ul  mind,  and  few  of  the  cher- 
ished comforts  and  conveniences  of  a  northern  home 
exi'tetl  in  this  southern  clime  to  strengthen  the  Dmiily 
bon<l,  uidess  we  seek  it  in  such  features  as  the  shaded 
courts  of  the  superior  houses,  cooled  by  playing  foun- 
tains, and  in  the  comparatively  small  numl)er  of  at- 
tractions beyond  their  precincts.  The  apai'tments 
surrounding  the  court^"'"  were  i)0()rly  and  deficiently 
furnished,  more  attention  evidently  being  ])aid  to 
car|)ets,  ])ietures,  and  fancy  articles  for  show  than  to 
useful  things.  The  comparative  abundance  of  tabli! 
l)late  was  duo  as  much  to  the  difKculty  of  introducing 

i.  135-8,  spcka  to  palliate  these  defects  liyattrihutintr  them  to  a  f.iiilty  ti-;iiii- 
iiii,'.  The  tlocaile  following  the  InUependeiicu  brought  about  a  ra(l;c:il  retinin 
lie  (leelaiea. 

'""iMiirriage  repulationa  are  set  forth  in  Xinlizdc  I  faro,  Filir/n,  Mex.  177!', 
1 -HO;  J[<x.,  Proriil.  IHoceitaiKu,  MS.,  passim;  Praviili nrhi.t  itmh^,  .MS.,  1!I7, 
■JS."),  etc.  Tiio  laat  autiiority  treats  of  marriage  and  the  separate  properly 
of  women.   Nuvdfro,  Mem.,  22-H. 

""If  withiicUl,  the  judge  could  interfere,  however,  liilciia,  Pirrt/).,  i.  pt. 
iii.  1S().  Tatita  and  nanita  were  the  all'eetionate  terms  for  father  jiimI  niotlu.r ; 
the  latter  often  called  the  daughter  htniiauita,  little  sister.  EstuHn,  xx\  i. 
.Ul,  ,'}7!)-«0. 

'"^  Not  unlike  the  arrangement  in  the  houses  of  aboriginal  Mexico,  as  de- 
Hcribeil  in  Xuthr  Races,  ii.  570-1. 
Hist.  Mlx.,  Vol.  III.    i'i 


' 


770 


sonirvY. 


(■li'mMW.'irc   MM    <<>    (>s|(Mi(;iri(>ii.      'I'lir    nullvc*    jxtiicry 
\v;is  liaidly  (IrciiM'tl  siillicit'iil ly  n(»(»«l  loi*  i\\v  l)aii(|iicl 
taM(«. 

'riio  (l\V('lIiiii;-l»ous(^s  on  <lii«  plalcau  av<'I'(!  usually 
of  udobrs,  oi-  sun-(liii'<l  luifks,  willi  a  Hat.  ciMut'iil-  un)\\ 
coiiiaiuiMt;'  one  lar_L!^(»  I'ooiu,  .sv^Af,  Iho  ^fnci'al  i-o('o|tlioii 
and  livini^'  apart nirnt,  a  hrdrooni,  and  a  kilrlicn. 
'^riu'  sala  had  seldom  inor(>  ilian  one  |>anrl('ss  \\  in<lo\v, 
as  a.  iul«>  no(  toward  tli»>  slrc't,  and  (Ids  was  L,'<'n 
crally  <'losi>d  \vi(li  a  shutter,  so  thai;  lit;ht,  came 
1'rom  the  dt)or,  whieh  opened  dirt-et  upon  ilu^  street."" 
A\'hil»»  the  walls  shon(>  with  lustrous  whiteness,  the 
•  •eilinej  diselosi  d  tlu^  hain;  heams,  and  the  lloor  ectn- 
sisted  either  ol"<'ement.  oi'  hrieks.  At  one  end  of  the 
sala,  extended  a,  i"oU!nh  ear|>et,  hordered  alont;-  the 
wails  with  low  cushioned  henches,  (>ls(!wlu!r(!  a  few 
chaiiv.  In  sonic  of  the  corners  stood  small  gilded 
tables  supi)ortinif  candlesticks  and  porcelain  tij^ures, 
and  the  walls  were  reli(!ViMl  with  a  few  ^audy  pic 
lures  or  imai^'cs  of  saints,  tJu;  niadonna.  lin'tu'e  with 
its  hurniu!^  li-^ht  in  front  being  accorded  the  place  of 
honor. 

Dwellings  among  tln^  lower  classes  descended  the 
scale  luitil  Ihey  reached  llu^  conunt.n  slantlaiul  in  the 
hot  "">.>ion  of  a.  cane  hut  thatched  with  palm  lea,ves 
and  provided  with  a.  poi'lico,  hut,  without,  window^-', 
lor  the  wide  chinks  hetween  tlu>  canes  of  IIk;  wall  ad 
mitti'd  both  light,  and  air.  Its  one  room  served  foi' 
the  whole  family,  with  pigs  and  ])oulli'y,  and  it,  was 
hut  occasionally  that  a  partition  a|)j)eai'ed  in  oik; 
corner.  The  hed  consisted  of  a,  lush  oi"  pahn-leaf  mat, 
somelinu>s  raised  on  a  iVaniework  of  caiics,  on  which 
the  women  would  sit  cross  legged  dming  tlu!  hisnic 
moments  of  the  day.  '^I'his  and  the  earthenware,  wit li 
ilu^  stone  for  grinding  mai/(%  and  tlu;  saint  images, 
comprised  the  fuiniture,  for  v\'cn  n  htiicli  was<leemei| 

'"■'  l''vi'ii  till)  rarer  two-story  bnildiii^'H  liiiil  fv»w  wiiitlown  in  tlio  ii|i|ii  r 
Btiiiv,  lilt"  il(M,rti|)«'iiiiiji  (111  tlu'  liiili'Diiy  serving  iliiclly  to  ail  mi  t  lii,'lil.  W'hcir 
ii|ii>rii|iriat«'  tiiiilicr  aliaiiiiiKHl,  wliiiiglos  uiid  otliur  wooil  work  tiilcrril  liioiv 
iVuly  into  liio  coueitruutiuii. 


m  tlie 

ThiJ 
daily 


<     I  toll  (TV 

ItaiKjiU'l 

'V.  usually 
lUMlt,  roof, 

I    Uilrlu'ii. 
s  wukIow  , 

was  t^cM 
oiit.    cam.' 
ir  slrci'l."" 
tctu'ss,  llu" 

llooi-  «'<)n 
v\\i\  (»r  llif 
altHiLC    M"' 

KMl^     a     it'W 

nail  n'iltlt'd 

oaiuly   |>i<' 
ioiin'   with 
he  j>la<'c  of 


ended  ilie 
anl  in  llu- 
aha  leaves 

windows'. 
\o.  wall  ad 
is(>rve(l  lor 
iiid  it.  was 
ed  in  on<; 
n-leal"  mat, 

ell  w  hich 
[\n\  leisuie 
iware,  with 
iiit  iina,n('>^. 
,vas  tleeined 

■»  in  till'  ii|>l"r 
it  li^hl.  Willi'' 
k  ciilori'il  iimii' 


AMrsKMMNTS. 


771 


nniieei'ssai y.'"'  N'rI.  in  Hie  |Ht(»i'es|,  lidusiholds  liospi- 
lalily  was  exlcndcd  l<»  any  one  wi(h  a  lu-olnsiun  an<l 
^'ood  will  Ihal.  st'i-niod  rdij^ioiis  in  ils  univeisalily. 

'I'lie  linhl.  hearted  disposilioii  of  I  ho  |io(i|»|e  was  hcsf 
nianifeHtiMl  at  their  nnnicroiis  and  spirited  leslivil  i<  s, 
eonneeied  ]irinei|)ally  with  t he  ehineli,  Imt  nndtipiied 
hy  holidays  in  honor  of  hirllidays  and  ol  her  ineideiils 
Itertairnn;^  lo  the  i'(»yal  laniily  ;  i>n  <  he  oceasi« in  ol"  ooud 
news,  and  on   th«^  hirthday  of  the   \ieer'(»y  there  was 

likewise  rejoieinL!^.'""     Nearly  all   lliese   were  eelehraled 

wilh  |>roeessit»ns,  hell  rin^in'j;,  hnl I  lipids,  halls,  lire- 
works,  and  general  inerrinient.  ( )n  royal  hirllidays 
1  he  <'erenionieM  hci^an  wilh  solemn  mass,  adended  hy 
I  he  olTh-ial  hodies,  and  were;  lollowed  hy  a  |jiil)lie  re- 
<'e|)lion  at  Ihe  \  iee|-ej4al  palace,  where;  the  hand  ot  the 
rulei'  was  kissed  hy  (he  dillereid.  hodies,  in  pres.-rihed 
order  of  pi'<'<'edeiice.  Meanwhilo  artiller'y  salvos  re- 
sonnded,  and  in  the  al'ler'noon  a.  promeiiad<;  in  coaches 
and  on  horsehack  was  made  hy  tin;  leadinj^''  per'sonai^es 


in  the  alaineda,  of  Mexico.'"" 

This  atternoon  promenade  was  lor  that  matter  a, 
daily  lealnre,  which  ^av<!  the  hest  opportunity  lor 
tlisplays  ol"  toilets  and  weallh.  Ilnndreds  ol"  the 
liea\y  s|)iinL;'lcss  coaches  ol'  the  tinw,'"'  covered  and 
emhellished  with   profuse  (lesions,  t hen   rolled  slowly 

""  I'lviii  licli  liicli.iiiH  HrMdiii  iii.iili-  iiri  ■  lull.  Ill  riHi!  (ilmvi^  l.ln^  iiuor  nri'^li- 
iiiif  ill  riinirurtM.  Al  iiti,  i!(i:<tii  Lil.,  v.  !l!l;  /'sln/ln,  wvi.  1107;  H'O-iT/t  A/i  r., 
ii.  17!'  HO;  /'//.■(•'.t  il.i-iliir.,  ',\~'.\.  W  liilr  IhimIi.m  ur  (ii.iiiH  uni'  |piii\  iilnl  in 
I  111-  I'lilll'clics  till'  t'l'i'tiiill  rliiMMi'M  (li  null,  llm  ui'iiiili  lia>l  In  hit.  Iiiiiiilily  nti  llin 
llu'ii',  with  ur  williiiiil,  iiinl.s. 

'"■'I''ipr  llir  tiiliiiiiiiJM  llic  ImliiliiyH  rsliiiiii'il  nvir  r.iMtir,  llif  vvm  li  )iii(rtl- 
it,  ami  ( 'liiiMliiiii«,  Jisli  Wriliiisihiy,  iiinl  l\»i>  liu  nival  iliiyn  pn  riilin;',  .iii<l 
(■viT  .'!0  ullit'i'  (lays,  rliirlly  nl'  HaiiilH.  Orilriics  ilr  < '•irinin.,  1717  ">0,  MS., 
i  1'^  ,'l.  Ill  (liiijii,  l>iiuiii,  i.,  |iaHMiiii,  ami  llnhliH,  llhirio,  ari)  iiiilii;a.l.i  il  a 
liiiniliir  111'  I'asiial  IrHlivalM.    /I'ni/inOnlnr.i,  iv.  ;i7.i   (I. 

'"' Ah  priMii''    il  [\i  <  h'lliiiis  ilr  < 'iiriiiiii,  MS.,  \.  Il.'t    ITi. 

""('iiilaii  '  .iMitoiif  limn  iisril  iiiMlrail  ul  iIiidim.  Lallirly  l'!nf.'li.-.li  \c- 
liii-lns  rami'  ililii  M>nlU'.  I'Islalla,  allmli'M  In  lii'^  rii'i|Uilil.  .vi;j;lil  nl  iiicnnipliln 
liviiy,  11  hall  iiakcil  inarliniaii  willi  oiin  IhioI,  iiml  Hiifmlli.  Moii'  than  oiirn 
rnarlirs  liail  liri-ii  lnrlii.lili'ii  In  rniiiiriliuii  wit.li  iitln-r  Hnnipliiai  V  ii  J  i  irl  nm  \ 
IhiI,  ll:in  MTvcil  iiiily  aM  a,  inuinniilary  iln'ili,  ami  iii  I7'S>  tin'  lapilal  lia'i  (i.'!7 
w  illi  nil  avcia^i' iif  I  or  .'i  MrixaiilM  allriiiliii;^.  \"ilhiiiiii I,  iliifi  rm.  /'ii'i..  lO.'l. 
Oa^n  nIailiiM  llial.  ill  lii.i  time,  KU.i,  llicit;  wnic  aliiml  '-',000,  I'ljJ.,  ..  '2\'A,  Iml. 
till".  i,s  a  imTf  I'lli'MH. 


h 

I 

I. 


SOCIETY. 


d(^\vn  tlic  avcniio,  drawn  jy  two  or  four  horses  or 
iiiuk'S,  and  attended  by  servants  in  conspieuous  livery, 
t^enerally  nej^ro  slaves,  some  walkinj^,  some  seated. 
Within  sat  the  ladies  in  rich  evening  dress,  without 
veil  or  head-covering,  and  glittering  with  jewels,  ex- 
ehani* iny:  jjflances  or  ureetinij^s  with  those  passinjj  them. 
] jitters  could  be  seen  on  the  sides;  and  high  above 
the  throng,  between  the  two  lines  of  carriages,  were 
])i'ancing  steeds  whose  riders  were  seated  in  saddles 
stamped,  gilded,  or  even  embossed  in  massive  gold  or 
silver,  and  forming  one  piece  with  the  leather  or  fur 
covering  that  extended  over  the  hind-quarters  of  t'u; 
horse.  The  covering  was  embellished  like  the  saddl:.', 
and  fringed  with  dangling  pieces  of  precious  or  crii'- 
mon  metal  which  jingled  at  every  step.  The  bridle 
was  also  heavily  ornamented,  and  the  rider  still  mc^re 
adorned,  in  broad-brimmed  hat  edged  with  gold  or 
silver  lace,  his  fur-trinnned  and  endiroidered  jacket, 
lu'eeches  with  silver  buttons,  stamjied  leather  leggings, 
innnensc  silver  spurs,  and  inlaid  whip,  the  whole  re[)- 
resenting  quite  a  fortune,  and  forming  a  ])icturesque 
feature,  heightened  by  a  display  of  the  tine  horseman- 
shij)  for  which  the  i)e()ple  are  well  known,  especially 
in  the  northern  [)rovinces.  A  humbler  imitation  of 
tliis  guise  is  still  conunon  in  the  country.  Women 
ride  chietly  on  the  right  side  of  the  animal,  sometimes 
astride,  or  seated  before  the  cavalier. 

Church  festivals  were  exceedingly  gorgeous  at  the 
capital  and  attracted  })eoplo  from  afar,  stands  being 
fre(|Uently  erected  for  sj»ectators  on  such  occasions, 
wliile  windows  were  rented  at  prices  measured  both 
l)y  the  length  of  the  procession  and  the  sacredness  of 
tiie  relics  wherewith  the  clergy  imj)ressed  the  oyr 
and  stirred  the  en)otion.  The  j)rivilego  to  partici- 
pate and  to  carry  some  banner  was  nmch  sought,  and 
involved  no  little  expense  for  costume  and  other  ac- 
cess(jries.^"*     The  sacred  portion  of  the  progrannne 

""Carrying  the  banner  on  August  13tl>,  the  anniversary  of  the  capture  of 


I'liiii  :!ii 


SrORT  AND  DRAMA. 


'::$ 


liorscs  or 
US  livery, 
0  seated. 
;,  without 
owels,  ex- 
;in<j  tlieui. 
i«vh  above 
liies,  were 
in  satklles 
ve  gold  or 
lier  or  fur 
,ers  of  the 
he  sii<^(i'i'\ 
IS  or  ('(  u  • 
Die  bridle 

still  more 
,li  gold  or 
■ed  jacket, 
r  leggings, 
A'hole  re[)- 
ticturesque 

liorsenian- 

especially 
nitation  of 
Women 

sometimes 

}ous  at  the 
ands  being 
occasions, 
sured  both 
^redness  of 
d  the  eye 
to  partici- 
ought,  and 
1  other  ac- 
irograunne 

I  tl.e  capture  o' 


over,  the  multitude  turned  witli  hastt^  fo  i]w  ])rni\{ur 
entertainments,  notablv  the  b»dl-hght,  for  which  one 
(A'  the  city  s(|nares  was  usually  reserved;*"''  or  to  tlie 
boisterous  amusements  of  the  fidr-groiuid  with  its 
gambling,  cock-fighting,  and  other  s[)()rts,  combined 
of  course  with  drinking  and  other  excesses  glaringly 
in  contrast  to  the  solenmity  '>f  the  day. 

(^V)ck-figliting  was  a  favorite  sport  among  all  classes^, 
and  mider  its  alluring  (^xcitement  lich  and  poor,  noble 
and  beuixar,  freely  min<ded  their  shouts  and  bets."" 
While  hardly  any  restrictions  were  imposed  on  brutal 
pastimes  of  this  nature,  gand>ling  with  dice,  cards,  and 
>ther  imjilements  was  subject  to  a  nundter  of  pi-ohi- 
bitions,  which  embraced  certain  games  of  hazard,  lim- 
ited the  stak'es  of  a  person  to  ten  p(!sos  do  oro  a  <lay, 
and  excluded  from  any  contact  with  the  vicc^  judges, 
agents  of  merchants,  and  some  other  classes.'''  Safe- 
guards wore  no  doubt  required  among  a  p(!o]»le  with 
whom  the  passion  lor  gand)ling,  so  prev.-deiit  already 
among  the  Sj)aniards,  was  greatly  intensified  by  a 
frivolous  and  iinpidsive  nature;  yt^t  the  govermnent 
fostered  it  in  another  direction  by  (extending  royal 
])atf(Miage  over  lotteries.  An  otiicial  institution  of  (his 
]>ind  wa-i  established  in  1770,  with  fonrieen  drawings 
a  yea^-;  ;nie  ])ri/es  ranging  as  high  as  tAvelve  thousand 
pes;)S.  V'^ilhin  iiftecju  years  the  govermnent  made  a 
^'  tf'i  <  I' over  a  million  ])esos."" 

r\;;  .'.,  people  so  addictinl  to  the  di-ama  as  the 
S))ani.' I    n'   i  boasting  such  names  as  Lo|»e  deVc^ga  and 

M("xii'o,  (lovolvi'd  on  a  rogidor,  iiiid  was  declined  l>y  many  owiiij,'  l<i  tlio 
outlay  ii'(i\iir('il. 

"'"In  addition  to  tlie  lu'ccssary  stands  for  tlic  occasion  llio  wimlows  of  Ijio 
lioiiscs  aroinxl  were  ciintnillcd  liy  the  coniniiltcc  in  cliar;^r.  lUhi'm^  /I'r'vi//., 
I.  1(11;  Vilhn-oil,  Kii/ini).  /'a/..  Sd". 

""At  tlic  iiistanc(^  of  tlic  arcliliislKip  the  sjiMrt  was  f()rl)i<hl('n  in  KJSS,  unci 
the  revenue  tiuTefroni  orderecl  tn  l)e  draw  u  fioni  ot I ler  .sources,  u  ilh  tlu'  usual 
'■'  It.  Jlltlll<.^,  Jiiiirio,  ii.  474,  etc.  l.ati'r-fhe  stakes  were  liuiited  In  n  small 
i  ..■  it.  ll<rop.  (If  liiil.,  ii.  'JIS.  Tiut  this  .served  only  the  lietter  to  protect 
til'  '!i  •lionoraiile.  Mn^oo  .l/cc,  i. 'JS4-<i.  In  the  time  of  l!e\  ilia  (ii^'eJo,  //t- 
iflnti  .    i;  !-.">,  it  yii  Ideil  a  revcMHie  to  tlie  crown  of  .S.VI.IHM), 

''  /  ■'•();).  ,/V  hill.,  ii.  'i.")-  .'t;  /I'll  I'lii,  /I'lroj).,  i.  |it.  iii.  '217;  h'^lnlln,  xxvi.  1177; 
Vi>iiii!h>'<  /'roi'.,  MS.,  ])t.  iii.  1-J(I  1;  )it.  iv.  .'tfl,  4!t. 

"-',\s  more  fully  exiilained  in  the  chajiter  on  linanco, 


774 


SOCIETY. 


Caldoron,  it  must  bo  confessed  that  tlie  efforts  made 
in  behalf  of  the  stage  by  their  Amei-icr.;-  chilchvii 
M'ere  meagre  indeed.  Comedies  liad  l^een  presetted 
at  the  palace  of  Mexico,  and  sacred  ]Meces  at  the  con- 
vents, as  early  as  the  first  decade  after  the  conquest, 
and  a  theatre  appears  to  have  been  erected  in  the  sev- 
enteenth century/'^  but  at  the  close  of  the  following 
only  one  worthy  of  the  term  existed,  i»i  the  Coliseo, 
sujtplicd  by  mediocre  actors  from  Spain.^'*  Xevc  r- 
tlieless.  encouragement  for  a  better  personnel  was 
not  w;;  \hM^.  for  favorites  frequently  received  lil^end 
presents  the  impressed  audience,  which  show- 

ered gold  i;  I  silver  on  the  stage,  and  even  pieces  of 
jewehy.'^^ 

Although  the  performance  began  somewhat  earlier 
than  with  us,  yet  it  lasted  at  times  till  midnight,  owing 
partly  to  extended  entr'actes  for  exchan^'inof  visits  in 
tlie  boxes,  and  indulging  in  chat,  confectionery,  and 
smoking,  the  vivacious  ladies  delighting  in  such  bv- 
})lay  as  casting  cigarette  stumps  at  the  public.^'**  The 
custom  of  bestowing  presents  on  performers  extended 
also  to  private  reunions,  where  any  one  excelling  in  a 
song  or  dance  was  obliged  to  accept  the  contributions 
of  admirers  known  as  la  r/fda.^" 

The  social  party,  tcrtuUa,  lasting  from  about  half 
past  six  till  half  past  nine  in  the  evening,  was  a  merry 
affair  with  its  exuberant  fun  and  its  comparative  free- 
dom. With  volubility  of  tongue  conversation  Howed 
fast,  and  a  trifle  sufiiced  to  provoke  merriment.    Par- 

'"Cavo  certainly  mentions  that  the  'nucvo  coliseo' was  Imrned  in  1722, 
Tfi^  Siijlon,  ii.  122,  iiiijilyiuf,'  tin-  existence  of  an  earlier  bnihlinj^. 

'"Vera  Cruz  opcneil  one  in  1 7!M ,  and  other  towns  were  aspiring  toward  the 
same  end;  even  ^lerida  possessed  a  the^vtro  in  ISOG,  although  a  fire  soon 
destroyed  it.  Ancoiia,  Hint.  Yiir.,  iii.  2J(>. 

"■'One  actress  thus  lured  .S,(K)0  jk-sos  in  gohl  by  a  recitation.  L<toUa,  xxvi. 
2'>4.  Tlie  supervision  of  dramaand  order  devolved  on  a  regidor.  IJoxes  were 
fronncTitly  rented  hy  tlie  year.  Vil/arrof-l,  Eiifcrm.  Volil.,  )t2-5.  Tlie  jierson 
ix'l  and  salaries  at  Mexico  were  (piito  numeioua  and  high,  as  shown  l)y  atalile 
of  I.SOC),  in  J)inrio  J/cf.,  ii,  ,'10(i-7.  Keviews  of  ]H'rfiiruiani'es  may  he  read  in 
r<;/",  /)iyriir.<o,  1-1(1;  (Intrl/in  Mi  .v.,  iii.  (>!l-72,  S;;,  xv.  110  etc. 

"'Maiiiinettes  and  niasUs  and  disguises  were  furldddcn  in  1731  and  17'1'J 
owing  to  scandalous  ]iroceediiigs.   JSilii'iii,  I'fo/i.,  i.  I2!(,  22."). 

"'  Hence  llirdrm'  la  </ala  was  a  term  for  'carrying  off  the  prize.' 


TERTULIAS  AND  DANCING. 


4  lO 


is  made 
chile  Irt'ii 
rosci'^ed 
the  con- 
1)11  quest, 
tlie  sev- 
i)llowiiii^ 
Colisco, 

inel  Avas 
:1  lihcrnl 
li  show- 
pieces of 

it  earlier 
t,  o\viii;ji' 

visits  ill 
lery,  and 
such  bv- 
L^'«  Tiie 
I'xtcnded 
ling  in  a 

ibutions 

lout  half 
a  merrv 
live  free- 
11  tlowed 
It.  Par- 
led  in  1722, 

Itowanl  till' 
la  fue  souii 

[falla,  xwi. 

IJoXCS  Wt'll' 
l'Iio  Jlt'lSOll 

li  l)y  a  taljlc 
be  read  in 

|l  and  1740 


lor  (panics  were  frequently  indulged  in,  with  forfeits, 
hut  singing  and  dancing  i)revailed.  AVords  were  read- 
ily improvised  to  the  sinqde  melody,  and  all  joined  iu 
the  refrain.  JJancers  also  sang  at  times,  while  the 
s[tectators  assisted  the  guitar  orchestra  with  occasional 
cla|)ping  of  hands.  The  favorite  dances  were  the  min- 
uet, confined  to  the  higher  class,  the  waltz,  bolero,  aiul 
faiulango,  all  executed  with  a  grace  for  which  Span- 
iards are  well  known,  yet  not  free  from  features  that 
savored  of  the  indelicate.^"* 

Athletic  s})orts  wci-^  rare,  except  in  connection 
with  horseback-riding,' '"  and  even  aboriginal  games 
and  feats  had  fallen  into  neglect.  Equally  lacking  was 
love  for  natural  scenery  and  rustic  life  as  manifested 
in  our  picnics  and  rambles,  yet  the  fondness  for  flow- 
ers remained  as  stroma  as  in  aborio-inal  times,  when  it 
entered  as  the  chief  decoration  for  festive  occasions, 
ai'd  as  the  choicest  gift  to  the  guest.  Even  now  the 
market  stalls  appeared  as  bowers,  and  the  fruit  la}' 
hidden  in  a  I'rinoe  of  oreen  and  blossoms,  while  from 
the  dark  tresses  of  the  })assing  sefioras  gleamed  the 
opening  buds  in  white  and  red. 

Thus  have  passed  two  more  centuries  of  viceregal 
sway  ill  New  Spain;  so  quietly  they  passed  as  to  cause 
not  a  ri[)ple  beyond  its  immediate  vicinity.  It  is  the 
unattractive  period  of  the  growing  child,  who  has  yet 
all  his  mark  to  make. 

We  still  hear  occasionally  the  din  of  battle,  but 
not  for  conquest:  merely  the  skirmish  with  rude 
tribes  of  the  north,  at  bav  an^ainst  an  encroaching 
civilization,  upon  whicli  they  retaliate  in  organized 
descents  from  shielding  mountain  J'astnesses,  or  in 
Hitting  like  lowerinu*  shadows  along  the  outskirts  of 

o  o  o 

""Botli  in  motion  and  accompanying  woi'dn.  Pike  expresses  himself 
strongly  on  this  subject.   JJ.v/ilnr.,  '.i'',]. 

""As  shown  in  ///\s<.  Ct-iit.  A))i.,  i.  ."lO,  tliis  series.  Tn  D'inrio,  Mrr,,  ii. 
271),  is  (lescrilieil  a  house  for  the  game  of  ball.  Laws  eniRi  iniiig  the  hunt  are 
given  in  dulrnn,  Ord.,  S(t;  Tkrrui',  .'J.'J-U.  For  aboiiginal  games  see  Xu'icc 
ii'titto*,  ii.  2t>u-30i. 


T7G 


SOCIETY. 


settlements.  The  conqueror  disappeared  witli  tlio 
fiulini^  niirai^c  of  newer,  richer  lands  which  had  urged 
him  onward  till  repeated  disappointment  shattered  liis 
hopes.  He  yielded  to  the  change  of  circumstances 
calling  to  settled  life  and  development  of  resources 
so  far  discovered,  and  to  rearing  a  varied  progeny, 
^[ilitary  operations  against  Indians  dw  indled  to  a 
cordon  of  outposts,  assisted  by  a  temp  trizing  and 
even  humiliating  policy  savoring  littlu  of  the  spirit 
which  im])elled  a  handful  to  overthrow  an  empire 
and  disclose  a  sonthei-n  sea.  But  it  promoted  ])eace- 
ful  enjoyment,  with  farming  and  stock-raising  in  tlio 
secure  ])rovi5Jces  of  tlie  south  and  centre,  while  in  tlio 
exjiosed  regions  of  the  north  the  mines  proved  the 
main  incentive  to  face  isolation  and  danger.  The 
latter  brancli  ever  received  special  attention  with 
its  prospect  of  immediate  returns,  but  commerce  a:xl 
other  industries  as  a  rule  lacked  the  benelicent  im- 
pulses springing  from  improved  communication,  wider 
ranu'c  of  markets,  and  fosterint;  care. 

As  for  the  Indians,  while  ever  subjected  to  the 
whims  of  greedy  oflficials  who  were  protected  in  their 
disregard  lor  laws  bv  interested  colonists,  tlieir  lot, 
since  the  inauguration  of  vicereo;al  rule,  c(nild  not  at 
any  period  have  been  worse  than  under  the  exactions 
of  Aztec  tyrants  and  their  unscrupulous  tax  collectors 
and  garrisons:  and  it  certaiidv  became  better  with  the 
progress  of  centuries.  Add  to  this  the  absence  of  wars 
which  in  aboriginal  times  kept  the  country  in  turmoil 
and  under  constant  drain;  add  the  new  beneficent  arts 
and  industries  bestowed  by  Caucasian  civilization  and 
the  ])roducts  brought  by  trans-oceanic  trade;  add  the 
gentle  religion  which  replaced  bloody  rites,  antl  tinally 
the  cUbrt  toward  a  higher  and  more  general  education 
which  for  a  time  placed  the  country  on  a  level  with 
many  a  European  state,  and  the  natives  may  indeed 
congratulate  themselves  on  the  change.  In  vain  d^ 
we  look  for  similar  results  amonix  Ant;h)-Saxon  colo- 
nizers. 


the 
desi 


and 


COLONIAL  POLICY  AND  ITS  EFFECT. 


"77 


vitli    tlii> 
ad  uri^^ed 
tcrcd  his 
instances 
resources 
progeny, 
led   to  ii 
zing  and 
the  spirit 
n  empire 
ed  peace- 
ng  in  tlie 
lilc  in  tlie 
•oved  tlio 
fcr.     Tho 
tion  with 
nerco  a:i-d 
licent  ini- 
ion,  wider 


I 


i\ 


to  tho 
in  their 
leir  lot, 
d  not  at 
xactions  I 
oUeetors 
with  tlu! 
e  of  wars 
turmoil 
icent  arts 
ition  and 
add  tho 
iitl  linally 
ducatiou 
>vel  with 
I  indeed 
vain  d' 
on  cold- 


ly 


The  improvements  should  have  been  greater,  but 
tho  policy  of  Spain  was  short-siglited  and  seltisli, 
despite  the  benevolent  motives  often  impelling  it. 
That  policy  was  aggravated  by  the  rule  of  appointing  to 
nearly  all  positions  of  control  officials  born  in  the  Penin- 
sula, whose  inclination  leaned  too  strongly  toward  tho 
mother  country  and  against  the  colony,  at  least  where 
their  interests  clashed.  They  managed  moreover  to 
set  aside  or  thw'art  many  a  humane  and  progressive 
measure,  and  to  subordinate  the  interests  of  tho  crown 
and  the  people  to  their  own  dishonest  aims. 

Official  integrity  was  not  a  prominent  virtue,  as 
we  have  seen,  even  among  tho  viceroys;  yet  the  lat- 
ter must  on  the  whole  bo  classed  as  men  of  fair 
character  and  ability.  Several  shine  brightly  for  their 
wise  and  philanthropic  administration,  and  many  more 
W'ould  no  doubt  have  attained  a  similar  record  but  for 
their  duty  to  carry  out  the  mandates  of  the  homo 
government,  swayed  too  frequently  by  an  impover- 
ished treasury.  The  aim  was  to  make  the  American 
possessions  subservient  in  every  resi)oct  to  the  will  of 
Spain,  although  these  efforts  proved  in  the  main  dis- 
astrous, as  I  shall  have  occasion  to  show  in  a  later 
volume.  This  aim  went  so  far  as  to  cause  a  rigid  iso- 
lation of  the  colonies  from  foreign  intercourse,  at- 
tended by  suppression  of  information  about  them  which 
evoked  wide-spread  comments  among  writers  on  the 
New  World.  Such  policy  could  not  fail  to  meet  ob- 
jections within  the  countries  concerned,  though  it 
might  not  have  created  any  decided  ill-feeling  but  for 
the  jealous  reservation  of  officers  which  touched  a 
weak  spot  among  the  Creoles,  ever  eager  for  position 
and  honor,  and  drove  them  to  sym[)athi/e  and  seek 
common  cause  with  the  disturbing  elements  to  be  ex- 
pected among  a  mixture  of  races,  with  antagonistic 
interests  and  feelings,  especially  against  the  dominant 
classes.  It  is  the  maturing  and  coalescing  of  those 
elements,  and  the  mighty  convulsions  whioh  ensue, 
that  will  form  the  subject  of  my  next  volume. 


It 


8 


SOCIETY. 


Like  tlie  subject  of  indnstriea,  information  regariHng  society  is  inongrc. 
It  is  cliii'fly  bused  on  scraps  gathered  during  tlie  n  scarclies  called  for  by  tlio 
general  history,  and  woven  with  tiio  threads  of  observation  resulting  there- 
from, yet  on  several  points  the  information  has  been  more  massed  or  more 
fully  considered.  Thus,  in  the  dilTerent  collections  of  laws,  as  Pinja,  Cvdu- 
lario,  Ordeiicfi  de  la  Cormin,  and  other  !MS.  seti,  Jtecop.  de  Ind.,  Jhlrun, 
Sohirunio,  D6  Ind.  Ivrr,  I  have  found  decrees  relating  to  dilferent  features 
of  social  life  and  institutions,  supplemented  in  such  books  as  Calle,  Mem.  y 
JW^^,  with  statistical  data.  Clavigero  in  his  dis.sertations,  Sloi'ia,  3IeKK.,  iv., 
gives  some  ailmirable  reflections  on  the  origin  of  diseases  and  ancient  condi 
tion  of  the  Indians.  Humboldt  speaks  at  length  on  epidemics  and  on  popula- 
tion statistics,  the  latter  receiving  some  valuable  comments  from  Navarro, 
Mem.  sohre  In  Pohlacion.  Pimentel,  lima  Iiidvjeua,  considers  the  treatment 
to  which  the  aborigines  have  been  subjected,  and  shows  a  considerable  study 
of  his  theme,  although  it  does  not  cover  the  whole  field  or  the  whole  perioil 
in  question.  More  interesting  and  exhaustive  is  the  llht.  l'e]>artimiciito>i, 
by  Saco.  Portilla  takes  up  the  same  subject  in  EKpaha  en  Mexico,  but  as  a 
defender  of  Spanish  policy,  and  consequently  with  less  freedom  from  bias; 
yet  ofl'ering  thereby  some  useful  arguments  for  one  side  of  the  issue.  The 
policy  of  the  government  in  this  and  other  social  respects  finds  a  commen- 
tator, rare  for  this  period,  in  Villarroel,  Eiifermedade»  Politicus,  who  suggests 
some  very  useful  reforms.  The  need  for  these  can  be  readily  understood  by 
the  glimpses  of  character  and  life  to  bo  found  in  the  \ew  Surrey  of  that  noted 
friar  Thomas  Gage,  who  peeped  behind  the  scenes  and  failed  not  to  relieve  his 
burdened  mind.  Less  committing  are  the  sketches  given  by  Estalla,  Pike,  Ex- 
jiliir.,  in  the  introductories  of  Ahiman,  Hid.  MiJ.,  i.,  and  Mora,  McJ.  y  sm 
/iVc,  by  Guerni,  Hist.  Jiei'.,  and  others.  More  \a.'ied  are  the  facts  presented 
in  Iiwtnicciones  de  Vireyes,  in  the  biograpliic  sketches  of  Gallo,  llomhnx, 
IliiMns  and  Dice.  Univ.,  in  the  critical  paragraphs  of  the  learned  Alzate, 
llacetas  Lit.,  and  in  the  news  items  and  articles  of  the  Gacela  de  Mexico 
and  Diurio  de  Mcx. 


For  broader  references  on  the  preceding  chapter  the  following  authorities 
maybe  consulted:  Providenciaa  Peaku,  MS.,  7  etseq. ;  Ccdidarios,  MS.,  i. 
Tw-O,  73-4,  ()-2,  199-203,  216;  iii.  12-13,  4r)-9,  G4-5,  98-104,  183-213;  iv.  26, 
oio.  /i„.;„„„^  ,;^  j„  z'^,.^,,,,    M«      ;     ori_r!J.    i-io.  a     i -.o_i'.(i     mi      iof»^r.  ;;i 


liwo.    XI  —  rw,    »/ti,    ij(,     t-T,    ^-'1,     J".,    *!■•".. .v.,    -■-■    •,    "''      -*', .,     .....      t..w,     » -r-i    tr, 

174-80;  ii.  4S(j-8;  .^iijianza  y  Goni/ora,  Caiia  al  Alminnile,  MS.,  40-4,  M; 
Sipi'"  r'.i  MS.,  xviii.  1-20;  Virtye.i  de  J/i.c,  In.-itrii<\,  M.S.,  u.is.  4  C,  ]^s,  -JO; 
\lUiti-i\nl,  Jitsta  Ikpul.'ia,   MS.,   117-22;    Id.,   En/tniudadcs  Pul'if.,   107-9; 


ADDITIONAL  KKFKrtEXCKS 


77!) 


is  incrgro. 

for  liy  the 
tin;;  tbciv- 
cd  or  move 
^iiija,  f'nlii- 
(/.,  Jkliud, 
!nt  features 
lie,  Mem.  y 
,  il/c.s.i.,  iv., 
cieiit  condi 
I  on  popula- 
m  NavaiTO, 
e  treatment 
L'ral)lc  stndy 
rholc  period 
)artnmeiitoK, 
CO,  but  as  a 
i\  from  bias; 

issue.  The 
s  a  commen- 
tvho  suggestb 
iiderstood  by 
of  that  noted 
to  relieve  his 
I,  Tike,  Ex- 
Mej.  y  Hits 

;ts  presented 
>,  llomhre", 

•ned   Alzate, 
lie  Mexico 


'  authorities 

•(o.f,  MS.,  i. 

-•2i:$;  iv.  -26, 

190-7;  iii. 

2-7;  PiHin, 

;  ii.  140-1, 

;  iii.  3:$-J-4; 

r,  SvnKtrios, 

MS.,i. -'-3, 

imorn,  Bih. 

1-55;  Ley.^, 

assim;  A'cc 

■;  Tama r< lit, 

*hmrl.  Doc. 

t<ilen,Ecl(^., 

(/(),    Ij(tll(lo.<, 

-lOG,  144-5, 
I.,  40-4,  54 ; 
,.  C,  bs,  ■20; 
ll'l.,  1G7-'J; 


Fi/hloii  lie  Mix:,  MS.,   70;   Col.  Dor.,  Mhioiies,  ^IS.,  4'24;  Xinrn  E.^pai 
Jircre  ViVs. ,  i.  iii.;  J)it:lnrl)i(is  dc  Fniilcn,  MS.,  •244-.'i,  .'{(m  402;  C'niirllio  I'ro 


MS.,  i.  24.");  Azaiiza, 


MS.,  ;V2-4,  .".S  Oi»;  JJiirrni'/o,  Doc.  JIM.,  MS. 


107;  Ihnnhohlt's  TahkiK  E<lndi.-<tirni^,  M.'^.,  1-00;  (Iramhila,  Tiimuf/(ii>,}i\S..  I; 
J'roviildidun  Diucciaiioit,  y]S.,  ixisaim;  Xew  Mexico,  Ceduhin,  MS.,  170-!M>, 
:ir)l-2;  Morji,  Col.  Doc,  :MS.,  33-H;  hi.,  De^ordencx  X.  M<x.,  MS.,  42;i-4; 
MutlratumientO!*  de  Imlio.i,  MS.,  noa.  5-0,  8,  !)-12,  10-18,  '2.5-8;  Marji',  Xof. 
J,i.'<fnic.,  MS.,  9-11;  MoiunnetitoH  Domin.  Exp.,  MS.,  81,  111-12,  129-30, 
.S41-2;  Ihichcco  and  Cdrdenux,  Col.  ])oc.,  ii.  bS3-:»,  190-1,  201-9;  vi.  4,SS-9, 
497,  505-7;  xiii.  212;  xiv.  S(i-93;  xvii.  lS(>-8;  Arinx,  Iiifnrme,  .338;  /.'<«/.< 
Onltntx,  iv.  375-0,  407;  E.tclavo.i,  lUal  Cedida  nobre  Edncacion,  pu.ssini; 
Termiiix-Cfjm/ia)ix,  Voy. ,  Hvvio  ii.  torn.  v.  233-5;  lirancifurfe,  Iiisfriic.,  MS., 
40-1;  lliirareli,  Ileal  Cedida,  Mc.\.  Jan.  1(>,  177(i,  passim;  Dii/ioxirioiiex  \'n- 
riax,  i.  00,  78-83;  Florida,  Col.  Dor.,  ljO-1;  Oalrez,  Dij'oniic  Son.,  147-8; 
CI nutenialn,  A pHnt.  Aijric. ,  14;  Intendcvlrx,  ]imlOrd.,{iH-\t,  104;  Jtwtrucriuiiix 
(i  Ifix  Vireycx,  257-301;  Michoacan,  Ohixpo  de,  Diforme  Mixioiiex  llio  Virde, 
130-7,  Diiiarex,  Iiixtriic.,  MS.,  9-11,  40-1;  Icazbaleeta,  Cul.  Doc,  ii.  1-24; 
Memlieta.  Jlixt.  Ecle.s.,  501-13;  Gonzalez  Ddvila,  Teatro  Eelex.,  i.  107,  134; 
CoijoUrdo,  Ilixl.  Ync,  027-30;  Bunjoa,  Geoij.  Dexcrip.  fkij.,  i.  5;  ii.  200-2, 
312-13;  Arrillatja,  Uecop.,  150-9;  Arririvifa,  CrOn.  Senijiea,  431-7;  Oiiijo, 
Diario,  i.,  passim;  ii.  223-5,  275-0;  Maneera,  Inxirnc,  441  et  se(]. ;  Piiiart, 
Col.  Doc,  Mex.,  130-7,  338;  Doc.  Eclex.  Mex.,  MS.,  i.  20;  Cartnx  de  Indiax, 
7.')9-0O;  lienzoni,  Mondo  Xiinvo,  40-C;  Arleijm,  Prov.  Zuc,  202-8;  Alei/n , 
Jlixf.  Comp.  de  JexHx,  i.  55;  iii.  01,  233-4,  239;  Cabrera,  Esctido  de  Ariiiax, 
41.3-27;  Beaumont,  Crdn.  Mich.,  iv.  49-50;  Id.,  Trat.  de  la  Aijua  Min- 
rral,  pasi<im ;  Calileron  de  la  Burca,  i.  119,  passim;  Jloblex,  Diario,  i  4, 
05,  80,  93,  110-11,  14.-),  101,  l(i(i-7,  191-0,  204,  208,  211-20,  2.30-1,  241, 
254,  270-1,  282-98.  .304;  Leon,  Trat.  (.'onjirmueionex,  ])assim;  llerrera,  dec. 
vi.  lib.  vii.  eap.  vi. ;  Calle,  Mem.  y  Xof.,  4.3,  45,  r)!)-00.  70,  93;  Caro,  Tnx 
Siijlox,  ii.  11,  74-5,  157;  iii.  17-19;  I  illai/ntierre,  IIi-..  Conq.  Itzn,  180  7; 
Santox,  Chron.  ii.  480;  L'ohlex,  Pror.  Chinpax,  35-8;  Itonexal,  Jlixt.  Cliyiijn, 
049;  Jluminz,  JIL^f.  JJiir.,  7-9;  Col.  Doc  Im'd.,  xxi.  441etKefj.:  Monl'i, 
Faxt.  Xor.  Orb.,  348-9,  488;  Mota  I'adilla,  Corq.  X.  Gal.,  178;  Jleaiimoiif, 
Crdn.  Mich.,  MS.,  295;  Gazetade  J/(.r.,  i.-v.,  i>a.ssini ;  vi.  13;  vii.  20,  33; 
viii.  15  et  serj.;  i\.  15,  32,  188;  x.  78,  154,  101,  248;  xi.,  p.assim ;  xii.  9,  24  5. 
229;  xiii.  281-4,  40.5-7,  424,  51.3-28;  xviii.  557;  Guiyx  Voyaije,  i.  75-240; 
J'onxeea  y  Urrntia,  J'eal  IJac,  iv.  249-53;  vi.  199.302;  iJublan  y  J^ozauit, 
Jveij.  Mex.,  i.  21-2,  74-5,  307-13;  B'enex,  Xnevnx  Inxtriic,  pa.ssim;  Jhixtn- 
tnante,  I'os  de  la  Jhitria,  v.  0-127;  Alzate,  Gacetiui,  31,  40-9,  92-3,  14.5-7, 
249-50,  308;  ii.  99,  273;  iii.  3;  An'valo,  Compend.,  4-2.30;  Mex.,  Mem.  Gnh. 
JS71,  25-0,  12!-.34;  Mex.,  Manijiexto  al  Jiey,'2-1\  Correo  Mere  J'J.-<p.,  iii.. 172-4; 
Ziini<ju  y  O.  C(dend.,  79-85,  137-48;  Villurroel,  Enfermedudex  J'olit. ,  MS.,  ii. 
202-8;  Mex.,  Diario,  i.-xiii.,  passim;  Mora,  Jiec  ^[e.c,  i.  .59,  20-7,  190-0; 
/(/.,  Obras  Siultas,  i.  54-08;  Mayer's  Mex.  Azfee,  i.  234-5,  2.52;  Jd.,  MS., 
no.  20,  p.  50;  Id.,  Mex.  ax  it  Wax  and  Jx,  299;  Giierra,  J'er.  X.  J-Jxp.,  i. 
151-5;  ii.  025;  Jliimboldt,  J^Jxxai  J'ol.,  i.  9-10,  5.3-20.5,  273,  327;  ii.  1-22,  8.33- 
42;  Jd.,  Xeic  S/)ain,  ii.  01-90,  309;  iv.  139-203,  278,  2S9-.309,  372-4;  /-/., 
JJ/e  and  Trunix,  204-75;  Alvarez,  Juxlitdiox,  iii.  188-91,  373-4,  423,  4'.'7, 
430-7;  AntinVz,  Mem.  Com.,  pp.  Ixxii.-lxxxiii.  300  30;  Anr.o,ia,  Jfist.  Ym:^ 
224-5,  228-9,  .327-39,  .359-02:  Arromjoi-.,  Mij.,  i.  9- U),  api>.  3-10;  Carrinln, 
JJxtiid/ox,  i.  122;  ii.  80;  ('axtillo,  Jjiec.  JJIxt.,'^'.);  Alaman,  Jlixt.  M<j.,  i.  0-9, 
12,  21-.3.5,  51-3.  71-i',  110,  341-2;  ii.  109,  ()25;  /,/.,  Dixrrt.,  i.  193-4,  20.5-(;: 
Lerdo  de  Tejada.  Apiint.  JJixt.,  .309-10,  305;  Imciiuzii.  JJixnirxox,  492,  .511; 
Klnii.'<boroii!ih'x  M<x.  Antiq.,  v.  1.55;  Correal,  Voy.,  i.  157-(>0;  Zertdlox,  Jlixt. 
Mundo,  1.35-(5,  303;  Zarala.  /.V  r.  Mex.,  31,  407;  Zrtmacoix,  Jllsl.  M/x..  ii. 
357;  V.  274-5,  290,  318-22,  33i),  305,  .380,  405  7,  42(i,  481-.505,  572-3,  5.S(>  1, 
til.5-18,  ()4.5,  07li;  vi.  10,  .33.  i',-2,  2.50,  330;  vii.  178-9,  215;  x.  1  b5(»-7.  11(1.5-7:1, 
1240-7,  1404-7.  1420;  117//;-,  Xot.  JJac,  3;  IVnrd'x  JA.i-.,  227-9.  214  54; 
J-Malla,  xxvi.  204-5,  2:)2-380:  xxvii.  19,99  102,  113,  197.  237  S;  Tnrr,,i-<', 
Ji'ev.  Ilixjian.  .\)n.    i.   115;  Soxu,  J'jpixcop.  Mix.,  98;  Itirira,  Hist.  Jnhqiu,  i. 


780 


SOCIETY. 


144,  174-5,  109;  Jiohe.rt8on^»  IJixt.  Am.,  ii.  3fl3ct8cq.;  Vlvrra,  Ooh.  Mex.,  i. 
131,  135,  l.W,  181,  lOl-'J,  iOS-K,  •Jll,'2-J3,  •-'•J(!,  'JJS-i».  -234-7,  •240--)!,  2C3-!>; 
Pimcntfl,  Mem.  Lit.,  194- -241 :  J'il.t'x  Voy.  an  A'.  M<x.,  ii.  10-2-00;  I(f.,Erj,for. 
Trav.,  371-r»;  Prieto,  Hist.  Turn.,  74-.");  Purms,  Cwq.  Jalitcn,  707-70;  Ortiz 
lie  Aytda,  Pcmm.  Entadi»t.,  ir)-'27;  Ortiz,  Mtx.  ludep.  Libre,  80,  403-72; 
Alodi'rn  Traveller,  Mex.  ami  Gnat.,  i.  188-'21C;  Midler,  Jfeisen,  iii.  347-8; 
Jifex.,  Xotes  on,  100-10;  Maqireijor'a  Proyresii  Amer.,  317;  Marifdlivray'i 
IFiimholdt,  .301-3;  Gordon's  Hist.  Geofj.  Mem.,  Gd-ll',  Povienech,  J/int.  Mex., 
2(K);  Chevalier,  Exped.  Mex..  70-4;  /(/.,  Le  Mexiqve,  207-81;  JJillon,  Beaiiti  i 
dr  mint.,  81-2,  80-02;  Delaporle,  Iteisen,  x.  18-2-,S00;  D'Avity,  DeHcrip.  Gen. 
Am.,  ii.  17-18,  807-0;  Chappe,  Voy.  en  C'al.,  20-r);  Burke's  Eiirop.  Settle., 
2.3S  41;  Flint'H  Geo;/.,  ii.  132;  /iell'it  Geo,}.,  v.  f)83;  Brit.  Quart.  Per.,  vii. 
242-4;  .V.  Am.  and  Mex.,  i.  130-7;  AhhoVs  Mex.  and  U.  8.,  40;  Galvan, 
i'alnnlario  ISJf!,  10-20;  /"wAcr  and  C oily.  Am.  State  Annual,  JSS.',,  437; 
Flint's  Mex.,  20;  Mateos,  Sol  de  Mayo,  5-0;  Baz,  Vida  de  Juarez,  1,3-10; 
Kemwdi/'s  Tex.,  i.  0;  Jfassel,  Mex.  yGiint.,  48-50;  Kewen's  Nic.and  Walker, 
MS.,  21;  Edinhiirrjh  Peview,  July  1800,  3.30-41;  La  Cruz,  i.  Ml;  Youwjs 
Ilixt.  Mex.,  f)4,  04;  Wilson's  Mex.,  .300,  300-10;  Wapj\  Mex.  and  C.  Am., 
27;  Walton's  Span.  Colonies,  ii.  18-2-0,  .302-5;  Totiron,  llist.  Gen.  Mex.,  viii. 
147-80;  Taylor's  Selections,  72;  Salmon's  Mod.  Hist.,  iii.  107-7-2,  234-0; 
Emiijrado  Observador,  1S29,  05;  Quart.  Prvieiv,  xxx.  l.")7-0,  10.3-5;  xxxv. 
338,  341;  Poinsett's  Mex.,  i.  140-7,  npp.  10-13;  Pirn  and  Seeman,  Dottim/s 
on  the  Poadside,  317;  Pinkerton's  Mod.  Geo<j.,  iii.  1(;2,  177-80,  ]04-2l'(l; 
Ordonez  de  Cevalhs,  West  Indien,  13-10,  20-0;  Ooilhy's  Amer. ,  2-22-3,  240- 
52, 283-4;  Niles'  Peijister,  i.  27-8;  Ixxiii.  27.3-4;  Momjlave,  Pesum.  JJist.  Mex., 
22.">;  Xunez  d'.  Ilaro  y  Peralta,  Edeeto,  imssim;  Nunez,  Constitueiones  Peal 
Casa  S.  Joseph,  passim;  Ordenanzas,  Jlospicio  Pobres,  p.tssim;  Jd.,  del  Jtiz- 
ijado  Gen.  Bihidas  Prohibidas,  pas.siin ;  (Jueipo,  Co!.  Doc.,  14,  .50-83;  Peiiuelas, 
Sermon,  passim;  Perea,  Suplicu,  passim;  (JuenHaro,  fJos Palai>ras,  4-5;  Qui- 
rof/a,  Peijlas  y  Ordenanzas,  1-20;  Sanchez,  Pntb.  Sagrad.,  40-7;  Siliceo, 
Potncnt.  Col.  Ind.,  0.3-4;  Terranova  y  Monteleone,  Esposicion,  .3.3-5;  Varios 
Expailoles,  Peplica,  40;  Vindicacion,  Tribun.  Protomed.,  4;  Ifospital  Peal, 
Constit.  y  Ordenanzas,  passim;  Lazcano,  Vida  P.  Oviedo,  ,30S--20;  Mexico, 
Diet.  Com.  Convoc,  1-4;  Campillo,  Kuevo  .Sw/.,  8.3-113,  2(M)-83;  Alcalde, 
Elcfjios  Fnnebres,  44-0;  Cancelada,  Puina  JV.  Esp.,  00-75;  JJefensn  Juridica, 
Mex.  17~'0,  passim;  Piaz,  Papel  Verdudero,  1;  Jalisco,  Xot.,  18;  Iijlesias, 
Pel.,  207-0;  Institnt.  Geoff.  Estad.,  11-14,  5-2-3;  Lopez,  Mercurio  Ind'.,  MS., 
1-.33,  4-2-8;  Pap.  Var.,  v.  29-30;  cxxsix.,  passim;  cxlii.  33-5;  cl.,  passim; 
cliii.  8,  40;  clxii.  7,  passim;  clxiv.  57-8,  83;  ccxv.  00-1,  00-75;  Potnero,  Kot. 
Mich.,  10,  20;  Soc.  Mex.  Geoi/.,  Boletin.  i.  10-12;  ii.  4-7;  iii.  24,  7.')-83;  vii. 
1.3(M5;  viii.  .544,  640;  ix.  203-75;  xi.  210-10,  245-80;  /</.,  •2(la  <?p.  i.  281-01, 
0.'>."i-57;  iii.  50;  Id.,  .3ra  cp.  i.  '2-25-0;  Galvan,  Ord.  Tierrus  y  Aquas,  3.3-0; 
Dice.  Univ.,  i.  80,  483-4;  iii.  70-1;  v.  452;  viii.  188-0,  ^'A-fyl,  480;  ix.  -2'iQ- 
30,  793-5;  x.  55,  44-2-3,  708;  Zamora  y  Azevedo,  Pruebas  de  Nobleza,  MS., 
passim;  Mexico,  Mem.  Minist.  Exter.,  no.  1,  '20;  Morjt,  La  Nobleza  y  Ptedad, 
lassim;  Gcdvez,  Informe  de  Vidtador,  MS.,  48-9. 


393?   ^ 


29 


Odh.  Mex.,  I, 
Mf)--)1,  I'Ca-it; 
');  I(/., Exfjhr. 

707-79;  Ortiz 
p,  80,  403- 7--'; 
f7i,  iii.  347-8; 
MarijilUvray's 
h,  I  I  int.  Mex., 
Jil/on,  Bmittn 
,  JJewrip.  Gfii. 
h'ltrop.  Settle, 
irt.  !?€>'.,  vii. 
,  40;  Gcilvan, 
i/,  18^4,  437; 
Uiurez,  13-l!l; 
s.  and  Walker, 

r)47;  YoiinKj's 

and  C.  Am., 
"71.  Mex.,  viii. 
07-7--',  234-G; 

103-5;  XXXV. 
man,  Dottinifs 
-80,  ]*J4-2r(); 
,  222-3,  240- 
«.  JJht.  Mex., 
UttrioneH  Real 
\  Id.,  delJuz- 
-83;  Penuela.o, 
ruK,  4-5;  Qxd- 
40-7;   Siliceo, 

33-5;  Vario.i 
lospital  Ileal, 
S-20;  Mexico, 
1-83;  yl/r«W,., 
"«.««  ,/iiridica, 
18;  Jijle.tiaK, 
io  Ind.,  MS., 
;  cl.,  passim ; 
Pom  fro,  Not. 
4,  7.")-83;  vii. 
<5p.  i.  281-91, 
ylf/«««,  33- C; 
480;  ix.  220- 
Wohleza,  MS., 
ez<^t  y  Piedad, 


